第十二品
12. Dvādasamavaggo
一、“律仪是业”论释
1. Saṃvaro kammantikathāvaṇṇanā
630-632630-632。此处为“律仪是业”之论。其中,有些人依据“以眼见色后,成为取相者或不成为取相者”的经文,执持“律仪与非律仪都是业”的见解,例如大众部。针对他们,自宗论师提问,他方论师承认。
630-632. Idāni saṃvaro kammantikathā nāma hoti. Tattha ‘‘cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā nimittaggāhī hoti, na nimittaggāhī hotī’’ti suttaṃ nissāya ‘‘saṃvaropi asaṃvaropi kamma’’nti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi mahāsaṃghikānaṃ; te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa.
于是,为了质问他:“在自己的宗义中,思被称为‘业’,正如它在身、语、意三门运作时,相应获得身业等名称一样,如果你的律仪是业,那么它在眼根等处运作时,也应获得眼业等名称。”由此说出“眼根律仪是眼业”等语。对方论师因为未见到那样的经文,便在四门中予以否定;在第五门——身门中,针对净色身而否定,针对表色身而承认,因为他将净色身与表色身都视为身根;在意门中,针对异熟门而否定,针对业门而承认。对于非律仪,也应同理了知。“以眼见色”这段经文,只是阐明那些门中的律仪与非律仪,并非阐明它的业性,所以不能成立。
Atha naṃ yā sakasamaye cetanā ‘‘kamma’’nti vuttā yathā sā kāyavacīmanodvāresu pavattamānā kāyakammādināmaṃ labhati, tathā ‘‘yadi te saṃvaro kammaṃ, sopi cakkhundriyādīsu pavattamāno cakkhukammādināmaṃ labheyyā’’ti codetuṃ cakkhundriyasaṃvaro cakkhukammantiādimāha. Itaro tādisaṃ suttapadaṃ apassanto catūsu dvāresu paṭikkhipitvā pañcame kāyadvāre pasādakāyaṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati, viññattikāyaṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. So hi pasādakāyampi viññattikāyampi kāyindriyantveva icchati. Manodvārepi vipākadvāraṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati, kammadvāraṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. Asaṃvarepi eseva nayo. ‘‘Cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā’’ti suttaṃ tesu dvāresu saṃvarāsaṃvarameva dīpeti, na tassa kammabhāvaṃ, tasmā asādhakanti.
二、业论释
2. Kammakathāvaṇṇanā
633-635633-635。现在有“业”的论题为名。在此,有人依据“诸比丘,我不说一切思业”这一经文,执持“一切业都有果报”的见解,如大众部。为了向他们显示:在“诸比丘,我说思是业”中,导师虽无差别地将“思”称为“业”,但此思只有善与不善才有果报,无记则无果报——自宗论师提出“一切业”的提问,对方论师予以承认。此外,在“一切思”等提问中,应知是针对无记而否定,针对善与不善而承认。“异熟无记”等语,是为了显示有果报与无果报的思本身而说。此处其余内容意义浅显。“诸比丘,我不说”这段经文,是针对存在缘时,于现法受等中感受果报而说的,所以不能成立。
633-635. Idāni kammakathā nāma hoti. Tattha ‘‘nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, sañcetanikānaṃ kammāna’’nti (a. ni. 10.217) suttapadaṃ nissāya ‘‘sabbaṃ kammaṃ savipāka’’nti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi mahāsaṃghikānaṃ; tesaṃ ‘‘cetanāhaṃ, bhikkhave, kammaṃ vadāmī’’ti (a. ni. 6.63) satthārā avisesena cetanā ‘‘kamma’’nti vuttā; sā ca kusalākusalāva savipākā, abyākatā avipākāti imaṃ vibhāgaṃ dassetuṃ sabbaṃ kammanti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Puna sabbā cetanāti pañhesu abyākataṃ sandhāya paṭikkhepo, kusalākusale sandhāya paṭiññā veditabbā . Vipākābyākatātiādi savipākāvipākacetanaṃ sarūpena dassetuṃ vuttaṃ. Sesamettha uttānatthameva. ‘‘Nāhaṃ, bhikkhave’’ti suttaṃ sati paccaye diṭṭhadhammādīsu vipākapaṭisaṃvedanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, tasmā asādhakanti.
