阿毗达摩藏
Abhidhammapiṭake
《分别论》复注
Vibhaṅga-anuṭīkā
1. 蕴分别
1. Khandhavibhaṅgo
1. 经分别释义
1. Suttantabhājanīyavaṇṇanā
因为四圣谛包含于四谛之中,故在偈颂中“四谛见者”一词无余地摄取了诸谛;为了以无余方式阐明其义,而说“四圣谛”等。其中,“samāhaṭāni”意为“被聚集的”,指被心一起摄取,这是其意趣。而通过“samāhaṭāni”一词,显示这是一个集合复合词。因此,对于它,如同“三转”等词一样,以中性词表述“四圣谛”,因为它是被造作的集合。由于加入了“钵”等词,它才不是阴性,正如“五钵”、“四双”、“三界”的例子。他见了、见到了那四圣谛,即是通过遍知、断除、证悟、修习的现观而通达——此是含义。然而,当世尊具有无量、无边际、不共于其他的一切知智与大悲等佛陀功德时,为何在此却以与声闻、独觉佛共通的四圣谛之见来称赞世尊呢?考虑到这一难问,而说“即使声闻们有”等。其中,通过“因为非他人先前所有”一句,显示世尊的四圣谛之见不共于声闻;通过“而且在那里”等句,显示不共于独觉佛及其无上性。因为通过教说的威力,在应调伏者的相续中,四圣谛之见得以扩展,从而在天与人中极善阐明,故说“因为被扩展……”
Catusaccantogadhattā catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ gāthāyaṃ ‘‘catusaccadaso’’ti nippadesato saccāni gahitānīti nippadesato eva tadatthaṃ vibhāvento ‘‘cattāri saccānī’’tiādimāha. Tattha samāhaṭānīti samānītāni, cittena ekato gahitānīti adhippāyo. ‘‘Samāhaṭānī’’ti ca etena samāhāre ayaṃ samāsoti dasseti. Tenevassa katekattassa catusaccanti napuṃsakaniddeso ‘‘tivaṭṭa’’ntiādīsu viya. Pattādipakkhepena hissa na itthiliṅgatā yathā pañcapattaṃ, catuyugaṃ, tibhuvananti, taṃ catusaccaṃ passi adakkhi, pariññāpahānasacchikiriyābhāvanābhisamayavasena paṭivijjhīti attho. Kasmā panettha anantāparimāṇesu anaññasādhāraṇesu mahākaruṇāsabbaññutaññāṇādīsu buddhaguṇesu saṃvijjamānesu sāvakehi, paccekabuddhehi ca sādhāraṇena catusaccadassanena bhagavantaṃ thometīti codanaṃ manasi katvā āha ‘‘satipi sāvakāna’’ntiādi. Tattha ‘‘anaññapubbakattā’’ti iminā sāvakehi, ‘‘tattha cā’’tiādinā paccekabuddhehi ca bhagavato catusaccadassanassa asādhāraṇataṃ, niratisayatañca dasseti. Parasantānesu pasāritabhāvena supākaṭattāti desanānubhāvena veneyyasantānesu catusaccadassanassa vitthāritabhāvena yāva devamanussesu suppakāsitattā. Nāthasaddaṃ loke yācanupatāpissariyāsīsāsu paṭhantīti tamatthaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘nāthatīti nātho’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha yasmā bhagavā catusaccadassanabhāveneva attano hitasukhāsīsāya kilesabyasanupatāpanassa, hitapaṭipattiyācanassa ca matthakaṃ patto, tasmā taṃ teneva pakāsitanti atthuddhāraṃ anāmasitvā paduddhāravasena nāthasaddassa atthaṃ dassento ‘‘veneyyānaṃ hitasukhaṃ āsīsatī’’tiādimāha. ‘‘Catusaccadaso’’ti vā iminā anaññasādhāraṇo bhagavato ñāṇānubhāvo pakāsitoti ‘‘nātho’’ti iminā anaññasādhāraṇaṃ karuṇānubhāvaṃ vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘veneyyāna’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Paramena cittissariyena samannāgato bhagavā nāthoti vuccatīti yojanā. Tathā paramena cittissariyena samannāgato sabbasatte guṇehi īsatīti yojetabbaṃ. Cittissariyenāti ariyiddhiādinā citte vasībhāvena. Guṇehi īsatīti paramukkaṃsagatehi attano sīlādiguṇehi dhammena issariyaṃ vattetīti attho. Evaṃbhūto yasmā sabbābhibhū nāma hoti, tena vuttaṃ ‘‘abhibhavatī’’ti. Tathā cāha ‘‘sadevake, bhikkhave, loke…pe… abhibhū anabhibhūto, tasmā ‘tathāgato’ti vuccatī’’ti (a. ni. 4.23; dī. ni. 1.188). Duvidhenāpi issariyatthaṃ nāthasaddaṃ dasseti.
这是说:对于具有十八种分类的教说,这唯是称赞。通过同等数量的功德——即以同等数量的功德为工具。由如前所述的无上四谛之见——作为一切知智与于十力中得自在之近因的四谛之见。因为通过谛的现等觉,世尊生起了唯佛所有、名为大金刚智的遍察,其特征为:以殊胜的相续、聚集、作用、所缘及极微的破析,与愿力相应,在色与非色法上以三十六百万亿面生起。住立于正等觉后,将诸法依善等分类、依触等分类而分别,并通过《心之生起品》等方式,能将《法集》分为四种加以教导。同样,具有于过去世无碍智等佛陀功德的世尊,也能将过去等分类的蕴等内容分别后教导。因此说“通过如前所述……分别”。在说了“因为是一切知者所说”之后,又说“显示非一切知者不能教导”,以此通过顺成与遮遣的方式,阐明《法集》与《分别》正是由正等觉者所宣说。正等觉等功德:即阐明佛宝的正等觉性,以及法、僧二宝的善说性、善行道性等如此这般的功德。
Aṭṭhārasappabhedāya desanāya thomanamevāti yojanā. Samānagaṇanaguṇehīti samānagaṇanehi guṇehi karaṇabhūtehi. Yathāvuttena niratisayena catusaccadassanenāti sabbaññutaññāṇassa, dasabalesu vasībhāvassa ca padaṭṭhānabhūtena. Saccābhisambodhena hi abhinīhārānurūpaṃ rūpārūpadhammesu chattiṃsakoṭisatasahassamukhappavattena sātisayaṃ santatisamūhakiccārammaṇaghanappabhedena mahāvajirañāṇasaṅkhātena buddhāveṇikena sammasanena sambhūtena bhagavā sammāsambodhiyaṃ patiṭṭhitova kusalādibhedena, phassādibhedena ca dhamme vibhajanto cittuppādakaṇḍādivasena dhammasaṅgahaṃ catudhā desetuṃ samattho ahosi. Tathā atītaṃse appaṭihatañāṇatādibuddhadhammasamannāgato bhagavā atītādibhedato khandhādike vibhajitvā desetuṃ samattho ahosi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘yathāvuttena…pe… vibhaṅga’’nti. ‘‘Sabbaññubhāsitattā’’ti vatvā puna ‘‘asabbaññunā desetuṃ asakkuṇeyyataṃ dassento’’ti etena dhammasaṅgaṇīvibhaṅgānaṃ anvayato byatirekato ca sammāsambuddhappaveditataññeva vibhāveti. Sammāsambuddhatādiguṇeti buddharatanassa sammāsambuddhatā, dhammasaṅgharatanānaṃ svākkhātatā, suppaṭipannatāti evamādiguṇe pakāseti.
难道“四谛见者”等语不是仅阐明了世尊的功德吗?确实如此,但也正因为这样,法与僧的功德亦得以阐明,因为它们都是源自于世尊且不可能异于彼的;或者说,藉由世尊的指示,法得以宣说,而以法为依处的僧也随之被宣说。因此说“佛等……阐明”。
Nanu ca ‘‘catusaccadaso’’tiādinā bhagavatova guṇā vibhāvitāti? Saccaṃ, teneva dhammasaṅghānampi guṇā vibhāvitā honti tappabhavassa anaññathābhāvato, tadapadesena vā dhammo, tadādhāro ca saṅgho vuttova hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘buddhādīnaṃ…pe… vibhāvetī’’ti.
“过去分”指过去的部分,即“前际”的意思。“无碍”即不被障碍。所谓智的障碍,即是无明,或说一切烦恼之类。由于世尊已连同习气将其断除,因此他的智于一切过去分中,因断除所知障而被称为“无碍”。此理亦适用于其余二分。那么,这些是各自别立的智,还是仅在过未现中运转的一种智呢?对此,他们说:“于三时无碍的智,是世尊各自别立的三智。”其实,那只是一个于三时无碍的智,即一切知智。“一切身业”指世尊所应作的任何身业。“智为先导”即以智为前导。“智随转”即随智而转,意思是:世尊在发动一切身之作用时,皆先以智决断,而后与智俱行而发动。其余语业、意业二句,道理亦同。“欲”指想要造作的欲求,即由与大悲相应、专求利益众生而起的行利他事之欲。“精进”指在利他行道中的勤奋。“说法”指宣说法语。由于世尊的辩才无有竭尽、无有限量,以及成就之因具足,说法虽持续不断,也永无穷尽,反而层层增上。“解脱”指果解脱。此中,定等的不退失,应知是由于其各自的对治连同习气都已断除,故为不共。而欲等的不退失,亦因与大悲相应。其余则易可了知。
Atītaṃseti atītakoṭṭhāse, pubbanteti attho. Appaṭihatanti nappaṭihataṃ, ñāṇassa paṭighāto nāma aññāṇaṃ, sabbampi vā kilesajātaṃ. Taṃ yasmā bhagavato saha vāsanāya pahīnaṃ, tasmāssa atītaṃse sabbatthakameva ñeyyāvaraṇappahānena ñāṇaṃ appaṭihatanti vuccati. Esa nayo sesesupi. Kiṃ panetāni pāṭiyekkaṃ visuṃ ñāṇāni, udāhu atītādīsu pavattanakañāṇāni eva? Tīsu kālesu appaṭihatañāṇāni nāma pāṭiyekkaṃ bhagavato tīṇi ñāṇānevāti vadanti. Ekaṃyeva hutvā tīsu kālesu appaṭihatañāṇaṃ nāma sabbaññutaññāṇameva. Sabbaṃ kāyakammanti yaṃ kiñci bhagavatā kattabbaṃ kāyakammaṃ. Ñāṇapubbaṅgamanti ñāṇapurecārikaṃ. Ñāṇānuparivattanti ñāṇassa anuparivattanakaṃ, sabbaṃ kāyapayogaṃ pavattento bhagavā ñāṇena paricchinditvā ñāṇasahitameva pavattetīti attho. Sesapadadvayepi eseva nayo. Chandassāti kattukamyatāya, mahākaruṇāsamāyogato sattānaṃ ekantahitesitāya hitakiriyāchandassāti attho. Dhammadesanāyāti dhammakathāya. Aparikkhayāparimeyyapaṭibhānatāya hi bhagavato karaṇasampattiyā ca dhammadesanā nirantaraṃ pavattiyamānāpi na kadācipi parikkhayaṃ gacchati, aññadatthu uparūpari vaḍḍhateva. Vīriyassāti parahitapaṭipattiyaṃ ussāhassa. Vimuttiyāti phalavimuttiyā. Ettha ca samādhiādīnaṃ ahāni taṃtaṃpaṭipakkhassa savāsanapahīnattā anaññasādhāraṇatāya veditabbā. Chandādīnaṃ pana mahākaruṇāsamāyogatopi. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva.
1“即此法”是指那些善等法,即含摄于三法、二法等中的法。在经中以蕴等而说的,便依蕴等而分别——此是句子的连接。难道说,在经中不是依无碍解而说那些法吗?虽然形式上未如此说,但以“于老死有智,于老死集有智”等表述(《相应部》2.33),已显示了对于因、因之果等的智分别,因此从义理上实已宣说;或因为《无碍解道》中有无碍解的记载,故于经中亦依无碍解而说。“于彼”指于彼经中。“略说”即简略地宣说。因为经中仅以总说和细说的方式宣说了蕴等,而非以反细说等方式,所以说“于彼略说”。或者,“于彼”指《法集论》。因为在那里也以“尔时,有四蕴”等(《法集论》58)略说了蕴等。“分别”谓于此中分别,或以此分别蕴等,故为“分别”;“论”谓于此中或以此安立、陈列,故为“论”。既是分别,又是论,故为《分别论》。“以‘iti’字显举例义”,例如“或如此,或如彼,离观听歌舞戏乐等”(《长部》1.13)中,即以‘iti’字显示举例的意义。“以‘iti’字显方式义”,例如“诸比丘,如是愚者有怖畏,智者无怖畏”(《增支部》)中,即以‘iti’字显示方式的意义。
1.Teeva dhammeti te eva kusalādike tikadukehi saṅgahite dhamme. Suttante khandhādivasena vutte khandhādivasena vibhajitunti yojanā. Nanu suttante paṭisambhidāvasena te na vuttāti? Yadipi sarūpato na vuttā, ‘‘jarāmaraṇe ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇasamudaye ñāṇa’’ntiādinā (saṃ. ni. 2.33) pana hetuhetuphalādīsu ñāṇavibhāgassa vuttattā atthato vuttā eva honti, paṭisambhidāmagge (paṭi. ma. 2.30) vā paṭisambhidānaṃ āgatattā suttante paṭisambhidāvasenapi te dhammā vuttā eva. Tatthāti tasmiṃ suttante. Saṅkhepenāti samāsena. Uddesaniddesamatteneva hi suttante khandhādayo desitā, na paṭiniddesādināti saṅkhepena te tattha vuttāti vuttā. Tatthāti vā dhammasaṅgahe. Tatthāpi hi ‘‘tasmiṃ kho pana samaye cattāro khandhā hontī’’tiādinā (dha. sa. 58) khandhādayo saṅkhepena vuttāti. Vibhajīyanti ettha, etena vā khandhādayoti vibhaṅgo, te eva pakirīyanti paṭṭhapīyanti ettha, etena vāti pakaraṇaṃ, vibhaṅgo ca so pakaraṇañcāti vibhaṅgappakaraṇaṃ. Ādisaddatthajotakenāti ‘‘iti vā, iti evarūpā naccagītavāditavisūkadassanā paṭivirato’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.13) viya ādisaddassa atthadīpakena. Pakāratthajotakenāti ‘‘iti kho, bhikkhave, sappaṭibhayo bālo, appaṭibhayo paṇḍito’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.1) viya pakāratthavibhāvakena. ‘‘Ekadesena samudāyaṃ nidassetī’’ti etena ‘‘rūpakkhandho…pe… viññāṇakkhandho’’ti ettha itisaddassa nidassanatthataṃ dasseti. Nidassanatthopi hi iti-saddo diṭṭho yathā ‘‘atthīti kho, kaccāna, ayameko anto’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 2.15; 3.90). Parisamāpanattho vā ‘‘tasmātiha me, bhikkhave, dhammadāyādā bhavatha, no āmisadāyādā. Atthi me tumhesu anukampā ‘kinti me sāvakā dhammadāyādā bhaveyyuṃ, no āmisadāyādā’ti’’ (ma. ni. 1.29) evamādīsu viya. Parisamāpanañhetaṃ suttantabhājanīyassa ekadesadassanena yadidaṃ ‘‘pañcakkhandhā rūpakkhandho…pe… viññāṇakkhandho’’ti tāva tadatthassa saṅgahitattā. Tatthāti vibhaṅgappakaraṇe. ‘‘Nibbānavajjāna’’nti ettha yadi nibbānavajjānaṃ…pe… appakatarapadattā khandhānaṃ khandhavibhaṅgo ādimhi vutto, nanu saha nibbānena sabbadhammasaṅgāhakattā, sabbadhammasaṅgāhakehi ca āyatanādīhi khandhehi ca appakatarapadattā saccavibhaṅgo ādimhi vattabboti ? Na, tatthāpi dukkhasaccavibhaṅge ekadesena khandhānaṃ eva vibhajitabbato. Yathāha ‘‘tattha katamaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Jātipi dukkhā…pe… saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā’’ti (vibha. 190; dī. ni. 2.387; ma. ni. 1.120; 3.373). Idha pana anavasesatova khandhā vibhajīyantīti nibbānavajjānaṃ…pe… appakatarapadattā khandhānaṃ khandhavibhaṅgo ādimhi vutto.
此外,应受教导的有情可分为三类:于色法迷惑者、于非色法迷惑者、于两者俱迷惑者;又可依好乐不同而分为:好乐简略者、好乐广说者、好乐非太简略非太广说者;以及依根性分为:利根者、中根者、钝根者。其中,为饶益于非色法迷惑者,有蕴的教导;为于色法迷惑者,有处的教导;为于两者俱迷惑者,有界的教导。同样地,为好乐简略者,有蕴的教导;为好乐非太简略非太广说者,有处的教导;为好乐广说者,有界的教导。为利根者,有蕴的教导;为中根者,有处的教导;为钝根者,有界的教导。依此用意及次第,应知蕴、处、界分别的说法次第。而此蕴等三法,唯有依流转、还灭及彼二者之因的角度被正确了知时,方能成就如实通达,而非依其他方式,为显示此义,故施设了谛分别的教导。又,此如实通达,特别依于根为所依,故有根分别的教导。而诸根的‘自在’义,正是由于那些成为各各缘法的法,在其各自所生的缘生法中,具有特殊的缘力;为显示缘与缘生法的分别,故有缘起分别的教导。对缘起及蕴等的不颠倒自性的通达,乃依于念处等中的如理作意,故有念处、正勤、神足、觉支、道支分别的教导。而此于念处等中的如理作意,乃依此行道而有,故有行道分别的教导。
Apica rūpasammūḷhā arūpasammūḷhā ubhayasammūḷhāti tividhā bodhaneyyapuggalā, tathā saṃkhittarucino vitthārarucino nātisaṅkhepavitthārarucino, tikkhindriyā mudindriyā majjhimindriyāti ca. Tesu arūpasammūḷhānaṃ upakārāya khandhadesanā, rūpasammūḷhānaṃ āyatanadesanā, ubhayasammūḷhānaṃ dhātudesanā. Tathā saṃkhittarucīnaṃ khandhadesanā, nātisaṅkhepavitthārarucīnaṃ āyatanadesanā, vitthārarucīnaṃ dhātudesanā. Tikkhindriyānaṃ khandhadesanā, majjhimindriyānaṃ āyatanadesanā, mudindriyānaṃ dhātudesanāti iminā payojanena anukkamena ca khandhāyatanadhātuvibhaṅgānaṃ desanākkamova veditabbo. Taṃ panetaṃ khandhādittayaṃ pavattinivattitadubhayahetumukheneva ñāyamānaṃ yathābhūtāvabodhāya hoti, nāññathāti dassanatthaṃ saccavibhaṅgadesanā pavattā. So ca yathābhūtāvabodho visesato indriyasannissayenāti indriyavibhaṅgadesanā. Indriyānañca indaṭṭho taṃtaṃpaccayadhammabhūtānaṃ yathāsakaṃ paccayuppannesu paccayabhāvavisesenevāti paccayapaccayuppannavibhāgasandassanī paccayākāravibhaṅgadesanā. Paccayākārassa khandhādīnañca aviparītasabhāvāvabodho satipaṭṭhānādīsu sammāmanasikārenāti satipaṭṭhānasammappadhānaiddhipādabojjhaṅgamaggaṅgavibhaṅgadesanā. Svāyaṃ satipaṭṭhānādīsu sammāmanasikāro imāya paṭipattiyā hotīti jhānaappamaññāvibhaṅgadesanā, sā sammāpaṭipatti ettake sīle patiṭṭhitassa sambhavatīti sikkhāpadavibhaṅgadesanā, yathāvuttāya ca sammāpaṭipattiyā ime ānisaṃsāti paṭisambhidāñāṇavibhaṅgadesanā, te cime ñāṇavisesā imesu kilesesu pahīyantesu ca sambhavanti, nāññathāti kilesavibhaṅgadesanā, evaṃ vitthārato desite khandhādike saṅkhepatopi jānantassa atthasiddhi hoti evāti dassanatthaṃ pariyosāne dhammahadayavibhaṅgadesanā pavattāti evametesaṃ aṭṭhārasannaṃ mahāvibhaṅgānaṃ desanākkamakāraṇaṃ veditabbaṃ.
