阿阇梨佛音长老的缘起事
Ācariyabuddhaghosattherassa aṭṭhuppatti
阿阇梨佛音于第十个佛世纪(佛灭901–1000年)生于南印度国的摩兰达村一个婆罗门家族。他精通三吠陀及一切知识技艺后,听闻佛陀教法,亦发心欲学此法,遂在南印度国的一座上座部寺院中,于大寺住众以雷瓦达长老为首的比丘们跟前出家并受具足戒,学习三藏巴利圣典。当他如此学习三藏巴利圣典时,便了知:“这是唯一之道,为见清净、为证涅槃。”他的亲教师与戒师知其具足殊胜智慧威德,预见“此人在佛教中的名声将如佛陀般流传”,便为他取名“佛音”。因此有言:“佛音,是师长们所取的名字。”
Ācariyabuddhaghoso dasame buddhavassasatake (901-1000-bu-va) dakkhiṇaindiyaraṭṭhe moraṇḍagāme brāhmaṇakule jāto, so tīsu vedesu ceva sabbavijjāsippaganthesu ca pāraṅgato hutvā buddhasāsanadhammaṃ sutvā tampi uggaṇhitukāmo tasmiṃyeva dakkhiṇaindiyaraṭṭhe ekasmiṃ theravādikavihāre mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ revatattherappamukhānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ santike pabbajjañceva upasampadañca gaṇhitvā piṭakattayapāḷimuggaṇhi. So evaṃ piṭakattayapāḷimuggaṇhantoyeva aññāsi ‘‘ayamekāyanamaggo dassanavisuddhiyā nibbānasacchikiriyāyā’’ti. Ācariyupajjhāyā ca tassa visiṭṭhañāṇappabhāvasampannabhāvaṃ ñatvā ‘‘imassa buddhasāsane kittighoso buddhassa viya pavattissatī’’ti sampassamānā ‘‘buddhaghoso’’ti nāmamakaṃsu. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘buddhaghosoti garūhi gahitanāmadheyyenā’’ti.
他如此学习了三藏巴利圣典之后,住在摩达罗城附近的孔雀使港与甘吉城等地,熟悉了安达罗注疏,但心中未感满足,还希望熟悉锡兰注疏,并想将其提升为巴利语、重新编纂,于是便前往锡兰岛。那时锡兰岛有位名为摩诃男的国王在统治,该国王信奉无畏山寺住众,并特别护持他们。
So evaṃ piṭakattayapāḷimuggaṇhitvā madarasa nagarasamīpaṭṭhānabhūte mayūradūtapaṭṭanamhi ca kañcipurādīsu ca vasanto andhakaṭṭhakathāya paricayaṃ katvā tāya asantuṭṭhacitto sīhaḷaṭṭhakathāsupi paricayaṃ kātukāmo tā ca pāḷibhāsamāropetvā abhinavīkātumāsīsanto sīhaḷadīpamagamāsi. Tasmiñca kāle sīhaḷadīpe mahānāmo nāma rājā rajjaṃ kāreti, so ca rājā abhayagirivāsīsu pasanno teyeva visesato paggaṇhāti.
然而,有些现代明见者这样说:“阿阇梨佛音到达锡兰岛,必定早于希利梅伽瓦纳王时代(佛灭846年)。”他们的理由是:该王在位第九年(佛灭855年),佛牙舍利从羯陵伽国被迎至锡兰岛,从此锡兰诸王每年举办盛大的舍利供养庆典。若阿阇梨佛音在此之后才到达锡兰岛,见到那庄严的大庆典,应当会在自己的著作中予以披露,正如名为法喜的中国比丘在摩诃男王时代(佛灭953-975年)见到后,在自己的行记中所披露的那样;然而在阿阇梨的著作中未见这类披露,由此可知:“阿阇梨佛音在佛牙舍利到达之前(佛灭855年之前),便已来到锡兰岛,撰写了注疏。”但这并非坚实的理由,因为对三藏巴利圣典作义解时,并不是凡自己亲眼所见都必须揭示,义解也并不等同于行记。更何况,在《普端严》这部律藏注疏中,也从《岛史》里引用了一些内容加以揭示,而《岛史》中揭示了直至摩诃舍那王时代(佛灭819-845年)的事迹,因此《岛史》不可能是在希利梅伽瓦纳王时代(佛灭845-873年)之前写成的。如果注疏是在那之前所作,又怎么可能在其中揭示《岛史》呢?