三、“声音是果报”论释
3. Saddo vipākotikathāvaṇṇanā
636-637636-637。现在有“声音是异熟”的论题为名。在此,有人不如理地执取“由于他造作了、累积了、增盛了、广大了那业,而具有梵音”等语句,执持“声音是异熟”的见解,如大众部。为了向他们显示“只有业等起的无色法才获得异熟之名,而色法中并没有这种说法”,自宗论师提问,对方论师承认。“乐受”等语,是为了显示“异熟具有如此形态”而说。“由于他那业”这一经文,是为了显示获得特征而说。因为大丈夫由造作业,也会有清净的随从,但随从并非异熟,所以这不能成立。
636-637. Idāni saddo vipākotikathā nāma hoti. Tattha ‘‘so tassa kammassa katattā upacitattā ussannattā vipulattā brahmassaro hotī’’tiādīni (dī. ni. 3.236) ayoniso gahetvā ‘‘saddo vipāko’’ti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi mahāsaṃghikānaṃ; tesaṃ ‘‘kammasamuṭṭhānā arūpadhammāva vipākāti nāmaṃ labhanti. Rūpadhammesu panāyaṃ vohāro natthī’’ti dassetuṃ pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Sukhavedanīyotiādi ‘‘vipāko nāma evarūpo hotī’’ti dassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. ‘‘So tassa kammassā’’ti suttaṃ lakkhaṇapaṭilābhadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Mahāpuriso hi kammassa katattā suciparivāropi hoti, na ca parivāro vipāko, tasmā asādhakametanti.
四、六处论释
4. Saḷāyatanakathāvaṇṇanā
638-640接下来是关于“六处”的讨论。其中,因为六处是由业所造而生起的,所以有人执著“六处是异熟”的见解,例如大众部;针对他们,自宗论师问:“眼处是异熟吗?”对方承认。其余如前所述。就“六处是异熟”而言,意处可能是异熟,而其余诸处仅是业等起,并非异熟,因此不能成立。
638-640. Idāni saḷāyatanakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yasmā saḷāyatanaṃ kammassa katattā uppannaṃ, tasmā ‘‘vipāko’’ti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi mahāsaṃghikānaṃ; te sandhāya cakkhāyatanaṃ vipākoti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Sesaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayameva. Saḷāyatanaṃ vipākoti ettha manāyatanaṃ siyā vipāko. Sesāni kevalaṃ kammasamuṭṭhānāni, na vipāko. Tasmā asādhakametanti.
五、最多七返者论释
5. Sattakkhattuparamakathāvaṇṇanā
541-545接下来是关于“最多七返者”的讨论。其中,由于经中说“最多七返者”,所以有人执取这样的见解:“最多七返者这一补特伽罗,由最多七返性而决定”,例如北道派。为了向他们表明这一差别——“除了圣道,并没有其他决定性使他由最多七返性而决定”,自宗论师提问,对方承认。
541-545. Idāni sattakkhattuparamakathā nāma hoti, tattha yasmā ‘‘sattakkhattuparamo’’ti vuttaṃ, tasmā ‘‘sattakkhattuparamo puggalo sattakkhattuparamatāya niyato’’ti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi uttarāpathakānaṃ; tesaṃ ṭhapetvā ‘‘ariyamaggaṃ añño tassa niyamo natthi, yena so sattakkhattuparamatāya niyato bhaveyyā’’ti imaṃ vibhāgaṃ dassetuṃ pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa.
在“母亲、生命”等之中,有这样的意趣:有两种决定性——正性决定性与邪性决定性。正性决定性即圣道,它决定不堕恶趣法以及果的现起。邪性决定性即无间业,它决定无间地狱的投生。这其中,最多七返者由入流道而被决定不堕恶趣法以及果的现起,然而,由于未证得其余的道决定性,他便没有那些;他也无能造作无间业。但您却希望他有决定性,因此我们对您说:“难道他是被这邪性决定性所决定的吗?”
Mātā jīvitātiādīsu ayamadhippāyo – dve niyāmā sammattaniyāmo ca micchattaniyāmo ca. Sammattaniyāmo ariyamaggo. So avinipātadhammatañceva phaluppattiñca niyameti. Micchattaniyāmo ānantariyakammaṃ. Taṃ anantarā nirayūpapattiṃ niyameti. Tattha sattakkhattuparamo sotāpattimaggena avinipātadhammatāya ca phaluppattiyā ca niyamito. Sesamagganiyāmo panassa natthi anadhigatattā, ānantariyampi kātuṃ so abhabbo. Tvaṃ panassa niyāmaṃ icchasi, tena taṃ vadāma – ‘‘kiṃ te so iminā micchattaniyāmena niyamito’’ti.