“色等”即色、受、想、行、识。“因不具有感受等自性”,即依次不具有领纳、认知、造作等自性。因为色并不具有感受等自性,受等也不具有变坏等自性。由于若将色等纳入受中,便可用“四蕴”等简略方式解说诸蕴。“因无变坏等之外的其他”,意即除了变坏、领纳等自性之外,并没有可依过去等而取、依聚集而说的其他简略自性,因为心所等状态并非受等的自性。“于五以下之计数中”,即于五以下的计数中。“无终止”即无穷尽。因为若于色等中不取若干乃至不取一个而说,则依蕴的教导便不可能含摄一切有为法。“蕴的”即具有聚集义的蕴的。因此说“因为不”等。“与有分别的法”,即与有分类的法。
Rūpādīnanti rūpavedanāsaññāsaṅkhāraviññāṇānaṃ. Vedayitādisabhāvattābhāvāti yathākkamaṃ anubhavanasañjānanābhisaṅkharaṇādisabhāvattābhāvā. Na hi rūpaṃ vedayitādisabhāvaṃ, vedanādi vā ruppanādisabhāvaṃ. Yato rūpādīnaṃ vedanāsamavarodhanena ‘‘cattāro khandhā’’tiādinā saṅkhipitvā khandhā 06 desetabbā siyuṃ. Ruppanādito aññassābhāvāti ruppanānubhavanādisabhāvato aññassa atītādike gahetvā rāsivasena vattabbassa saṃkhittassa sabhāvassa abhāvā. Na hi cetasikādibhāvo vedanādīnaṃ sabhāvo. Heṭṭhā gaṇanesūti pañcato heṭṭhā gaṇanesu. Aniṭṭhānanti apariyosānaṃ. Rūpādīsu hi katipaye, ekampi vā aggahetvā vuccamānā khandhavasena desanā anavasesasaṅkhatadhammasaṅgāhinī na sambhavati. Khandhassāti rāsaṭṭhassa khandhassa. Tenevāha ‘‘na hī’’tiādi. Savibhāgadhammehīti sappabhedadhammehi.
“显示蕴词与义结合的范畴”——以此指出,如同“聚集”一词,蕴词在聚集义上作为能诠而转起,因为这是它的异门。然而在功德等中,仅仅是依彼范畴的运用而转起,并非以能诠而转起,故说“于功德……非词之义”。蕴词,即安置于戒等词中的蕴词。因此说“显示具足戒等功德的聚集义”。有些论师意指法喜长老而说。此处即“戒蕴、定蕴”(长部3.355)之例。并非只有他如此,注释书诸师也于此认可功德义,正如《殊胜义注》中所说:“于戒蕴、定蕴等中,以功德义”(法集论注5)。难道纯粹的蕴词在“青年,有三蕴是称赞色者”、“维沙卡贤友,非以三蕴摄八支圣道”(中部1.462)等句中,不是作为戒等的能诠而被见到吗?不,因为即使在那些地方,也是依所缘等方面的差别,见到它在戒等中转起。蕴词并不在施设词的意义中转起,因此如语法、惯用语等词一样,不成施设的异门,这是要义。“木蕴”是施设,这显示该蕴词被施设的差别所转起。“识蕴”的蕴词,即于“识即识蕴”(双论·蕴双论32)中所说的蕴词。于聚集上惯用,即于依过去等差别而由慧合聚为聚集的识聚上惯用。即依彼惯用而转起,即依彼于聚集上的惯用,故。
‘‘Saddatthasahitaṃ khandhasaddassa visayaṃ dassetī’’ti etena rāsisaddassa viya rāsaṭṭhe khandhasaddassa vācakabhāvena pavattiṃ dasseti pariyāyantarabhāvato. Guṇādīsu pana kevalaṃ tabbisayapayogabhāveneva pavatti, na vācakabhāvenāti āha ‘‘guṇe…pe… na saddattha’’nti. Khandhasaddoti sīlādisadde sannidhāpito khandhasaddo. Tenevāha ‘‘sīlādiguṇavisiṭṭhaṃ rāsaṭṭhaṃ dīpetī’’ti. Kecīti dhammasirittheraṃ sandhāya vadati. Etthāti ‘‘sīlakkhandho samādhikkhandho’’ti (dī. ni. 3.355) ettha. Na kevalañca so eva, aṭṭhakathācariyehipi ettha guṇatthatā icchitā eva. Tathā hi aṭṭhasāliniyaṃ ‘‘sīlakkhandho samādhikkhandhotiādīsu guṇaṭṭhenā’’ti (dha. sa. aṭṭha. 5) vuttaṃ. Nanu ca kevalopi khandhasaddo ‘‘tiṇṇaṃ kho, māṇava, khandhānaṃ vaṇṇavādī, na kho, āvuso visākha, tīhi khandhehi ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo saṅgahito’’ti (ma. ni. 1.462) ca ādīsu sīlādivācako diṭṭhoti? Na, tatthāpi adhikārādivacchedakavasenevassa sīlādīsu pavattidassanato. Na khandhasaddo paññattisaddassa atthe vattatīti niruttivohārādisaddā viya paññattipariyāyo na hotīti attho. Dārukkhandhoti paññatti hotīti tassa khandhasaddassa paññattivisesappavattitaṃ dasseti. Viññāṇakkhandhoti khandhasaddoti ‘‘viññāṇaṃ viññāṇakkhandho’’ti (yama. 1.khandhayamaka.32) ettha vutto khandhasaddo. Samudāye niruḷhoti atītādibhedabhinnassa paññāya abhisaṃyūhanena rāsikate viññāṇasamūhe niruḷho. Tāya eva ruḷhiyā pavattatīti tāya samudāye niruḷhatāya tadavayave ekasmimpi viññāṇe pavattatīti. Ettha ca ñāṇasampayutte niruḷho kosallasambhūtaṭṭhena kusalabhāvo viya ñāṇavippayutte viññāṇasamudāye niruḷho tadekadesepi ruḷhiyā pavattatīti veditabbaṃ. Atha vā kiñci nimittaṃ gahetvā satipi aññasmiṃ tannimittayutte kismiñcideva visaye sammutiyā cirakālatāvasena nimittavirahepi pavatti ruḷhi nāma, yathā mahiyaṃ setīti mahiṃso, gacchantīti gāvoti, evaṃ khandhasaddassāpi ruḷhibhāvo veditabbo.
“从积聚而称为蕴”:此处一切处,应视为依处格或从格。“确定后”即分别后。“聚义”即集合义。因此,因为已说只有五蕴,而在部分义与蕴义上,依涅槃而言,亦应有第六蕴,所以说蕴义即积聚义,是合理的。通过“或者,那些依过去等而有差别者”等语,显示在依过去等分别而区分的、具有恼坏等自性的诸法中,当它们一一以部分的状态被执取时,无此区分的单一涅槃,如同没有积聚义一样,也没有部分义。应知由此也说明了概念法不被摄入诸蕴的理由。
Rāsito guṇatoti sabbattha bhummatthe vā nissakkavacanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Niyametvāti vavatthapetvā. Piṇḍaṭṭhoti saṅghātattho. Tasmāti yasmā pañceva khandhā vuttā, koṭṭhāsaṭṭhe ca khandhaṭṭhe nibbānassa vasena chaṭṭhenāpi khandhena bhavitabbaṃ, tasmā khandhaṭṭho nāma rāsaṭṭhoti yuttaṃ. ‘‘Yesaṃ vā atītādivasena bhedo atthī’’tiādinā atītādivibhāgabhinnesu ruppanādisabhāvadhammesu visuṃ visuṃ koṭṭhāsabhāvena gayhamānesu tabbibhāgarahitassa ekassa nibbānassa rāsaṭṭhatā viya koṭṭhāsaṭṭhatāpi na sambhavatīti dasseti. Etena paññattiyāpi khandhesu aggahaṇe kāraṇaṃ vuttanti veditabbaṃ.
为何在此缘起中,不像对待行蕴那样将触等包含其中而不加阻碍,却把受和想单独立为蕴呢?这是为了显示争论根源等特殊意义。因为在家人产生争论的原因,正是沉溺于欲乐。经中这样说:“再者,比丘们,因欲、以欲为因、以欲为缘、纯粹因欲,母亲与儿子争执,儿子与母亲争执……” 出家人则执著于见。又这样说:“他们执著于辩论之见,声称‘这才真实’。” 而渴爱与欲乐由受资助,见执著则因想而生。想,就是心的分别;心的分别引生见执著,见执著又增长烦恼。由于烦恼容易依受而生,爱又以受为缘,所以受与想便被单独列出。正是为了指出这些争论根源等,在缘起中对触等不加阻碍,而将受、想列为单独的蕴。
Kasmā panettha phassādike viya saṅkhārakkhandhe anavarodhetvā vedanāsaññā visuṃ khandhabhāvena gahitāti? Vivādamūlatādivisesadassanatthaṃ. Gahaṭṭhānañhi vivādakāraṇaṃ kāmajjhosānaṃ. Vuttañcetaṃ ‘‘puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, kāmahetu kāmanidānaṃ kāmādhikaraṇaṃ kāmānameva hetu mātāpi puttena vivadati, puttopi mātarā vivadatī’’tiādi (ma. ni. 1.168, 178). Pabbajitānaṃ diṭṭhābhiniveso. Vuttampi cetaṃ ‘‘ye diṭṭhimuggayha vivādayanti, ‘idameva sacca’nti (su. ni. 838; mahāni. 67) ca vādayantī’’tiādi. Tesu kāmajjhosānaṃ vedanassādena hoti, diṭṭhābhiniveso saññāvipallāsena. Saññāvipallāsena hi cittavipallāso, cittavipallāsena diṭṭhimānataṇhāpapañcānaṃ vipallāsoti. Tathā vedanānugiddho vipallatthasañño ca saṃsarati. Vedanānugiddhassa hi vedanāpaccayā taṇhā siddhā hoti, tato ca taṇhāpaccayā upādānanti āvaṭṭati bhavacakkaṃ. Vipallatthasaññissa ca ‘‘saññānidānā hi papañcasaṅkhā’’ti (su. ni. 880) vacanato diṭṭhimānataṇhāpapañcānaṃ anupacchedato saṃsārassa anupacchedova. Iti vivādakāraṇānaṃ kāmajjhosānadiṭṭhābhinivesānaṃ kāraṇabhāvo saṃsārahetubhāvoti imassa vivādamūlatādivisesassa dassanatthaṃ saṅkhārakkhandhe anavarodhetvā vedanāsaññā visuṃ khandhabhāvena gahitāti veditabbaṃ.
所谓界处,在处分作业中为概念中断,谓过去等界处已遍。因故于此以「执着界」称之。此语意即指「取界色」。以示例解说。『一切』谓十一种界处全广,彼处悉已分断。不管眼界等十一处之分别如何适当,皆须配合。若未配合,则色蕴中切断其分合不成整体。故依约定名词中蕴聚合构成之因分成也应知。
Okāsesūti vibhajanakiriyāya pavattiṭṭhānabhāvato atītādayo okāsāti vuttā. Itisaddenāti ‘‘upādāyarūpa’’nti evaṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaitisaddena. Nidassanatthenāti udāharaṇatthena. Sabboti sakalo ekādasasu okāsesu vibhatto vibhajananayo. Idañca vibhajananti ‘‘cattāro ca mahābhūtā…pe… upādāyarūpa’’nti evaṃ vibhattaṃ idañca vibhajanaṃ. Oḷārikādīsūti oḷārikasukhumahīnapaṇītadūrasantikesu. Cakkhāyatanantiādivibhajanañcāti ‘‘cakkhāyatanaṃ…pe… phoṭṭhabbāyatanaṃ itthindriyaṃ…pe… kabaḷīkāro āhāro rūpā saddā gandhā rasā phoṭṭhabbāti evaṃ pavattaṃ vibhajanañca. Yathāsambhavanti yathārahaṃ. Ekādasasu okāsesu yaṃ yattha vibhajanaṃ yuttaṃ, taṃ tattha yojetabbaṃ. Evaṃ vedanākkhandhādīsupīti yathā rūpakkhandhe yathāsambhavaṃ ekādasasu okāsesu vibhajanaṃ yojetabbanti vuttaṃ, evaṃ vedanākkhandhādīsupi yathāsambhavaṃ ekādasasu okāsesu vibhajanaṃ yojetabbanti attho.
其中,受蕴在最初的五处中,依乐等受的三法而被分别;在其余之处,则依善三法、受三法、等至对、有漏对而被分别。想蕴则在最初的五处中,依六触门而被分别;在其余之处,则依粗重对、有对触对以及如前所述的善三法等而被分别。识蕴等也以同样的方式被分别。行蕴则在此不依有对触对等方式分别。此中,以“意”为表示法,显示行蕴诸法中的思等特性,因此在此处称为“行蕴”。这在识蕴分别的说明中已列明。此处论及两者,即心界与非心之识界。为表示众生识之心界而说“心界、非心之识界”,而指称识法身时只称为“非心之识界”。
Tattha vedanākkhandho tāva purime okāsapañcake sukhādivedanāttikavasena vibhatto, itarasmiṃ kusalattikavedanāttikasamāpannadukasāsavadukavasena. Saññākkhandho pana purime okāsapañcake chaphassadvāravasena, itarasmiṃ oḷārikaduke paṭighasamphassadukavasena ceva yathāvuttakusalattikādivasena ca vibhatto. Sesesu kusalattikādivaseneva. Tathā saṅkhārakkhandho. Paṭighasamphassaduko panettha nattheva. Cetanāya eva cettha niddeso saṅkhārakkhandhadhammānaṃ cetanāppadhānabhāvadassanatthaṃ. Tathā hi sā ‘‘saṅkhārakkhandho’’ti vuttā. Tatthāti tasmiṃ viññāṇakkhandhassa vibhajane paṭiniddese. Taṃ pana dvayanti manodhātumanoviññāṇadhātudvayaṃ. Yañhi sattaviññāṇadhātudesanāyaṃ ‘‘manodhātu, manoviññāṇadhātū’’ti dvayaṃ desitaṃ, taṃ chaviññāṇakāyadesanāyaṃ ‘‘manoviññāṇa’’ntveva vuccatīti.
“巴利那耶”意为依巴利方式,此处指依《蕴分别》的巴利方式。所谓“以其他方式”,则指在《法集》及其注疏中所采用的不同表达方式。
Pāḷinayenāti khandhavibhaṅgapāḷinayena. Aññena pakārenāti dhammasaṅgahe, tadaṭṭhakathāyañca āgatena pakārantarena.
1. 色蕴指示之解释
1. Rūpakkhandhaniddesavaṇṇanā
2第二项,“Kiñcī”一词与“ekacca”(某些)同义,故说“Kiñcī”是未涉及类别差异的无分别显示。“双方”指不涉及和涉及类别差异这两种方式,皆显示无分别之义,以“yaṃ kiñcī”(凡任何)二词表示。“所诠义”指色。“Aticca”意为超越。“Pavattito”意为转起。“Niyama”意为制约、回转。
2. ‘‘Kiñcī’’ti padaṃ ‘‘ekacca’’nti iminā samānatthanti āha ‘‘kiñcīti pakārantarabhedaṃ āmasitvā aniyamanidassana’’nti. Ubhayenāti pakārabhedaṃ anāmasitvā āmasitvā ca aniyamadassanavasena pavattena ‘‘yaṃ kiñcī’’ti padadvayena. Adhippetatthanti rūpaṃ. Aticcāti atikkamitvā. Pavattitoti pavattanato. Niyamanatthanti nivattanatthaṃ.
此处“Kiñcā”中的“kiṃ”一词虽为疑问词,于此却表原因,并以具格形式作主格;“ca”为语气助词。故说:“以何因缘而说?”在第二种解释中,仍如前理,将表原因的“kiṃ”与动词“vadetha”结合,转为对格,而说:“说出那因由。”
‘‘Kiñcā’’ti ettha kiṃ-saddo pucchāyaṃ hetuatthadīpako, karaṇe cetaṃ paccattavacanaṃ, ca-saddo vacanālaṅkāroti āha ‘‘kena kāraṇena vadethā’’ti. Dutiyavikappe pana vuttanayeneva kāraṇatthe pavattaṃ kiṃ-saddaṃ ‘‘vadethā’’ti kiriyāpadasambandhanena upayogavasena pariṇāmetvā vadati ‘‘taṃ kāraṇaṃ vadethā’’ti.
“前相续的破坏”是指前相续的灭尽,而在此以灭尽的说法,实为显示相续中相异法的生起。因此说“由显示相异相续的生起”。难道无色法在违逆之缘会合时,不也有相异法的生起吗?确实有,但并非那么明显,而此处所指的是较为明显的,因此说“寒冷等会合时”。同样,世尊也说“被寒冷所恼害,被炎热所恼害”等。为说明“破坏”一词直接表示变异的产生,因而说“破坏”等。意思是:仅仅是相异之色的生起,而非已生之法变成了其他状态。以此驳斥迦毗罗派的转变论。如果前相续的破坏——即相异法的生起——便是“被恼害”,则会导致特征过度适用的过失。有鉴于此责难,故说“无色蕴”等。在此,“以寒冷等”中的“等”字,如同包含了炎热、饥渴等一样,也应视为包含了食物等。“由彼”即由那寒冷等的会合;“在那里”即指那些色法。或者,与“达到住位的食物等”相连。意思是:如同色法在住位刹那有寒冷等的会合,无色蕴则由于极其快速地迁流,并无如此会合,因此无色法不像色法那样有明显的变异,故不被说为“被恼害”或“具有”。
Purimasantānassa bhedanti purimasantānassa vināsaṃ, vināsāpadesena cettha santāne visadisuppādameva dasseti. Tenevāha ‘‘visadisasantānuppattidassanato’’ti. Nanu ca arūpadhammānampi virodhipaccayasamavāye visadisuppatti atthīti? Saccaṃ atthi, sā pana na pākaṭatarā, pākaṭatarā ca idhādhippetā. Tenevāha ‘‘sītādisannipāte’’ti. Tathā cāha bhagavā ‘‘sītenapi ruppati, uṇhenapi ruppatī’’tiādi (saṃ. ni. 3.79). Idāni bheda-saddo ujukameva vikārāpattiṃ vadatīti dassento ‘‘bhedo cā’’tiādimāha . Visadisarūpuppattiyeva, na uppannassa aññathābhāvoti adhippāyo. Tena kāpiliyaṃ pariṇāmavādaṃ paṭikkhipati. Yadi purimasantānato bhedo visadisuppatti ruppanaṃ, evaṃ sante lakkhaṇassa atippasaṅgo siyāti codanaṃ manasi katvā āha ‘‘arūpakkhandhāna’’ntiādi. Ettha sītādīhīti ādi-saddena yathā uṇhajighacchādayo saṅgayhanti, evaṃ āhārādīnampi saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Yenāti yena sītādīhi samāgamena. Tatthāti tesu rūpadhammesu. Āhārādikassa vā ṭhitippattassāti sambandho. Yathā rūpadhammānaṃ ṭhitikkhaṇe sītādīhi samāgamo hoti, evaṃ arūpakkhandhānaṃ aññehi samāgamo natthi atilahuparivattito, tasmā arūpadhammā rūpadhammānaṃ viya pākaṭassa vikārassa abhāvato ‘‘ruppantī’’ti, ‘‘ruppanalakkhaṇā’’ti ca na vuccantīti sambandho. ‘‘Ruppatī’’ti padassa kattukammasādhanānaṃ vasena atthaṃ dassetuṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘kuppati ghaṭṭīyati pīḷīyati bhijjatī’’ti vuttanti tadatthaṃ vivaranto ‘‘kuppatīti etenā’’tiādimāha. Kopādikiriyāti kopasaṅghaṭṭanapīḷanakiriyā. Kopa-saddo cettha khobhapariyāyo veditabbo. Kattubhūto kammabhūto ca atthoti kattukammasādhanānaṃ vasena vuccamāno bhūtupādāyarūpasaṅkhāto attho. Kammakattutthena bhijjati-saddenāti yadā kammakattuttho ruppati-saddo, tadā bhijjati-saddopi tadattho eva veditabboti attho. Tattha yadā kammatthe ‘‘ruppatī’’ti padaṃ, tadā ‘‘sītenā’’tiādīsu kattuatthe karaṇavacanaṃ. Yadā pana ‘‘ruppatī’’ti padaṃ kattuatthe kammakattuatthe vā, tadā hetumhi karaṇavacanaṃ veditabbaṃ. ‘‘Yaṃ pana ruppatī’’tiādinā ‘‘kuppatī’’tiādīnaṃ kattukammatthānampi atthavacanānaṃ vacane kāraṇaṃ dasseti. Yadipi attha-saddo ‘‘pīḷanaṭṭho’’tiādīsu (paṭi. ma. 1.17; 2.8) sabhāvapariyāyopi hoti, ‘‘kenaṭṭhenā’’ti panettha abhidheyyapariyāyo adhippetoti āha ‘‘kenaṭṭhenāti pucchāsabhāgavasena ruppanaṭṭhenā’’ti, ruppanasaddābhidheyyabhāvenāti attho. Tenevāha ‘‘na kevalaṃ saddatthoyeva ruppana’’nti. Tassa atthassāti tassa bhūtupādāyappabhedassa sabhāvadhammassa. Ruppanalakkhaṇañca nāmetaṃ aniccatādi viya kakkhaḷattādito aññanti na gahetabbaṃ. Paññattiviseso hi tanti, kakkhaḷattādīnaṃyeva pana arūpadhammavidhuro sabhāvavisesoti veditabbaṃ.
“由于陷入昏昧”:即陷入愚痴的昏昧。“能住劫之水”:即能令劫持续的大云所降之水。“如此”:当具有那种碱性状态时,大地会被水溶解,如同劫初之际大地溶化那样。然而,对于世界中间地狱的众生,由其恶业之力,即使水无碱性,身体也会如同遇到碱性一般溶化,应如此理解。“因此”:即因为提到了有依处的近边地狱。因为在无间地狱中,并不施行五种束缚等刑罚。
Mucchāpattiyāti mucchāya mohassa āpajjanena. Kappasaṇṭhānaṃ udakanti kappasaṇṭhāpakamahāmeghavuṭṭhaṃ udakaṃ. Tathāti tappakāratāya khārabhāve sati udakena kappavuṭṭhānakāle viya pathavī vilīyeyya. Lokantariyasattānaṃ pana pāpakammabalena akhārepi khāre viya sarīrassa vilīyanā veditabbā. Tenevāti saussadanissayanirayassa vuttattā eva. Na hi avīcimhi pañcavidhabandhanādikammakāraṇaṃ karonti.
