第十八章 法心要分别
18. Dhammahadayavibhaṅgo
总摄品解说
1. Sabbasaṅgāhikavāravaṇṇanā
978以“五蕴”等为开头,因为蕴等法的生起、含摄、显现,以及地界等诸界中,能生业、善业异熟、应知等所缘,二法二种,见等善三法、三法、五种色、世间二法二种等种种差别,全都毫无遗漏地含摄在内,而第二品等又不进入这里,所以第一品是以共通的方式宣说的,名为“总摄品”。不过,在那里以“欲界有几蕴、几处”等说法,只是说明它们的存在,并没有涉及特殊作用的运用,因为通过“有、存在、可得”这种一般作用就能了知,所以这一品应该叫作“生起不生起显示品”;而第四品是在结生刹那显示生起与不生起,因此依据那里所说的显现与不显现来命名。
978. ‘‘Pañcakkhandhā’’tiādinā khandhādīnaṃ dhātusambhavapariyāpannapātubhāva bhūmantaratīsu dhātūsuuppādakadānādikusala kammatabbipākaabhiññeyyādiārammaṇadukadvayadiṭṭhādikusalattikāditikapañcakarūpalokiyadukadvayabhedabhinnānaṃ niravasesato saṅgahitattā dutiyavārādīnañca ettha anuppavesato sabbasāmaññena vutto paṭhamo sabbasaṅgāhikavāro nāma, dutiyo uppattānuppattidassanavāro nāmāti vuttaṃ. Tattha pana ‘‘kāmadhātuyā kati khandhā kati āyatanānī’’tiādinā (vibha. 991) tesaṃ atthitā eva vuttā, kiriyāvisesassa appayogo ‘‘atthi bhavati saṃvijjatī’’ti sāmaññakiriyāya viññeyyabhāvato, tenāyaṃ ‘‘sambhavāsambhavadassanavāro’’ti vattuṃ yutto, catuttho ca upapattikkhaṇe uppattānuppattidassanavāroti tattha pātubhāvāpātubhāvavacanato.
979按照所问来回答,也就是与所问相符、真实不虚的解答。即使这是别人作出的,因为他是了解了一切智者的说法之后才作出的,所以也可以叫作一切智者的解答,更何况是由一切智者亲自说的呢,那更不用说了——这就是这段话的意思。
979.Yathāpucchanti pucchānurūpaṃ avitathabyākaraṇaṃ parehi katampi sabbaññuvacanaṃ viññāya katattā sabbaññubyākaraṇameva nāma hoti, ko pana vādo sabbaññunā eva kateti adhippāyo.
生起与不生起品释义
2. Uppattānuppattivāravaṇṇanā
991“欲界所生”是指以神通力转生到色界的欲界众生,这是它的意思。关于“因鼻处等无有”这一句:如果因为那些处不存在,香处等处就不执行处的功能,那么在无想有情中,因为眼处不存在,色处也应该不执行处的功能。这样一来,“无想有情诸天在结生刹那有两处显现”等说法就不该说了。欲界等处所,因为是生在那里的众生的依止处,或者是属于那里的诸法的依止处,所以称为“界”;同样,在那些欲界等众生群中,因为欲界等众生在那里生起,所以当说“众生生起在此”时,那些众生群也称为“众生生起”。但这里并没有不属于任何界的处所和不属于任何界的众生群可以称为“界”,为了显示这个道理,所以说“依处所或依众生生起,并没有非含摄界”。通过“依众生生起”这一说法,是把处所和众生世间两者一起包含进来,显示这样的非含摄界不存在;或者说,以众生状态而有的生起就是“众生生起”,依众生住处、依各自的存在而生起的执取蕴,因为与各自所含摄的同类依止相似而称为“界”,这样就没有非含摄界——这就是这段话的意思。
991.Kāmadhātusambhūtānañcāti iddhiyā rūpadhātugatānaṃ kāmāvacarasattānañcāti attho. Ghānāyatanādīnaṃ abhāvenāti ettha yadi tadabhāvena gandhāyatanādīni āyatanādikiccaṃ na karonti , asaññasattesu cakkhāyatanassa abhāvena rūpāyatanaṃ āyatanādikiccaṃ na kareyya. Tato ‘‘asaññasattānaṃ devānaṃ upapattikkhaṇe dvāyatanāni pātubhavantī’’tiādivacanaṃ na vattabbaṃ siyā. Kāmāvacarādiokāsā tattha uppajjamānasattānaṃ, tattha pariyāpannadhammānaṃ vā adhiṭṭhānabhāvena ‘‘dhātū’’ti vuccanti, tathā yesu kāmāvacarādisattanikāyesu kāmāvacarādisattā uppajjanti, tesaṃ sattānaṃ uppatti etthāti sattuppattīti vuccamānā te sattanikāyā ca, na panettha apariyāpannokāso apariyāpannasattanikāyo ca atthi, yo ‘‘dhātū’’ti vucceyyāti imamatthaṃ dassento ‘‘okāsavasena vā sattuppattivasena vā apariyāpannadhātu nāma natthī’’ti āha. Sattuppattivasenāti iminā vā okāsasattalokadvayaṃ saha gahetvā tādisāya apariyāpannadhātuyā abhāvaṃ dasseti, sattabhāvena vā uppatti sattuppatti, sattāvāsavasena taṃtaṃbhavavasena uppajjamānā upādinnakakkhandhā taṃtaṃpariyāpannānaṃ sadisādhiṭṭhānabhāvena dhātūti vuccantīti evaṃ apariyāpannadhātu natthīti attho.
