阿含注疏的编纂
Āgamaṭṭhakathākaraṇaṃ
不过,名为《吉祥悦意》的《长部》注疏,是阿阇梨应住在吉祥精舍的达塔那嘎长老之请而作的。在它的结语中这样说:
Sumaṅgalavilāsiniṃ nāma dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathaṃ pana ācariyo sumaṅgalapariveṇavāsinā dāṭhānāgattherena āyācito akāsi. Vuttaṃ hetametissā nigamane –
“应善吉祥精舍住者、具坚固功德者之请,
由达塔那嘎僧团中依长老传承的长老。
《长部》的注疏,它阐明十力功德聚。
我着手撰写的这部注疏,名字就叫《吉祥悦意》。
‘‘Āyācito sumaṅgala-pariveṇanivāsinā thiraguṇena; Dāṭhānāga saṅgha, ttherena theravaṃsanvayena. Dīghāgamassa dasabala-guṇagaṇaparidīpanassa aṭṭhakathaṃ; Yaṃ ārabhiṃ sumaṅgala-vilāsiniṃ nāma nāmena.
这部注疏确实是提炼了大注疏的精华才完成的。”
Sā hi mahāaṭṭhakathāya, sāramādāya niṭṭhitā esā’’ti .
名为《破除迷执》的中部注疏,是应尊者佛友长老的请求而写的;这位长老先前曾和我在孔雀使港一起住过。在它的结语中这样说道——
Papañcasūdaniṃ nāma majjhimanikāyaṭṭhakathaṃ bhadantabuddhamittattherena pubbe mayūradūtapaṭṭane attanā saddhiṃ vasantena āyācito akāsi. Vuttaṃ hetametissā nigamane –
“这是应善慧长老佛友尊者所请求的。
过去在孔雀使港一起住的时候。
摧破外道之说、中部圣典中最为殊胜的《破除迷执》注疏,
我今着手撰写。
‘‘Āyācito sumatinā, therena bhadantabuddhamittena; Pubbe mayūradūtapa,ṭṭanamhi saddhiṃ vasantena. Paravādavidhaṃsanassa, majjhimanikāyaseṭṭhassa; Yamahaṃ papañcasūdani-maṭṭhakathaṃ kātumārabhiṃ.
这部注疏确实是提炼《大注疏》的精华而完成的。”
Sā hi mahāaṭṭhakathāya, sāramādāya niṭṭhitā esā’’ti .
名为《义显明》的相应部注疏,是应尊者光护长老的请求而作的。在它的结语中这样说——
Sāratthappakāsiniṃ nāma saṃyuttanikāyaṭṭhakathaṃ bhadantajotipālattherena āyācito akāsi. Vuttaṃ hetametissā nigamane –
“为作故,由尊者周帝巴拉长老,
以清净的戒行和阐明善说的智慧,
欲令教法昌盛、以殊胜功德劝请我者,
愿以此所证功德,亦令众生安乐。”
‘‘Etissā karaṇatthaṃ, therena bhadantajotipālena; Sucisīlena subhāsitassa pakāsayantañāṇena. Sāsanavibhūtikāmena, yācamānena maṃ subhaguṇena; Yaṃ samadhigataṃ puññaṃ, tenāpi jano sukhī bhavatū’’ti .