3将论典所涉的色法纳入之后,建立论母——应如此连接上下文。意思是:大种等色法,因业等而生起,以那样的方式,在过去分中被计为数目,因为如此说。以“并非”等,显示把握四大与所造色,既不是为了排除其他法,也不是为了排除其他类别。“在显示彼时”即显示数目差别时。“因为具有彼自性”即因为具有四大与所造色的自性。以“而并非”等,显示:由于在过去分中被计入数目,具有该自性者也被以不同方式计数,不具有该自性者也被同样计数,因此那不是原因。“内在……可得”,以此显示在第二种方式中,不仅有如前所述的过失,而且还有不周遍的过失。然而,这并非过失,因为并不把原因性作为意图所在。在此,并非意指四大与所造色的色法身份是过去分计数的原因,否则就会导致如前所述的过失。
3. Pakaraṇappattaṃ rūpaṃ pakkhipitvā mātikā ṭhapitāti ānetvā sambandho. Mahābhūtu…pe… āpajjati tappakārabhāvena atītaṃse gaṇanaṃ gatanti vuttattāti adhippāyo. ‘‘Na hī’’tiādinā dhammantaranivattanatthatā pakārantaranivattanatthatā ca bhūtupādāyagahaṇassa natthīti dasseti. Taṃdassaneti gaṇanantaradassane. Taṃsabhāvattāti bhūtupādāyasabhāvattā. ‘‘Na cā’’tiādinā bhūtupādāyasabhāvo atītaṃsagaṇitatāya taṃsabhāvassapi aññathā gaṇitattā, ataṃsabhāvassa ca tathā gaṇitattā akāraṇanti dasseti. ‘‘Ajjhatta…pe… labbhatī’’ti etena dutiyanaye na kevalaṃ yathāvuttova doso, atha kho abyāpitopi dosoti dasseti. Tadetaṃ pana akāraṇaṃ kāraṇabhāvasseva anadhippetattā. Na hettha bhūtupādāyarūpabhāvo atītaṃse gaṇanassa kāraṇanti adhippetaṃ, yato yathāvuttadosāpatti siyā.
“为何”(kintī)者:在此,“何”(kiṃ)是依自相,对先前以共相统握为“色”者而发问。“iti”一词是举例之义,非表原因。因此,对于那过去、已灭……由过去分所摄、计入过去类的色,它是什么?即通过展示“四大种及……色”——四大种与所造色的分类,来例示其差别。因为这里所列举的眼处等差别,正是对此的举例说明。而且,此处与前述方式并非没有不同:前述方式所说,是在显示色仅为四大种与所造色之自性,故注释书云:“过去色亦是诸界……”等;而在这里,则是以作为例示的四大种与所造色,圆满地开显了色的所有差别。如此,便无“不周遍”之过:对于那内……所执受的色,是什么?亦为“四大种及……色”,因为意在以此例示其余差别。同样地,他说:“于一切处,当如是解其义。”
‘‘Kintī’’ti ettha ‘‘ki’’nti pubbe yaṃ ‘‘rūpa’’nti sāmaññato gahitaṃ, tassa sarūpapucchā. Iti-saddo nidassanattho, na kāraṇattho. Tenassa yaṃ rūpaṃ atītaṃ niruddhaṃ…pe… atītaṃsena saṅgahitaṃ atītakoṭṭhāse gaṇanaṃ gataṃ, taṃ kinti ce? ‘‘Cattāro ca…pe… rūpa’’nti bhūtupādāyavibhāgadassanamukhena visesaṃ nidasseti. Yattakā hi idha visesā niddiṭṭhā cakkhāyatanādayo, tesamidaṃ nidassananti. Na cettha purimanayato aviseso. Tattha hi rūpassa bhūtupādāyatāmattasabhāvadassanatā vuttā. Tenāha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘atītarūpampi bhūtāni cevā’’tiādi. Idha pana bhūtupādāyena nidassanabhūtena rūpassa sabbavisesavibhāvanatā dassitā. Evañca katvā abyāpitadosopi cettha anokāsova, yaṃ rūpaṃ ajjhattaṃ…pe… upādinnaṃ, kinti? Cattāro ca…pe… rūpanti tadaññavisesanidassanassa adhippetattā. Tathā cāha ‘‘evaṃ sabbattha attho veditabbo’’ti.
“因为是迂回说法”(pariyāyadesanattā):自性上,迂回、转变称为“迂回”(pariyāya),意为不直接、不直说。以迂回方式,或以迂回方式所立之说,在此即“迂回说法”——也就是经教。经教是随应所化众生的意乐,以暗示方式开演应说之法,并非直接、决定地开显其自性,故名为“迂回说法”。因此,它被称为“随顺教说”。而阿毗达摩则是直接、决定地开显应说的法,故为“非迂回说法”,由此称为“如法教说”。“以决定而说”,即从确定的角度而说。如此,如同在《贤善一夜经》等中那样,过去等状态即过去、未来、现在三时之状态,在此处的《蕴分别》里,由于是经教分别,也应以时分来显示——这是文句的连结。
Pariyāyadesanattāti sabhāvato pariyāyanaṃ parivattanaṃ pariyāyo, ujukaṃ appavattīti attho. Pariyāyena, pariyāyabhūtā vā desanā etthāti pariyāyadesanaṃ, suttantaṃ. Suttantañhi veneyyajjhāsayavasena desetabbadhamme lesato labbhamānabhāvakathanaṃ, na ujunippadesabhāvakathananti pariyāyadesanaṃ nāma. Teneva taṃ ‘‘yathānulomasāsana’’nti vuccati. Abhidhammo pana desetabbadhamme ujunippadesakathananti nippariyāyadesanaṃ nāma, yato ‘‘yathādhammasāsana’’nti vuccati. Nicchayena desoti vavatthānato kathanaṃ. Tathā bhaddekarattasuttādīsu (ma. ni. 3.272 ādayo) viya atītādibhāvo atītānāgatapaccuppannabhāvo addhāvasena idhāpi khandhavibhaṅge suttantabhājanīyattā niddisitabbo siyāti yojanā.
“聚集”(sannipatitaṃ)即集合在一起。“以相续流而说”,即依前后次第而说。由于前后之间等量,无减无增,故是同一行相。或者,依转起时间而说无减无增,因自性相同,故为同一行相。以此显示不被异分的时节所间隔。同样地,于“食”中也是如此:在此,不被异分食所间隔、多次乃至多日所食的同类食,名为“同一食”。正如前文所说:“在那之前,由异分时节与食所等起的已过去,之后的是未来。”然而,因为说“同一食所等起”,另一些论师认为,将单一的食关联起来是合理的。“以五门而说”:在此,从五门转向开始,直至彼所缘,或直至速行,或直至确定,其间转起的心相续称为“一路”。“同一速行所等起”,即同一速行回合所等起。在此,对于过去等的分别,应知不依“刹那”而依“相续流”,以及不依“相续流”而依“刹那”。
Sannipatitanti samāgataṃ. Santānavasenāti pubbāparavasena. Pubbenāparassa samappamāṇatāya anūnaṃ anadhikaṃ, tato eva ekākāraṃ. Pavattikālavasena vā anūnaṃ anadhikaṃ, samānasabhāvatāya ekākāraṃ. Tena visabhāgautunā anantaritataṃ dasseti. Evaṃ āhārepīti ettha visabhāgāhārena anantarito anekavāraṃ anekadivasampi bhutto sabhāgekāhāraṃ nāma. ‘‘Tato pubbe visabhāgautuāhārasamuṭṭhānaṃ atītaṃ, pacchā anāgata’’nti hi vuttanti. ‘‘Ekāhārasamuṭṭhāna’’nti pana vuttattā ekasseva āhārassa yojanā yuttarūpāti apare. Pañcadvāravasenāti ettha pañcadvārāvajjanato paṭṭhāya yāva tadārammaṇaṃ, yāva javanaṃ, yāva vā voṭṭhabbanaṃ, tāva pavattā cittasantati ekavīthi. Ekajavanasamuṭṭhānanti ekajavanavārasamuṭṭhānaṃ. Ettha ca samayaṃ anāmasitvāva santativasena, santatiñca anāmasitvāva samayavasena atītādivibhāgo gahetabbo.
“它们的”(tesaṃ)即指那些因缘。“聚的”(kalāpassa)即色聚。“业等、无间等”(kammānantarādīti):即“业等”(kammādi)与“无间等”(anantarādi),应各自连接“等”(ādi)字。此处,第一个“等”字应知摄取了亲依止缘、食缘等;第二个“等”字摄取了等无间缘、无间缘、依止缘等。在此,心识的生起应视为依业、无间等缘而生;其他(色法)则唯依业等缘而生——其能生性应如此连接。同样,应知心识的生起依前生缘而得支持,其他(色法)依后生缘而得支持,两者也都依俱生缘而得支持。因此他说:“应如理连接。”“在生刹那”(uppādakkhaṇe)即指因发挥作用的刹那。所谓“因的作用”,就是令各自应当生起者得以生起。由于果在那一刹那已经生起,此后更无应作之事,故应视为已完成。而其他缘的作用,则应在三刹那中都视为有缘的作用——这是文句的连接。
Tesanti hetupaccayānaṃ. Kalāpassāti rūpakalāpassa. Kammānantarādīti kammādi, anantarādīti paccekaṃ ādi-saddo yojetabbo. Tattha paṭhamena ādisaddena upanissayapaccayassa āhārādino ca dutiyena samanantarānantarūpanissayādino saṅgaho veditabbo. Cittuppādassa cettha kammānantarādipaccayavasena, itarassa kammādivaseneva janakabhāve yojanā daṭṭhabbā. Tathā cittuppādassa purejātavasena, itarassa pacchājātavasena, ubhayesampi sahajātavasena upatthambhanaṃ veditabbaṃ . Tenevāha ‘‘yathāsambhavaṃ yojetabba’’nti. Uppādakkhaṇeti hetukiccakkhaṇe. Hetukiccaṃ nāma tassa tassa uppādetabbassa uppattikaraṇaṃ, tañca tasmiṃ khaṇe uppannaphalattā tato paraṃ kattabbābhāvato niṭṭhitañcāti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Itaraṃ pana tīsupi khaṇesu paccayakiccaṃ daṭṭhabbanti yojanā.
6“不成就名的回转”(aniṭṭhanāmanivattanassa):通过显示不成就名的回转是无因的,来表明成就名的获得同样没有因。
6.Aniṭṭhanāmanivattanassāti aniṭṭhanāmanivattiyā akāraṇabhāvadassanena iṭṭhanāmalābhāpanassa akāraṇabhāvaṃ dasseti.
Devamanussasampattibhaveti 意为:具足成就的天人与人类的存在状态。Samiddhasobhanatā 意为:增上、圆满的华美。Tato evā 意为:正是由于远离了成就,也就是由于不具足。它们——象等财富——并不成为乐的因,因为以忆念等方式而成为苦的缘。Tesaṃ 指象等形象(财富)。通过“Tassa tasseva”等文句,开显前述之义。其连接的解释是:由自己所造的不善业所生的果报,成为苦的缘。Tasmā 意为:因为业在哪个相续中产生,便在那里成为乐与苦的缘,而非于他处,因此。而在注疏中,则是一种不同的见解。其中,为了显示不应以“唯善业所生才是可意”来作绝对限定,而应如此把握此处的限定——“善业所生必定是可意的”。因为通过双重否定(“不可意之名不存在”),善业所生之可意性已得决定,所以注疏者说“不善业所生也……”等。为何如此?不善业所生怎会是美妙的,又怎能成为他人可意之物?有些恶趣畜生由于不善业的果报而具有端严等成就,如同善趣众生由于善业果报而具有端严等成就一般。
Devamanussasampattibhaveti sampattiyutte sampanne devamanussabhave. Samiddhasobhanatāti abhivuddhasobhanatā. Tato evāti sampattivirahato eva, asampannattā evāti attho. Tesaṃyeva hatthiādīnaṃ sukhassa hetubhāvaṃ na gacchanti sāraṇādivasena dukkhapaccayattā. Tesanti hatthirūpādīnaṃ. ‘‘Tassa tassevā’’tiādinā yathāvuttamatthaṃ vivarati. Akusalena attanā katena nibbattaṃ dukkhassa paccayo hotīti yojanā. Tasmāti yasmā kammaṃ yasmiṃ santāne nibbattaṃ, tattheva sukhadukkhānaṃ paccayo hoti, na aññattha, tasmā. Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ panāti ekaccamatadassanaṃ. Tattha ‘‘aniṭṭhaṃ nāma natthī’’ti yasmā paṭisedhadvayena kusalakammajassa iṭṭhabhāvo niyato, tasmā ‘‘kusalakammajameva iṭṭha’’nti evaṃ aniyametvā ‘‘kusalakammajaṃ iṭṭhamevā’’ti evamettha niyamo gahetabboti dassento ‘‘akusalakammajampī’’tiādimāha. Kinti akusalakammajaṃ sobhanaṃ, yaṃ paresaṃ iṭṭhaṃ nāma siyā? Yadi duggatiyaṃ kesañci tiracchānānaṃ saṇṭhānādisampatti sugatiyaṃ sattānaṃ akusalanissandena virūparūpatā viya kusalanissandena, kathaṃ tassā akusalakammajatā. Atha pana yaṃ kesañci amanāpampi samānaṃ rūpaṃ manāpaṃ hutvā upaṭṭhāti, taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, evampi yathā kesañci tiracchānādīnaṃ kusalakammajaṃ manussādirūpaṃ amanāpato upaṭṭhahantampi kusalavipākasseva ārammaṇabhāvato atthato iṭṭhameva nāma hoti, evaṃ akusalakammajaṃ kesañci manāpaṃ hutvā upaṭṭhahantampi akusalavipākasseva ārammaṇabhāvato atthato aniṭṭhameva nāma hoti, evañcetaṃ sampaṭicchitabbaṃ. Aññathā ‘‘aṭṭhānametaṃ anavakāso, yaṃ kāyaduccaritassa iṭṭho kanto manāpo vipāko uppajjeyyā’’tiādiaṭṭhānapāḷiyā (ma. ni. 3.131) virodho siyā. Tenevāha ‘‘kusalakammajassa panā’’tiādi. Sabbesanti attano, paresañca . Iṭṭhassa abhāvo vattabboti yathā ‘‘kusalakammajaṃ aniṭṭhaṃ nāma natthī’’ti vuttaṃ, evaṃ kiñcāpi ‘‘akusalakammajaṃ iṭṭhaṃ nāma natthī’’ti aṭṭhakathāyaṃ na vuttaṃ, tena pana nayadassanena akusalakammajassa abhāvo vutto eva hotīti so saṃvaṇṇanāvasena niddhāretvā vattabboti adhippāyo. Etena kusalakammajameva iṭṭhanti purimapadāvadhāraṇassa gahetabbataṃ dasseti.
此处,以“象等(财富)也……”等句阐明同一义理。这里的“Kusalavipākassā”意为:善异熟的所缘。而“人类”等应当视为仅是举例。对于其他众生,也已由此理显示:不善业所生唯是不善异熟的所缘,善业所生唯是善异熟的所缘。问:为何在可意与不可意混杂的事物上,可意性得以确立?答:“以可意所缘……可以说”。“Suṭṭhu vuttaṃ”意为:那些主张“可意与不可意纯粹由异熟决定”的人,对可意、不可意所缘的界定说得很好。“Taṃ anugantvā”意为:随顺此依异熟界定可意、不可意所缘的道理。“Sabbattha”意为:于一切处,即善趣与恶趣中,或于一切所缘中。
Idāni ‘‘hatthiādīnampī’’tiādinā tamevatthaṃ vivarati. Kusalavipākassāti etthāpi kusalavipākasseva ārammaṇanti attho. Manussānanti ca nidassanamattaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Itaresampi ca akusalakammajaṃ akusalavipākasseva, kusalakammajañca kusalavipākasseva ārammaṇanti dassitovāyaṃ nayoti. Kasmā pana iṭṭhāniṭṭhamissite vatthumhi manāpatāva saṇṭhātīti āha ‘‘iṭṭhārammaṇena…pe… sakkā vattu’’nti. Suṭṭhu vuttanti ‘‘iṭṭhāniṭṭhaṃ ekantato vipākeneva paricchijjatī’’ti vadantehi iṭṭhāniṭṭhārammaṇavavatthānaṃ sammadeva vuttaṃ. Taṃ anugantvāti vipākavasena iṭṭhāniṭṭhārammaṇavavatthānaṃ anugantvā. Sabbatthāti sugatiduggatīsu, sabbesu vā ārammaṇesu.
因为“不可意”一词本身便排除了它们的可意性,故说“相似性即是色等之状态”。经中说“可意的色等即是欲乐”,如同朋友的对立面是敌人,可意的对立面即是不可意,依此意而说“不可意……如同……称谓”。若问:依据“可爱之色、可乐之色”等经文,为何不可意的色等会成为欲乐?答:因为于颠倒想,它们也成为渴爱的所依,故被许为可爱之色。若如此,为何又有“眼所识之色为可意”等经文成立?答:“以殊胜……”等。
‘‘Aniṭṭhā’’ti vacaneneva tesaṃ iṭṭhatā nivattitāti āha ‘‘sadisatā ca rūpādibhāvoyevā’’ti. Iṭṭhāneva rūpādīni kāmaguṇāti sutte vuttānīti mittapaṭipakkho amitto viya iṭṭhapaṭipakkhā aniṭṭhāti adhippetāti vuttaṃ ‘‘aniṭṭhāti…pe… vohāro viyā’’ti. Sabbāni vāti ettha ‘‘piyarūpaṃ sātarūpa’’nti (dī. ni. 2.400; ma. ni. 1.133; vibha. 203) vacanato kathaṃ aniṭṭhānaṃ rūpādīnaṃ kāmaguṇabhāvāpattīti ce? Tesampi vipallāsavasena taṇhāvatthubhāvato piyarūpabhāvassa adhippetattā. Yadi evaṃ kathaṃ ‘‘cakkhuviññeyyāni rūpāni iṭṭhānī’’tiādisuttapadaṃ (ma. ni. 1.166; 2.155; 3.57; saṃ. ni. 5.30) nīyatīti āha ‘‘atisayenā’’tiādi.
为了显示巴利文中“劣、胜”之解说是依根所缚色而转起,故说“在‘劣’与‘胜’二词中……”等语。其意为:此属格是依支分关系而用,并非表示动作的主体。问:在“彼彼众生”这一表述根所缚色的文句中,为何依业生而说其义,而非依四种相续?答:“众生相续……说”。因为以业生为主解说其义后,注疏对余者以“如是,于时节生等亦然”作了类推。“以‘tehi tehi’在此义中”一句,是对将“tesaṃ tesaṃ”理解为动作主体的属格提出质疑。若如此,则显示在境或属格中所获得的功德,说“并非仅依业生……”等,此处“业生”一词应视为表征。
Indriyabaddharūpavasena pāḷiyaṃ hīnadukaniddeso pavattoti dassetuṃ ‘‘dvīsupi hīnapaṇītapadesū’’tiādimāha. Avayavayoge sāmivacanaṃ, na kattarīti adhippāyo. ‘‘Tesaṃ tesaṃ sattāna’’nti indriyabaddharūpe niddiṭṭhe kasmā kammajavasena attho vutto, na catusantativasenāti āha ‘‘sattasantāna…pe… vutta’’nti. Padhānattā hi kammajavasena atthaṃ vatvā sesesu ‘‘evaṃ utusamuṭṭhānādīsupī’’ti aṭṭhakathāyaṃ atideso kato . ‘‘Tehi tehīti etasmiṃ atthe’’ti iminā ‘‘tesaṃ tesa’’nti kattari sāmivacanaṃ āsaṅkati. Tathā sati visaye vā sāmivacane laddhaguṇaṃ dasseti ‘‘na kammajavasenevā’’tiādinā, kammajaggahaṇañcettha upalakkhaṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.
Mariyādābhūtaṃ 意为成为最高的界限。正因如此,才说“对谁可意,对他们即是最高”。Tesaṃ 指欲乐。Sabhāvato 意为从特征上说。
Mariyādābhūtanti uttamamariyādābhūtaṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘yassa yeva manāpā, tassa teva paramā’’ti. Tesanti kāmaguṇānaṃ. Sabhāvatoti lakkhaṇato.
以“于同一事物,一人味著,一人嗔恚……”等语,表明“同一色等,有人味著……”等经文解释,是作为可意与不可意状态的因由而说。“执取为可意与不可意”意为:如同对涅槃执取为不可意一样,由于想颠倒,在其他所缘上也会生起对可意与不可意的执著,这是其意旨所在。
‘‘Ekasmiṃyeva assādanakujjhanato’’tiādinā ‘‘yasmā teyeva rūpādayo eko assādetī’’tiādikaṃ suttantavivaraṇaṃ iṭṭhāniṭṭhabhāve hetubhāvena vuttanti dasseti. Iṭṭhāniṭṭhaggahaṇaṃ hotīti nibbāne viya aniṭṭhaggahaṇaṃ saññāvipallāsena aññesupi ārammaṇesu iṭṭhāniṭṭhābhiniveso hotīti adhippāyo.
