16. 智分别
16. Ñāṇavibhaṅgo
一、单母题注释
1. Ekakamātikādivaṇṇanā
751应知“处所”之义:由于相应法的依止缘性,以及所缘作为转起之处的特性,故为处所。以“非因等”的“等”字,摄取了“无因”等一切单一类别的智事。“一非因”是说由于非因性而为一;所谓“五识非因”,即是就它们的非因性而说。因为它们唯以无因性而成为同一类。其他如无因等亦然。“与不虚妄的共性相合”,是指即以此无因性等,与如其本然的共性相合。“智所缘”是指智的所缘,即如前所说的五识等。“事之阐明”,是指依如前所述的差别,对五识等智事所作的阐明、开显,这便是慧。
751. Sampayuttānaṃ nissayapaccayatāya, ārammaṇassa pavattiṭṭhānatāya okāsaṭṭho veditabbo. Nahetādīti ādi-saddena ‘‘ahetukā’’tiādikaṃ sabbaṃ ekavidhena ñāṇavatthuṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Ekaṃ nahetūti nahetutāya ekaṃ pañcaviññāṇaṃ nahetūti vuttā tesaṃ nahetutā. Ekantāhetubhāvena hi te ekappakārāvāti. Aññampīti ahetukādi. Avitathasāmaññayuttanti teneva ahetukatādinā yathābhūtena samānabhāvena yuttaṃ. Ñāṇārammaṇanti ñāṇassa ārammaṇaṃ yathāvuttapañcaviññāṇādi. Vatthuvibhāvanāti pañcaviññāṇādikassa ñāṇavatthussa yathāvuttavisesena vibhāvanā pakāsanā paññā.
“最后一对”是指“生义之慧”与“已生义之慧”此二法所成之对。因为“对母题”即《法集论》中所说的对母题,故说“不依对母题”。
Osānadukassāti ‘‘atthajāpikā paññā, jāpitatthā paññā’’ti imassa dukassa. Dukamātikā dhammasaṅgaṇiyaṃ vuttadukamātikāti āha ‘‘dukamātikaṃ anissāyā’’ti.
“思所成慧”等,是不依三母题而说的,因此说“如此,依三母题相应者,于此亦当见”。虽然jāpa一词可用于言语的表达,也可转起于心中,但也应见其有“产生”之义,为显示这一点而说“由于界声有多义”等。善慧能产生称为异熟的义;唯作慧作为遍作等,能产生由自身所应生的称为果的义,故说“生义慧是趣向因的慧”。异熟慧与唯作慧依俱生等缘之力,产生各自的异熟等义,故说“已生义——已产生的义是此慧所有,故为已生义慧”。虽然俱生诸法具有缘力,但异熟慧与唯作慧并不像善慧那样,能无余地获得对异熟的因之称谓,故说“似因慧”。以阐明为义,慧即使对相应法也如同所缘一般令其显了,故说“成为果的开显者”。由此,它被以光、明、灯等同义词来阐明。
‘‘Cintāmayā paññā’’tiādikā tikamātikaṃ anissāya vuttāti āha ‘‘evaṃ tikānurūpehīti etthāpi daṭṭhabba’’nti. Yadipi jāpa-saddo byattavacane, mānase ca pavattati, jananatthepi pana daṭṭhabboti dassento āha ‘‘anekatthattā dhātusaddāna’’ntiādi. Kusalapaññā vipākasaṅkhātassa, kiriyapaññā parikammādibhūtā attanā nibbattetabbaphalasaṅkhātassa atthassa nibbattanato atthajāpikāti vuttāti āha ‘‘atthajāpikā kāraṇagatā paññā’’ti. Vipākapaññā, kiriyapaññā ca sahajātādipaccayavasena taṃtaṃvipākādiatthaṃ jāpeti janetīti āha ‘‘jāpito janito attho etissāti jāpitatthā’’ti. Satipi sahajātānaṃ paccayabhāve vipākakiriyapaññā na kusalā viya vipākānaṃ nippariyāyena kāraṇavohāraṃ labhatīti āha ‘‘kāraṇapaññāsadisī’’ti. Vibhāvanatthena paññā ārammaṇaṃ viya sampayuttepi pakāsetiyevāti vuttaṃ ‘‘phalappakāsanabhūtā’’ti. Yato sā ālokobhāsapajjotapariyāyehi vibhāvitā.
十、十母题之注释
10. Dasakamātikāvaṇṇanā
760“生缘老死之智,无生则无老死之智。于过去时亦生缘老死之智,无生则无老死之智。于未来时亦生缘老死之智,无生则无老死之智。凡彼所有之法住智,彼亦是尽法、灭法、离贪法、灭尽法之智。有缘……乃至……无明缘行……乃至……灭尽法”(《相应部》2.34)——此即所摄的七十七智。“于老死有智,于老死集有智,于老死灭有智,于趣向老死灭之行道有智。于生有智……乃至……于行有智……乃至……于行道有智”(《相应部》2.33)——此即所摄的四十四智。从闻所成智等,乃至以无碍智为究竟,则是《无碍解道》(《无碍解道》母题1.1等)所摄的七十三智。因此说“然而七十三……非在《相应部》中”。或者,“在《相应部》中”应与“七十七智”关联,而非与“七十三”关联。于他处,如安置品等中。正如由于未能如实通达,邪智等如同插在谷壳堆中的木桩,于所缘动摇不定;如实觉了之智则不然,故说“由如实通达,自身亦不动摇”。“增上力作”即是支持,将此赋予补特伽罗,故说“亦令补特伽罗……作”。或者,于异分法中为不动摇之义,于同分法中为支持之义,当如此了知。
760. ‘‘Jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ. Atītampi addhānaṃ jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ. Anāgatampi addhānaṃ jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ. Yampissa taṃ dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇaṃ, tampi khayadhammaṃ vayadhammaṃ virāgadhammaṃ nirodhadhammanti ñāṇaṃ. Bhavapaccayā…pe… avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā…pe… nirodhadhamma’’nti (saṃ. ni. 2.34) evamāgatāni sattasattati ñāṇāni. ‘‘Jarāmaraṇe ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇasamudaye ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇanirodhe ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ñāṇaṃ. Jātiyā ñāṇaṃ…pe… saṅkhāresu ñāṇaṃ…pe… paṭipadāya ñāṇa’’nti (saṃ. ni. 2.33) evamāgatāni catucattārīsaṃ ñāṇāni. Sutamayañāṇādīni anāvaraṇañāṇapariyosānāni paṭisambhidāmagge (paṭi. ma. mātikā 1.1 ādayo) āgatāni tesattati ñāṇāni. Tenāha ‘‘tesattati pana…pe… na saṃyuttake’’ti. ‘‘Saṃyuttake’’ti vā idaṃ ‘‘sattasattati ñāṇānī’’ti iminā sambandhitabbaṃ, na ‘‘tesattatī’’ti iminā. Aññattha nikkhepakaṇḍādīsu. Yathā sammāpaṭivedhābhāvato micchāñāṇādi thusarāsimhi nikhātakhāṇuko viya ārammaṇe cañcalaṃ hoti, na evaṃ hoti yathābhūtāvabodhakaṃ ñāṇanti āha ‘‘yāthāvapaṭivedhato sayañca akampiya’’nti. Adhibalakaraṇaṃ upatthambhananti taṃ puggale āropento āha ‘‘puggalañca…pe… karotī’’ti. Visabhāgadhammesu vā akampiyattho, sabhāgadhammesu upatthambhanattho veditabbo.
“前往”是对“走近”一词的义释。而此处的“走近”,即是指对一切知性的宣称,故说“以宣称之力”。或者,在“走近八众”中,也应以宣称之力与一切知性结合。在八众中,显示了具足不动摇之智,这是关联所在。
Abhimukhaṃ gacchantīti ‘‘upagacchantī’’ti padassa atthavacanaṃ. Upagamanañcettha sabbaññutāya paṭijānanamevāti vuttaṃ ‘‘paṭijānanavasenā’’ti. Aṭṭha vā parisā upasaṅkamantīti etthāpi paṭijānanavasena sabbaññutanti yojetabbaṃ. Aṭṭhasu parisāsu dassitaakampiyañāṇayuttoti sambandho.
