名叫“方广说”的到底是什么样的东西,竟让大寺的住众如此极度厌恶?如今已经无法全面说明方广说的真实面目,因为名为“方广”的典籍或部派现在已不为人所知。不过,在阿毗达摩藏的《论事注》中,提到了几种方广说。是怎样的呢?巴利
Kīdiso vetullavādo nāma, yato mahāvihāravāsino ativiya jigucchiṃsūti? Idāni vetullavādassa sarūpaṃ sabbākārena pakāsetuṃ na sakkā, vetullanāmena potthakānaṃ vā nikāyassa vā etarahi apākaṭabhāvato. Abhidhammapiṭake pana kathāvatthuaṭṭhakathāyaṃ katipayā vetullavādā āgatā. Kathaṃ? –
从究竟真实义来说,只有道与果才是僧团,除了道与果之外,并没有另一个叫“僧团”的东西;而道与果并不会领受任何东西,所以不能说“僧团接受供养”。巴利
‘‘Paramatthato maggaphalāneva saṅgho, maggaphalehi añño saṅgho nāma natthi, maggaphalāni ca na kiñci paṭiggaṇhanti, tasmā na vattabbaṃ saṅgho dakkhiṇaṃ paṭiggaṇhātī’’ti ca (1).
只有道与果才是僧团,而它们并不能使供养变得清净,所以不能说僧团使供养清净。巴利
‘‘Maggaphalāneva saṅgho nāma, na ca tāni dakkhiṇaṃ visodhetuṃ sakkonti, tasmā na vattabbaṃ saṅgho dakkhiṇaṃ visodhetī’’ti ca (2).
只有道果本身才叫作僧团,而道果并不吃任何东西,所以不应当说“僧团吃、喝、嚼、尝”。巴利
‘‘Maggaphalāneva saṅgho nāma, na ca tāni kiñci bhuñjanti, tasmā na vattabbaṃ saṅgho bhuñjati pivati khādati sāyatī’’ti ca (3).
只有道果本身才叫僧团,可是没法给它们布施任何东西,它们也没法接受,而且通过布施给它们,谁也得不到什么利益。所以不能说“布施给僧团有大果报”。巴利
Maggaphalāneva saṅgho nāma, na ca sakkā tesaṃ kiñci dātuṃ, na ca tehi paṭiggaṇhituṃ, nāpi tesaṃ dānena koci upakāro ijjhati, tasmā na vattabbaṃ saṅghassa dinnaṃ mahapphala’’nti ca (4).
佛陀世尊其实并不受用任何东西,只是为了随顺世间,才把自己显示得像是在受用一样。因此,由于他实际上并没有从中得到任何利益,就不该说“布施给他有大果报”。巴利
‘‘Buddho bhagavā na kiñci paribhuñjati, lokānuvattanatthaṃ pana paribhuñjamānaṃ viya attānaṃ dasseti, tasmā nirupakārattā na vattabbaṃ tasmiṃ dinnaṃ mahapphala’’nti ca (5).
世尊在兜率天出生,就住在那里,不来人间,只是在这里示现一个化现出来的形相罢了。巴利
‘‘Bhagavā tusitabhavane nibbatto tattheva vasati, na manussalokaṃ āgacchati, nimmitarūpamattakaṃ panettha dassetī’’ti ca (6).
世尊安住在兜率天时,为了说法而派遣了一个化身出去;正是由那个化身说法,尊者阿难又领受了那个化身的教说之后才把法说了出来,并不是佛陀世尊亲自说的。巴利
‘‘Tusitapure ṭhito bhagavā dhammadesanatthāya abhinimmitaṃ pesesi, tena ceva, tassa ca desanaṃ sampaṭicchitvā āyasmatā ānandena dhammo desito, na buddhena bhagavatā’’ti ca (7).
他们说:“应当以同一种意欲来行淫欲之事。”这里的意思是:或者出于悲悯,以同一种意欲——也就是同一个心意;或者在轮回中想着“我们将来要一直在一起”,与女人一起做供佛等事之后,凭着誓愿的力量,生起同一个心意,这就是同一种意欲。像这样两个人同一种意欲,就可以行淫欲之事。以上这些是吠陀罗派的主张被传述下来的内容,他们的说法到这里为止,现在按照上座部的典籍来看,就只能知道这么多。巴利
‘‘Ekādhippāyena methuno dhammo paṭisevitabbo. Ayaṃ panettha attho – kāruññena vā ekena adhippāyena ekādhippāyo, saṃsāre vā ekato bhavissāmāti itthiyā saddhiṃ buddhapūjādīni katvā paṇidhivasena eko adhippāyo assāti ekādhippāyo, evarūpo dvinnampi janānaṃ ekādhippāyo methuno dhammo paṭisevitabbo’’ti ca (8) evaṃ vetullavādīnaṃ laddhiyo āgatā, ettakāyeva nesaṃ vādā theravādaganthavasena dāni paññāyanti.
在这里,最初四种主张错取了经中所述的僧团,又完全否定了律中所述的僧团。紧接着的三种主张,是随顺自在天化现之说的。而最后一种,显然就是非正法之说了。巴利
Ettha ca ādito catūhi vādehi suttantāgatasaṅgho ca micchā gahito, vinayāgatasaṅgho ca sabbathā paṭikkhitto. Tadanantaraṃ tayo vādā issaranimmānavādānuvattakā. Antimassa pana asaddhammavādabhāvo ativiya pākaṭoti.
不过在《阿毗达摩集论》里,已经说明方广藏就是菩萨藏,因此,在《正法莲华经》等菩萨藏中出现的说法,也应当被理解为“方广之说”。巴利
Abhidhammasamuccaye pana vetullapiṭakassa bodhisattapiṭakabhāvo pakāsito, tasmā saddhammapuṇḍarikasuttādike bodhisattapiṭake āgatavādopi ‘‘vetullavādo’’ti veditabbo .