“分别”即不混淆与详细展开,故对“已分别”一词,说明其含义为“已确定、已阐明”。Aññesaṃ 指对其他人,即极度贫乏者而言。于此,“这是可意的,也是不可意的”一句中,应知由“ca”字也表达了“这是不可意的,也是可意的”这一含义。“不可意为可意”与“可意为不可意”,即把可意的执取为“不可意”,把不可意的执取为“可意”,如此连结。在“诸根变异等”中,以“等”字含摄先前的思等。因为即使没有想颠倒,依已生起的心之思,也会将可意的所缘执取为不可意,将不可意的所缘执取为可意。
Vibhāgo nāma asaṅkaro, vitthāro cāti ‘‘vibhatta’’nti padassa ‘‘vavatthitaṃ, pakāsita’’nti ca atthamāha. Aññesanti atiaḍḍhadaliddānaṃ. Idaṃ iṭṭhaṃ, aniṭṭhañca hotīti ettha ca-saddena aniṭṭhaṃ, iṭṭhañca hotīti ayampi attho vuttoti veditabbaṃ. Aniṭṭhaṃ iṭṭhanti iṭṭhassa ‘‘aniṭṭha’’nti, aniṭṭhassa ‘‘iṭṭha’’nti gahaṇe yathāsaṅkhyaṃ yojanā. Indriyavikārāpattiādināti ettha ādi-saddena pubbābhisaṅkhārādiṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Puretaraṃ pavattacittābhisaṅkhāravasenāpi hi vināva saññāvipallāsaṃ iṭṭhaṃ ‘‘aniṭṭha’’nti, aniṭṭhañca ‘‘iṭṭha’’nti gayhatīti.
“由彼异熟”即由彼善、不善之异熟。“所缘的可意与不可意性”,谓显示其异熟生起之处——诸如佛像等、粪便等所缘——依次的可意性与不可意性。纵然有想颠倒的存在,仍然依所缘而显示异熟的确定性:即于可意所缘唯生起善异熟,于不可意所缘唯生起不善异熟,如是依所缘显示异熟的确定性。为了显示所缘的确定性:凡是善异熟之所缘,便称之为可意;凡是不善异熟之所缘,便称之为不可意。因为异熟既被所缘所决定,由此也确定了什么是对自己有益的所缘。
Tena vipākenāti tena kusalākusalavipākena. Ārammaṇassa iṭṭhāniṭṭhatanti yattha taṃ uppajjati, tassa buddharūpādikassa gūthādikassa ca ārammaṇassa yathākkamaṃ iṭṭhataṃ aniṭṭhatañca nidasseti. Vijjamānepi saññāvipallāse ārammaṇena vipākaniyamadassananti iṭṭhārammaṇe kusalavipākova uppajjati, aniṭṭhārammaṇe akusalavipākovāti evaṃ ārammaṇena vipākaniyamadassanaṃ. Ārammaṇaniyamadassanatthanti yaṃ kusalavipākassa ārammaṇaṃ, taṃ iṭṭhaṃ nāma. Yaṃ akusalavipākassa ārammaṇaṃ, taṃ aniṭṭhaṃ nāmāti dassanatthaṃ. Ārammaṇena niyāmito hi vipāko attano upakārakassa ārammaṇassa niyāmako hotīti.
由于在一门中作为苦缘的所缘,于另一门中却能产生乐异熟;在一门中作为乐缘的所缘,于另一门中却能产生苦异熟。因此,通过异熟显示所缘的确定性,即依异熟而显示可意与不可意性——应当这样连贯理解。
Dvārantare dukkhassa paccayabhūtassa ārammaṇassa dvārantare sukhavipākuppādanato, dvārantare sukhassa paccayabhūtassa ārammaṇassa dvārantare dukkhavipākuppādanato vipākena ārammaṇaniyamadassanena vipākavasena iṭṭhāniṭṭhatā dassitāti yojanā.
7第七,以难执取为因相时,诸根等自性相即难以通达;同样,以易执取为因相时,其相便容易通达。“远”是指未加言说的,即从相上说未被表述为“远”的;而虽已言说的,即从相上说被表述为“远”的微细色。
7. Duppariggahaṭṭhena kāraṇabhūtena lakkhaṇassa indriyādisabhāvassa duppaṭivijjhatā, evaṃ supariggahaṭṭhena lakkhaṇasuppaṭivijjhatā veditabbā. ‘‘Dūre’’ti avuttassāti lakkhaṇato ‘‘dūre’’ti akathitassa. Vuttampīti lakkhaṇato ‘‘dūre’’ti vuttampi sukhumarūpaṃ.
“破坏着”意指正在混合,故说为“作混合者”。然而,破坏也有分别、区分之义,因此在第二种解释中,将“破坏着”一词的含义解作“作分离者”。在第三种解释中,“破坏着”则是“消灭者”的意思。因此说:“破坏邻近状态而作远离状态,又破坏远离状态而作邻近状态。”因为若不消灭邻近状态的自性,便不能作远离状态;对另一种也是如此。就作邻近状态而言,并非破坏、并非消灭;就方位上远、相上远而作分离,并非破坏、并非区分;就方位上远、相上远而作混合,也并非破坏、并非混合——应如此连贯理解。以“应见三种含义”略说,以“因为不……”等阐明。作分离、作混合——加上“作”字而连接。以“在此亦……”等显示如下含义:正如在“唯破坏方位上远者”中,意指对方位上远者作方位上邻近,即是消灭、破坏;同样,在“不破坏相上远者”中,对相上远者不作相上邻近,即是不破坏、不消灭。针对混合与区分之义,说:“而在此‘破坏着’中,别样地说了破坏。”在最后的方法中,唯针对消灭之义,说:“此处破坏又被别样地说了。”
‘‘Bhindamāno’’ti sambhindamānoti vuttaṃ hotīti āha ‘‘missakaṃ karonto’’ti. Yasmā pana bhedanaṃ vibhāgakaraṇampi hoti, tasmā dutiyavikappe ‘‘bhindamāno’’ti padassa ‘‘visuṃ karonto’’ti atthamāha. Tatiyavikappe pana bhindamānoti vināsentoti attho. Tenāha ‘‘santikabhāvaṃ bhinditvā dūrabhāvaṃ, dūrabhāvañca bhinditvā santikabhāvaṃ karonto’’ti. Na hi sakkā santikassa tabbhāvaṃ avināsetvā dūrabhāvaṃ kātuṃ, tathā itarassāpi. Santikabhāvakaraṇena na bhindati na vināseti, na ca okāsadūrato lakkhaṇato dūraṃ visuṃ karaṇena bhindati vibhāgaṃ karoti, nāpi okāsadūrena lakkhaṇato dūraṃ vomissakakaraṇena bhindati sambhindatīti yojanā. ‘‘Tidhā attho daṭṭhabbo’’ti saṅkhepena vuttamatthaṃ ‘‘na hī’’tiādinā vivarati. Visuṃ karoti, vomissakaṃ karotīti karoti-saddaṃ ānetvā sambandho. ‘‘Etthāpī’’tiādinā yathā ‘‘okāsato dūrameva bhindatī’’ti ettha okāsato dūrassa okāsato santikabhāvakaraṇaṃ adhippetanti vināsanaṃ bhedanaṃ, evaṃ ‘‘na lakkhaṇato dūraṃ bhindatī’’ti etthāpi lakkhaṇato dūrassa lakkhaṇato santikabhāvākaraṇaṃ abhedanaṃ avināsananti imamatthaṃ dasseti. Vomissakakaraṇavibhāgakaraṇatthataṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘bhindamānoti ettha ca aññathā bhedanaṃ vutta’’nti. Pacchimanaye vināsanatthameva sandhāya ‘‘bhedanaṃ idha ca aññathā vutta’’nti avoca.
二、受蕴解说注释
2. Vedanākkhandhaniddesavaṇṇanā
8“眼等净色”指属于粗色身的眼、耳、鼻、舌净色,以及属于意所成身的眼、耳净色。“堪称为身”是因为它们包含于身中、为身的一部分,所以可称为“身”。因为“身”一词也指自体,如“有身见”等;也指业生身,如“彼从此身化作另一身”等。“以彼为依处者”,即依于眼等而称为“身”,这是就同义而言;若就严格意义,则唯指心所。如说:“于彼时,与彼相应眼识界触所生之心所,非乐非苦,为意触所生不苦不乐受”等。以“眼等并非身净色”一句,说明依身净色之受,严格而言即是“身受”。以“身受、心受等状态”中的“等”字,含摄了善、不善、无记等状态。“彼”指由于乐受等一部分受,无有依时分、时节等的过去等状态。然而,有些人于此说:“由于前已显示的方法已明了,故不依时分显示;如同色法依季节等在一刹那、上午等中,受的区分不可得,故亦不依时节显示过去等差别。”针对依相续而转起的诸受,由心的总聚而可执取,故说“受的集合”。“他们”指依时分、时节等的过去等状态。“在此”指在此分别中。“他们”指称为“受之一部分”的、以身受心受等状态而作区分的。
8.Cakkhādayopasādāti oḷārikattabhāvapariyāpannā cakkhusotaghānajivhāpasādā, manomayattabhāvapariyāpannā cakkhusotappasādā ca. Kāyavohāraṃ arahantīti kāyantogadhattā kāyekadesattā ca kāyoti vattabbataṃ arahanti. Kāyoti hi attabhāvopi vuccati ‘‘sakkāyadiṭṭhī’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 1.21; 3.155), karajakāyopi ‘‘so imamhā kāyā aññaṃ kāyaṃ abhinimminātī’’tiādīsu (paṭi. ma. 3.14). Tabbatthukāti cakkhādinissitā kāyikāti pariyāyena vuttā, nippariyāyena pana cetasikāva. Yathāha ‘‘yaṃ tasmiṃ samaye tajjācakkhuviññāṇadhātusamphassajaṃ cetasikaṃ neva sātaṃ nāsātaṃ cetosamphassajaṃ adukkhamasukhaṃ vedayita’’ntiādi (dha. sa. 152). ‘‘Na hi cakkhādayo kāyappasādā hontī’’ti iminā kāyapasādanissitā vedanā nippariyāyena kāyikāti dasseti. Kāyikacetasikādibhāvenāti ādi-saddena kusalākusalābyākatādibhāvā saṅgayhanti. Tenāti sukhādivedanekadesassa addhāsamayavasena atītādibhāvābhāvena. Keci panettha ‘‘heṭṭhā dassitanayattā pākaṭattā addhāvasena, ekamuhuttādipubbaṇhādīsu utuādinā rūpassa viya vedanāya vibhāgo na gayhatīti samayavasena ca atītādibhedo na dassito’’ti vadanti. Santānavasena pavattānampi vedanānaṃ cittena samūhato gahetabbataṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘vedanāsamudāyo’’ti. Tehīti addhāsamayavasena atītādibhāvehi. Etthāti etasmiṃ vibhaṅge. Teti ‘‘vedanekadesā’’ti vuttā kāyikacetasikādibhāvena bhinnā sukhādivedanāvisesā. Yadi vedanekadesā ettha gahitā, khaṇaparicchinnāva te gahetabbā, na santatiparicchinnāti āha ‘‘ekasantatiyaṃ panā’’tiādi. Tesūti sukhādibhedesu. Bhedoti viseso. Tassāti sukhādivisesassa. Yathā cettha, evaṃ ‘‘taṃsahitataduppādakā’’ti etthāpi taṃ-saddena sukhādiviseso paccāmaṭṭhoti veditabbo. Santati paricchedikā bhavituṃ arahatīti sambandho. Santatikhaṇavaseneva paricchedo vutto, na addhāsamayavasenāti adhippāyo.
“前后中间者”指已完成了因的作用、尚未完成缘的作用;而“已超越了因与缘的作用”这一说法,是为标示前述那种道理,所以说“以‘前后中间者’这句,显示了依因与缘的作用而说的道理”。在此,对于善、不善、唯作的受,不能像对色法那样,也不能像对异熟那样,以毫无剩余的方式说“这就是它的生起因”;但以有余的方式,可以说“无间缘即是因”。
‘‘Pubbantāparantamajjhagatā’’ti niṭṭhitahetukiccā aniṭṭhitapaccayakiccāti vuttā, taṃ pana atikkantahetupaccayakiccanti evaṃ vuttassa nayassa upalakkhaṇanti āha ‘‘pubbantāparantamajjhagatāti etena hetupaccayakiccavasena vuttanayaṃ dassetī’’ti. Ettha kusalākusalakiriyavedanānaṃ rūpassa viya, vipākānaṃ viya ca ayaṃ nāma janakahetūti nippariyāyena na sakkā vattuṃ, pariyāyena pana anantarapaccayabhūto hetūti vattabbo.
11十一、燃烧的作用,即烧灼的作用。不混同‘生’等类别,即不把生的自性、补特伽罗、世间、出世间等杂混不分。同一种类,即在同一类别中。应联结理解为:与乐同类的,不苦不乐受更为殊胜。同类的区分,即在地域等相同的分类中。已增强的界,指通过生起广大色法而强化了的界。被压迫的,即被挤压而枯萎的。二者,即乐等二法。这里,‘搅动’与‘扰乱’应依身乐来理解;‘灌注’是就禅那之乐而言;‘迷醉’是就欲乐而言;同样,‘覆盖’也是如此。‘灌注’,或‘覆盖与灌注’,应依一切法来理解。
11.Santāpanakiccanti pariḍahanakiccaṃ. Jātiādisaṅkaranti jātisabhāvapuggalalokiyalokuttarato saṅkaraṃ sambhedaṃ akatvā. Samānajātiyanti ekajātiyaṃ. Sukhato tajjātiyā adukkhamasukhā paṇītāti yojetabbāti sambandho. Samānabhedeti bhūmantarādisamānavibhāge. Upabrūhitānaṃ dhātūnanti uḷārarūpasamuṭṭhāpanena paṇītānaṃ rūpadhammānaṃ. Vibādhitānanti nippīḷitānaṃ milāpitānaṃ. Ubhayanti sukhādidvayaṃ. Ettha ca khobhanā, āluḷanā ca kāyikasukhassa vasena veditabbā. Abhisandanā jhānasukhassa. Madayanā kāmasukhassa. Tathā chādanā. Āsiñcanā sabbassa. Chādanā āsiñcanā vā sabbassa vasena veditabbā.
‘以及依自性等差别’,即依自性、补特伽罗、世间等差别。在纯一向殊胜的出世间中,依诸行的劣与胜而有劣与胜的区分。在纯一向劣的不善法中,依欲等而有劣与胜,以及粗与细。正如注释书中所说:‘凡是粗的,那是劣的;凡是细的,那是殊胜的。’(《分别论注》11)在不善等法中,依伴随嗔等的内在分类,逐层而有粗细之分,这是就各自分类而言,并非就善、不善等分类而言,因此说‘即使依各自分类而说,也无转换’。‘由于嗔增盛’,即由于烦恼增盛;同样,‘由于嗔’即指嗔增盛。然而,在善法中如何能有嗔增盛呢?依亲依止缘而说:在烦恼增盛者的相续中生起的善法,由于被烦恼所逼迫,如同被草等逼迫的庄稼,不能成就广大果、丰盛果。同样,‘由于烦恼轻微’,善法中的烦恼轻微也应依上述理趣来理解。关于‘粗、细的欲求’,此处是以共性的方式来说欲求的粗细。正如这里以粗的共性来把握粗、更粗、最粗的欲求,同样地,以细的共性来把握细、更细、最细的欲求。这里,‘最细欲求的对象’应知乃至有顶与观智。
Sabhāvādibhedena cāti sabhāvapuggalalokiyādibhedena ca. Ekantapaṇīte lokuttare hīnapaṇītānaṃ paṭipadānaṃ vasena hīnapaṇītatā. Ekantahīne akusale chandādivasena hīnapaṇītatā, oḷārikasukhumatā ca. Tathā hi vuttaṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘yā oḷārikā, sā hīnā. Yā sukhumā, sā paṇītā’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 11). Akusalādīsu dosasahagatādiantarabhedavasena upādāyupādāya oḷārikasukhumatā taṃtaṃvāpanavasena vuccati, na kusalākusalādivasenāti āha ‘‘taṃtaṃvāpanavasena kathanepi parivattanaṃ natthī’’ti. Dosussannatāyāti kilesādhikatāya. Tathāti dosussannatāya. Kathaṃ pana kusalesu dosussannatā? Upanissayavasena, kilesādhikehi santāne pavattamānā kusalā dhammā kilesehi sambādhappattiyā tiṇādīhi sambādhappattāni viya sassāni vipulaphalauḷāraphalā na hontīti. Tathāti mandadosatāya. Kusalānaṃ mandadosatāpi vuttanayānusārena veditabbā. Oḷārikasukhumanikantīti ettha antogadhavisesaṃ nikantiyā oḷārikasukhumatāsāmaññaṃ vuttaṃ. Yathā hettha oḷārikasāmaññena oḷārikoḷārikataroḷārikatamā nikantiyo gayhanti, tathā sukhumasukhumatarasukhumatamā sukhumatāsāmaññena gayhantīti. Sukhumatamanikantivatthunti cettha yāva bhavaggaṃ vipassanāñāṇañca veditabbaṃ.
13十三、‘如果存在’,即如果不相应、分离而存在。
13.Yadi siyāti yadi asampayogo visaṃsaṭṭho siyā.
“从近处是不善”,是说由于它是不善而说为近处,这是从与贪俱行等的不善受来说的。不善受——即与嗔俱行等的不善受,则被说为“远”,正如所举出的那样。“从那里是远而善”,是指从那个不善来说是远,这是从欲界等的善受来说,善是指欲界等的善受。“不能”一词,是以“若是那样”等理路来阐明无法举出的道理。因此,若依所说理趣,从远处举出近处,恰恰成了从近处举出近处;若是那样,便没有义理的差别,而这里是以逐层递进而说的远近来宣说。因此,从近处举出近处也是不能做的,因为没有义理的差别,也非所期望,这便是意旨所在。
Santikatoakusalatoti akusalabhāvena santikato lobhasahagatādiakusalavedayitato. Akusalāti dosasahagatādiakusalavedanā dūreti yathā uddharīyati. Tato dūrato kusalatoti tato akusalato dūrato kāmāvacarādikusalavedayitato kusalā kāmāvacarādikusalavedanā. ‘‘Na sakkā’’ti vuttaṃ uddharituṃ asakkuṇeyyataṃ ‘‘tathā hi satī’’tiādinā vivarati. Tasmāti yasmā dūrato santikuddharaṇaṃ vuttanayena santikato santikuddharaṇameva hoti, tathā sati atthaviseso na hoti, upādāyupādāya dūrasantikatā idha vuccati. Tasmā santikato santikuddharaṇañca na sakkā kātuṃ atthavisesābhāvato, anadhippetattā cāti adhippāyo.
难道不是为了表达最高级之义,而的确有义理上的差别吗?思及此难,便说:“因为如同远远更远一样,近近更近也并非所期望。”“那个”,即不善受。“从那里”,即从善受。这里所说的“远”,即在此《受蕴分别》中,以“不善受与善受、无记受是远”等(《分别论》13)所说的远。由于从那里是极不相似——即从被说为“远”的那个对象是极不相似,以它而言,在远中没有近,因此不能从远处举出近处。这里的意趣是:在下文中,若有某受被说为与某受是远,那个受本身,在任何情况下都不应被举出为与它是近。他正是针对被说为“近”的那个受而说。在分类中,即依与贪俱行等而区分的类别。就在那里,即在被说为“近”的那个义理自身当中。这是说:在“不善受与不善受是近”这样所说的不善受自身中,依与贪俱行等而区分的类别,同样能得到远的状态。其余各处也是如此。
Nanu ca atisayavacanicchāvasena attheva atthavisesoti codanaṃ manasi katvā āha ‘‘dūradūrataratāya viya santikasantikataratāya ca anadhippetattā’’ti. Yāti akusalavedanā. Tatoti kusalavedayitato. Idha vuttassa dūrassāti imasmiṃ vedanākkhandhavibhaṅge ‘‘akusalā vedanā kusalābyākatāhi vedanāhi dūre’’tiādinā (vibha. 13) vuttassa dūrassa. Dūrato accantavisabhāgattāti yato yaṃ ‘‘dūre’’ti vuttaṃ, tato accantavisadisattā tassa vasena dūre santikaṃ natthīti na sakkā dūrato santikaṃ uddharituṃ. Ayañhettha adhippāyo – heṭṭhā yā vedanā yāya vedanāya dūreti vuttā, sā eva tassā kenacipi pariyāyena santiketi na uddharitabbāti. Santiketi vuttavedanaṃyeva sandhāya vadati. Bhinneti lobhasahagatādivasena vibhatte. Tatthevāti ‘‘santike’’ti vuttaatthe eva. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ‘‘akusalā vedanā akusalāya vedanāya santike’’ti evaṃ vuttaakusalāya vedanāyameva lobhasahagatādivasena vibhattāya dūrabhāvopi labbhati. Evaṃ sesesupīti.