Ekacce pana ādhunikā vicakkhaṇā evaṃ vadanti ‘‘ācariyabuddhaghosassa sīhaḷadīpāgamanena sirimeghavaṇṇarājakālato (846-bu-va) puretaraṃyeva bhavitabba’’nti. Idañca nesaṃ kāraṇaṃ, tassa rañño navavassakāle (855-bu-va) buddhassa dāṭhādhātukaliṅgaraṭṭhato sīhaḷadīpamānītā, tato paṭṭhāya sīhaḷarājāno anusaṃvaccharaṃ mahantaṃ dhātupūjāussavaṃ karonti. Yadi ca ācariyabuddhaghoso tato pacchā sīhaḷadīpamāgaccheyya, tampi pāsādikaṃ mahussavaṃ disvā attano ganthesu pakāseyya yathā phāhiyaṃ nāma cinabhikkhu mahānāmarājakāle (953-975-bu-va) taṃ disvā attano addhānakkamakathāyaṃ pakāsesi, na pana ācariyassa ganthesu taṃpakāsanā dissati, tenetaṃ ñāyati ‘‘ācariyabuddhaghoso dāṭhādhātusampattakālato (855-bu-va) puretaraṃyeva sīhaḷadīpamāgantvā aṭṭhakathāyo akāsī’’ti. Taṃ pana na daḷhakāraṇaṃ hoti, tipiṭakapāḷiyā hi atthasaṃvaṇṇanāya yaṃ vā taṃ vā attano paccakkhadiṭṭhaṃ pakāsetabbaṃ na hoti, na ca atthasaṃvaṇṇanā addhānakkamakathāsadisā. Kiñca bhiyyo, samantapāsādikāya vinayaṭṭhakathāyaṃ dīpavaṃsatopi kiñci ānetvā pakāsitaṃ, dīpavaṃse ca yāva mahāsenarājakālā (819-845-bu-va) pavatti pakāsitāti sirimeghavaṇṇarājakālato (845-873-bu-va) pubbe dīpavaṃsoyeva likhito na bhaveyya. Yadi ca aṭṭhakathāyo tato pubbeyeva katā bhaveyyuṃ, kathaṃ tattha dīpavaṃso sakkā pakāsetunti.
阿阇梨佛音到达锡兰岛时(佛灭965年),便前往大寺,在那里亲近锡兰大长老们,听闻锡兰注疏。正如《普端严》中所说:
Ācariyabuddhaghoso pana sīhaḷadīpaṃ pattakāle (965-bu-va) mahāvihārameva gantvā tattha sīhaḷamahātherānaṃ santike sīhaḷaṭṭhakathāyo suṇi. Vuttañhi samantapāsādikāyaṃ –
大注疏、大详注,
以及库伦迪注——此三种即是锡兰的注疏。
名为佛友,声名远扬,
这位通晓律藏的智者,在长老跟前听闻。
‘‘Mahāaṭṭhakathañceva, mahāpaccarimeva ca; Kurundiñcāti tissopi, sīhaḷaṭṭhakathā imā. Buddhamittoti nāmena, vissutassa yasassino; Vinayaññussa dhīrassa, sutvā therassa santike’’ti .
而依此注疏文句,仅表明听闻了大注疏等三种注疏。然而,《普端严》确实也显示了简略注疏与安达罗注疏的判定。为何阿阇梨未在锡兰长老们跟前听闻这些呢?其中,安达罗注疏因属安达罗地域性且已熟悉,故未听闻,这是显而易见的。简略注疏则仅仅是大详注的略本,因此应知并未单独听闻。正如《金刚慧复注》在著作开头的注释中说,以‘等’字亦摄入了小详注与安达罗注疏;《要义灯》与《除疑悦》复注则说包含了安达罗与简略注疏。而《普端严》中,全然不见‘小详注’之名,只见大注疏、大详注、库伦迪、安达罗、简略注疏这些名称;且于多处,以‘简略注疏中亦说大详注云云’等方式,显示二者判定相同。因此,《金刚慧》中所说的‘小详注’,应是从大详注中摘录、略加编纂而成,因其简略性而被称为简略注疏。既然如此,在听闻大详注时,它便已随之而被听闻,故应知它并非阿阇梨所未听闻。
Iminā pana aṭṭhakathāvacanena mahāaṭṭhakathādīnaṃ tissannaṃyeva aṭṭhakathānaṃ sutabhāvo dassito. Samantapāsādikāyaṃ pana saṅkhepaandhakaṭṭhakathānampi vinicchayo dassitoyeva, kasmā pana tā ācariyena sīhaḷattherānaṃ santike na sutāti? Tāsu hi andhakaṭṭhakathā tāva andhakaraṭṭhikabhāvato, kataparicayabhāvato ca na sutāti pākaṭoyevāyamattho. Saṅkhepaṭṭhakathā pana mahāpaccariṭṭhakathāya saṃkhittamattabhāvato na sutāti veditabbā. Tathā hi vajirabuddhiṭīkāyaṃ ganthārambhasaṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ cūḷapaccariṭṭhakathāandhakaṭṭhakathānampi ādi-saddena saṅgahitabhāvo vutto, sāratthadīpanī-vimativinodanīṭīkāsu pana andhakasaṅkhepaṭṭhakathānaṃ saṅgahitabhāvo vutto, samantapāsādikāyañca cūḷapaccarīti nāmaṃ kuhiñcipi na dissati, mahāṭṭhakathā mahāpaccarī kurundī andhakasaṅkhepaṭṭhakathāti imāniyeva nāmāni dissanti, bahūsu ca ṭhānesu ‘‘saṅkhepaṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana mahāpaccariyañca vutta’’ntiādinā dvinnampi samānavinicchayo dassito. Tasmā vajirabuddhiyaṃ cūḷapaccarīti vuttaṭṭhakathā mahāpaccarito uddharitvā saṅkhepena kataṭṭhakathā bhaveyya, sā ca saṅkhepena katattā saṅkhepaṭṭhakathā nāma jātā bhaveyya. Evañca sati mahāpaccariyā sutāya sāpi sutāyeva hotīti na sā ācariyena sutāti veditabbā.