“果成就之转起”是指依善士亲近等因成就所生的果——如适宜处住、自正愿等成就——的转起。以“等”字摄取了经中其余的内容。其中,有善士亲近等。那么,在作用相同的情况下,为何不像通达智那样,对于教说智也说乃至阿罗汉道生起呢?针对此问难,而说“由通达究竟故”等。“由通达究竟故”指通达的终结,也就是作为通达究竟的阿罗汉道智。因为通过证得它,世尊成就了圆满的一切知者功德,具足无碍辩才,能以无等的佛威仪说法。而“虽已获得”这一句,是表明教说智无论如何不可能与通达者的通达相应,并以此显示仅以通达便在此成就了义利。因此说“教说智”等。
Phalasampattipavattīti sappurisūpanissayādīnaṃ kāraṇasampattīnaṃ phalabhūtāya patirūpadesavāsaattasammāpaṇidhiādisampattiyā pavattanaṃ. Ādi-saddena suttasesā saṅgahitā. Tattha sappurisūpanissayādike. Kasmā panettha samāne atthakicce paṭivedhañāṇassa viya desanāñāṇassāpi yāva arahattamaggā uppajjamānatā na vuttāti codanaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘paṭivedhaniṭṭhattā’’tiādi . Paṭivedhaniṭṭhattāti paṭivedhassa pariyosānattā. Tenāti paṭivedhapariyosānabhūtena arahattamaggañāṇena. Tadadhigamena hi sampattasakalasabbaññuguṇo bhagavā anantapaṭibhāno anupamāya buddhalīḷāya dhammaṃ desetuṃ samattho ahosi. ‘‘Paṭiladdhassāpī’’ti iminā sabbathā labhāpakassa paṭivedhānurūpatā desanāñāṇassa asakkuṇeyyāti dīpeti, tena ca paṭivedhanamattenettha atthasiddhīti dasseti. Tenāha ‘‘desanāñāṇassā’’tiādi.
“退分法”即导致退分的因。“欲俱想等法”指以欲功德为所缘的想、作意等。“由先前所作的行等”指如“当月或日运行至某时,我将出定”等,在入定之前已转起的心行、遍作等。
Hānabhāgiyadhammanti vā hānabhāgiyabhāvassa kāraṇaṃ. Kāmasahagatasaññādidhammanti kāmaguṇārammaṇaṃ saññāmanasikārādiṃ. Pubbeva katābhisaṅkhārādinti ‘‘cande vā sūriye vā ettakaṃ gate vuṭṭhahissāmī’’tiādinā samāpajjanato pubbe pavattacittābhisaṅkhāraparikammādiṃ.
“彼无之把握”指把握烦恼障之无有。“住立”即存在的状态。“彼之相反”指“无有布施”等邪见。“处所之无”指不转起,或不存在。“上方”在此诸力次第解说中,指紧接上方者。“显示异熟障之无有等”中,“等”字包含显示业障之无有。“其余”指显示证得之非处。“与他们俱行之界”指与贪等俱行之自性。而他们之差别,应知为由缘之差别所成就的状态等差别。“行因”指成为贪等行之因的诸法。
Tadabhāvaggahaṇenāti kilesāvaraṇābhāvaggahaṇena. Ṭhitinti atthibhāvaṃ. Tabbiparītāyāti ‘‘natthi dinna’’ntiādikāya micchādiṭṭhiyā. Ṭhānābhāvanti appavattiṃ, natthibhāvaṃ vā. Uparīti imissā balānaṃ anukkamakathāya upari anantarameva. Vipākāvaraṇābhāvadassanādikassāti ādi-saddena kammāvaraṇābhāvadassanaṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Itaranti adhigamassa aṭṭhānadassanaṃ. Taṃsahitānaṃ dhātūnanti rāgādisahitānaṃ sabhāvānaṃ. Vemattatā ca tesaṃ paccayavisesasiddhena avatthādivisesena veditabbā. Cariyāhetūnanti rāgādicariyākāraṇabhūtānaṃ dhammānaṃ.
一、单一解说的注释
1. Ekakaniddesavaṇṇanā
761这一“差别”是指:虽然两种理趣同样在阐明他们无因等,但一者遮止有因等,另一者则归入他聚,这是不同之处。“一生”指由执取与弃舍所限定的一有。“彼之内含”指趣之内含。“处处”指在各个趣、死、有之中。
761.Ayaṃ visesoti samānepi nayadvayassa tesaṃ ahetubhāvādidīpane ekassa hetubhāvādipaṭisedhatā, itarassa rāsantarāsaṅgahoti idaṃ nānākaraṇaṃ. Ekāya jātiyāti ādānanikkhepaparicchinnassa ekassa bhavassa. Tadantogadhatāyāti gatiantogadhatāya. Tattha tatthāti taṃtaṃgaticutibhavesu.
762“如是”指以他门为所缘。“如乳等……有差别”是指:如同乳变为酪、酪变为酪浆而有差别,但五识并非如此,它们不会从无因等状态中生起其他自性,这就是义趣。
762.Tathāti aññadvārārammaṇatāya. Khīrādīnaṃ…pe… vilakkhaṇatāti yathā khīrassa dadhibhāvena, dadhino takkabhāvena vilakkhaṇatāpatti, na evaṃ pañcaviññāṇānaṃ nahetubhāvādito aññassa sabhāvāpatti atthīti attho.
763“广大”指宽广。因为这里的“大”字表示众多之义,如在“大众”等词中,是指色聚。否则,自性法哪里有广大或微细可言?由于先说了眼识,因此说“于眼净色,是我所依处”。“自在处”指自在转起之处。正因如此,它在他处修习之后,即安住而令显现;其他识也依其所授之理在彼处转起,乃至天眼智也是如此,所以盲者不能成就它。
763.Mahattepīti puthuttepi. Bahubhāvavācako hi ayaṃ mahā-saddo ‘‘mahājano’’tiādīsu viya rūpasaṅghāṭassa adhippetattā. Aññathā sabhāvadhammassa kā mahantatā, sukhumatā vā. Cakkhuviññāṇassa vacanaṃ katvā vuttattā āha ‘‘cakkhupasāde mama vatthumhī’’ti. Issariyaṭṭhānanti issariyapavattanaṭṭhānaṃ. Tathā hi naṃ aññattha bhāvitaṃ vibhāventameva tiṭṭhati, aññaviññāṇāni ca tena dinnanayāneva tattha pavattanti, api dibbacakkhuñāṇaṃ, yato taṃ andhassa na nipphajjati.
764764.「虽已安立者」意指虽彼此互不混杂者。「次第决定」指确定的、依序相续的性质。「以此」指借着「不混杂」一语。
764.Vavatthitānampīti aññamaññaṃ asaṃkiṇṇānampi. Paṭipāṭiniyamo niyatānupubbikatā. Tenāti ‘‘abbokiṇṇā’’ti vacanena.
766766.「转向的状态」即转向的作用。
766.Āvaṭṭanabhāvo āvajjanakiccatā.
所谓「他们」是指色等诸法。因为这些色等诸法与五识相会合。应被撞击、应被执取为所缘、应被了知,这是它的意思。因此说「由作所缘而应被了知」。以善、不善的思,以及与彼相应者,正如所说「意为主导……或为不善」等的方式,所应被了知者之了知,这是句子的连结。这实际上是针对业处而言的属格。所谓「俱生前导法」是指以见等俱生的触等为前导,以转向等为前导。所谓「其他作用」是指不同于见等作用的领受等作用。
Tesanti rūpādīnaṃ. Etesañhi rūpādīnaṃ pañcahi viññāṇehi samāgamo. Abhinipatitabbāni ālambitabbāni, vijānitabbānīti attho. Tenāha ‘‘ārammaṇakaraṇena paṭivijānitabbānī’’ti. Kusalākusalacetanāya, taṃsampayuttānañca yathāvuttānaṃ ‘‘manopubbaṅgamā…pe… akusalaṃ vā’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 766) evaṃ vuttānaṃ paṭivijānitabbānaṃ paṭivijānananti sambandho. Kammatthe hi etaṃ sāmivacanaṃ. Sahajapubbaṅgamadhammenāti dassanādīhi sahajātaphassādinā pubbaṅgamena āvajjanādinā. Kiccantaranti dassanādikiccato aññaṃ sampaṭicchanādikiccaṃ.