若从近处得到远处,或以火界得到远处,则应将远处之近处提取出来——如此思惟后,他说:“依着而取,不能从远处提取近处”等。其义为:凡从近处得到远处,即使是以不相应分得到,然而在那里得到的近处,唯是以相应分得到,因此近处应是从近处提取的。因此,由于以不相应分而有远性,以相应分而有近性,故如此说。其意趣是:与贪俱、与嗔俱者,因不相应性而处于远处,如何能成为近处呢?难道它们不是也有不善的相应性吗?对此,他回答:“不相应性”等。在那里,不把握差别便不转起,即不相应性唯把握差别、特殊、不相似性而转起。由于此处所指的远性中,相应者不遍满,故不能从远处提取近处。其意趣是:若相应者遍满,则有近性,故能从远处提取近处。以“并非”等句,令此义明了。相应性即共性,差别即特殊。包含而作,即遍摄而作。由于不相应者遍满而有近性,即由于遍摄此处所指的不相应者而转起,故能从近处提取远处——此即前文所说的近性。以“不善性”等句,令此义明了。
Yadi santikato dūraṃ labbhati, yadaggena dūraṃ labbhati, tadaggena dūrato santikaṃ uddhariyeyyāti codanaṃ manasi katvā āha ‘‘upādāyupādāya dūrato ca santikaṃ na sakkā uddharitu’’ntiādi. Tassattho – yaṃ santikato dūraṃ labbhati, yadipi taṃ visabhāgaṭṭhena labbhati, tathāpi yaṃ tattha santikaṃ labbhati, taṃ sabhāgaṭṭheneva labbhatīti santikatova santikaṃ uddhaṭaṃ siyāti. Tasmāti yasmā visabhāgaṭṭhena dūratā, sabhāgaṭṭhena ca santikatā icchitā, tasmā. Lobhasahagatāya dosasahagatā visabhāgatāya dūre samānā kathaṃ santike bhaveyyāti adhippāyo. Nanu tāsaṃ akusalasabhāgatā labbhatevāti tattha uttaramāha ‘‘visabhāgatā’’tiādi. Tattha bhedaṃ aggahetvā na pavattatīti bhedaṃ visesaṃ asadisataṃ gahetvā eva pavattati visabhāgatā. Dūratāyāti idhādhippetāya dūratāya sabhāgassa abyāpakattā dūrato santikuddharaṇaṃ na sakkā kātuṃ. Sati hi sabhāgabyāpakatte siyā santikatāti dūrato santikuddharaṇaṃ sakkā kātunti adhippāyo. ‘‘Na hī’’tiādinā tamevatthaṃ pākaṭaṃ karoti. Sabhāgatāti sāmaññaṃ. Bhedanti visesaṃ. Antogadhaṃ katvāvāti abhibyāpetvāva. Visabhāgabyāpakattā santikatāyāti idhādhippetavisabhāgaṃ byāpetvā pavattanato heṭṭhā vuttasantikatāya santikato dūruddharaṇaṃ sakkā kātuṃ. Tamevatthaṃ ‘‘akusalatā hī’’tiādinā pākaṭaṃ karoti.
三、想蕴解说注释
3. Saññākkhandhaniddesavaṇṇanā
17“它的也”:即想蕴的“也”。“以彼为依处故”:即以眼为依处故。“有对可识者”:应依如前所说的有对面了知,应依有对而执取。“省略后分而作”:即在前分语中省略后分而作。
17.Tassāpīti saññāyapi. Tabbatthukattāti cakkhuvatthukattā. Paṭighaviññeyyoti yathāvuttapaṭighato vijānitabbo paṭighavasena gahetabbo. Uttarapadalopaṃ katvāti purimapade uttarapadalopaṃ katvā.
其意趣是:这是就可识知的状态而言,并非就生起而言。“言”指声音,“名”指意义。“言所依”即依赖于声音的执取;“名所依的执取”则指意义。此处应说的内容,在《名色双论》中已有阐明。“有增语者”即具有能令施设显了、能告知的增语,如“有刺者”一般。“从彼生”即从称为增语的无色蕴所生。为了显示触中也有如前所述的意义,因其属于无色蕴,故说“或者唯触”等。不仅在心门触中如此,在五门触中也同样有“在可识知的状态上,关于言而转起的增语”等所说的意义。如此而言。以彼方式:即以意触生的方式。“从彼生者”:即从五门触所生者。由于无其他方式可能,即无有对触生的方式可能。有对触生的特性是独特的,而增语触生的特性是另一种方式。
Viññeyyabhāve, na uppattiyanti adhippāyo. Vacananti saddo, nāmanti attho. Vacanādhīnāti gahetabbataṃ pati saddādhīnā, nāmāyattagahaṇāti attho. Yadettha vattabbaṃ, taṃ nāmarūpaduke (dha. sa. mūlaṭī. 101-108) vuttameva. Adhivacanaṃ paññattipakāsakaṃ ñāpakaṃ etesaṃ atthīti adhivacanā yathā arisasoti. Tatojoti adhivacanasaṅkhātato arūpakkhandhato jāto. Arūpakkhandhapariyāpannattā phassepi yathāvutto attho sambhavatīti dassetuṃ ‘‘samphassoyeva vā’’tiādimāha. Na kevalaṃ manodvārikaphasse eva, atha kho pañcadvārikaphassepi ‘‘viññeyyabhāve vacanaṃ adhikicca pavattā adhivacanā’’tiādivuttappakāro attho sambhavati. Itīti tasmā. Tena pariyāyenāti manosamphassajapariyāyena. Tatojāpīti pañcadvārikaphassajātāpi. Aññappakārāsambhavatoti paṭighasamphassajapariyāyassa asambhavato. Āveṇikaṃ paṭighasamphassajatā. Pakārantaraṃ adhivacanasamphassajatā.
“如果”:如果由五门触所生的想,通过间接和直接的方式都被称为“增语触生”,那么四种非色蕴也应当可以这样说。既然如此,为何唯独想被称为“增语触生”呢?因此说:“三蕴”等。其中,“三蕴”指受蕴、行蕴、识蕴。“以义故”:即依“关于言而转起的增语”等所说的义,依语源义。“虽未到达自己”:即“增语触生”这样的称呼虽未到达想自身的名称。“法之称呼”即自性语。前面所说四种非色蕴共通的增语触生之称谓,依惯用而唯独在想上转起。现在为了显示此称谓虽与其他非色蕴共通,却特别安立于想,故说“或者”等。“如以染着而看等”:以“等”字应知也包括如以嗔怒而看等,以及如以染着而听等,因为同样具有注意等及以染着了知的因相。为了以实例显示眼触生想的明显性,故说“看是在眼识与境会合时”等。
Yadievanti yadi pañcadvārikaphassehi uppannasaññā pariyāyato nippariyāyato ca ‘‘adhivacanasamphassajā’’ti vuccanti, evaṃ cattāropi arūpino khandhā evaṃ vattuṃ yuttā. Evaṃ sante saññāva kasmā ‘‘adhivacanasamphassajā’’ti vuttāti āha ‘‘tiṇṇaṃ khandhāna’’ntiādi. Tattha tiṇṇaṃ khandhānanti vedanāsaṅkhāraviññāṇakkhandhānaṃ. Atthavasenāti ‘‘vacanaṃ adhikicca pavattā adhivacanā’’tiādinā vuttaatthavasena anvatthatāvasena. Attano pattampi nāmanti ‘‘adhivacanasamphassajā’’ti evaṃ attano anuppattampi nāmaṃ. Dhammābhilāpoti sabhāvanirutti. Pubbe catunnaṃ arūpakkhandhānaṃ sādhāraṇopi adhivacanasamphassajavohāro ruḷhivasena saññāya eva pavattoti vatvā idāni so tadaññārūpakkhandhasādhāraṇo saññāya nivesitoti dassetuṃ ‘‘atha vā’’tiādimāha. Rajjitvā olokanādīsūti ettha ādi-saddena kujjhitvā olokanādi viya rajjitvā savanādipi saṅgayhatīti veditabbaṃ, tathāsotāvadhānādinopi rattatādivijānananimittatāsambhavato. Cakkhusamphassajāsaññāya pana pākaṭabhāvaṃ nidassanavasena dassetuṃ ‘‘olokanaṃ cakkhuviññāṇavisayasamāgame’’tiādimāha.
当所观对象不明显时,对染着等的了知便不会生起;当它变得明显时则能了知,因此说“唯以净色为依处”。“思惟其他”是指,思惟先前由他所说、或以身所表示的之外的某种意义。因此他说“已知”。
Olokanassa apākaṭabhāve rattatādivijānanaṃ na hoti, pākaṭabhāve ca hotīti āha ‘‘pasādavatthukā evā’’ti. ‘‘Aññaṃ cintenta’’nti yaṃ pubbe tena kathitaṃ, kāyena vā pakāsitaṃ, tato aññaṃ kiñci atthaṃ cintentaṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘ñāta’’nti.
四、行蕴解说注释
4. Saṅkhārakkhandhaniddesavaṇṇanā
20“从下数之最下分及此处”一语,是就最初的“从下数之最下分”这一说法而说。其义应依处格来理解,因此说“在此显示了主要者”。对方执取了“仅以最下分显示了主要者”这一层意思,而用“若是如此”等语提出诘问。另一方则明示:“仅以最下分显示了主要者”应如此把握其决定义,故以“依成为上分状态”等语回避该诘难:即唯是显示主要者。因为主要者既已显示,非主要者亦随其义理而得以显示。因此注释书中说:“与彼相应之诸行,于彼被把握时即已被把握。”凡在最下分中可得者,在最上分中亦可得,故说“最下分实遍一切”。为显示第二句中所用的作具格,而说“已来——应如此连接”。因为“来”这一动作,在那句中是以最下分作为作具格而说的。又如“来”之动作,在“说”之动作中,最下分亦可能为作具格,为显示此而说“或于前句亦”等。“于四十九种分类”一语,是就世间心生起时,巴利圣典中所说的行蕴诸法的最上分而言。若连同“或又他们法”来把握最上分,则应说为“五十三”,而依出世间心生起则为“五十七”。
20.‘‘Heṭṭhimakoṭiyātietthā’’ti idaṃ paṭhamaṃ ‘‘heṭṭhimakoṭiyā’’ti vacanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Tassa hi bhummavasena attho gahetabbo. Tenāha ‘‘tattha hi padhānaṃ dassita’’nti. Heṭṭhimakoṭiyāva padhānaṃ dassitanti imamatthaṃ gahetvā ‘‘yadi eva’’ntiādinā codeti. Itaro ‘‘heṭṭhimakoṭiyā padhānameva dassita’’nti evamettha niyamo gahetabboti dassento ‘‘uparimakoṭigatabhāvenā’’tiādinā taṃ pariharati. Padhānasseva dassanaṃ. Padhāne hi dassite appadhānampi atthato dassitameva hotīti. Tenāha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘taṃsampayuttasaṅkhārā pana tāya gahitāya gahitāva hontī’’ti. Yaṃ heṭṭhimakoṭiyaṃ labbhati, taṃ uparimakoṭiyampi labbhati evāti āha ‘‘heṭṭhimakoṭi hi sabbabyāpikā’’ti. Dutiye karaṇaniddesataṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘āgatāti sambandho’’ti āha. Āgamanakiriyā hi heṭṭhimakoṭiyā karaṇabhāvena tattha vuttāti. Yathā ca āgamanakiriyāya, evaṃ vacanakiriyāyapi heṭṭhimakoṭiyā karaṇabhāvo sambhavatīti dassetuṃ ‘‘purimepi vā’’tiādimāha. ‘‘Ekūnapaññāsappabhede’’ti idaṃ lokiyacittuppāde pāḷiāgatānaṃ saṅkhārakkhandhadhammānaṃ uparimakoṭiṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Yevāpanakadhammehi saddhiṃ uparimakoṭiyā gayhamānāya ‘‘tepaññāsā’’ti vattabbaṃ siyā, lokuttaracittuppādavasena pana ‘‘sattapaññāsā’’ti.
杂说之解释
Pakiṇṇakakathāvaṇṇanā
为显示“合生”一词的真实义与同义异名,而说“于生起中、于最初生起中”。若依分别而言,则是在和合中向上生起。在此,为审察“与何者和合、从何处而来、如何向上生起”,而说“与各各缘和合”等。所谓“即于此处”,唯指五蕴有之处。因为在此,五蕴才圆满地合生。所谓“如所证得者”,即如所证得的种类,是结生者之义。而且应知,此处以化生的合生,亦已包含了湿生的合生,因为在结生之时,属于五蕴的诸法,凡当生起者即生起。其中,湿生者生起后会增长,其他则不增长,这是它们之间的差别。据说,确实存在于喜马拉雅山的某些极细种类之羊毛,就其毛而说“有种类之羊毛”,因其毛极为微细。然而有些人说:“由山羊、普通羊等不混杂的他们的特殊羊所生之羊毛,名种类羊毛,彼亦是于结生刹那所生者。”另有人说:“是破胎而取者。”其形状如此:如同种类羊毛的线流下后,在顶端安住的油滴状。所谓色泽的显现,即被色所覆、被形状所覆。
Samuggama-padassa tatvato pariyāyato ca atthaṃ dasseti ‘‘sañjātiyaṃ ādiuppattiya’’nti. Bhedato pana samāyoge uggamananti. Tattha kena samāyoge, kuto, kathañca uggamananti vicāraṇāyaṃ āha ‘‘taṃtaṃpaccayasamāyoge’’tiādi. Tatthevāti pañcavokārabhave eva. Tattha hi pañcakkhandhā paripuṇṇā samuggacchanti. Yathādhigatānaṃ adhigatappakārānaṃ, paṭisandhikānanti attho. Opapātikasamuggameneva cettha saṃsedajasamuggamopi gahitoti daṭṭhabbo pañcakkhandhapariyāpannānaṃ tadā uppajjanārahānaṃ uppajjanato. Tattha saṃsedajā uppajjitvā vaḍḍhanti, itare na vaḍḍhantīti idametesaṃ nānākaraṇaṃ. Sukhumajātiyalomā eva kira keci eḷakā himavante vijjanti, tesaṃ lomaṃ sandhāya ‘‘jātimantaeḷakaloma’’nti vuttaṃ atisukhumattā tesaṃ lomānaṃ. Keci pana ‘‘ajapākatikeḷakādīhi saṅkararahitānaṃ tesaṃ eḷakavisesānaṃ nibbatteḷakassa lomaṃ jātiuṇṇā, tampi taṅkhaṇanibbattassā’’ti vadanti. Gabbhaṃ phāletvā gahitassāti apare. Evaṃsaṇṭhānanti jātiuṇṇaṃsuno paggharitvā agge ṭhitatelabindusaṇṭhānaṃ. Vaṇṇappaṭibhāgoti rūpapaṭicchanno saṇṭhānapaṭicchanno ca.
“相续之根本”,即于彼有中,作为色相续的根本。因其为多种根的聚合体,即如理由眼等种种根和合之故。“主要支”,即最上的支分,指头。
Santatimūlānīti tasmiṃ bhave rūpasantatiyā mūlabhūtāni. Anekindriyasamāhārabhāvatoti yathārahaṃ cakkhādianekindriyasaṅghātabhāvato. Padhānaṅganti uttamaṅgaṃ siro.
这并非说每一蕴都是圆满的,因为仅说到各蕴的一部分——这是本意所在。“欲界者”,指欲界有情。“根处有缺者”,是依眼等根处的缺失而说。其中,在恶趣中,盲者依眼十法聚而有相续首的缺失,聋者依耳十法聚,盲聋者兼具两者。而黄门,则是从本性缺失的角度已然说过。同样,盲人、聋者、鼻根坏失者,依眼、耳、鼻而有缺失。然而,这与《法心分别》的巴利圣典相违,后文会加以阐明。至于色界有情,依眼、耳、所依处、命根而有四种相续首,故于其余诸根,应知有相续首的缺失。
Na tassa tassa khandhassa paripuṇṇataṃ, taṃtaṃkhandhekadesasseva vuttattāti adhippāyo. Kāmāvacarānanti kāmāvacarasattānaṃ. Parihīnāyatanassāti parihīnassa cakkhādiāyatanassa vasena. Tattha duggatiyaṃ andhassa cakkhudasakavasena, badhirassa sotadasakavasena, andhabadhirassa ubhayavasena santatisīsahāni veditabbā. Napuṃsakassa pana bhāvahāni vuttā eva. Tathā andhabadhirāghānakassa cakkhusotaghānavasena. Taṃ pana dhammahadayavibhaṅgapāḷiyā virujjhati. Taṃ parato āvi bhavissati. Rūpāvacarānaṃ pana cakkhusotavatthujīvitavasena cattāri santatisīsānīti itaresaṃ vasena santatisīsahāni veditabbā.
“他们”,即五蕴。“依所依处之状态”,即依审察之安住处之状态。于结生时生起、转起之五蕴,即显示结生刹那与转起刹那之五蕴。“处格之说示”,即“于五蕴中”此是处格之说示。“否则”,即若不欲作简别。因于此,境等义不可能,故说“以性之性相义”。两者,即色与非色。色非色相续,即令色生起之色相续与非色相续。为显示“所依处于生刹那为弱”此语,并非唯就结生刹那,亦非唯就所依色而说,故说“是就一切色于生刹那之弱性而说”。“因为那时”等,是所说义之理由说明。其中,“彼”指色。为显示“因业所投”此语,并非唯就业生而言,而是就业生之最初生起时未安住而言,故说“虽有”等。此后,即从结生之后。于同类相续中,如所安住,于异类相续中则不如是,故说“于同类相续”。
Tesanti pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ. Vatthubhāvenāti vicāraṇāya adhiṭṭhānabhāvena. Paṭisandhiyaṃ uppannā pavattā pañcakkhandhāti paṭisandhikkhaṇe pavattikkhaṇe ca pañcakkhandhe dasseti. Bhummaniddesoti ‘‘pañcasu khandhesū’’ti ayaṃ bhummaniddeso. Aññathāti niddhāraṇe anadhippete. ‘‘Bhāvenabhāvalakkhaṇatthe’’ti idaṃ visayādiatthānaṃ idhāsambhavato vuttaṃ. Ubhayanti rūpārūpaṃ. Rūpārūpasantatinti rūpasamuṭṭhāpakaṃ rūpasantatiṃ arūpasantatiñca. ‘‘Vatthu uppādakkhaṇe dubbalaṃ hotī’’ti idaṃ na paṭisandhikkhaṇaṃ eva, nāpi vatthurūpaṃ eva sandhāya vuttanti dassento āha ‘‘sabbarūpānaṃ uppādakkhaṇe dubbalataṃ sandhāya vutta’’nti. ‘‘Tadā hī’’tiādi yathāvuttassa atthassa kāraṇavacanaṃ. Tattha tanti rūpaṃ. ‘‘Kammakkhittattā’’ti idaṃ na kammajatāmattaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, atha kho kammajassa paṭhamuppattiyaṃ apatiṭṭhitataṃ sandhāyāti dassento ‘‘satipī’’tiādimāha. Tato paranti tato paṭisandhito paraṃ. Sadisasantāne yathā patiṭṭhitaṃ, na tathā visadisasantāneti āha ‘‘samānasantatiya’’nti.
“支分状态”即因之状态,因此说“助伴状态”。“他们法”,指与他们一同生起者——在结生时的心与心所法。“那时”,指在住刹那与灭刹那中,确实没有色的生起。由于获得无间等缘,心在生刹那强而有力,非于其他时刻。因此说:“当有色生起时,即是在生刹那。”
Aṅgabhāvanti kāraṇabhāvaṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘sahāyabhāva’’nti. Tesaṃ dhammānanti yehi saddhiṃ uppannaṃ, tesaṃ paṭisandhiyaṃ cittacetasikadhammānaṃ. Tadāti ṭhitikkhaṇe bhaṅgakkhaṇe ca rūpuppādanameva natthi. Anantarādipaccayalābhena uppādakkhaṇe eva cittassa balavabhāvo, na itaratra. Tenāha ‘‘yadā ca rūpuppādanaṃ, tadā uppādakkhaṇe’’ti.
“以诸行相”,即依食、根、缘等行相。“如理成为缘”,即触等依食等之理,如其相应而成为缘。这确实在《发趣论》中说:“在结生刹那,异熟无记的食,对相应诸蕴及业所生的诸色,以食缘而为缘”等。
Yehākārehīti āhārindriyapaccayādiākārehi. Yathāsambhavaṃ paccayā hontīti phassādayo āhārādivasena yathārahaṃ paccayā honti. Vuttañhetaṃ paṭṭhāne ‘‘paṭisandhikkhaṇe vipākābyākatā āhārā sampayuttakānaṃ khandhānaṃ, kaṭattā ca rūpānaṃ āhārapaccayena paccayo’’tiādi (paṭṭhā. 1.1.429).
“与死心一同生起者”,即与死心同时生起,或以死心为因而生起。由此,正如在死心之前更早生起的色法不会在下一生中生起一样,与死心一同生起的色法也是如此,即使轮回之根尚未断尽,也表明死心所生的色并非使轮回根灭的因。
Cuticittena saddhiṃ uppajjamānaṃ, cuticittena vā kāraṇabhūtena uppajjamānaṃ. Tato purimatarehi uppajjamānaṃ viyāti yathā cuticittato āsannehi purimatarehi uppajjamānaṃ rūpaṃ bhavantare na uppajjati, evaṃ cuticittena uppajjamānampi anupacchinnepi vaṭṭamūleti akāraṇaṃ vaṭṭamūlāvūpasamo cuticittassa rūpuppādaneti dasseti.