在阿阇梨佛音听闻锡兰注疏的过程中,诸长老了知他具备了锐利、深邃、迅捷的智慧与殊胜的威德成就,具足由极清净的信、智、精进所庄严的戒行、正直、柔和等众功德成就,具足善巧智慧与辩才、能深入通达自他宗义,并精通众多其它宗派的注释方法、善巧成就。于是,在听闻圆满之际,僧护等长老便各自恳请他撰写《清净道论》等著作。此处,阿阇梨的上述功德成就,从他自己的言句中即可显明。正如他的著作结语中所说:
Evaṃ sīhaḷaṭṭhakathāyo suṇantasseva ācariyabuddhaghosassa tikkhagambhīrajavanañāṇappabhāvavisesasampannabhāvañca paramavisuddhasaddhābuddhivīriyapaṭimaṇḍitasīlācārajjavamaddavādiguṇasamudaya- samuditabhāvañca sakasamayasamayantaragahanajjhogāhaṇasamatthapaññāveyyatti- yasamannāgatabhāvañca anekasatthantarocitasaṃvaṇṇanānayasukovidabhāvañca ñatvā taṃsavanakiccapariniṭṭhitakāle saṅghapālādayo therā taṃ visuddhimaggādiganthānaṃ karaṇatthāya visuṃ visuṃ āyāciṃsu. Ettha ca ācariyassa yathāvuttaguṇehi sampannabhāvo attano vacaneneva pākaṭo. Vuttañhi attano ganthanigamanesu –
具足极净的信、慧与精进,圆满戒行、正直、柔和等诸功德,善能深入自他宗义的深邃之处,成就智慧明辨”等。
‘‘Paramavisuddhasaddhābuddhivīriyapaṭimaṇḍitena sīlācārajjavamaddavādiguṇasamudayasamuditena sakasamayasamayantaragahanajjhogāhaṇasamatthena paññāveyyattiyasamannāgatenā’’tiādi.
其中,“具足能深入通达自他宗义之能力”一句,是表明阿阇梨佛音长老善巧通达诸宗:于自宗,即大寺住众、清净上座部之说示传承;于他宗,即从大众部乃至大乘等诸部派之典籍论说,以及同时代诸外道沙门婆罗门之三吠陀等。对于这些自他宗义中难入难解之深奥处,他亦能深入探究。而以“具足智慧明辨”一句,应知是表明阿阇梨佛音长老有能力对古注疏作删略与整理。
Tattha sakasamayasamayantaragahanajjhogāhaṇasamatthenāti padena ācariyabuddhaghosatthero mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ visuddhattheravādīnaṃ desanānayasaṅkhāte sakasamaye ca mahāsaṅghikādimahāyānikapariyosānānaṃ nikāyantarabhūtānaṃ paresaṃ piṭakaganthantaravādanayasaṅkhāte parasamaye ca tathā taṃkālikaaññatitthiyasamaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ vedattayādisaṅkhāte parasamaye ca kovido, tesaṃ sakasamayaparasamayānaṃ durogāhadubbodhatthasaṅkhāte gahanaṭṭhānepi ca ogāhituṃ samatthoti dīpeti. Paññāveyyattiyasamannāgatoti padena ācariyabuddhaghosatthero porāṇaṭṭhakathāyo saṅkhipituñca paṭisaṅkharituñca samatthoti dīpetīti veditabbo.