以非异熟性为因,或与彼俱。所谓“他”,指色性等。所谓“令说之作者”,指由令表识生起而转起的善、不善心生诸法。它们即是不动摇身表、语表而转起,与彼相似。所谓“前导了知”,是以前导性而了知,即对意门速行以前行性而执取。所谓“于彼处”,指于五门中。在说了“未被遮止”之后,为了显示此不遮止是由理趣所得,故说“非身业……已被允许故”。应知“如是”是为了归结:如同安立身、语业,善等法的受持亦无有。若从有者不死,如何于五门中说死?故说“非五门……因为是意门故”。此属于彼圣典。所谓“仅达境”,指仅仅是达境、仅成为所缘缘。所谓“他”,是指“色为青”等法的差别,因此说“法自性”。所谓“色”且不执取者,即使色所缘相同,亦不执取“此名为色”。如是,有一类人说:“具眼识者了知青,而非了知青。”色青等行相是色所缘、执色等行相的施设,此实为彼生施设,如无常等。彼为殊胜,因为有寻有伺。所谓“从此他”,是指从声所缘之他,即名施设所缘;否则,俱生之遮止应不可能,此为其意图。
Avipākabhāvena kāraṇena, tena vā saddhiṃ. Aññanti rūpabhāvādiṃ. Bhāsanakaraṇakarāti viññattisamuṭṭhāpanavasena pavattakusalākusalacittuppādadhammā. Te eva kāyaṅgavācaṅgaṃ acopetvā pavattā taṃsadisā. Pubbaṅgamapaṭivijānananti pubbaṅgamabhāvena vijānanaṃ manodvārikajavanānaṃ purecarabhāvena gahaṇaṃ. Tatthāti pañcadvāre. ‘‘Na paṭisiddha’’nti vatvā svāyamappaṭisedho sāmatthiyaladdhoti dassetuṃ ‘‘na kāyakammaṃ…pe… anuññātattā’’ti vuttaṃ. ‘‘Tathā’’ti idaṃ yathā kāyavacīkammapaṭṭhapanaṃ, evaṃ kusalādidhammasamādānampi natthīti upasaṃharaṇatthaṃ veditabbaṃ. Yadi na bhavato cavati, kathaṃ pañcadvāre cuti vuttāti āha ‘‘na pañcadvārika…pe… ataṃdvārikattā’’ti. Tassā pāḷiyā. Āpāthamattanti āpāthagamanamattaṃ ārammaṇapaccayabhāvamattaṃ. Aññanti ‘‘rūpaṃ nīla’’nti evamādidhammavisesaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘dhammasabhāva’’nti. Rūpanti ca na gaṇhātīti rūpārammaṇampi samānaṃ ‘‘rūpaṃ nāmeta’’nti na gaṇhāti. Tathā cāhu eke ‘‘cakkhuviññāṇasamaṅgī nīlaṃ vijānāti, no tu nīla’’nti. Rūpanīlādiākāro rūpārammaṇarūpādānākārapaññatti. Tajjāpaññatti hesā yathā aniccatādi. Sātisayaṃ savitakkasavicārattā. Tato aññanti saddārammaṇato aññaṃ nāmapaññattiārammaṇaṃ, aññathā sahuppattipaṭisedho na sambhaveyyāti adhippāyo.
所谓“于意门中”,并非仅在五门中、于第二空转时,而也是在意门中。转向应知为两三次……因为仅一心识刹那的转向生起时,如此乃不可能。
Manodvārepīti na pañcadvāreyeva dutiye moghavāre, atha kho manodvārepi. Āvajjanaṃ dvattikkhattuṃ…pe… daṭṭhabbaṃ ekacittakkhaṇikassa āvajjanassa uppattiyaṃ tathā asambhavato.
所谓“彼”,是指如实阐明所依的慧。
Tassāti yāthāvakavatthuvibhāvanāya paññāya.
二、二法解说之注释
2. Dukaniddesavaṇṇanā
767767. 所谓“于诸所依”,即指于诸句义。所谓“除自性而执取”,是显示义声在彼处转起的方式,由此显示义声的自性义。依所依而有词性的转变。因为声论者说:“词性、词数应随所说。”
767.Adhikaraṇesūti padatthesu. Aññatra sabhāvaṃ gahetvāti atthasaddassa tattha pavattanākāradassanaṃ, tena atthasaddassa sabhāvatthataṃ dasseti. Adhikaraṇavasena liṅgaparivattiṃ gacchati. ‘‘Abhidheyyānurūpaṃ liṅgavacanānī’’ti hi saddavidū vadanti.
三、三法解说之注释
3. Tikaniddesavaṇṇanā
768“于已成熟者”,谓于已成就者。所谓“于已安立者”,并非如于乳等那样意指过去时,故说“唯是境的差别而已”。而所谓“业、技艺”,是依因的转用而说为慧,故说“或唯是慧……当知”。
768.Paripācitesūti sādhitesu. ‘‘Vihitesū’’ti ettha duddhādīsu viya bhūtakālatā nādhippetāti āha ‘‘visayavisesanamattamevā’’ti. ‘‘Kammaṃ, sippa’’nti paññā kāraṇūpacārena vuttāti āha ‘‘paññā eva vā…pe… veditabbā’’ti.
善业为自所依,因为它纯粹带来利益与安乐。与此相反的其余业则是不善业,非自所依。随顺于谛的证悟,故称为谛随顺,因此说“以彼证悟为缘”。或者由于随顺道谛而称为谛随顺,同样也由于随顺胜义谛。因此注释书中说“道谛的”等。慧被说为在慧的领域内,因为显示了慧的作用。以“于瑜伽所安立处”等所说是地之解说,以“业自性、谛随顺”等所说是自性之解说,以“色无常”等所说是类别之解说,这些即如前所述的……诸解说。应当与忍等词连接,如“于瑜伽所安立的业处有忍,于业自性有忍,于‘色无常’有忍”等。观察即是现量作证。于诸法观察而忍可,故说慧有堪能观察彼之力。
Kusalaṃkammaṃ sakaṃ ekantaṃ hitasukhāvahattā. Tappaṭipakkhattā itaraṃ akusalaṃ kammaṃ nosakaṃ. Saccapaṭivedhānulomanaṃ saccānulomanaṃ vuttanti āha ‘‘tappaṭivedhapaccayabhāvenā’’ti. Maggasaccassa anulomanato vā saccānulomikatā, tathā paramatthasaccassa anulomanato. Tenāha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘maggasaccassā’’tiādi. Paññā vuttā paññāvisaye paññākiccassa dassitattā. ‘‘Yogavihitesū’’tiādinā vuttabhūminiddeso, ‘‘kammassakataṃ saccānulomika’’nti vuttasarūpaniddeso, ‘‘rūpaṃ anicca’’ntiādinā vuttappakāraniddeso ca yathāvuttā…pe… niddesā. ‘‘Yogavihitesu kammāyatanesu khantiṃ, kammassakataṃ khantiṃ, ‘rūpaṃ anicca’nti khanti’’ntiādinā khantiādipadehi yojetabbā. Olokanaṃ paccakkhakaraṇaṃ. Dhammā olokanaṃ khamantīti paññāya tadolokanasamatthatamāha.
769“释放”即舍弃。对于“开始”的行为,决意即是具足,所依即是建立,故说“释放……适合说”等。
769.Muñcatīti pajahati. Ārabbha-kiriyāya adhiṭṭhānaṃ samaṅgibhāvo, adhikaraṇaṃ paṭṭhapananti āha ‘‘muñca…pe… vattuṃ yutta’’nti.
770五戒、十戒乃业轮的一分,依此而说它们被摄于那些法的安立中。即便有所听闻——如“诸比丘,此处圣弟子远离杀生”等(增支部8.39;小部480),从如来处听闻时也是如此。对比丘等所说的那些,恰如增上戒的安立,并非唯佛不共。
770. Pañcasīladasasīlāni kammavaṭṭekadesabhūtāni sandhāya tesaṃ dhammaṭṭhitiyaṃ samavarodho vutto. Satipi savaneti ‘‘idha, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako pāṇātipātā paṭivirato’’tiādinā (a. ni. 8.39; katā. 480) tathāgatato savane satipi. Bhikkhuādīnampi taṃ vuttaṃ adhisīlapaññāpanaṃ viya na buddhāveṇikanti.
“于增上慧所生起者”:除增上慧之外,指其余道果法。“于彼所依处”:指彼增上慧之所依处,即观法。
Adhipaññānibbattesūti ṭhapetvā adhipaññaṃ tadaññesu maggaphaladhammesu. Tadadhiṭṭhānesūti tassā adhipaññāya adhiṭṭhānesu vipassanādhammesu.
771“恶趣生起”:即无有增长之发生。“于彼处”:即于彼刹那。
771.Apāyuppādanaṃ avaḍḍhinibbattanaṃ. Tasmiṃyeva ṭhāneti tasmiṃyeva khaṇe.