无色者,即无色法。
Arūpassāti āruppassa.
“由时节生起者”,指由结生心住时生起的时节所生。“色法生起时”:指在结生心灭时、色法生起之后,结生后的第一个有分心即生起色法。“生灭刹那”:指如前所述的十六种心中,第一心的生时与第十六心的灭时;然而应知,这只是就色法本身的生灭刹那而言。
Utunāti paṭisandhicittassa ṭhitikkhaṇe uppannena utunā. Samuṭṭhite rūpeti paṭisandhicittassa bhaṅgakkhaṇe rūpe samuṭṭhite paṭisandhianantaraṃ paṭhamabhavaṅgacittaṃ rūpaṃ samuṭṭhāpeti. Uppādanirodhakkhaṇāti yathāvuttesu soḷasasu cittesu ādicittassa uppādakkhaṇo, soḷasamacittassa nirodhakkhaṇo cāti vadanti, rūpasseva pana uppādanirodhakkhaṇā veditabbā.
“在住时”:若只取该时节存在的刹那(住时),则说“色法的寿命为十六心刹那”,因为其住时仅由十六心所限定。“不取生时”:在时节的住时中,不取生时,而取灭时,则说“色法的寿命为十七心刹那”,这是因为生时也与一个心刹那一同被计算在内。若取灭时在外,则说“色法的寿命超过十六心刹那”。
Dharamānakkhaṇe evāti tassa utuno vijjamānakkhaṇe eva yadi gahitā, ‘‘soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukaṃ rūpa’’nti vuttaṃ hoti soḷasaheva cittehi tassa dharamānatāya paricchinnattā. Uppādakkhaṇaṃ aggahetvāti utuno dharamānakkhaṇe uppādakkhaṇaṃ aggahetvā nirodhakkhaṇo atha gahito, ‘‘sattarasacittakkhaṇāyukaṃrūpa’’nti vuttaṃ hoti uppādakkhaṇasahitena ca ekassa cittakkhaṇassa gahitattā. ‘‘Adhikasoḷasacittakkhaṇāyuka’’nti vuttaṃ hoti nirodhakkhaṇassa bahikatattā.
如此,于生灭刹那被取或不取的情况下,说明了色法有十六、十七心刹那的寿命,乃至更长的寿命。为显明此中关于住时的主张,乃说“然而因为”等。此中,于该时节的住时生起的十六心中,由于结生心亦被取,故该时节的生时在住时被取,灭时则未被取。因此,注释书中将说:“于色法住时,十六心生起后灭去,而该色法与第十七心一同灭去”(《分别论注》26杂论),意指超过十六心刹那之寿命。若取灭时,则意指十六心刹那之寿命,此是关联。此处“超过十六心刹那之寿命”,是就结生心生时被取而言的。然而,因《缘起分别论释》中将说:“两个有分心、转向、见、领受、推度、确定、五个速行心、两个彼所缘心、一个死心——如此,十五心刹那过去后,尚余一心刹那之寿命”(《分别论注》227),以及“彼所缘结束后有一死心,于其终了时,于同一所缘仅住一心刹那,结生心生起”(《分别论注》227)。由此,色法具十六心刹那之寿命,此义亦得成立。故他言“意指十六心刹那之寿命”。即便如此,它是在生起之后成为有分波动的缘,而非正在生起之时,故应知为十。
Evaṃ uppādanirodhakkhaṇesu gahitesu aggahitesu ca soḷasasattarasacittakkhaṇāyukatā, tato adhikacittakkhaṇāyukatā ca siyāti dassetvā idāni tattha ṭhitapakkhaṃ dassento ‘‘yasmā panā’’tiādimāha. Tattha tassa dharamānakkhaṇe uppannesūti tassa utuno dharamānakkhaṇe uppannesu soḷasasu cittesu paṭisandhipi yasmā gahitā, tasmā utuno uppādakkhaṇo dharamānakkhaṇe gahitotinirodhakkhaṇe aggahite ‘‘rūpe dharanteyeva soḷasa cittāni uppajjitvā nirujjhanti, taṃ pana sattarasamena cittena saddhiṃ nirujjhatī’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 26 pakiṇṇakakathā) evaṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vakkhamānā adhikasoḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā adhippetā. Gahite vā nirodhakkhaṇe soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā adhippetāti sambandho. Ettha ca ‘‘adhikasoḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā’’ti idaṃ paṭisandhicittassa uppādakkhaṇo gahitoti katvā vuttaṃ. Yasmā pana paṭiccasamuppādavibhaṅgavaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘‘dve bhavaṅgāni, āvajjanaṃ, dassanaṃ, sampaṭicchanaṃ, santīraṇaṃ, voṭṭhabbanaṃ, pañca javanāni, dve tadārammaṇāni, ekaṃ cuticittanti pañcadasa cittakkhaṇā atītā honti, athāvasesaekacittakkhaṇāyuke’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 227), tathā tadārammaṇapariyosānāni, ‘‘ekaṃ cuticittaṃ, tadavasāne tasmiññeva ekacittakkhaṇaṭṭhitike ārammaṇe paṭisandhicittaṃ uppajjatī’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 227) ca vakkhati. Tasmā rūpassa soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatāyapi atthasiddhi hotiyeva. Tenāha ‘‘soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā adhippetā’’ti. Tathāpi uppajjitvā bhavaṅgacalanassa paccayo hoti, na uppajjamānamevāti sattarasacittakkhaṇāyukatā veditabbā.
食素自性微细,以其为所造色故。此中,母亲所吞咽的食素,如同外用的涂油一般,成为该胎儿相续中食生色生起的缘。如同食等起色系列中的食素,其他相续中的食素也令色法生起。而腹内的食素并不生起色法,因它是时节等起的缘故,唯于执受处方得生起,应知它通过输送养分的管道运行,并随行周遍全身。
Ojāya sabhāvasukhumatā upādārūpabhāvato. Ettha ca mātarā ajjhohaṭā ojā bāhirabbhañjanaṃ viya gabbhamallinā tasmiṃ santāne ojaṭṭhamakarūpuppattiyā paccayo hoti. Āhārasamuṭṭhānarūpapaveṇiyā ojāya viya sesatisantatiojāya rūpuppādananti udariye ojā rūpaṃ na samuṭṭhāpeti utusamuṭṭhānabhāvato, upādinnakaṭṭhāne eva pana samuṭṭhāpeti, rasaharaṇīhi gantvā kāyānusaṭanti veditabbaṃ.
“即是心”,此处以“即”字,乃为拣除相对立的业,而非指与心相应的法,故言“由于心为前导而说”。若谓“取心生起,如‘心已生起’等(《法集论》1)中那样,并非如业思那样是单一的法”,便会引发诘难:“如同心等起色的因等,心相应法亦是等起者;同样,业等起色的业相应法也应如是。”为了回应此诘难,故说“业等起”等。
Cittañcevāti ettha ca-saddena paṭiyogīnaṃ kammameva samuccinoti, na cittena sampayuttadhammeti katvā āha ‘‘cittassa pubbaṅgamatāya vutta’’nti. ‘‘Cittuppādaṃ gaṇhāti ‘cittaṃ uppannaṃ hotī’tiādīsu (dha. sa. 1) viya, na kammacetanaṃ viya ekadhammamevā’’ti vutte ‘‘yathā cittasamuṭṭhānarūpassa hetuādayo cittasampayuttadhammāpi samuṭṭhāpakāva, evaṃ kammasamuṭṭhānarūpassa kammasampayuttāpī’’ti codanaṃ samuṭṭhāpetvā tassa parihāraṃ vattuṃ ‘‘kammasamuṭṭhānañcā’’tiādimāha.
“色”是指色刹那,或色的时段。应知这只是一种说明方式,因为其中并不意指在结生刹那,色法与非色法于同一刹那显现。因此他说:“此后,色与非色也有俱生的情况。”而且,正如不应执取“仅在结生刹那”这一限定,也不应执取“仅在同一刹那显现”这一限定。为显明此义,他说“然而这不是”等。那只是为了说明不同时,并非为了说明俱生。因为这是关于时段分别的论述。
Rūpassāti rūpakkhaṇassa, rūpassa vā addhuno. Nayadassanamattaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ paṭisandhikkhaṇe eva rūpārūpadhammānaṃ ekakkhaṇe pātubhāvoti imassa atthassa anadhippetattā. Tenevāha ‘‘tato parampi rūpārūpānaṃ sahuppattisabbhāvato’’ti. Yathā ca ‘‘paṭisandhikkhaṇe evā’’ti niyamo na gahetabbo, evaṃ ‘‘ekakkhaṇe eva pātubhāvo’’tipi niyamo na gahetabboti dassento ‘‘na paneta’’ntiādimāha. Taṃdīpanatthamevāti asamānakālatādīpanatthameva, na sahuppādadīpanatthaṃ. Addhānaparicchedakathā hi ayanti.
若是如此,则犹如已得果者,色法与非色法会有迟缓或迅速的转起。所谓“不同时”,即时间不相等。“无孔隙”,即无间断。由此阐明无间断的转起。这是关于时间限定的论述。心等所生色等的转起,并不像业生色那样无间断,故说“关于业生色的转起”。或者,因为业生色是其余诸色的根本,故为主要,因此说“关于业生色的转起”。应知灭尽定由于无心生、无恼害,故而类似涅槃。“以脚踩踏于步”:因身材矮小,将脚放于自己已踏之步的近处。此处意指步伐迅速而身材矮小者,故说“意为迅速地踩踏”。“一同灭尽”:这是就此处意指业生色而说的。然而,时节生色在死心之后仍有转起。前文已说:“色法有十七个心识刹那,非色法为此的七分之一”(《分别论注》杂论解说),这样便说明了时间的类别。
Yadi evanti yathā phalapattāni, evaṃ rūpārūpadhammā yadi dandhalahuparivattino. Asamānaddhattāti atulyakālattā. Nicchiddesūti nibbivaresu. Tena nirantarappavattiṃ eva vibhāveti. Ayanti addhānaparicchedakathā. Cittajarūpādīnaṃ na tathā nirantarabhāvena pavatti, yathā kammajarūpānanti āha ‘‘kammajarūpappavattiṃ sandhāyā’’ti. Kammajarūpānaṃ vā itaresaṃ mūlabhāvato padhānanti ‘‘kammajarūpappavattiṃ sandhāyā’’ti vuttaṃ. Acittuppādakattā abyābajjhatāya nirodhasamāpattiyā nibbānapaṭibhāgatā veditabbā. Pade padaṃ akkamitvāti lakuṇḍakapādatāya attano akkantapadasamīpe padaṃ nikkhipitvā. Yo hi sīghapadavikkamo lakuṇḍakapādo, so idhādhippetoti āha ‘‘lahuṃ lahuṃ akkamitvāti attho’’ti. Saheva nirujjhantīti rūpaṃ kammajamidhādhippetanti katvā vuttaṃ. Utujaṃ pana cutito uddhampi pavattati eva. Pubbe vuttanti ‘‘rūpassa sattarasacittakkhaṇā, arūpassa tato ekabhāgo’’ti (vibha. mūlaṭī. 20 pakiṇṇakakathāvaṇṇanā) evaṃ vuttaṃ addhānappakāraṃ.
“一生起”:即同时生起。此处的“一”字,意为相同。“一可观之相”:即通过遍知所应见的同一相。如此则有十六相;否则,便会成为二十相或更多。“彼”:指最后的业生色。“下方十六”:指最终十六心的前一个已灭的十六心。“最后者”:指其中的最后之心。对于将最后业生色的“同生”与“异灭”同样安立,由于不认同其理由,便以“然而若”表示疑虑而说。以“一切亦”等语,显示了其中的过度推论。应舍弃“凡夫同灭”,应取“同生异灭”。在彼时,二者皆无,因不再生起,所以说“因业生色不再生起”。“此前”:指在最后业生色生起之前。“其他”:指不同于其心生起时生起色的其他心。在住时生起者没有同生,在灭时生起者没有异灭,故说“除去住时与灭时生起的色”。“以此”:即以此色。“如锁链般的连结”:以此显示这里所说的“相续”意指无间断的连结。“否则”:若将即使有间断者也称为“相续”。色法并不像非色法那样具有无间缘,因此不取色法灭时生起的色法,而说“四十八”。若取了他们,则应为四十九,故说“应说为四十九业生色”。
Ekuppādatoti samānuppādato. Samānattho hi ayaṃ eka-saddo. Eko daṭṭhabbākāroti eko ñātapariññāya passitabbākāro. Evañhi soḷasākārā siyuṃ, itarathā vīsati, tato adhikā vā ete ākārā bhaveyyuṃ. Tassāti pacchimakammajassa. Heṭṭhā soḷasaketi pariyosānasoḷasakassa anantarātītasoḷasake. Pacchimassāti tattha pacchimacittassa. Nānānirodhabhāvaṃ viya ekuppādabhāvampi pacchimakammajassa ṭhapane kāraṇaṃ anicchanto ‘‘yadi panā’’ti sāsaṅkaṃ vadati. ‘‘Sabbampī’’tiādinā tattha atippasaṅgaṃ dasseti. Vajjetabbaṃ nānuppādaṃ ekanirodhaṃ. Gahetabbaṃ ekuppādanānānirodhaṃ. Ubhayampi tadā natthi anuppajjanato. Tenevāha ‘‘kammajarūpassa anuppattito’’ti. Tato pubbeti pacchimakammajarūpuppajjanato oraṃ. Aññassāti yassa cittassa uppādakkhaṇe uppannaṃ, tato aññassa cittassa. Ṭhitikkhaṇe uppannassa ekuppādatā, bhaṅgakkhaṇe uppannassa nānānirodhatā ca natthīti āha ‘‘ṭhitibhaṅgakkhaṇesuuppannarūpāni vajjetvā’’ti. Tenāti rūpena. ‘‘Saṅkhalikassa viya sambandho’’ti etena avicchinnasambandho idha ‘‘paveṇī’’ti adhippetoti dasseti. Aññathāti vicchijjamānampi gahetvā ‘‘paveṇī’’ti vuccamāne. Na hi rūpadhammānaṃ arūpadhammānaṃ viya anantarapaccayabhāvo atthīti rūpadhammānaṃ bhaṅgakkhaṇe uppannarūpadhamme aggahetvā ‘‘aṭṭhacattālīsā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tesaṃ pana gahaṇe ekūnapaññāsāva siyāti āha ‘‘ekūnapaññāsakammajiyavacanaṃ kattabbaṃ siyā’’ti.
‘善明’意为容易明了,或由显示理趣而善为阐明。因此说‘以此方法’等。其中,‘色’指色法。‘以此’即由此色。‘两处’指最后业生色转起之际与在此之前。‘其他’指于一心的住时生起之后,于其他心。‘彼’指该色。此处,所谓最后业生色转起时的灭尽,应知是指此前转起的色。‘以四相续色’等是显示如前所述的合集。‘在此’指在此‘凡夫同灭’等说明之中。‘住时’:因显示了非色法与色法在住时生起的色及非色。‘未显示者’:如此处未分别显示者,于彼处亦然。为何在此以最后业生色说明时,取三十种业生色?故说‘三十……已结合’。从业而生者即是业生,在他们之中。‘令造作’故称为行,命也是行,故为命行,即寿命。由命所造作者为命行,即体温等。
Sudīpanattāti sukhadīpanattā, nayadassanabhāvena vā suṭṭhu dīpanattā. Tenevāha ‘‘etena hi nayenā’’tiādi. Tattha tanti rūpaṃ. Tenāti rūpena. Ubhayatthāti pacchimakammajarūpappavattiyaṃ, tato pubbe ca. Aññassāti ekassa cittassa ṭhitikkhaṇe uppajjitvā tato aññassa cittassa. Tassāti rūpassa. Ettha ca pacchimakammajarūpappavattiyaṃ nirujjhanakanti vuttaṃ tato puretarappavattaṃ rūpaṃ veditabbaṃ. Catusantatikarūpenātiādi yathāvuttasaṅgahagamanadassanaṃ. Etthāti etasmiṃ nānuppādekanirodhatādīpane. Ṭhitikkhaṇeti arūpassa rūpassa ca ṭhitikkhaṇe uppannassa rūpassa ca arūpassa ca dassitattā. Adassitassāti yathā eva ettha, evaṃ tattha vibhajitvā adassitassa. Kasmā panettha pacchimakammajena dīpanāyaṃ samatiṃsakammajarūpaggahaṇaṃ katanti āha ‘‘samatiṃsa…pe… yojita’’nti. Tato kammato jātā taṃkammajā, tesu. Saṅkharotīti saṅkhāro, jīvitañca taṃ saṅkhāro cāti jīvitasaṅkhāro, āyu. Jīvitena saṅkharīyantīti jīvitasaṅkhārā, usmādayo.
‘于其他心之生时’:即于某心的生时生起之色,在从此起算的第十七心生时;于住时生起之色,在另一心的住时——应如此联系。‘意为“已说”’:此义虽与巴利原文相违,然为表明注释书中已有此说而述,这便是此处之意。为何如此?巴利原文是就心生色而展开,而注释书却说是业生色,该注释书又因何道理而出现相违?故说‘因四……应存在’,其意指已经完成。因此注释书中说:‘且此心生色的……乃至业等所生色的刹那决定亦如此’(《分别论注》杂论)。‘以这些’:即如所引的《双论》文句、‘身行是心生’等注释书的指示。其意是说:绝无‘同生同灭’之说。因此说:‘与某心一同生起,从此算起与第十七心一同灭尽’等。
Aññassauppādakkhaṇeti yassa cittassa uppādakkhaṇe uppannaṃ rūpaṃ aññassa tato sattarasamassa uppādakkhaṇe, ṭhitikkhaṇe uppannaṃ aññassa ṭhitikkhaṇeti sambandho. ‘‘Vuttanti adhippāyo’’ti idaṃ pāḷiyā virujjhantampi aṭṭhakathāyaṃ āgatabhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttanti ayamettha adhippāyoti attho. Kasmāti cittasamuṭṭhānarūpaṃ sandhāya pāḷi pavattā, aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana kammajarūpanti sā tāya kena kāraṇena virujjhatīti āha ‘‘catu…pe… bhavitabbattā’’ti, nipphannassāti adhippāyo. Tenāha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘yo cāyaṃ cittasamuṭṭhānassa…pe… kammādisamuṭṭhānassāpi ayameva khaṇaniyamo’’ti (vibha. aṭṭha. 26 pakiṇṇakakathā). Etehīti yathānīto yamakapāṭho, ‘‘kāyasaṅkhāro cittasamuṭṭhāno’’tiādiko aṭṭhakathāpadesoti etehi . Natthiyeva ekuppādaekanirodhadīpanatoti adhippāyo. Tena hi vuttaṃ ‘‘yena cittena saddhiṃ uppajjati, tato paṭṭhāya sattarasamena saddhiṃ nirujjhatī’’tiādi.
再者,‘这些’一词,应知是总取了以‘同生同灭、同不生同灭’的说明方式而展开的注疏传统之说;或者,在两种情况下,其意为‘由这些阿阇梨’。第三部分:由此,‘寿量超过十六心刹那的第三部分……寿量’得以论述——这是关联。所谓‘第三部分’,是就生刹那与住刹那而言,指坏灭刹那。亦即:于其中,十一个心刹那已过去,剩余五心刹那的寿量;于其中,十五个心刹那已过去,剩余一心刹那的寿量,应如此与所缘连结。而且,应知这两者依次为出现于意门与五门。然而,为了表明并非如此即可了知——针对已过去一心刹那的所缘,在《分别论注·缘起分别》中作如是说,而说‘实不能’等。‘十五’是指超过十五个心刹那已经过去,应如此联系。以‘因此’等语,显示了在何处不能言说‘未执取刹那之一分’这一点。如是,首先表明:色并非具有十七心刹那的寿量,也非有超过第三部分的十六心刹那的寿量,而是唯有十六心刹那的寿量。
Puna ‘‘etehī’’ti iminā ekuppādanānānirodhanānuppādaekanirodhadīpanavasena pavattā aṭṭhakathāpadesā gahitāti veditabbaṃ, ubhayatthāpi vā etehi ācariyehīti attho. Tatiyo bhāgo, tena adhikā soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā tatiya…pe… yukatā vuttāti sambandho. Tatiya bhāgoti ca uppādaṭṭhitikkhaṇe upādāya bhaṅgakkhaṇo adhippeto. Yasmiṃ ekādasa cittakkhaṇā atītā, avasesapañcacittakkhaṇāyuke, yasmiṃ pañcadasa cittakkhaṇā atītā, avasesaekacittakkhaṇāyuke tasmiṃyeva ārammaṇeti yojetabbaṃ. Ubhayañcetaṃ yathākkamaṃ manodvāre pañcadvāre ca āpāthagataṃ veditabbaṃ. Na kho panevaṃ sakkā viññātuṃ ekacittakkhaṇātītaṃ ārammaṇaṃ sandhāya paṭiccasamuppādavibhaṅgaṭṭhakathāyaṃ (vibha. aṭṭha. 227) tathā vuttanti dassento ‘‘na hi sakkā’’tiādimāha. Pañcadasāti atirekapañcadasa cittakkhaṇā atītāti sambandho. ‘‘Tasmā’’tiādinā yattha khaṇekadesaṃ aggahitanti na sakkā vattuṃ, tameva dasseti. Evaṃ tāva na rūpaṃ sattarasacittakkhaṇāyukaṃ, nāpi tatiyabhāgādhikasoḷasacittakkhaṇāyukaṃ, atha kho soḷasacittakkhaṇāyukamevāti dassitaṃ hoti.
