对巴丹阇利学说的考察
Patañjalivādavicāraṇā
3于是,针对“他扭转了巴丹阇利的主张”这一说法,也作了如下考察。
3. Atha tena ‘‘pātañjalīmataṃ parivattetī’’ti vacanampi evaṃ vicāritaṃ.
有人如此指责:佛音对巴丹阇利或其他北印度地区论师的学说所知甚少。因为在巴丹阇利学说中,他只指出了“微小”和“轻便”这两项,却不了解其后的《瑜伽经》;而且,在其著作中,也看不到对巴丹阇利学说的权衡阐述,甚至连巴丹阇利所造的论著以及“巴丹阇利”这个名字本身,都未曾提及。然而,在《清净道论》的“慧地解说”中,他提到了“如自性论者的自性”这一数论(自性论)的单纯名称;在同一处,又举出了“在世间,如‘主张’‘因’等,语句的部分被称为因”这样的例子。由此,有人判定:“佛音对于阐明印度逻辑推理方法的正理著作,只知部分皮毛,并不完全通达。”
(Ka) ‘‘buddhaghoso patañjalissa vā aññesaṃ vā uttaraindiyaraṭṭhikānaṃ vādaṃ appakameva aññāsi. Patañjalivādesu hi aṇimā laghimāti idameva dvayaṃ dassesi tatuttari yogasuttaṃ ajānanto, patañjalivādassa ca tuletvā dīpanā tassa ganthesu na dissati, patañjalinā katapakaraṇañca patañjalīti nāmamattampi ca tattha dīpitaṃ natthi. Visuddhimagge pana paññābhūminiddese ‘pakativādīnaṃ pakati viyā’ti pakativāda (saṃkhyāvāda) nāmamattaṃ pakāsitaṃ, tattheva ca ‘paṭiññā hetūtiādīsu hi loke vacanāvayavo hetūti vuccatī’ti udāharitaṃ, tena ñāyati ‘buddhaghoso indiyatakkanayadīpake ñāyaganthasmiṃ kiñci mūlabhāgamattaṃ aparipuṇṇaṃ jānātī’ti’’.
然而,这一切纯粹是对论师的诽谤。因为,为极其深奥、应极受尊重、极为清净的三藏作义理注释时,所应阐明的,正是如此极为清净的圣典理趣、注疏理趣以及古代上座部的主张;或者,对于注释义理有所助益的、与声名抉择相关的世俗著作之言论,也应恰如其分地加以阐明。但并非那些无益的各各著作及其作者的名字,以及他们所说的大量言论。也不能因为对这些内容少有阐明,便说“那位注释书论师不知道”。因为,如果将自己所知的每一种世俗著作,即使无益,也都引入自己的注释书中加以阐明,那么这部注释书就会变得过于冗长、不清净,且不被教内智者所尊重。因此,应知论师没有详细阐述巴丹阇利学说等,正是出于这一原由。相反,论师从某些世俗著作中引用并阐明了某些内容;那些著作,以及其他类似的著作,智者应知论师必定是知晓的,正如见到大海的一处,便知整个大海也是如此。然而,论师在凡是出现与吠陀相关语句的地方,也确实从吠陀文献中引用了一些内容加以阐明。正如论师在名为《吉祥悦意》的《长部注释书》中……
Taṃ pana sabbampi kevalaṃ ācariyassa abbhācikkhaṇamattameva. Atigambhīrassa hi atigarukātabbassa suparisuddhassa piṭakattayassa atthasaṃvaṇṇanaṃ karontena suparisuddhoyeva pāḷinayo ca aṭṭhakathānayo ca porāṇatheravādā cāti īdisāyeva atthā pakāsetabbā, yaṃ vā pana atthasaṃvaṇṇanāya upakārakaṃ saddavinicchayapaṭisaṃyuttaṃ lokiyaganthavacanaṃ, tadeva ca yathārahaṃ pakāsetabbaṃ, na pana anupakārānipi taṃtaṃganthatakkattunāmāni ca, tehi vuttavacanāni ca bahūni, na ca tesaṃ appakāsanena ‘‘na te aṭṭhakathācariyo jānātī’’ti vattabbo. Yadi hi yaṃ yaṃ lokiyaganthaṃ attanā jānāti, taṃ sabbaṃ anupakārampi attano aṭṭhakathāyamānetvā pakāseyya, ativitthārā ca sā bhaveyya aparisuddhā ca asammānitā ca sāsanikaviññūhīti ācariyena patañjalivādādayo na vitthārena pakāsitāti ñātabbaṃ, aññadatthu yehi yehi lokiyaganthehi kiñci kiñci ācariyena ānetvā pakāsitaṃ, te te ca ganthā, aññepi ca tādisā ācariyena ñātātveva jānitabbā viññūhi, yathā samuddassa ekadesaṃ disvā sabbopi samuddo edisoti ñāyati. Ācariyo pana yattha yattha vedapaṭisaṃyuttavacanāni āgatāni, tattha tattha vedaganthehipi kiñci kiñci ānetvā pakāsesiyeva. Tathā hi ācariyena sumaṅgalavilāsiniyaṃ nāma dīghanikāyaṭṭhakathāyaṃ –