第四:四种指示的说明。
4. Catukkaniddesavaṇṇanā
793“害怕”即恐惧、心惊,因此对于“不害怕”一词,解释为“不希求、不恐惧”的意思。
793. Paritassanaṃ parittāso, cittutrāso cāti ‘‘na paritassatī’’ti padassa ‘‘na pattheti na uttasatī’’ti atthamāha.
796在圣谛中,“法”一词的用法如同“现见法”等。圣道及其果即是法,因它能令依教奉行者不堕恶趣而得以安立。其中的慧,是指以彼圣道果为依止的慧,因此说“与彼俱行”。“将未知如同已知一般引导而令知晓”即是推理,也即比度;其引导与运行。为了遮止“那是另外单独生起一个智”的疑惑,而说“非其他……差别”。由于依据自己所证,类推他人在三时所证得的道等运行相状,这便是引导的运作。正是针对那推理的相状,而说“智的运作差别”。而引导运作的因由,在于诸谛中现量运行之故。以“如是”一词,将“如同从道智之外,其他也可说‘以此法’”以及“以别的方式,‘以此法、以此智’在此处亦应理”这样的含义总摄起来。因此,这引导的运作是由智所认知、由相应而有的。以智的对境故,即以证悟智的对境故;以所了知、所证悟的四谛法,或者以与智相应而了知、了知之后而安立的道果法。
796.Ariyasaccesudhammasaddo ‘‘diṭṭhadhammo’’tiādīsu viya. Ariyamaggo, tassa ca phalaṃ dhammo yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipanne apāyesu apatamāne dhāretīti. Tattha paññāti tasmiṃ ariyamaggaphale nissayabhūte paññā. Tenāha ‘‘taṃsahagatā’’ti. Aviditaṃ viditaṃ viya neti ñāpetīti nayo, anumānaṃ, tassa nayanaṃ pavattanaṃ, taṃ pana visuṃyevekaṃ ñāṇuppādananti āsaṅkāya nivattanatthamāha ‘‘na añña…pe… viseso’’ti. Attano hi adhigamānusārena parādhigatānaṃ kālattaye maggādīnaṃ pavattiākārānumānaṃ nayanayanaṃ. Anuminanākārameva hissa sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘ñāṇasseva pavattiviseso’’ti. Kāraṇañca nayanayanassa saccesu paccakkhapavattanato. ‘‘Tathā’’ti iminā yathā maggañāṇato aññāpi ‘‘iminā dhammenā’’ti vattuṃ yuttaṃ, tathā pakārantarenapi ‘‘iminā dhammena ñāṇenā’’ti ettha attho yujjatīti imamatthaṃ upasaṃharati. Tenāti tasmā ñāṇena ñātato sampayogehi nayanayanato. Ñāṇavisayabhāvenāti paṭivedhañāṇassa visayabhāvena. Ñātena paṭividdhena catusaccadhammena, ñāṇasampayogena vā ñātena jānitvā ṭhitena maggaphaladhammena.
“以一切方式的一切”,即是以所有方式的一切,无有剩余。因为包含于三时、三地的一切诸行都被遍知。“由引导故”,即由把握理趣故。或者,“因”一词是表示随顺意义的词,如同在“说因”等中的用法。
Sabbena sabbanti sabbappakārena sabbaṃ, anavasesanti attho. Addhattayapariyāpannañhi sabbaṃ tebhūmakasaṅkhāragataṃ sammasīyati. Nayanatoti nayaggāhato. Anurūpatthavācako vā kāraṇasaddo ‘‘kāraṇaṃ vadatī’’tiādīsu viya.
随顺智也是不遍入而运作的,因此是于境有差别的觉了,故说“于法智……无有”。以其唯照境之知的共通性之故——这就是说,虽然没有现证而执取,但凭借称为显了境的觉了这一共通性。在被称为“智”的那些法之中,也就是在已获得“智”之称谓的那些法之中。由共许故,像法智等,并不直接缘取于境,而是于施设门而运作。其余者,即指共许智。与其余三智不相似,即与法智等三智相异。
Anvayañāṇassapi pariyogāhetvā pavattanato saviseso visayāvabodhoti vuttaṃ ‘‘dhamme ñāṇa…pe… abhāvā’’ti. Visayobhāsanamattajānanasāmaññenāti asatipi abhisamecca gahaṇe visayavibhāvanasaṅkhātaavabodhasāmaññamattena. ‘‘Ñāṇa’’nti sammatesūti ‘‘ñāṇa’’nti voharitesu laddhañāṇavohāresu. Sammutivasenāti dhammañāṇādi viya samukhena visaye appavattitvā paññattimukhena pavattaṃ. Avasesanti sammutiñāṇamevāha. Itarañāṇattayavisabhāganti dhammañāṇādiñāṇattayavidhuraṃ.
797“于欲有法”者,即是于称为欲有的法中。
797.Kāmabhavadhammeti kāmabhavasaṅkhāte dhamme.
798“彼”指初禅慧。“离贪修习状态者”即所谓“成为离贪者”的状态。“彼”指第六通。因为道智由作用亦证悟道谛;其他者,即下位道慧。由于是彼的依止——即由于是彼第六通或彼证悟的依止——故称为证悟。“随宜”即对于见漏等随宜。于漏尽,以因之转用而说漏尽同义语;由于产生彼,即由于产生称为漏尽的果故。而这是依于经中所说“漏尽智是第六通”而说的。
798.Sāti paṭhamajjhānapaññā. Vītarāgabhāvanāvatthassāti ‘‘vītarāgo hotī’’ti evaṃ vuttassa. Tanti chaṭṭhābhiññaṃ. Maggañāṇañhi kiccato maggasaccampi paṭivijjhati. Itarāti heṭṭhimamaggapaññā. Tadupanissayattāti tassā chaṭṭhābhiññāya, tassa vā paṭivijjhanassa upanissayattā paṭivijjhati nāma. Yathānurūpanti diṭṭhāsavādīnaṃ yathānurūpaṃ. Āsavakkhayeti āsavakkhayapariyāye kāraṇūpacārena. Taṃnibbattanatoti tassa āsavakkhayasaṅkhātassa phalassa nibbattanato. Idañca ‘‘āsavānaṃ khaye ñāṇaṃ chaṭṭhābhiññā’’ti sutte āgatattā vuttaṃ.
801或者,以殊胜之智令其彰明显著,即由证得而使之显了、显著。
801.Abhivisiṭṭhena vā ñāṇena pākaṭaṃ karontassāti adhigamavasena pakāsaṃ vibhūtaṃ karontassa.
802缺少五种自在、未达自在状态,仅是初获得的。与行道所缘俱行的慧,即与行道所缘相关的慧,因此说“以慧的行道所缘指示”。
802.Vasitāpañcakarahitaṃ vasibhāvaṃ apāpitaṃ paṭiladdhamattaṃ. Paṭipadārammaṇasahagatā paññā paṭipadārammaṇasambandhinīti āha ‘‘paññāya paṭipadārammaṇuddesenā’’ti.
五法解说之注释
5. Pañcakaniddesavaṇṇanā
804为了分别此智慧,而说“于二禅中,智慧以喜遍满为伴”等句。遍满、遍流、遍充,如同遍满一般,是喜遍满及其俱行之乐的殊胜作用,故说“遍满……应知”等。以“遍满”等开头的方式,即依经中所说“遍满”等的方式。而此处的遍满,应知是由喜乐所生的殊胜色法遍满全身。所缘,即依喜遍满与乐遍满之名义而说为三禅、二禅之所缘。那些即是喜遍满与乐遍满。
804.Tameva paññaṃ ‘‘dvīsu jhānesu paññā pītipharaṇenā’’tiādinā vibhajati. Abhisandanaparisandanaparipūraṇānipi parippharaṇaṃ viya pharaṇāpītiyā, taṃsahagatasukhassa ca kiccavisesabhūtāni adhippetānīti āha ‘‘abhisandetīti…pe… veditabba’’nti. Ādinā nayenāti ‘‘abhisandetī’’tiādinā (dī. ni. 1.226; ma. ni. 1.427) sutte āgatanayena. Pharaṇañcettha pītisukhasamuṭṭhitapaṇītarūpehi kāyassa abhibyāpanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Ārammaṇeti pītipharaṇatāsukhapharaṇatāsīsena vuttānaṃ tikadukajhānānaṃ ārammaṇe. Tāti pītipharaṇatāsukhapharaṇatā.
“以定为门”的意思是:以定为门、为首要,即以定为头首之义;或者以定为最上的开示与解说。其他烦恼指邪见、慢等。“无需加行”的意思是:不像禅那、解脱等那样需要生起预备加行。因为果等至的转向是相似的,其行相为遍作。“由于已安立”即已转起。“由于念的殷重修习”即念的屡屡生起。以能限断的念而显示为时间的念——这是句子的连接。
Samādhimukhenāti samādhiṃ mukhaṃ pamukhaṃ katvā, samādhisīsenāti attho, samādhipamukhena vā uddesaniddesena. Aññe kilesā diṭṭhimānādayo . Appayogenāti jhānavimokkhādīnaṃ viya uppādanīyaparikammapayogena vinā. Āvajjanāsadiso hi phalasamāpattiattho sammasanacāro. Ṭhapitattāti pavattitattā. Satibahulatāyāti satiyā abhiṇhuppattiyā. Paricchindanasatiyā kālassa satoti dassetīti yojanā.