名为《满足希求》的增支部注疏,是应尊者光护长老的请求而作。这位长老曾与我一起住在南印度甘吉城等地,也一起住在锡兰岛的大寺中。同时,也应近事男吉瓦咖的请求而作。吉瓦咖通达三藏,具足善慧,安住于不可动摇的正法,就像被狂风冲击却依然不动的树木一样,生活清净。此注疏的结语中已如是说——
Manorathapūraṇiṃ nāma aṅguttaranikāyaṭṭhakathaṃ bhadantajotipālattherena dakkhiṇaindiyaraṭṭhe kañcipurādīsu ca sīhaḷadīpe mahāvihāramhi ca attanā saddhiṃ vasantena āyācito, tathā jīvakenāpi upāsakena piṭakattayapāragubhūtena vātāhatepi aniñjamānasabhāve dume viya aniñjamānasaddhamme ṭhitena sumatinā parisuddhājīvenābhiyācito akāsi. Vuttaṃ hetametissā nigamane –
“承具善慧的尊者周帝巴拉长老劝请;
往昔在甘吉城等地,我曾与长老共住。
纵住殊胜铜掌岛,大寺安住之时节;
如受风击之树木,正法不动亦不倾。
彼已渡三藏大海,安住彼岸,具足善慧,
活命清净,亦为吉瓦咖所恳请。
由无数精通说法之道的法师们,
已被彻底修习、已践行、自宗教法种种。
我开始为《增支部》大部撰写义注。
我希望这殊胜的教法能长久住世。
这部著作确实是撷取《大注疏》的精华而完成的,
篇幅为九十四诵分的巴利圣典。
因为我注释一切阿含的心愿也已经圆满了:
由此,它的名字就是《满足心愿》。”
‘‘Āyācito sumatinā, therena bhadantajotipālena; Kañcipurādīsu mayā, pubbe saddhiṃ vasantena. Varatambapaṇṇidīpe, mahāvihāramhi vasanakālepi; Vātāhate viya dume, aniñjamānamhi saddhamme. Pāraṃ piṭakattayasā,garassa gantvā ṭhitena sumatinā; Parisuddhājīvenā,bhiyācito jīvakenāpi. Dhammakathānayanipuṇehi, dhammakathikehi aparimāṇehi; Parikīḷitassa paṭipa,jjitassa sakasamayacitrassa. Aṭṭhakathaṃ aṅguttara,mahānikāyassa kātumāraddho; Yamahaṃ cirakālaṭṭhiti-micchanto sāsanavarassa. Sā hi mahāaṭṭhakathāya, sāramādāya niṭṭhitā esā; Catunnavutiparimāṇāya, pāḷiyā bhāṇavārehi. Sabbāgamasaṃvaṇṇana, manoratho pūrito ca me yasmā; Etāya manoratha pūraṇīti nāmaṃ tato assā’’ti .
而觉音阿阇梨在编写这四部阿含注疏时,依据的正是大玛欣德长老传来的、称为根本注疏的《大注疏》:他既把这部的语言做了转译,又把其中反复出现的广说部分加以精简,就这样编成了。卷首确实这样说道:
Imā ca pana catasso āgamaṭṭhakathāyo kurumāno ācariyabuddhaghoso mahāmahindattherenābhataṃ mūlaṭṭhakathāsaṅkhātaṃ mahāaṭṭhakathaṃyeva bhāsāparivattanavasena ceva punappunāgatavitthārakathāmaggassa saṃkhipanavasena ca akāsi. Vuttañhetaṃ ganthārambhe –
“另外,由已得自在的大玛欣德将(某物)带到锡兰岛……
这是为了岛上的居民,把(注疏)用僧伽罗语安立下来。
我从那里把锡兰语去掉,换成让人听着舒服的语言。
按照经典理趣来铺陈,远离过失……
舍弃那反复出现的含义之后,我将说明其含义。”
‘‘Sīhaḷadīpaṃ pana ābha,tātha vasinā mahāmahindena; Ṭhapitā sīhaḷabhāsāya, dīpavāsīnamatthāya. Apanetvāna tatohaṃ, sīhaḷabhāsaṃ manoramaṃ bhāsaṃ; Tantinayānucchavikaṃ, āropento vigatadosaṃ…pe… Hitvā punappunāgata-matthaṃ atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti.
同样地,在结语部分也是这样:
Tathā nigamanepi –
还有“我摄取根本注疏的精要,来撰写这部注疏”。
‘‘Sā hi mahāaṭṭhakathāya, sāramādāya niṭṭhitā esā’’ti ca; ‘‘Mūlaṭṭhakathāsāraṃ, ādāya mayā imaṃ karontenā’’ti ca.
在这些构成其正文的注疏中,不像《普端严》那样能看到以“大钵遮利、拘伦地”等名目来开示抉择注疏之区别;在阿毗达摩诸注疏中同样看不到这些。由此可知:在经与论中,除了大注疏之外,并不存在其他名为大钵遮利等的古代锡兰注疏以及安达罗注疏。然而,直到瓦萨跋王时期(609-653),那些著名锡兰长老的抉择、主张和事迹,在这些注疏中也确实都能看到。
Imāsaṃ sarīrabhūtapāṭhesu ca samantapāsādikāyaṃ viya ‘‘mahāpaccariyaṃ, kurundiya’’ntiādinā vinicchayasaṃvaṇṇanābhedappakāsanaṃ na dissati, tathā abhidhammaṭṭhakathāsupi. Tenetaṃ ñāyati ‘‘suttantābhidhammesu mahāaṭṭhakathāto aññā mahāpaccariādināmikā porāṇikā sīhaḷaṭṭhakathāyo ceva andhakaṭṭhakathā ca natthī’’ti. Yāva vasabharājakālā (609-653) pana pākaṭānaṃ sīhaḷikattherānaṃ vinicchayo ca vādā ca vatthūni ca etāsupi dissantiyevāti.