然而,此处色法虽同样具无常、有为等性,何以独为寿量较长者?因其转变迟缓。无色法有所缘,以心为先导,尽其力为显了各自所缘而转起,故在成办其义后即刻即灭,转变轻快。因此世尊说:“诸比丘,我不见有其他任何一法如此轻快地转变,诸比丘,此即是心。”(《增支部》1.48)色法则无所缘,须藉由无色法依所缘的方式而显了。而它这种随顺世间言说的可显了性,由于其自身转变迟缓、他们无色法转变轻快,乃由十六或十七个心刹那方得成就,故此处唯色成为寿量较长者。再者,三蕴唯依轻快识的相续境量而转起,识亦唯以得所缘为自性,故转变轻快;色则以粗重之大种为缘,故转变迟缓。于种种界中,唯有如来具如实智,由此唯色被说为前生缘,后生缘亦唯属于它。因此,不应以无常、有为等性的共通,便将色与无色执为寿量相等。应依上述道理,于此得出结论:唯色寿量较长。
Kasmā panettha rūpameva samānepi aniccasaṅkhatādibhāve cirāyukaṃ jātanti? Dandhaparivattibhāvato. Arūpadhammā hi sārammaṇā cittapubbaṅgamā, te yathābalaṃ attano ārammaṇavibhāvanavasena pavattantīti tadatthanipphattisamanantarameva nirujjhanato lahuparivattino. Tenāha bhagavā, ‘‘nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi evaṃ lahuparivattaṃ, yadidaṃ, bhikkhave, citta’’nti (a. ni. 1.48). Rūpadhammā pana anārammaṇā, te ārammaṇavasena arūpadhammehi vibhāvetabbā. Sā ca nesaṃ vohārānuguṇā vibhāvetabbatā attano dandhaparivattitāya, tesañca lahuparivattitāya soḷasahi sattarasahi vā cittakkhaṇehi nippajjatīti rūpamevettha cirāyukaṃ jātaṃ. Kiñca – lahuviññāṇavisayasantatimattādhīnavuttitāya tiṇṇaṃ khandhānaṃ, ārammaṇūpaladdhimattabhāvato viññāṇassa ca lahuparivattitā, dandhamahābhūtappaccayatāya pana rūpassa dandhaparivattitā. Nānādhātūsu tathāgatasseva yathābhūtañāṇaṃ, tena ca rūpameva purejātapaccayo vutto, pacchājātapaccayo ca tassevāti na ettha aniccasaṅkhatādibhāvasāmaññena rūpārūpaṃ samānāyukaṃ parikappetabbaṃ. Vuttanayena rūpameva cirāyukanti niṭṭhamettha gantabbaṃ.
并且,在显示了色既非有十七心刹那的寿量,亦非有逾十六心刹那又三分之一分的寿量之后,对注释书中所说“于心住刹那有色生起”,先不承认心有住刹那,而说“于此,若有人……应加审察”,并引《双论》中“已生·正生品”等圣典,及说“在《心双论》中”等。其中,“圆满解答”指不遗漏任何一句双论之句的解答。“于生刹那,未来心亦”的意思是:于生刹那,心与未来心并非已灭,而是正在灭。这揭示了心无住刹那,即在“已生·正生品”等中未说“于住刹那”,揭示、阐明了“心无名为住刹那之物”的意义。其意趣是:于如法教说、阿毗达摩中可得见者,若未予宣说,则不见其理由。为显示并非仅在阿毗达摩中未宣说即能表明心无住刹那,于经藏圣典中亦如此,故说“于诸经中亦”等。其中,“变异性”指前后的差别。说“具有二刹那的为住”,是就现在法说其住的状态。而变异性唯应于相续中理解。
Yathā ca rūpassa sattarasacittakkhaṇāyukatā, tatiyabhāgādhikasoḷasacittakkhaṇāyukatā vā na hoti, taṃ dassetvā yvāyaṃ aṭṭhakathāyaṃ cittassa ṭhitikkhaṇe rūpuppādo vutto, tattha ṭhitikkhaṇameva tāva cittassa ananujānanto ‘‘yo cettha…pe… vicāretabbo’’ti vatvā yamake uppannauppajjamānavārādipāḷiṃ āharanto ‘‘cittayamake’’tiādimāha. Tattha paripuṇṇavissajjaneti ubhayampi yamakapadaṃ ahāpetvā katavissajjane. Uppādakkhaṇe anāgatañcāti uppādakkhaṇe ca cittaṃ, anāgatañca cittaṃ na niruddhaṃ, nirujjhamānanti attho. Ṭhitikkhaṇābhāvaṃ cittassa dīpetīti uppannauppajjamānavārādīsu ‘‘ṭhitikkhaṇe’’ti avacanaṃ cittassa ṭhitikkhaṇaṃ nāma natthīti imamatthaṃ dīpeti bodheti. Na hi yathādhammasāsane abhidhamme labbhamānassa avacane kāraṇaṃ dissatīti adhippāyo. Na kevalamabhidhamme avacanameva cittassa ṭhitikkhaṇābhāvajotakaṃ, apica kho suttantapāḷipīti dassento ‘‘suttesupī’’tiādimāha. Tattha aññathattaṃ nāma pubbāparaviseso. Khaṇadvayasamaṅgiṃ ṭhitanti paccuppannassa ṭhitabhāvamāha. Aññathattaṃ pana santāneyeva veditabbaṃ.
于此,有些人说:“法如是以如是性生起,是依如是性而坏灭,还是依变异性而坏灭?若依如是性而坏灭,则不应有老性。若依变异性而坏灭,则全然成为另一法。因此,无论如何,住刹那均不存在。”对此,虽同以一法为所依,但生灭的生刹那是一回事,灭刹那是另一回事。因为依生起之状态而有生刹那,依灭尽之状态而有灭刹那。灭尽之状态与生起之状态相异,正如在同一自性法中应被期望的那样,否则便会引生一法生起另一法灭去的过失。如是,既有灭尽之状态,也应有趋向灭尽之状态,此即住与老性,理应如此承认。若如此,为何圣典未说住刹那?应知圣典是随顺所化者的意乐,以显示理趣的方式而流传。因为阿毗达摩的教说有时亦随顺所化者的意乐而转起。例如,色的生起被分解为“积集、相续”而宣说。在此,应以因缘相应双等教说为例。
Ettha ca keci ‘‘yathābhūto dhammo uppajjati, kiṃ tathābhūtova bhijjati, udāhu aññathābhūto? Yadi tathābhūtova bhijjati, na jaratāya sambhavo. Atha aññathābhūto, añño eva soti sabbathāpi ṭhitikkhaṇassa abhāvoyevā’’ti vadanti. Tattha ekadhammādhārabhāvepi uppādanirodhānaṃ aññova uppādakkhaṇo, añño nirodhakkhaṇo. Uppādāvatthañhi upādāya uppādakkhaṇo, nirodhāvatthaṃ upādāya nirodhakkhaṇo. Uppādāvatthāya ca bhinnā nirodhāvatthāti ekasmiṃyeva sabhāvadhamme yathā icchitabbā, aññathā aññova dhammo uppajjati, añño dhammo nirujjhatīti āpajjeyya, evaṃ nirodhāvatthāya viya nirodhābhimukhāvatthāyapi bhavitabbaṃ. Sā ṭhiti, jaratā cāti sampaṭicchitabbametaṃ. Yadi evaṃ kasmā pāḷiyaṃ ṭhitikkhaṇo na vuttoti? Vineyyajjhāsayānurodhena nayadassanavasena pāḷi gatāti veditabbā. Abhidhammadesanāpi hi kadāci vineyyajjhāsayānurodhena pavattati. Tathā hi rūpassa uppādo ‘‘upacayo, santatī’’ti bhinditvā desito. Hetusampayuttadukādidesanā cettha nidassitabbā.
“Yassavā panā”等是问句,对此回答“不”。说“集谛灭去”时,是指心识生起的灭尽刹那。此处意趣如下:若在心的坏灭刹那有色法生起,则可将其视为苦谛,因此不能说“不”,而经中已说“不”。由此可知:“在心的灭尽刹那,没有色法生起。”这是无因的。因为针对无色界,或针对心所生色,可以说“不”。这就是《双论》教法的常例,即随应而作关联。由此应知,“并非只是心所生色”等说法已被否定。又或者,依就近之理,当某一集谛灭去时,由它应生的苦谛——即与心、心所相应的色法——在那一刻并无生起,故回答“不”,这并非指一切色法。
‘‘Yassavā panā’’tiādi pucchāvacanaṃ. Tassa ‘‘no’’ti vissajjanaṃ. Samudayasaccaṃ nirujjhatīti cittuppādassa nirodhakkhaṇo vutto. Ayamettha adhippāyo – yadi cittassa bhaṅgakkhaṇe rūpaṃ uppajjeyya, taṃ dukkhasaccanti katvā ‘‘no’’ti vattuṃ na sakkā, vuttañcetaṃ. Tasmā viññāyati ‘‘cittassa nirodhakkhaṇe rūpuppādo natthī’’ti. Tayidamakāraṇaṃ. Arūpalokañhi sandhāya, cittasamuṭṭhānarūpaṃ vā ‘‘no’’ti sakkā vattunti. Ayañhi yamakadesanāya pakati, yadidaṃ yathāsambhavayojanā. Etena ‘‘na ca cittasamuṭṭhānarūpamevā’’tiādivacanaṃ paṭikkhittaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā paccāsattiñāyena yaṃ samudayasaccaṃ nirujjhati, tena yaṃ dukkhasaccaṃ uppādetabbaṃ cittacetasikatappaṭibaddharūpasaṅkhātaṃ, tassa tadā uppatti natthīti ‘‘no’’ti vissajjanaṃ, na sabbassa.
“共同生起、共同灭尽之说”,即如“若身行灭,则心行灭否?是”(《双论·行双论》79)这样,是指共同生起、共同灭尽的说法。依此说,即依“若身行”等文句。所谓“其他色法”,指业生、时节生、食生的色法。关于“共同生起、共同灭尽等”,此处关联如下:即未被否定的共同生起与共同灭尽、未被允可的不生起与不灭尽、以及未被遮止的记说性质的业生等法。依此,即依“若善法生起”等文(《双论·法双论》163),以及“并非只是心所生色”的合理之说。当随念《双论》巴利原文时,即如此处所示的心双论巴利原文,仅依文句本身随念时。所谓“正在坏灭”,心的正在坏灭即是正在灭尽,因为无有安住。它也不成为同伴,因为没有依止、食等缘的关系。因为在生起刹那,心即由无间等缘之力而强盛。若如此,即若由时节也在有分心的生起刹那生起色法。在那个心刹那,即在那心的刹那,意指在两个刹那中。这即由于极速转起之故。或者,即由于色法转起迟缓,在整个一个心刹那中生起之故。那个,即心。结生心对于相应法,以及对于俱生色法,以俱生等缘而为缘,故说“从结生以后”。对于
Sahuppādekanirodhavacanatoti ‘‘yassa kāyasaṅkhāro nirujjhati, tassa cittasaṅkhāro nirujjhatīti? Āmantā’’ti (yama. 2.saṅkhārayamaka.79) evaṃ sahuppādasahanirodhavacanato. Tena vacanenāti ‘‘yassa kāyasaṅkhāro’’tiādivacanena. Aññarūpānanti kammautuāhārajarūpānaṃ. Sahuppādasahanirodhādikānanti etthāyaṃ yojanā – appaṭikkhittasahuppādasahanirodhaananuññātanānuppādanānānirodhaanivāritaabyākatabhāvānaṃ kammajādīnanti. Etenāti ‘‘yassa kusalā dhammā uppajjantī’’tiādikena (yama. 3.dhammayamaka.163) pāṭhena, ‘‘na cittasamuṭṭhānarūpamevā’’ti yuttivacanena ca. Yamakapāḷianussaraṇeti yathādassitacittayamakapāḷiyā yathārutavaseneva anussaraṇe vijjamāne. Bhijjamānatāti cittassa bhijjamānatā nāma nirujjhamānatā ṭhitiyā abhāvato. Sahāyabhāvaṃ nāpi gacchati nissayatthibhāvādinā paccayabhāvābhāvato. Uppādakkhaṇe eva hi anantarādipaccayalābhena cittassa balavatā. Evañca satīti evañca utunāpi bhavaṅgacittassa uppādakkhaṇeyeva rūpasamuṭṭhāpane sati. Taṃcittakkhaṇeti tassa cittassa khaṇe, khaṇadvayepīti attho. Tenevāti atilahuparivattibhāveneva. Atha vā tenevāti dandhaparivattikatāya rūpassa sakalaṃ ekacittakkhaṇaṃ uppajjamānabhāveneva. Tanti cittaṃ. Paṭisandhicittaṃ sampayuttadhammānaṃ viya sahajātarūpadhammānampi sahajātādipaccayena paccayo hotīti āha ‘‘paṭisandhito uddha’’nti. Cittasamuṭṭhānānaṃ cittaṃ sahajātādipaccayo hotiyevāti vuttaṃ ‘‘acittasamuṭṭhānāna’’nti. Tadanantaranti yena cittena sahuppannaṃ, tassa cittassa anantaraṃ. Tanti rūpaṃ. Tadanantaraṃ cittanti sahuppannacittānantaraṃ cittaṃ. Yadi evanti yadi sakalaṃ cittakkhaṇaṃ rūpaṃ uppajjamānameva hoti, cittassa uppādakkhaṇe eva rūpassa uppādārambhoti āha ‘‘na, cittanirodhakkhaṇe rūpuppādārambhābhāvato’’ti. Cittakkhaṇeti attanā sahuppannacittassa khaṇe. Tanti rūpaṃ. Rūpasamuṭṭhāpanapurejātapaccayakiccanti rūpasamuṭṭhāpanakiccañca purejātapaccayakiccañca. Ṭhitippattivisesālābhanti ṭhitippattiyā laddhabbo yo viseso, tassa alābhaṃ. Idaṃ vuttanti ‘‘yena sahuppajjati, taṃcittakkhaṇe rūpaṃ uppajjamānamevā’’ti idaṃ pariyāyena vuttaṃ.
凡是依关联性而说某物与某物相关的,即使它远在彼处,也与此相关联,因此说“此后……与此相关联”。所以,这里的“此后”以“彼”字指称死心,意为“死心以后”。
Yaṃ yassa sambandhibhāvena vuttaṃ, taṃ dūre ṭhitampi tena sambandhanīyanti āha ‘‘tato paraṃ…pe… etena saha sambandho’’ti. Tasmā ‘‘tato’’ti ettha taṃsaddena cutiṃ paccāmasatīti vuttaṃ ‘‘cutito paranti attho’’ti.
所谓“认为没有”,意思是:虽然如注释书中所说,色法与无色法之间并没有俱生俱灭的关系,无色法与色法之间也没有;但依我们所主张,其实是有这种关系的。这便是其中的意趣。
Natthītikatvāti yadipi yathā aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ, tathā ekuppādekanirodhatā rūpānaṃ arūpehi, arūpānañca rūpehi natthi. Yathā ca amhehi vuttaṃ, tathā atthevāti adhippāyo.
因为正在说第四种方式,所以才会说“已经说了三种方式”。
Catutthassa pakārassa vuccamānattā ‘‘tayo pakāre āhā’’ti vuttaṃ.
通过“正是那些色法的身表”等语句,显示了完成色具有变化等状态;而说“一切完成色皆是有为”,则由此显示了完成性的同义语。所谓“被前际后际所限定”,就是被显现与坏灭的自性所限定,或者被生灭所限定。“愿此名为达多”等,是命名、取名。等至,即依止观的次第,达到名身灭尽的灭尽定。以一个“等”字,包含了七遍等施设的安立。“正在被完成”,也就是正在被成就。
‘‘Tesaṃyeva rūpānaṃ kāyavikāro’’tiādinā parinipphannānaṃ vikārādibhāvaṃ dassetvā ‘‘sabbaṃ parinipphannaṃ saṅkhatamevā’’ti vadantena parinipphannatāpariyāyo dassito. Pubbantāparantaparicchinnoti pātubhāvaviddhaṃsabhāvaparicchinno, udayabbayaparicchinno vā. ‘‘Ayaṃ datto nāma hotū’’tiādinā nāmakaraṇaṃ nāmaggahaṇaṃ. Samāpajjanaṃ nirodhasamāpattiyā samathavipassanānukkamena nāmakāyassa nirodhameva. Ādi-saddena sattakasiṇādipaññattiyā paññāpanaṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Nipphādiyamānoti sādhiyamāno.
次第等抉择论注释
Kamādivinicchayakathāvaṇṇanā
在生起次第等中,说法次第也同样可得,因此才说“四念处等是说法次第”。所谓“渐次殊胜”,是指布施、持戒、欲过患等的开示以及出离的教说,依次递进为殊胜,故而将这些教说称为渐次殊胜。由此显示,这名为殊胜次第,是一种独立的次第。即便如此,为了将布施等纳入说法次第,便陈述了理由:“因为生起等并无决定。”其中以“等”字包含了断除、行道、地的次第。“眼等也是境”一句,是指五色根的境界,因此说“以一分”等。“以一分”,即依外在的粗显处。在此,即依“感受什么,即认知什么”这一句中所说的方法。
Uppattikkamādīsu desanākkamopi labbhatevāti ‘‘cattāro satipaṭṭhānātiādiko desanākkamovā’’ti vuttaṃ. Anupubbukkaṃsatoti dānasīlakāmādīnavādidassananekkhammakathānaṃ anukkamena ukkaṭṭhabhāvato kathānaṃ anupubbukkaṃsatā vuttā. Tena ukkaṃsakkamo nāmāyaṃ visuṃ kamoti dasseti. Tathāpi dānādīnaṃ desanākkamāvarodhane kāraṇamāha ‘‘uppattiādivavatthānābhāvato’’ti. Tattha ādi-saddena pahānapaṭipattibhūmikkame saṅgaṇhāti. ‘‘Cakkhuādīnampi visayabhūta’’nti iminā pañcarūpindriyagocaratā adhippetāti āha ‘‘ekadesenā’’tiādi. Ekadesenāti bāhiroḷārikāyatanehi. Etthāti ‘‘yaṃ vedayati, taṃ sañjānātī’’ti etasmiṃ pade vuttanayena.
“为遮除彼自性”,即是为了遮除无漏法的自性。“无漏法唯于蕴中说”的意思是:由于有漏法也在蕴中被说。难道无漏法之中也有不在蕴中宣说的吗?确实有。然而,在讨论蕴的章节中,唯取属于蕴的无漏法,因此并无过失。
Taṃsabhāvatānivattanatthanti anāsavadhammasabhāvatānivattanatthaṃ. Anāsavā khandhesveva vuttāti attho sāsavānampi khandhesu vuttattā. Nanu ca anāsavadhammo khandhesu avuttopi atthīti? Saccaṃ atthi, khandhādhikāre khandhapariyāpannā eva anāsavā gayhantīti nāyaṃ doso.
犹如触等,由于特别随顺彼行蕴,而具有“被造作”与“造作”的本质,故被纳入行蕴之中;受、想、识则并非如此,因此它们如同色法一样,被单独立为蕴。应知,由此说明了触等并不具有单独被称作“蕴”的名称。因此有言:“然而触等……”等。而“如是等诸经”中,以“等”字摄取了“诸比丘,于色存在时,依色、执色而生起结、执著、系缚。于受……于想……于行……于识存在时,依识、执识而生起结、执著、系缚”(《相应部》3.158),以及“‘我是色、色是我的’而成为缠缚者”(《相应部》3.1)等诸如此类的经文。“以此”即指以自己所开示的经。“以及依将说之经”,即指在“诸比丘,于色存在时”等的注释书(《分别论注》26 杂论)中将说的经。“不应依小所缘等而说”,这是为了显示:即使是依不可说为所缘的邪见,也还是依于蕴而生起,更不用说依蕴为所缘的了。
Yathā phassādayo visesato tadanuguṇavuttitāya saṅkhatābhisaṅkharaṇasabhāvāti saṅkhārakkhandhe samavaruddhā, na evaṃ vedanāsaññāviññāṇānīti rūpadhammā viya tāni visuṃ khandhabhāvena vuttāni. Etena phassādīnaṃ visuṃ khandhasaddavacanīyatābhāvo vuttoti veditabbo. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘phusanādayo panā’’tiādi. Itiādīnañca suttānanti ettha ādi-saddena ‘‘rūpe kho, bhikkhave, sati rūpaṃ upādāya rūpaṃ abhinivissa uppajjanti saṃyojanābhinivesavinibandhā. Vedanāya…pe… saññāya… saṅkhāresu… viññāṇe sati viññāṇaṃ upādāya viññāṇaṃ abhinivissa uppajjanti saṃyojanābhinivesavinibandhā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.158), tathā ‘‘ahaṃ rūpaṃ, mama rūpanti pariyuṭṭhaṭṭhāyī hotī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 3.1) ca evamādīnaṃ suttapadānaṃ saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Etenāti attanā dassitasuttena. Vakkhamānasuttavasena cāti ‘‘rūpe kho, bhikkhave, satī’’tiādikassa aṭṭhakathāyaṃ (vibha. aṭṭha. 26 pakiṇṇakakathā) vakkhamānassa suttassa vasena. ‘‘Parittārammaṇādivasena na vattabbā’’ti etena navattabbārammaṇāpi diṭṭhi khandhe eva nissāya uppajjati, pageva khandhārammaṇāti dasseti.