六法解说注释
6. Chakkaniddesavaṇṇanā
805805.“清净性”即清净的状态。“因为是天眼智的一部分”:这是说,此智是天眼智的附属智。正如巴利经典中,先以“为了了知众生的死与生,引导心、令心倾注”开始,随后说“他以清净的天眼……”等。天眼能见隐蔽、远隔等种种对象,而其他眼(如肉眼)虽能见色境,但天眼智的顶端在于能见众生的死没与结生,因此说“以到达顶端者”等。
805.Visuddhibhāvanti visuddhiyā sabbhāvaṃ. ‘‘Dibbacakkhuñāṇekadesattā’’ti idaṃ tassa paribhaṇḍañāṇattā vuttaṃ. Tathā hi pāḷiyaṃ ‘‘sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmetī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.247) ārabhitvā ‘‘so dibbena cakkhunā visuddhenā’’tiādi (dī. ni. 1.246) vuttaṃ. Dibbassa tirohitavippakaṭṭhādibhedassa, itarassa ca rūpāyatanassa dassanasamatthassāpi dibbacakkhuñāṇassa sikhāpatti cavamānopapajjamānasattadassananti āha ‘‘muddhappattena cā’’tiādi.
七法解说注释
7. Sattakaniddesavaṇṇanā
806806.“六种观察智”,即如“生缘老死之智”等所说的,以省察缘起支而转起的智。“总括而取”,即合为一处而取,由观所缘的共通性而将之摄为一体。“以略说而说”,即如前以六种方式所述的法住智,在此以略说而说。“见灭法……”——这是文句的连接。“转起智”,即依“生缘老死”等而转起的智,或关于轮转、轮回的智。以智为所缘的观,即是智观。而所谓“观”,在此即是由“生缘老死”等分别显示缘与缘生法而见的法住智。了知其是灭法性等,是为逆观。因此,唯是观与逆观之见。
806.Chabbidhampi paccavekkhaṇañāṇanti ‘‘jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇa’’ntiādinā (vibha. 806) vuttaṃ paṭiccasamuppādaṅgānaṃ paccavekkhaṇavasena pavattañāṇaṃ. Saha gahetvāti ekajjhaṃ gahetvā vipassanārammaṇabhāvasāmaññena ekattena gahetvā. Saṅkhipitvā vuttenāti pubbe chadhā vuttaṃ viya dassitaṃ dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇanti evaṃ saṅkhipitvā vuttena. ‘‘Khayadhamma’’ntiādinā pakārena dassananti sambandho. Pavattañāṇassāti ‘‘jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇa’’ntiādinā pavattassa ñāṇassa, pavatte vā saṃsāravaṭṭe ñāṇassa. Ñāṇārammaṇā vipassanā ñāṇavipassanā. Vipassanāti ca ‘‘jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇa’’ntiādinā paccayapaccayuppannadhamme vibhāgena dassanato dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇaṃ idhādhippetaṃ. Tassa khayadhammatādijānanaṃ paṭivipassanā. Tenāha ‘‘vipassanāpaṭivipassanādassanamatta’’nti.
以上依注释的意趣解明经文含义后,现在为阐明自宗的义趣,而说“但在巴利文中”等。“于一切处”,即于三世中,依缘的差别而确定缘生法的差别。“以智之语”,指以“生缘老死”等言辞来取智。“诸支”,即七十七支。“以‘iti’字”,即依“灭法”等语中所用的“iti”一词。如此显示已,即阐明智慧转起的方式。由此可知,最终所说的智与法住智是不同的。故说“观智是第七智”。为了表明此义于此是合理的,而说“因为不……”等。其中,“‘彼亦是智’——这样的连接不能成立”,意指:这样的连接不合理,因为不能显示支的差别。因此说“彼智……非所意”。原因是:并非个别分别而言者,仅靠合说的言辞就能成为别义。“以‘灭法……’等”,以此说明在前述主张中,过失的累积。
Evamettha aṭṭhakathādhippāyavasena pāḷiyā atthaṃ dassetvā idāni attano adhippāyavasena dassetuṃ ‘‘pāḷiyaṃ panā’’tiādimāha. Sabbatthāti addhattaye paccayavisesena paccayuppannavisesaniddhāraṇe. Ñāṇavacanenāti ‘‘jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇa’’ntiādinā ñāṇassa gahaṇena. Aṅgānanti sattasattatiyā aṅgānaṃ. Itisaddenāti ‘‘nirodhadhamma’’nti ettha vuttaitisaddena. Pakāsetvāti ñāṇassa pavattiākāraṃ jotetvā. Tena dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇato aññaṃyeva pariyosāne vuttaṃ ñāṇanti dasseti. Tenāha ‘‘vipassanāñāṇaṃ sattamaṃ ñāṇa’’nti. Ayameva cettha attho yuttoti dassento ‘‘na hī’’tiādimāha. Tattha ‘‘tampi ñāṇanti sambandho na hotī’’ti evaṃ sambandho na yutto aṅgantarabhāvassa avibhāvanatoti attho. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘taṃñāṇa…pe… anadhippetattā’’ti. Na hi visuṃ visuṃ vuttameva ekajjhaṃ vacanamattena atthantaraṃ hotīti. ‘‘Khayadhammaṃ…pe… cā’’ti iminā purimasmiṃ pakkhe upacayena dosamāha.
第八 八法解说之注释
8. Aṭṭhakaniddesavaṇṇanā
808“敌对法”:指盖障等敌对法。“苦”:指若未入等至,便会生起的苦。
808.Paccanīkadhammeti nīvaraṇādipaccanīkadhamme. Dukkhanti samāpajjane asati uppajjanakadukkhaṃ.
十法解说
10. Dasakaniddeso
第一力解说注释
Paṭhamabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
809“非处”即处,其中“a”字表示不可得之义,故说“不存在的处即非处”;或表示无有之义,并非其他如对立等义,故说“无有之处的状态即非处”。那么,此二义有何差别?第一义是说依因缘而不可得,第二义是说完全无有——这便是它们的差别。对于以乐而执取渴爱、取等,邪见颠倒是其因,此邪见颠倒具有特别的力量,能令于非乐中也强力转起,故说“邪见颠倒……是所意趣的”。“依我见”——为何特别这样说?难道圣弟子不是已断除一切见了吗?确实已断,但为了显示一切见都以我见为根本,故说“依我见,即指首要之见”。随顺分别之事:即随顺分别,依“非法为法”等方式而转起。
809. Na ṭhānanti aṭṭhānaṃ, anupalabbhanattho ayamakāroti āha ‘‘avijjamānaṃ ṭhānaṃ aṭṭhāna’’nti. Abhāvattho vā, na aññapaṭipakkhādiatthoti āha ‘‘natthi ṭhānanti vā aṭṭhāna’’nti. Ko panetassa atthadvayassa visesoti? Paṭhamo hetupaccayehi anupalabbhamānataṃ vadati, dutiyo sabbena sabbaṃ abhāvanti ayametesaṃ viseso. Taṇhupādānādīnampi sukhato upagamanassa hetubhāve diṭṭhivipallāsassa so sātisayo asukhepi daḷhaṃ pavattāpanatoti āha ‘‘diṭṭhivipallāsova…pe… adhippeta’’nti. ‘‘Attadiṭṭhivasenā’’ti kasmā visesetvā vuttaṃ, nanu ariyasāvakassa sabbāpi diṭṭhiyo natthīti? Saccaṃ natthi, attadiṭṭhisannissayā pana sabbadiṭṭhiyoti dassetuṃ ‘‘attadiṭṭhivasenāti padhānadiṭṭhimāhā’’ti vuttaṃ. Bhedānurūpassa vatthuno. Bhedānurūpena ‘‘adhamme dhammo’’tiādinayappavattena.
“即是彼”,指的是当性征尚未转变时,在那个自体中的有分命根相续,即是彼。因为依据此相续而安立“同一生”的名称,但这里不应根据色聚命根而提出责难,因为所意指的正是另外的(有分命根)。在此,有分命根由于无间断地转起而获得“相续”的称谓;而色命根也由于守护色法的共通性(而得命根之称),因此这种责难是没有根据的。
So evāti yo liṅge aparivatte tasmiṃ attabhāve bhavaṅgajīvitindriyappabandho, so eva. Tañhi upādāya ekajātisamaññā, na cettha bhāvakalāpajīvitindriyassa vasena codanā kātabbā tadaññasseva adhippetattā. Tañhi tattha avicchedavuttiyā pabandhavohāraṃ labhati, itarampi vā bhāvānupālanatāsāmaññenāti anokāsāva codanā.