含摄与非含摄品解说
3. Pariyāpannāpariyāpannavāravaṇṇanā
999以有和以处所而限定:在那里和其他地方生起的所执蕴,都应看作属于那那一种。
999.Bhavavasena okāsavasena ca paricchinnāti tattha aññattha ca uppajjamānā upādinnakakkhandhā taṃtaṃpariyāpannā sabbe daṭṭhabbā.
6. 令生业与寿量品
6. Uppādakakammaāyuppamāṇavāro
令生业的解释
(1.) Uppādakakammavaṇṇanā
1021讲完蕴等法的分类方式——也就是按界的生起等来分——接着为了说明哪些众生具有界的差别、他们那些能感生的业、以及那些业的果报,就依这些方面来展示分类,于是开始了第六品,从“三种天”等说起。实际上,蕴等法之所以有分别,是因为按三界所成的天来分、按布施等业来分、也按各自寿命长短所限定的执取蕴来分。一瓮等于四斗,有人说等于六斗。
1021. Khandhādīnaṃ dhātusambhavādivasena pabhedaṃ vatvā ye sattā dhātuppabhedavanto, yañca tesaṃ uppādakakammaṃ, yo ca tassa vipāko, tesaṃ vasena pabhedaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘tayo devā’’tiādiko chaṭṭhavāro āraddho. Khandhādayo eva hi dhātuttayabhūtadevavasena dānādikammavasena taṃtaṃāyuppamāṇaparicchinnaupādinnakakkhandhavasena ca bhinnāti. Catudoṇaṃ ambaṇaṃ, chadoṇanti eke.
(2)寿量的解说
(2.) Āyuppamāṇavaṇṇanā
1024“三类人”指的是三种人群。
1024.Tayopijanāti tayo janasamūhāti adhippāyo.
1025光辉闪耀,美丽而明亮。
1025.Ābhāti sobhanā pabhā.
10261026. 就像金块一样,具有光辉,所以叫“金块般具光辉”。不过在这里,本来应该说“以美丽的光辉遍满,所以是遍满清净”,但把长音ā缩短,又把末尾的ṇa改成ha,于是说成“遍净”;而它的实际意思其实是“以清净遍满,所以是遍净”。前面几个词也一样:它们只有少量的净,所以叫“少净”;它们有无量的净,所以叫“无量净”——都要用“净”这个词来组成复合词。
1026. Kañcanapiṇḍo viya sassirikā kañcanapiṇḍasassirikā. Tattha pana sobhanapabhāya kiṇṇā subhākiṇṇāti vattabbe ā-kārassa rassattaṃ antimaṇa-kārassa ha-kārañca katvā ‘‘subhakiṇhā’’ti vuttā, atha pana subhena kiṇṇā subhakiṇṇā. Purimapadesupi parittaṃ subhaṃ etesanti parittasubhā, appamāṇaṃ subhaṃ etesanti appamāṇasubhāti subha-saddena samāso yojetabbo hoti.