三吠陀,即梨俱吠陀、夜柔吠陀、娑摩吠陀。
‘‘Tiṇṇaṃ vedānanti iruvedayajuvedasāmavedāna’’nti ca,
“以史书为第五者”:以阿闼婆吠陀为第四,并将由“如是曾有,如是曾有”这类语句所关联、名为古代传说的史书作为第五。这些便称为以史书为第五的吠陀。
‘‘Itihāsapañcamānanti athabbaṇavedaṃ catutthaṃ katvā itiha āsa itiha āsāti īdisavacanapaṭisaṃyutto purāṇakathāsaṅkhāto itihāso pañcamo etesanti itihāsapañcamā, tesaṃ itihāsapañcamānaṃ vedāna’’nti ca,
“供奉”,即大祭祀。
‘‘Yiṭṭhaṃ vuccati mahāyāgo’’ti ca,
所谓火供,即“以如是薪木,如是供奉,即得如是之果”,是为火供。勺供等亦属火供,然依“以如是之勺,用如是谷物等供奉,即得如是之果”的流传说而分别宣说。
‘‘Aggihomanti evarūpena dārunā evaṃ hute idaṃ nāma hotīti aggijuhanaṃ. Dabbihomādīnipi aggihomāneva, evarūpāya dabbiyā īdisehi kaṇādīhi hute idaṃ nāma hotīti evaṃ pavattivasena pana visuṃ vuttānī’’ti ca,
以口含芥子等投入火中,或念诵明咒后供奉,即是口火供。
‘‘Sāsapādīni pana mukhena gahetvā aggimhi pakkhipanaṃ, vijjaṃ parijappitvā juhanaṃ vā mukhahoma’’nti ca –
如此,与吠陀相关的语句,已随顺吠陀文献而作了解释。而这些,亦可能是从古注疏中转语而来。然于不精通吠陀文献者,欲如实转语,绝非易事,是故论师精通吠陀文献,亦昭然可见。如是,论师于吠陀文献及其他世俗典籍皆极精通,而未详加阐明,当知即由此因。
Evamādinā vedapaṭisaṃyuttavacanāni vedaganthānurūpato vaṇṇitāni. Tāni ca porāṇaṭṭhakathāto bhāsāparivattanavasena vuttānipi bhaveyyuṃ, vedaganthesu pana akovidena yāthāvato bhāsāparivattanaṃ kātumpi na sukarameva, tasmā ācariyassa vedaganthesu kovidabhāvopi pākaṭoyeva. Evaṃ vedaganthesu ca tadaññalokiyaganthesu ca sukovidasseva samānassa tesaṃ vitthārato appakāsanaṃ yathāvuttakāraṇenevāti veditabbaṃ.
又阿阇梨于其著作开篇即说道——
Api ca ācariyo attano ganthārambheyeva –
舍弃了其他方言后,
且将广说之道予以略摄;
将一切抉择悉皆搁置……
因为这也将是一部注释书。”
“我从中除去那悦耳的僧伽罗语,”
转为契合圣典理趣、无有过失的语言。
不违教说,于作为长老世系明灯的诸长老,
具足极善巧抉择、住于大寺的诸长老。
‘‘Tato ca bhāsantarameva hitvā, Vitthāramaggañca samāsayitvā; Vinicchayaṃ sabbamasesayitvā…pe… Yasmā ayaṃ hessati vaṇṇanāpī’’ti ca. ‘‘Apanetvāna tatohaṃ, sīhaḷabhāsaṃ manoramaṃ bhāsaṃ; Tantinayānucchavikaṃ, āropetvā vigatadosaṃ. Samayaṃ avilomento, therānaṃ theravaṃsapadīpānaṃ; Sunipuṇavinicchayānaṃ, mahāvihāre nivāsinaṃ; Hitvā punappunāgata-matthaṃ atthaṃ pakāsayissāmī’’ti ca–
由此应知,论师是依古注的语言转换与简略而作区分,并立下“我将制作新注疏”的承诺后,完全依所承诺而行,并非凭自力智慧作区分。因此,因注疏中对巴丹阇利学说等内容未详加阐明,便说“佛音不完全知晓巴丹阇利学说等”的言论,纯属对论师的诽谤。
Evaṃ porāṇaṭṭhakathānaṃ bhāsāparivattanasaṃkhipanavaseneva visesetvā abhinavaṭṭhakathāyo karissāmīti paṭiññaṃ katvā yathāpaṭiññātameva akāsi, na attano ñāṇappabhāvena visesetvātipi veditabbaṃ. Tasmā aṭṭhakathāsu patañjalivādādīnaṃ vitthārato appakāsanamārabbha ‘‘buddhaghoso patañjalivādādīni paripuṇṇaṃ na jānātī’’ti vacanaṃ kevalaṃ ācariyassa abbhācikkhaṇamattamevāti.