应以怨敌的方式来理解,即如“以‘我要杀死怨敌’的意图,怨敌躺在躺卧之处,人以人身杀死躺在那里的人类母亲或父亲”等,如此来连结。“在一切处”,即在四种情况中。“先前的意图心”,是指前行阶段的死亡意图。“无量”,是因为以此无法达成目的。凡夫所施舍的布施,即使受用者后来证得阿罗汉,也仍是凡夫时所施的布施;同样,若在凡夫时以致死意图施加打击,证得阿罗汉后因同一打击而死,为何唯独成为杀阿罗汉,而不是杀凡夫?因为有差别存在。布施仅由舍弃施物即能成就,而杀生则不然。杀生必须具足“有情、有情想、杀心、加行、由此而死”这五支才能成立;若不具足,则不成立。因此,只有当受打击者证得阿罗汉后死亡,才构成杀阿罗汉,而非杀凡夫。然而,由于“我要杀此人”的杀意是针对某个相续而生起的,尽管这一相续在加行刹那与死亡刹那之间,因是凡夫或漏尽者而有所变异,仍被视为同一相续。当目的达成时,其状态已是漏尽者,因此决定为杀阿罗汉。既然如此,这里的杀心又如何能以现在为所缘呢?回答是:“杀心虽以现在为所缘……也仍能转起。”其中,“以相续断绝的方式”,是指生起能令相续断绝的加行。由此,当相续断绝时,彼即为阿罗汉;从……
Sapattavasena yojetabbanti ‘‘sapattaṃ māremīti abhisandhinā sapattena nipannaṭṭhāne nipannaṃ manussabhūto manussabhūtaṃ mātaraṃ pitaraṃ vā mārento’’tiādinā yojetabbaṃ. Sabbatthāti catūsupi vikappesu. Purimaṃ abhisandhicittanti pubbabhāgiyo maraṇādhippāyo. Appamāṇaṃ tena atthasiddhiyā abhāvato. Puthujjanasseva taṃ dinnaṃ hotīti ettha yathā arahattaṃ patvā paribhuttampi puthujjanakāle dinnaṃ puthujjanadānameva hoti, evaṃ maraṇādhippāyena puthujjanakāle pahāre dinne arahattaṃ patvā teneva pahārena mate kasmā arahantaghātoyeva hoti, na puthujjanaghātoti? Visesasambhavato. Yathā hi dānaṃ deyyadhammassa pariccāgamattena hoti, na evaṃ vadho. So hi pāṇo, pāṇasaññitā, vadhakacetanā, upakkamo, tena maraṇanti imesaṃ pañcannaṃ aṅgānaṃ pāripūriyāva hoti, na apāripūriyā. Tasmā arahattaṃ pattasseva maraṇanti arahantaghātoyeva hoti , na puthujjanaghāto. Yasmā pana ‘‘imaṃ māremī’’ti yaṃ santānaṃ ārabbha māraṇicchā, tassa puthujjanakhīṇāsavabhāvena payogamaraṇakkhaṇānaṃ vasena satipi santānabhede abhedoyeva. Yadā ca atthasiddhi, tadā khīṇāsavabhāvo. Tasmā arahantaghātova hotīti nicchitaṃ. Kathaṃ panettha vadhakacetanā vattamānavisayā siyāti āha ‘‘vadhakacittaṃ paccuppannārammaṇampi…pe… pavattatī’’ti. Tattha pabandhavicchedavasenāti yena pabandho vicchijjati, tādisaṃ payogaṃ nibbattetīti attho. Tena yadā pabandhavicchedo, tadā arahāti yathāvuttaṃ arahantaghātaṃ patiṭṭhāpeti. Na evanti yathā kālantarāpekkhakiccasiddhaṃ vadhakacittaṃ, na evaṃ cāgacetanā. ‘‘Sā hī’’tiādinā cāgacetanāya kālantarānapekkhakiccasiddhitaṃyeva vibhāveti. Aññasakakaraṇanti attato vinimocetvā aññassa dakkhiṇeyyassa santakabhāvakaraṇaṃ. Tassāti cajitabbassa vatthuno. Yassāti yassa puthujjanassa. Tasseva taṃ dinnaṃ hoti, sacepi arahattaṃ patvā tena paribhuttanti attho.
‘劫灭’一词,因为前面说了‘劫住立时’,是指大劫的毁灭而说,所以这里说‘与劫论不相符’,因为此处意指寿劫。而这里的寿劫,应知是指生于无间地狱的有情的极长寿命,等于一个中间劫的量。正是针对此,说‘将一劫分成八十份,取其中一份的时间’。此中,‘一劫’若指一个大劫,那么就成了一个无数劫有二十个中间劫的量。若指一个无数劫,则无论如何都与‘六十四个中间劫’的说法相违,应如此审察。然而,为了显示此注释如何与劫论相符,而说‘然而,正是劫灭……’等。
‘‘Kappavināse’’ti idaṃ ‘‘saṇṭhahante kappe’’ti vuttattā mahākappavināsaṃ sandhāya vuttanti āha ‘‘kappaṭṭhakathāya na sametī’’ti ettha āyukappassa adhippetattā. Āyukappo cettha avīciyaṃ nibbattasattānaṃ antarakappaparimāṇaṃ paramāyu veditabbaṃ. Tañhi sandhāya ‘‘ekaṃ kappaṃ asītibhāge katvā tato ekabhāgamattaṃ kāla’’nti (kathā. aṭṭha. 654-657) vuttaṃ. Tayidaṃ ‘‘ekaṃ kappa’’nti yadi ekaṃ mahākappanti attho, tathā sati vīsatiantarakappaparimāṇo eko asaṅkhyeyyakappoti vuttaṃ hoti. Atha ekaṃ asaṅkhyeyyakappanti attho, sabbathāpi ‘‘catusaṭṭhi antarakappā’’ti vacanena virujjhatīti vīmaṃsitabbaṃ. Yathā pana kappaṭṭhakathāya ayaṃ aṭṭhakathā sameti, taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘kappavināseyevāti panā’’tiādimāha.
本性者,即非波罗夷者。共住者,依羯磨与所得戒而不为别住者,此处之义应如此了知。
Pakatatto vā apārājiko. Samānasaṃvāsako kammaladdhīnaṃ vasena anānāsaṃvāsakoti evamettha attho veditabbo.
遮止了决定补特伽罗的存在,如此连结。其中,“遮止”,即如“然而,并没有名为决定的补特伽罗”这样遮止。对此说出理由:“如同邪性决定法与正性决定法,从自性上而言。”因为所谓“决定补特伽罗”,只是依于邪性决定法与正性决定法而假名施设。如所问:“以何为前因令其决定?”等的问法,即是能作决定的因。而此因,即是后三道的观智。决定与不决定的差别,即预流等决定的差别,以及七返有等不决定的差别。因为一位预流者,或名为七返有,或名为家家,或名为一种子,如此说预流者的决定性,故说“预流者是决定的”。此处的“而”字,表示差别之义。在此之前,即在预流道之前。说“没有前因的作用”,是因为预流的决定性已说,并考虑到后文将说的过失。针对“若后道有资益,则初道亦有资益,此已成立”的责难,便说“如果……”等。此决定性,即指预流道的决定性。
Niyatassa puggalassa vijjamānataṃ paṭisedhetvāti yojanā. Tattha paṭisedhetvāti ‘‘puggalo pana niyato nāma natthī’’ti evaṃ paṭisedhetvā. Tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘micchattasammattaniyatadhammānaṃ viya sabhāvato’’ti. Paññattimattañhetaṃ micchattasammattaniyatadhammanissayaṃ, yadidaṃ niyato puggaloti . Yathāpucchitanti ‘‘kiṃ pubbahetu niyametī’’tiādinā pucchitappakāraṃ niyāmakahetuṃ. Yenāti yena uparimaggattayavipassanāñāṇena. Niyatāniyatabhedanti sotāpannādiniyatabhedaṃ, sattakkhattuparamādianiyatabhedañca. Sotāpanno eva hi eko sattakkhattuparamo nāma hoti, eko kolaṃkolo nāma, eko ekabījī nāmāti sotāpannassa niyatabhāvo vuttoti āha ‘‘sotāpanno ca niyato’’ti. Byatirekattho hi ayaṃ ca-saddo. Tato pubbeti sotāpattimaggato pubbe. ‘‘Pubbahetukiccaṃ natthī’’ti idaṃ sotāpannassa niyatatāya vuttattā vakkhamānañca dosaṃ hadaye ṭhapetvā vuttaṃ. Uparimaggānaṃ saupanissayatte paṭhamamaggassāpi saupanissayatā siddhā evāti codanaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘yadi hī’’tiādi. Tañca niyatattaṃ. Assāti sotāpattimaggassa.