1027“所缘与作意在前分已说”这句话的意思是:在禅那安止的刹那,或者在安止之后,由于对“少”等地遍这类所缘的修习和转向,禅那并不会因此产生所缘和作意上的差别;但是,依靠前分的修习和前分的转向,它就有了这种差别。也就是说,依前分修习的力量,禅那在少地遍等所缘上,各自以相应的所缘为所缘;依前分对某种遍的转向,就有各自相应的作意。不过,欲等心所即使在安止的刹那也仍然存在。其中,“志向”不是指渴爱式的希求,而应当看作善法欲。“胜解”就是决定。“引向”就是心的投向。如果这里说的是“有欲”“有希求”等能决定投生到某种有处的因素,那么“即使在安止中也转起”就应当理解为:安止生起之后,它们随后仍然会转起。可是,如果是以“想离染”等所区分的所缘,以及在该处生起的作意,来作为决定投生差别的因素,那就只有前分才起作用,所以说“所缘与作意在前分已说”。
1027.Ārammaṇamanasikārā pubbabhāgena kathitāti jhānakkhaṇe tato pacchā vā parittādikasiṇārammaṇabhāvanāya āvajjanena ca jhānassa ārammaṇamanasikāranānattatā na hoti, pubbabhāgabhāvanāya pana pubbabhāgāvajjanena ca hotīti attho. Pubbabhāgabhāvanāya vasena hi jhānaṃ parittapathavīkasiṇādīsu taṃtadārammaṇaṃ hoti, pubbabhāgena taṃtaṃkasiṇāvajjanena taṃtaṃmanasikāranti. Chandādayo pana appanākkhaṇepi vijjanti. Tattha paṇidhīti na taṇhāpatthanā, atha kho chandapatthanāva daṭṭhabbā. Adhimokkho nicchayo. Abhinīhāro cittappavattiyeva. Yadi pana bhavachandabhavapatthanādayo taṃtaṃbhavavisesaniyāmakā adhippetā. ‘‘Appanāyapi vaṭṭantī’’ti etassa appanāya pavattāya tato pacchāpi vaṭṭantīti attho daṭṭhabbo. Saññāvirāgādīhi pana visesiyamānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ tathā tathā tattha pavatto manasikāro ca bhavavisesaniyāmako pubbabhāgova vaṭṭatīti ‘‘ārammaṇamanasikārā pubbabhāgena kathitā’’ti vuttaṃ.
广大的果:就是广大安乐、长寿、美貌等果报。他们以慧眼、肉眼和天眼都能清楚地看见。
Vipulā phalāti vipulasantasukhāyuvaṇṇādiphalā. Suṭṭhu passanti paññācakkhunā maṃsadibbacakkhūhi ca.
1028因为经文说“直到那恶业消尽为止”,所以他说“业本身就是标准”;他的意思是,阿浮陀地狱等寿量的限定,也只是根据业来决定的。
1028. ‘‘Yāva na taṃ pāpakammaṃ byantī hotī’’ti (ma. ni. 3.250) vacanato ‘‘kammamevapamāṇa’’nti āha, abbudādiāyuppamāṇaparicchedo pana kammavaseneva katoti adhippāyo.
因为不存在可以躲藏的地方,意思是:他始终被同类的天女众围绕着,身边满是欲乐,根本没有一个能离开这些而独处的地方。
Nilīyanokāsassa abhāvāti samānajātikena accharāgaṇena sabbadā parivāriyamānassa kāmaguṇākiṇṇassa tabbirahitaṭṭhānassa abhāvāti attho.