‘受之因’是指受的因处。‘令遮蔽’是指令喜欢。‘以多’是指以多数状态。因为取蕴是依多数状态而转起的,并非其余的蕴。
Vedanākāraṇāyāti vedanāyātanāya. Chādāpanatoti rocāpanato. Bāhullenāti bahulabhāvena. Upādānakkhandhā hi bāhullappavattikā, na itare.
‘作伞状’即如同伞盖那样,作成束结。‘于依处’即于眼等依处。这是就流转于轮回中的受而说,因为此受在这里处于应被观察的状态。‘以不足’即依处不足,以及烦恼不足。
Puṭaṃ katvāti ca chattasadisaṃ puṭaṃ bandhaṃ katvā. Vatthumhīti cakkhādivatthumhi. Vaṭṭagatavedanaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Sā hi idha daṭṭhabbabhāve ṭhitā. Ūnehīti vatthunā, kilesehi ca ūnehi.
‘幻术’:即如因陀罗网等幻术的运用,以‘幻’为用意而说:‘由幻术所展示的色,称为“幻”。’‘依处状态等’:以‘等’字摄取了所缘、相应等。‘于某处’:即于色蕴等。‘某种差别’:即不净等本身。
Māyāyāti indajālādimāyāya payogo māyāti adhippāyenāha ‘‘māyāya dassitaṃ rūpaṃ ‘māyā’ti āhā’’ti. Vatthubhāvāditoti ādi-saddena ārammaṇasampayuttādike saṅgaṇhāti. Katthacīti rūpakkhandhādike. Koci visesoti asubhādikova.
“彼”指内色。由于通过断除欲贪便能生起一切贪的断除,所以针对此人,说“以欲贪为首而说一切贪的断除”。“应连接”:当断除对受的欲贪时,也断除对作为受之集起的触的欲贪,应如是连接。三遍知的连结显而易见。
Tassāti ajjhattikarūpassa. Yassa kāmarāgappahānamukhena sabbarāgappahānaṃ sambhavati, taṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘kāmarāgamukhena vā sabbalobhappahānaṃ vadatī’’ti. Yojetabbanti vedanāya chandarāgaṃ pajahanto tassā samudayabhūte phassepi chandarāgaṃ pajahatīti yojetabbanti. Pariññattayassa yojanā pākaṭā eva.
“由此”:由于不见苦的生起与乐的灭尽。“破坏”:即灭尽。“彼”:即以知遍知与度遍知而把握、度知那意思食。
Tatoti dukkhuppādanasukhavināsanānaṃ adassanato. Bhindatīti vināseti. Tanti manosañcetanāhāraṃ ñātatīraṇapariññāhi pariggaṇhāti tīreti.
“断除彼”:即断除无明。“所执取”:即由名为执取的邪见,以常等见而执取。“见识为常者,即执取见取”,此义应以“即是此识流转轮回,而非其他”等经文(《中部》1.396)来说明。
Taṃ pajahantoti avijjaṃ pajahanto. Parāmaṭṭhanti parāmāsasaṅkhātāya diṭṭhiyā niccādivasena gahitaṃ. Viññāṇaṃ niccato passanto diṭṭhupādānaṃ upādiyatīti ayamattho ‘‘tadevidaṃ viññāṇaṃ sandhāvati saṃsarati, anañña’’ntiādisuttapadehi (ma. ni. 1.396) dīpetabbo.
二、阿毗达摩分别注释
2. Abhidhammabhājanīyavaṇṇanā
34“说了彼”:即说了“一切四地受”等依地而应知的内容之后。“从相应而显示等”:这里的“等”字,无余地摄取了依因、生、地、根、依处、触、差别而显示的内容。
34.Taṃvatvāti taṃ bhūmivasena jānitabbataṃ ‘‘sabbāpi catubhūmikavedanā’’tiādinā vatvā. Sampayuttato dassitatādīti ettha ādi-saddena hetujātibhūmiindriyavatthusamphassajabhedato dassitataṃ anavasesato saṅgaṇhāti.
虽然“彼”字是对前文所述内容的通称回指,但其他解释并不合理,故应仅回指紧接前文的内容,因此说“八……连接”。以“由于没有八种状态”,显示彼不可能。
Yadipi taṃ-saddo pubbe vuttassa sāmaññato paṭiniddeso, tathāpi anantarameva paccāmasituṃ yutto itarattha asambhavatoti āha ‘‘aṭṭha…pe… yojanā’’ti. ‘‘Aṭṭhavidhattābhāvato’’ti iminā taṃ asambhavaṃ dasseti.
只说为“圆满”之义,因为并没有前所未说的新义,这便是它的意思。
Pūraṇatthameva vutto, apubbatābhāvatoti attho.
“由于执取的增长”:即因为执取的增长。在这里,“执取”应理解为言说,其增长即是在各处宣说未曾说过之法。因此说:“于先前所执取之外,另有所执取,即是增长”,也因此说:“依于先前所执取者之上,另作增添故”。“增长一词有切断之义”,这如同称刀为“吉祥”、将所见说成“未见”那样,应当如此理解。“导出理趣”:所导出的称为理趣,也就是教说,其导出即是转起。“增长理趣”:即依上述增长而转起的教说理趣。“其他分类”:即一种、四种等分类。如果这些分类并非特殊,为何还要宣说?因此说:“然而……”等。其中,“为了生起智慧的差别”:即为了在所化众生中,生起对法的差别智,也就是依明处等,在所化众生中生起法无碍解。由于对所知法的区分属于思惟品的境界,所以说道:“因为每一品被执取后,便是导出之门”。“其他分类也被说”:即二种、三种等分类的差异性。据此,其他分类虽非不同,却也因上述理由而说。以“不仅……”等显示诸分类的相互观待之后,又以“因此……”等显示了它们的特殊性。
Gahaṇavaḍḍhanavasenāti gahaṇassa vaḍḍhanavasena. Gahaṇanti cettha kathanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ, tassa vaḍḍhanaṃ tasmiṃ tasmiṃ ṭhāne avuttassa kathanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘pubbe gahitato aññassa gahaṇaṃ vaḍḍhana’’nti, tato eva ca ‘‘purimagahite aññupacayavasenā’’ti vuttaṃ. ‘‘Vaḍḍhanasaddo chedanattho’’ti idaṃ yathā asivā ‘‘sivā’’ti, diṭṭhañca ‘‘adiṭṭha’’nti vuccati, evaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Nayanīharaṇanti nīyatīti nayo, desanā, tassa nīharaṇaṃ pavattanaṃ. Vaḍḍhanakanayoti yathāvuttavaḍḍhanakavasena pavatto desanānayo. Aññe bhedāti ekavidhacatubbidhādayo bhedā. Yadi avisiṭṭhā, kasmā vuttāti āha ‘‘tathāpī’’tiādi. Tattha paññāppabhedajananatthanti dhammavisayāya pabhedagatāya paññāya vineyyānaṃ nibbattanatthaṃ, vijjāṭṭhānādivasena vineyyānaṃ dhammapaṭisambhidāya uppādanatthanti attho. Abhiññeyyadhammavibhāgatāya sammasanavārassa visayabhāvato vuttaṃ ‘‘ekekassa vārassa gahitassa niyyānamukhabhāvato’’ti. Itarepi bhedā vuttāti duvidhatividhabhedānaṃ yaṃ nānattaṃ, tassa vasena itare bhedā anānattāpi yathāvuttakāraṇato vuttā. ‘‘Na kevala’’ntiādinā bhedānaṃ aññamaññapekkhataṃ dassetvā ‘‘tasmā’’tiādinā tesaṃ visiṭṭhataṃ dasseti.
正如在二法、根本等中的分类,是依计数次第而转起,并观待其他分类;而这些七种等分类并非如此。这些七种等分类,不观待其他分类,仅仅依多种状态的共性而说,以此显示“不观待其他分类”等。由于二法、三法的句义是依“应被观待者”与“能观待者”的关系而说,因此,如同在二法中,通过安立而说的三法便成为被纳入其中者;同样,三法、二法的句义也是依应观待与能观待的关系而说,即便在二法中说过之后,于三法中再说,它们也成为被纳入者,因此说:“于他处……已连接故”。
Yathā dukamūlakādīsu bhedā gaṇanānupubbiyā pavattā pabhedantarāpekkhā, na evamete. Ete pana sattavidhādibhedā pabhedantaranirapekkhā kevalaṃ bahuvidhabhāvasāmaññeneva vuttāti dasseti ‘‘aññappabhedanirapekkhā’’tiādinā. Dukatikapadatthānaṃ yathārahaṃ apekkhitabbāpekkhakabhāvena vuttattā yathā duke ṭhapetvā vuttā tikā tattha pakkhittā nāma jātā, evaṃ tikadukapadatthānaṃ apekkhitabbāpekkhakabhāvena vuttattā duke vatvā vuttesupi tikesu te pakkhittā nāma hontīti āha ‘‘parato…pe… yojitattā’’ti.
“同路”:同一道路。“眼触”:眼与色境的撞击。“触”:即眼与色境的撞击。“彼所生起者”:由那眼触所生起的。“彼”:转向的受。难道不是说“受是触的缘”,而不是“触是受的缘”吗?并非如此,因为是以受为首而把握了心的生起。“以彼为所缘者”:以眼触为所缘。“所缘”,即令其发生作用,意指果。
Samānavīthiyanti ekavīthiyaṃ. Cakkhusaṅghaṭṭanāyāti cakkhurūpapaṭighātena. Soti cakkhurūpapaṭighāto. Taduppādikāti tassa cakkhusamphassassa uppādikā. Sāti āvajjanavedanā. Nanu ca vedanāpaccayo phasso vutto, na phassapaccayā vedanāti? Na, vedanāsīsena cittuppādassa gahitattāti. Tappayojanattāti cakkhusamphassapayojanattā. Payojayatīti payojanaṃ, phalaṃ.
意指色界与无色界的异熟。因为在此处它们未被摄受,所以说“因为它们自身即是意门”等。从那里,即从有分。“以眼触为缘的善等”中,前一个“等”字包含了“以耳触为缘”等,后一个“等”字包含了不善等。由于“依欲界八善心”等,善与无记也仅与欲界相应,故说“在同路中可得,这在注释书中已说”。依受、喜、有见无见等除去后的十九种三法,而有十九种与二十四种。如果不同路中善等可得也应被连接,那为何只连接于同路呢?因此说“然而在注释书中”等。正是因此,即因不同路中未被否定。
Rūpāvacarārūpāvacarānaṃ vipākānanti adhippāyo. Te hi idha aggahitā. Tenevāha ‘‘tesaṃ sayameva manodvārabhūtattā’’tiādi. Tatoti bhavaṅgato. Cakkhusamphassapaccayādikusalādīnanti ettha purimena ādi-saddena ‘‘sotasamphassapaccayā’’ti evamādayo saṅgahitā, dutiyena akusalādayo. ‘‘Kāmāvacaraaṭṭhakusalacittavasenā’’tiādinā kusalābyākatānampi kāmāvacarānaṃyeva yojitattā vuttaṃ ‘‘samānavīthiyaṃ labbhamānatāaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttā’’ti. Vedanāpītisanidassanattikavajjānaṃ ekūnavīsatiyā tikānaṃ vasena ekūnavīsaticatuvīsatikā. Yadi asamānavīthiyampi kusalādīnaṃ labbhamānatā yojetabbā, atha kasmā samānavīthiyaṃyeva yojitāti āha ‘‘aṭṭhakathāyaṃ panā’’tiādi. Tenevāti asamānavīthiyaṃ appaṭikkhittattāyeva.
“心之连接”:与心的连接,作心连接后,以心为首而说受。“依三法及地”:依善三法等三法,以及依欲界等地。“依门三法”:依眼等生起之门,以及依善三法等三法。“于任何处”:由于所要阐明的义理没有差别,故于七种分类等中任何一处。并且并非不触及门,这是连接。以此显示七种分类与三十种分类中的差别。虽然两地都已出现,但通过触及色界等地,显示了不同路中的可得性,因此说“在此,同路与不同路中的可得性极为明显”。这些是善巧的阐明,因为通过门与地的触及,受蕴已被分别。“非依地而安立”:不以应说的方式依地而安立,即不依地的分类而说。“无有所依”:由于未摄受门与地,故无有所期待的门等差别。
Cittasambandhoti cittena sambandho cittasambandhaṃ katvā cittasīsena vedanāya kathanaṃ. Tikabhūmivasenāti kusalattikāditikavasena, kāmāvacarādibhūmivasena ca. Dvāratikavasenāti cakkhādiuppattidvāravasena, kusalattikāditikavasena ca. Yattha katthacīti dīpetabbassa atthassa visesābhāvato sattavidhabhedādīsu yattha katthaci. Na ca dvāraṃ anāmaṭṭhanti yojanā. Tena sattavidhabhedato tiṃsavidhabhede visesaṃ dasseti. Yadipi ubhayattha bhūmiyo āgatā, rūpāvacarādibhūmiāmasanena pana asamānavīthiyaṃ labbhamānatā dassitāti āha ‘‘atibyattā ca ettha samānāsamānavīthīsu labbhamānatā’’ti. Sukhadīpanāni honti dvārabhūmiāmasanamukhena vedanākkhandhassa vibhattattā. Na bhūmiyo apekkhitvā ṭhapitāti kathetabbabhāvena bhūmiyo apekkhitvā na ṭhapitā, bhūmivibhāgena na kathitāti attho. Apekkhitabbarahitāti dvārabhūmīnaṃ aggahitattā ākaṅkhitabbadvārādivisesarahitā.
在“亲依止的极限”中,为了以直接与间接的方式显示此处所指的亲依止极限,故说“依止信”等。其中,“亲依止”是指作为受之亲依止者。“见”是指眼识,或眼见后的把握。“以亲依止的状态”是指以低劣的亲依止状态。若嗅等成为亲依止,那只会是自然亲依止;而自然亲依止只在不同的门中,因此说彼不可得,这显示了不同的门,故说“在鼻等门中”等。“遍业处预备等”是指遍业处的预备、等至的生起、观的增长等。“彼不可得”是指亲依止不可得,而且因为通过嗅等无法了知他人的修行。由于最后有菩萨等若没有听闻,其触证可能成为根本亲依止,故说“大多”。
‘‘Upanissayakoṭiyā’’ti ettha nippariyāyato pariyāyato ca upanissayakoṭidassanamukhena idhādhippetaupanissayakoṭiṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘saddhaṃ upanissāyā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha upanissayānanti vedanāya upanissayabhūtānaṃ. Dassananti cakkhuviññāṇaṃ, disvā vā gahaṇaṃ. Upanissayantabhāvenāti lāmakūpanissayabhāvena. Yadi ghāyanādīni upanissayo bhaveyyuṃ, pakatūpanissayāneva siyuṃ. Pakatūpanissayo ca nānāvīthiyaṃyevāti tadalābhavacanaṃ idha nānāvīthijotakanti dasseti ‘‘ghānādidvāresū’’tiādinā. Kasiṇaparikammādīnanti kasiṇaparikammasamāpattinibbattanavipassanāvaḍḍhanādīnaṃ. Tadalābhoti upanissayālābho, so ca ghāyanādīhi paresaṃ paṭipattiyā jānituṃ asakkuṇeyyattā. Antimabhavikabodhisattādīnaṃ savanena vinā taṃphusanaṃ siyā mūlūpanissayoti ‘‘yebhuyyenā’’ti vuttaṃ.
“具足志向”:因具足转向的亲依止而称为具足志向。“以此”是指以“如是眼识”这句话。“彼亲依止”是指成为其后所生起的遍色见等的亲依止。
Sampannajjhāsayoti vivaṭṭūpanissayasampattiyā sampannajjhāsayo. Tenāti ‘‘evaṃ cakkhuviññāṇa’’nti vacanena. Tadupanissayanti tato paraṃ uppannakasiṇarūpadassanādīnaṃ upanissayabhūtaṃ.
所谓达到强力,本是欲贪等的特有本质,故说“或对未断欲贪等者”。“贪生起”等,只是对可意与不可意所缘中贪与嗔生起的审察,并非它们的特殊作用;为显示其特殊作用,故说“以不平等的观察”等,意指现行的受。“以另一种方式”是指以超越由眼触为缘所生烦恼的方式。“同样地以修习力”中,以“同样地”一词,将眼触对四地受的亲依止状态本身以另一种方式说明,即牵引此义。此处,修习即是另一种方式。
Thāmagamanaṃ nāma kāmarāgādīnaṃyeva āveṇiko sabhāvoti āha ‘‘appahīnakāmarāgādikassa vā’’ti. ‘‘Rāgo uppanno’’tiādinā iṭṭhāniṭṭhārammaṇe rāgapaṭighānaṃ uppattivicāraṇāva vuttā, na nesaṃ kiccavisesoti kiccavisesena vutte dassento ‘‘asamapekkhanāyā’’tiādimāha. Pavattā vedanāti attho. Pakārantarenāti cakkhusamphassapaccayā uppannakilesānaṃ samatikkamanasaṅkhātena pakārantarena. Tathā bhāvanāvasenāti ettha tathā-saddena cakkhusamphassassa catubhūmikavedanāya upanissayabhāvo eva pakārantarena kathitoti imamevatthaṃ ākaḍḍhati. Bhāvanāyevettha pakārantaraṃ.
应知一切观察即是修习,并非仅仅是断除盖障的遍知。
Sabbaṃ sammasanaṃ bhāvanāti veditabbā, na nīvaraṇappahānapariññāva.
『而且彼此』是就触与诸大种中,此处与彼处的相互作用,以及依于水界而说。
Aññamaññassa cāti phoṭṭhabbamahābhūtesu itarītarassa, āpodhātuyā ca vasena.
『他们』是指生等等,此处的属格用作业的意义。这是为了显示俱生的意触具有强缘之性,此为关联。『或彼之观察』是指,或彼根据对生等等观见为怖畏的方式而现行的欲界智。
Tesanti jātiādīnaṃ, kammatthe cetaṃ sāmivacanaṃ. Sahajātassa manosamphassassa balavapaccayabhāvaṃ dassetīti sambandho. Tassa vā dassanassāti tassa vā jātiādike bhayato dassanavasena pavattassa kāmāvacarañāṇassa.
正是此识,以自身之果的果性而被称为“意触”,这是从触的因性来说的。然而,若要将此识以自身之果的果性,通过“眼触生”等方式来表达触,则是不恰当的。尽管依“意触”等表述也能获得(识缘触的含义),但为了不混淆因与果的差别,因此并未宣说识缘触的缘性。如此阐明之后,虽然触是识的缘,但识却不像触那样是它的殊胜缘。因此,为了显示识的“眼触生”等特性并未被表述,而说“或者因为”等。
Tadeva attano phalasseva phalabhāvenāti ‘‘manosamphasso’’ti phassassa kāraṇabhāvena yaṃ vuttaṃ, tadeva viññāṇaṃ attano phalassa phalabhāvena vuttassa phassassa ‘‘cakkhusamphassaja’’ntiādinā phalabhāvena vattuṃ na yuttaṃ. ‘‘Manosamphasso’’tiādinā labbhamānopi viññāṇaṃ paṭicca phassassa paccayabhāvo hetuphalasaṅkarapariharaṇatthaṃ na vuttoti vatvā yadipi phasso viññāṇassa paccayo hoti, na pana phassassa viya viññāṇaṃ so tassa visesapaccayo hotīti viññāṇassa cakkhusamphassajāditā na vuttāti dassetuṃ ‘‘yasmā vā’’tiādi vuttaṃ.
三、问分注释
3. Pañhapucchakavaṇṇanā
150『彼彼聚集』,是指彼彼名为心生起的法聚集,以及所有色法的无余聚集。而『随应』是指,防护在第六门中得以成就,其余则在六门中如此随应。从那里,即从贪欲与忧恼等处。『如理』,即应被防护的,随顺于彼。
150.Taṃtaṃ samudāyanti taṃ taṃ cittuppādasaṅkhātadhammasamudāyaṃ, anavasesarūpadhammasamudāyañca. Yathāsambhavanti copanaṃ patto saṃvaro chaṭṭhadvāre, itaro chasupīti evaṃ yathāsambhavaṃ. Tatoti abhijjhādomanassādito. Yathāyoganti yo saṃvaritabbo, tadanurūpaṃ.
“于某处”者,是就那些轮转本身,以通称而说。或“于某处”者,即于那些轮转中的任何一处。任何微少的法。其意趣是:唯有一界限,而非如处分别等那样有多种。
Katthacīti te eva parivaṭṭe sāmaññena vadati. Katthacīti vā tesu parivaṭṭesu kismiñcipi padese. Kiñcipi appakampi. Ekova paricchedo, na āyatanavibhaṅgādīsu viya nānāti adhippāyo.