正是由此而断尽:即由预流道断尽。因若断除,果即断除。从此,即从七返有等。彼,即七返有等性。转起,即从异熟相续。由此,即由预流道。于出起时,即在出起时。无因则无果,故说“有身……应存在”。“由命名的原因”,以此显示由于命名的原因而成为决定,因为一种子等名称并非具有实质意义的名称。因此,“观……”是针对……而说。
Teneva khīṇāti sotāpattimaggeneva khīṇā. Kāraṇupacchedena hi phalupacchedo siyā. Tatoti sattakkhattuparamādito. Sāti sattakkhattuparamāditā. Pavattitoti vipākappabandhato. Tenāti sotāpattimaggena. Vuṭṭhāneti vuṭṭhāne sati. Kāraṇena vinā phalaṃ natthīti āha ‘‘sakkāya…pe… bhavitabba’’nti. ‘‘Nāmakaraṇanimittato’’ti iminā nāmakaraṇahetutāya niyāmakataṃ vibhāveti ekabījiādisamaññānaṃ anvatthasaññābhāvato. Tenāha ‘‘vipassanā…pe… sandhāya vutta’’nti.
以“Ādi”一词,涵盖“我是唯一正自觉者,已清凉、已寂灭”等语句(《大品》11;《论事》405;《中部》1.285)。此处应理解为:由于“无有与我相等者,我是唯一正自觉者”(《大品》11;《论事》405;《中部》1.285)以及“世尊!若有人问:‘现在是否有其他沙门或婆罗门与世尊在正觉上相等?’我会回答:‘没有’”等语句(《长部》3.161),正如在这一世界界中一样,在其他世界界中出现其他佛陀是被遮止的。因为若存在其他佛陀,便不可能说“无有与我相等者”等语。至于有人所说的“这是就世界界的差别而说的”,那也不成立,因为没有那样的限定语,且这显示了佛陀的威德并非无能。在此宣说教令的领域,是为了显示法性。因为世尊确实能在其所希望的任何地方行使教令。而“在一个世界界”这句话,是为了显示作为佛土的这个世界界而说的。意思是:这个作为佛土的世界界是唯一的。于其中,一个时代唯有一位正自觉者出现。因此说:“佛土……乃至……意趣”。
Ādi-saddena ‘‘ekomhi sammāsambuddho, sītībhūtosmi nibbuto’’tiādīni (mahāva. 11; kathā. 405; ma. ni. 1.285) saṅgayhanti. Ettha ca ‘‘sadiso me na vijjati, ekomhi sammāsambuddho (mahāva. 11; kathā. 405; ma. ni. 1.285). ‘Atthetarahi aññe samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā bhagavatā samasamā sambodhiya’nti evaṃ puṭṭho ahaṃ, bhante, ‘no’ti vadeyya’’ntiādi (dī. ni. 3.161) vacanehi imissā lokadhātuyā viya aññassa buddhassa aññissā lokadhātuyā uppādo nivāritoti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Na hi vijjamāne ‘‘sadiso me na vijjatī’’tiādi sakkā vattuṃ. Yaṃ pana vadanti ‘‘lokadhātuvisesāpekkhāya vutta’’nti, tampi natthi tathā visesanassa abhāvato, buddhānubhāvassa ca asamatthabhāvavibhāvanato. Āṇākhettakittanañcettha dhammatādassanatthaṃ. Sakkoti hi bhagavā yattha yattha icchati, tattha tattha āṇaṃ vattetuṃ. ‘‘Ekissā lokadhātuyā’’ti ca idaṃ buddhakhettabhūtāya lokadhātuyā dassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Tatthāyamattho – buddhakhettabhūtā ekāvāyaṃ lokadhātu. Tattha ekasmiṃ kāle eko eva sammāsambuddho uppajjatīti. Tenāha ‘‘buddhakhetta…pe… adhippāyo’’ti.
“Tasmā”(因此)的意思:因为巴帝摩卡(戒经)依于具足戒,而具足戒又依于出家。当巴帝摩卡成就时,出家与具足戒也就成就了。此后,所谓“教法灭尽”是指:从最后的证悟之后,证悟之教;从最后的破戒之后,修行之教,称为灭尽。然而,为了显示两者在教法性上的共通而合说,故云:“最后的……乃至……合在一起”。
Tasmāti yasmā upasampadādhīnaṃ pātimokkhaṃ, upasampadā ca pabbajjādhīnā, tasmā. Pātimokkhe siddhe, siddhāsu tāsu pabbajjūpasampadāsu. Tato paraṃ vinaṭṭhaṃ nāma hotīti pacchimapaṭivedhato paraṃ paṭivedhasāsanaṃ, pacchimasīlabhedato ca paraṃ paṭipattisāsanaṃ vinaṭṭhaṃ nāma hotīti sāsanabhāvasāmaññena pana ubhayaṃ ekajjhaṃ katvā dassento ‘‘pacchima…pe… ekato katvā’’ti āha.
“Paridevanakāruññaṃ”(悲泣之悲悯)的含义:由悲泣而应予悲悯的状态,即悲悯的行为。
Paridevanakāruññanti paridevanena karuṇāyitabbatā karuṇāyanā.
诸法的自性差别无法执持:在探究波罗蜜等时,大地震动乃至水界;在成正觉之日,除东北方菩提树下的那片土地外,其余地方皆无法承载大丈夫,整个轮围世界如同在一侧被放置了过重货物的船一般倾覆。在应说“samuppādikā”之处,显示了以“sa”中的“a”变成长音“ā”,并省略了一个“pa”,故说:“samaṃ uddhaṃ pajjati(平等向上生起)故,为 sāmupādikā”。或者,“samaṃ upādiyati(平等执取)故,为 samupādā”,“samupādā”本身即是“sāmupādikā”,意思是“令生起者”。
Dhammānaṃ sabhāvaviseso na sakkā dhāretuṃ, yato pāramīpavicayādīsu udakapariyantaṃ katvā mahāpathavīkampo ahosi, abhisambodhidivase ca ṭhapetvā pubbuttaradisābhāge bodhirukkhamūle bhūmibhāgo mahāpurisaṃ dhāretuṃ nāsakkhi, aññadatthu ekapasse pakkhittaatibhārabharitanāvā viya cakkavāḷagabbho viparivatto. ‘‘Samuppādikā’’ti vattabbe sa-kāre a-kārassa ā-kāro, ekassa ca pa-kārassa lopo katoti dassento āha ‘‘samaṃ uddhaṃ pajjatīti sāmupādikā’’ti. Samaṃ upādiyatīti vā samupādā, samupādā eva sāmupādikā, samupāhinīti attho.
“以相续刹那为依”的意思是:以相续为依而具有累积性;以执取具有前后部分为依,以思刹那位为依而具有思心所性,应如此结合理解。当某一个缘现起时,由于缘的力量,其他缘的现起即是转变。
Santatikhaṇavasenāti santativasena āyūhanasamaṅgitā, sapubbapacchābhāgassa gahaṇavasena cetanākkhaṇavasena cetanāsamaṅgitāti yojetabbā. Ekasmiṃ upaṭṭhite paccayavasena tadaññassa upaṭṭhānaṃ parivattanaṃ.
第二力品解释
Dutiyabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
810所谓“他不会享用财物,而是将其毁坏”,这是文句的连接。
810. Bhoge bhuñjituṃ na jānāti, vināsetīti yojanā.
意指生命迅速变灭。
Lahuparivattitāya jīvitassāti adhippāyo.
意指“他未曾给予”,这是依所发起的言语而产生的意趣。
Naadāsi payuttavācāya uppannanti adhippāyena.
正当的行持,即正行。
Sammāpayogenāti sammāpaṭipattiyā.
第五力说明之注释。
Pañcamabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
813“界自性”,是指地界等诸界的自性,依同类而成为果。“以意乐界而了别”,是指通过分别意乐的自性,了知其为“低劣”或“殊胜”,如同以降雨的征兆而了知上方浓云将降大雨一般。
813.Dhātusabhāvoti bhūtādisaṅkhātadhātūnaṃ sabhāvo. Sabhāgavasena phalabhūtena. Ajjhāsayadhātuparicchindanatoti ajjhāsayasabhāvassa ‘‘hīnaṃ, paṇīta’’nti vā paricchijja jānanato, vuṭṭhinimittena viya mahoghena uparimeghavuṭṭhiyā.