在“不能中间”等提问中,针对无间业的不存在而予以否定,针对最多七返者而予以承认。在“有那种决定性吗”的提问中,由于未见到最多七返者的决定性而否定。“有那些念处等吗”等语句,是为了显示称为决定性的道法而说。然而,因为他并未再次生起初道,那些也不存在,故予否定。此处其余内容意义浅显。难道他不是最多七返者吗?在此,世尊凭自身智慧的力量授记:“这个人流转了这么多生后将般涅槃,这个人流转了这么多生后”,并非意味着存在某种名为“有决定性”的最多七返者、家家者或一种子者,因此这不能成立。
Abhabbo antarāti pañhesu ānantariyābhāvaṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati, sattakkhattuparamaṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. Atthi so niyāmoti pañhe sattakkhattuparamatāya niyāmaṃ apassanto paṭikkhipati. Atthi te satipaṭṭhānātiādi niyāmasaṅkhāte maggadhamme dassetuṃ vuttaṃ. Tassa pana puna paṭhamamaggānuppattito tepi natthi, tasmā paṭikkhipati. Sesamettha uttānatthameva. Nanu so sattakkhattuparamoti ettha bhagavā ‘‘ayaṃ puggalo ettake bhave sandhāvitvā parinibbāyissati, ayaṃ ettake’’ti attano ñāṇabalena byākaroti, na bhavaniyāmaṃ nāma kiñci tena sattakkhattuparamo, kolaṃkolo, ekabījī vāti vuttaṃ, tasmā asādhakametanti.
646-647第646-647节。关于家家者与一种子者的论述,也应以同样的方式了知。
646-647. Kolaṃkolaekabījikathāyopi imināvupāyena veditabbā.
8. 断命论之解释
8. Jīvitāvoropanakathāvaṇṇanā
648-649第648-649节。现在开始称为“断命论”的讨论。其中,杀生是由与嗔俱起的心产生的,而具见者尚未断除嗔恚,因此,有人秉持如此见解:“具见者会故意夺取有情生命”,诸如东山部与西山部。针对他们,自宗论师以“具见者”提问,对方予以承认。然而,在“故意对母亲……”等问难中,对方依据“此不可能,无此机会”的经典而拒绝承认。“对导师不恭敬”等语句,是为了显示对导师等怀有恭敬者不会违犯学处。对方则拒绝,声称以不善心而言,他并非不恭敬;随后又承认其恭敬状态。当再度被追问“不恭敬”时,他则理解为由于忙于种种事务而散乱、失念、不如理作意,以致未在塔庙等处行礼、右绕等,以此作为承认。当以“会隐藏……”等方式再问时,他因不会故意造作那样的行为而拒绝。此处其余的意义是明显的。
648-649. Idāni jīvitāvoropanakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yasmā dosasampayuttena cittena pāṇātipāto hoti, doso ca diṭṭhisampannassa appahīno, tasmā ‘‘diṭṭhisampanno sañcicca pāṇaṃ jīvitā voropeyyā’’ti yesaṃ laddhi, seyyathāpi pubbaseliyāparaseliyānaṃ; te sandhāya diṭṭhisampannoti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Sañcicca mātarantiādipañhesu pana ‘‘aṭṭhānametaṃ anavakāso’’ti suttabhayena paṭikkhipati. Satthari agāravotiādi satthārādīsu sagāravassa sikkhāpadassa vītikkamābhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Itaro pana akusalavasena tassa agāravo nāma natthīti paṭikkhipitvā sagāravabhāvañca sampaṭicchitvā puna agāravoti puṭṭho tesu tesu kiccesu pasutatāya vikkhittānaṃ asatiyā amanasikārena cetiye abhivādanapadakkhiṇakaraṇābhāvaṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. Puna ohadeyyātiādinā nayena puṭṭho tādisāya kiriyāya sañcicca akaraṇato paṭikkhipati. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
9. 恶趣论之解释
9. Duggatikathāvaṇṇanā
650-652第650-652节。以下为「恶趣论」的探讨。其中,有人将「恶趣」以及恶趣众生的色等所缘、渴爱这两者一并执取为「恶趣」,不作区分而笼统地主张「具见者已断除恶趣」,例如北道部。针对他们,自方论师提问,对方承认。「会贪著恶趣之色……」等语句,是依对方论师的执见——即具见者的恶趣尚未断除——而提出诘难。此处其余内容,意义显了。「会投生地狱……」等语句,意在阐明所断除的是恶趣或导向恶趣的渴爱,而非断除对恶趣众生色等所缘的渴爱,因此不能成立。
650-652. Idāni duggatikathā nāma hoti. Tattha ye duggatiñca duggatisattānaṃ rūpādiārammaṇaṃ taṇhañcāti ubhayampi duggatīti gahetvā puna tathā avibhajitvā aviseseneva ‘‘diṭṭhisampannassa pahīnā duggatī’’ti vadanti, seyyathāpi uttarāpathakā; te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Āpāyike rūpe rajjeyyātiādi paravādino laddhiyā diṭṭhisampannassa duggati appahīnā, tassa vasena codetuṃ vuttaṃ. Sesamettha uttānatthameva. Nirayaṃ upapajjeyyātiādi duggatipahānameva duggatigāminitaṇhāpahānaṃ vā dīpeti, na duggatisattānaṃ rūpādiārammaṇāya taṇhāya pahānaṃ, tasmā asādhakanti.
653第653节。关于第七有者的论述,同理可知。
653. Sattamabhavikakathāyapi eseva nayoti.