“决定什么?”意思是:哪种禅那决定投生?“九梵天界”是指把梵众天等九处都算进去之后。“于顶”是指在广果天,这是其含义。“名为最胜有”是说:因为从此以后不再转生到更高之处,所以是最胜有,这是其意旨。正因如此,才被称为“有之顶”。所谓“于此三处”,正是针对广果天等处而说。然而,对于在广果天之前的九处投生的不来圣者,由于他们会投生无色界,因此有言:“于色界死后投生无色界者,有些有七种随眠随增,有些有五种,有些有三种”(《双论·随眠双论》311),这并非针对投生于广果天等处者而说,此处的意旨或许如此。“生于九梵天界的圣弟子,唯有该处之投生,无下界之投生”这句话,仅遮止了下界投生,并未遮止在这些天界中逐层上升至广果天的投生以及无色界的投生。而“生于初禅地的不来者,遍历九梵天界后,住于顶而般涅槃”这句话,是针对渐次上进者而说,因此不应理解为遮止了未达其顶者投生无色界。
Kiṃ niyametīti kiṃ jhānaṃ upapattiṃ niyametīti attho. Nava brahmaloketi brahmapārisajjādayo navapi sodhetvā. Matthaketi vehapphalesūti attho. Seṭṭhabhavā nāmāti tato paraṃ agamanato uttamabhavāti adhippāyo. Teneva bhavasīsānīti gahitā. Imesu tīsu ṭhānesūti vehapphalādiṭṭhānāni eva sandhāya vuttaṃ. Vehapphalato pana purimesu navasu nibbattaanāgāmī arūpadhātuṃ upapajjatīti katvā ‘‘rūpadhātuyā cutassa arūpadhātuṃ upapajjantassa kassaci satta anusayā anusenti, kassaci pañca, kassaci tayo anusentī’’ti (yama. 2.anusayayamaka.311) idaṃ vuttaṃ, na vehapphalādīsu upapannaṃ sandhāyāti ayamettha adhippāyo siyā. Yaṃ pana vuttaṃ ‘‘navasu brahmalokesu nibbattaariyasāvakānaṃ tatrūpapattiyeva hoti, na heṭṭhūpapattī’’ti, etena heṭṭhūpapatti eva nivāritā, na tesveva uparūpari vehapphale ca upapatti arūpadhātūpapatti ca. ‘‘Paṭhamajjhānabhūmiyaṃ nibbatto anāgāmī nava brahmaloke sodhetvā matthake ṭhito parinibbātī’’ti idampi anupubbena ārohantaṃ sandhāya vuttanti na tena tassa matthakaṃ appattassa arūpadhātuṃ upapatti nivāritāti daṭṭhabbā.
或者,这部义注是针对这样一位圣弟子说的:他在别处或在这里修习了道,死后投生到那里,但还没有镇伏色贪。正因为这样,在“投生于九梵天界的圣弟子”“投生于初禅地的不来者”“投生在这三处的不来者”等各处,都用了“投生”这个词。不过,这位圣弟子既然在他投生之处已经镇伏了色贪,就不会再对“有”生起渴求,因此无色贪也一定会被断除。另一种理解可能是:凡夫投生到那里之后,修习圣道,依靠无色定镇伏了色贪,当道心生起时,由于见到所生之有的过患,他对“有”的渴求尚未止息,正是依据这种人,才展开了《双论》的圣典。
Yo vā aññattha tattha vā maggaṃ bhāvetvā cavitvā tattha upapanno avikkhambhitarūparāgo ariyasāvako, taṃ sandhāya ayaṃ aṭṭhakathā vuttā. Teneva ‘‘navasu brahmalokesu nibbattaariyasāvakāna’’nti, ‘‘paṭhamajjhānabhūmiyaṃ nibbatto anāgāmī’’ti, ‘‘imesu tīsu ṭhānesu nibbattaanāgāmino’’ti ca sabbattha nibbattaggahaṇaṃ kataṃ. Tassa pana yena tattha upapanno, tasmiṃ rūparāge vikkhambhite puna bhavābhilāso na bhavissatīti arūparāgupacchedo ca bhavissatiyeva. Yo pana puthujjano tattha nibbatto ariyamaggaṃ bhāvetvā arūpehi vikkhambhitarūparāgo uppanne magge nibbattabhavādīnavadassanavasena anivattitabhavābhilāso, tassa vasena yamakapāḷi pavattāti vā ayamattho adhippeto siyā.
应证知等门的解释
7. Abhiññeyyādivāravaṇṇanā
1030“色以恼坏为相,触以触对为相”等,这样把握共相与别相、把握自相的见清净与度疑清净;这是知遍知。从那以后直到随顺,是审察遍知。从生灭随观开始直到道,是断遍知。
1030. ‘‘Ruppanalakkhaṇaṃ rūpaṃ, phusanalakkhaṇo phasso’’tiādinā sāmaññavisesalakkhaṇapariggāhikā salakkhaṇapariggāhikā diṭṭhikaṅkhāvitaraṇavisuddhiyo ñātapariññā, tato paraṃ yāva anulomā tīraṇapariññā, udayabbayānupassanato paṭṭhāya yāva maggā pahānapariññā.
在这里,“于彼处”的意思是:对于蕴等法,在蕴分别等问分中应当说的已经说了;又因为因等法已经包含在蕴等法里面,所以在那些问分中应当说的,其实也已经说了。应当这样理解。
Tattha tatthāti khandhādīnaṃ tāva khandhavibhaṅgādīsu pañhapucchakavāre vattabbaṃ vuttaṃ, hetuādīnañca khandhādīsu antogadhattā tattha tattha pañhapucchakavāre vattabbaṃ vuttamevāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.