第六力说明之注释。
Chaṭṭhabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
“Saddattho”之义,是依复合词本身的形态,从语法成就上得以成立的。“Tesaṃ”是指那些上中下、清净与不清净的信等诸根。再者,“Evañca katvā”是指,从意乐等而有根之高低,从根之高低而有胜解的差别,这正是由于其殊胜的自性。
Saddattho sambhavati samāsanteneva tathā saddasiddhito. Tesanti paroparānaṃ visadāvisadānaṃ saddhādiindriyānaṃ. Evañca katvāti āsayādito indriyaparopariyattassa, indriyaparopariyattato ca adhimuttibhedassa visiṭṭhasabhāvattā eva.
815在提问“哪些是圣者之住?”之后,为了通过经典本身来开示它们,他引用了“诸比丘,于此……”等经文,并以“如是所说”作结。随后,为了显示这些圣者之住是由证得圣道而证得的,他又说了“在这些之中……”等语。其中,“其他”是指具足六支、一守护、依计数而受用等。
815. ‘‘Ke pana te ariyāvāsā’’ti pucchitvā te sutteneva dassento ‘‘idha, bhikkhave’’tiādipāḷiṃ āharitvā ‘‘evaṃ vuttā’’ti nigametvā puna maggādhigameneva tesaṃ adhigamaṃ dassento ‘‘etesū’’tiādimāha. Tattha itareti chaḷaṅgasamannāgamaekārakkhāsaṅkhāyapaṭisevanādayo.
816所谓“在所缘与相续的随眠中”,即指所缘随眠和相续随眠这两种随眠。正如未被圣道断除的贪欲,在条件具足时便可生起,以其具有力量的状态而说为随眠于相续中;同样地,于可意所缘上也是如此,当知这便是它的所缘随眠。为了显示这种随眠于生起时的明显性,注释书中说“正如名称”等。通过“已惯习、已常行”这一句,显示了贪欲于可意所缘上长期熏习的情形。然而,由于长期熏习,它便如同缠绕一般而安住,因此说“以从各方面缠绕而安住的状态显示了随眠性”,正如所举沉入水中者的譬喻。由“一切三地之法,以可欲之义而为欲”等经文,应知还有贪欲的事欲。贪欲之力,即是对所缘的染著力。
816.Ārammaṇasantānānusayanesūti ārammaṇānusayanaṃ, santānānusayananti dvīsu anusayanesu. Yathā hi maggena asamucchinno rāgo kāraṇalābhe uppajjanāraho thāmagataṭṭhena santāne anusetīti vuccati, evaṃ iṭṭhārammaṇepīti tassa ārammaṇānusayanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Taṃ panassa anusayanaṃ uppattiyā pākaṭaṃ hotīti dassetuṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘yathā nāmā’’tiādi (vibha. aṭṭha. 816) vuttaṃ. ‘‘Āciṇṇasamāciṇṇā’’ti etena iṭṭhārammaṇe rāgassa ciraparibhāvanaṃ vibhāveti. Yasmā pana evaṃ ciraparibhāvitaṃ pariveṭhetvā viya ṭhitaṃ hoti, tasmā ‘‘samantato veṭhetvā viya ṭhitabhāvena anusayitataṃ dassetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tathā hi udake nimuggasadiso udāhaṭo. ‘‘Sabbepi tebhūmakā dhammā kāmanīyaṭṭhena kāmā’’tiādipāḷivasena bhavarāgassāpi vatthukāmatā veditabbā. Rāgavasenāti ārammaṇarajjanavasena.
818“根之差别”是指所化导者的根性高低。
818.Indriyaviseso vineyyānaṃ indriyaparopariyattaṃ.
819为灭除被所断法逼迫之苦而寻求能断者,因此先说所断,后说能断——这便是以“断的次第”这一语句所表示的所断与能断的次第。“Yassa”即所断法,“Taṃ”即该所断法。所谓“首先”,是指在思择断时首先宣说;此后则非所断,如于三法中的见所断等中所说。
819. Pahātabbena upaddutanirodhanatthaṃ pahāyakaṃ pariyesatīti paṭhamaṃ pahātabbaṃ, pacchā pahāyakanti ayaṃ pahātabbapajahanakkamo pahānakkamapadena vutto. Yassāti pahātabbassa. Tanti pahātabbaṃ. Paṭhamaṃ vuccatīti pahānavicāraṇānaṃ paṭhamaṃ vuccati. Tato pacchā appahātabbaṃ yathā taṃ dassanattikādīsu.
826“Taṃ”指有分心。“Tassā”指出世间的。“Pādakaṃ”指最后生者的有分心,注释者如此说明。
826.Tanti bhavaṅgaṃ. Tassāti lokuttarassa. Pādakanti antimabhavikassa bhavaṅgaṃ sandhāyāha.
第七力说明之注释。
Sattamabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
828“我已进入(定)”即是“他认为”的意思。
828.Samāpannomhīti maññatīti attho.
或者,他的定,或作为定之所缘的业处,即是心之宝库——应当如此连结。“安立”是指令等至心在已限定的时间内持续转起。
Samādhi vā tassa ārammaṇabhūtaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā cittamañjūsāti yojanā. Ṭhapetunti yathāparicchinnaṃ kālaṃ samāpatticittaṃ pavattetuṃ.
“以他们”:指以他们想与作意。“彼自性”:指进入欲界、第二禅等之自性。“熟练清净”:指由熟练所成就的、从禅那的对立面而生的清净。
Tehīti saññāmanasikārehi. Taṃsabhāvatāti kāmādidutiyajjhānādianupakkhandanasabhāvatā. Paguṇavodānaṃ paguṇabhāvasiddhā jhānassa paṭipakkhato visuddhi.
第十力解说之注释
Dasamabalaniddesavaṇṇanā
831831.“慧即是解脱”:从贪等解脱之状态的慧,即是解脱——如此连结。“业之异熟即是异熟”:此指业的异熟,因为了知异熟是第二力之作用,而了知业是第三力之作用。“与力相似”:指与某一种力相似。然而,当宣说力之智的作用时,为何举出禅那等非力之智呢?针对此问难,而说“虽然……”等。“彼所包含”:指含摄在以观察禅那等为自性的第七力智之中。“如是”:指如同禅那等智。“令进入及令变化”:是就自所言之方式而说。纵使一切知智不行集、灭等某一部分智的作用,又如何能行令进入等禅那等的作用呢?然而,虽然以力智应知,且知他们及更上者,但由于不执行某一部分力的作用,故力智为一,一切知智为另一——为显示此义,在注释书(《分别论注》831)中说:“然而,他们并不行一切作用……”。其中,为显明“如一切知智不行某一部分非力之作用,亦不行力之作用”而举出例证,说:“因为彼成为禅那而令进入……”等,故说“或者……应见……”。
831.Paññāva vimuttīti rāgādīhi vimuttibhūtā paññāva vimuttīti yojanā. Kammantarassa vipākantaramevāti attho vipākantarajānanasseva dutiyabalakiccattā, kammantarajānanassa ca tatiyabalakiccattā. Balasadisatanti ekaccabalasadisataṃ. Kasmā panettha balañāṇakicce vuccamāne jhānādiabalañāṇaṃ udāhaṭanti codanaṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘yadipī’’tiādi. Tadantogadhanti tasmiṃ jhānādipaccavekkhaṇāsabhāve sattamabalañāṇe antogadhaṃ. Evanti jhānādiñāṇaṃ viya. Appetuṃ, vikubbituñcāti attanā vuttākāraṃ sandhāyāha. Samudayappahānādiekaccañāṇakiccampi akarontaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ kathamappanādikaṃ jhānādikiccaṃ kareyya, balañāṇehi pana jānitabbaṃ, tato uttariñca jānantampi yasmā ekaccabalakiccaṃ na karoti, tasmā aññāneva balañāṇāni, aññaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇanti dassanatthaṃ ‘‘etesaṃ pana kiccaṃ na sabbaṃ karotī’’tiādi (vibha. aṭṭha. 831) aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ. Tattha yathā sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ abalakiccaṃ ekaccaṃ na karoti, evaṃ balakiccampīti udāharaṇadassanavasena ‘‘tañhi jhānaṃ hutvā appetu’’ntiādi vuttanti dassetuṃ ‘‘atha vā…pe… daṭṭhabba’’nti vuttaṃ.