10. 乾闼婆身相应
10. Gandhabbakāyasaṃyuttaṃ
1. 纯净经
1. Suddhikasuttaṃ
438一时,世尊住在舍卫城祇树给孤独园。……世尊对诸比丘说:“诸比丘,我将为你们宣说乾闼婆身天人。你们谛听。诸比丘,何等为乾闼婆身天人?诸比丘,有依根香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依心材香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依软木香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依皮香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依外皮香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依叶香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依花香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依果香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依汁香而住的天人。诸比丘,有依香气之香而住的天人。诸比丘,这些便称为乾闼婆身天人。”第一经。
Ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme …pe… bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘gandhabbakāyike vo, bhikkhave, deve desessāmi. Taṃ suṇātha. Katamā ca, bhikkhave, gandhabbakāyikā devā? Santi, bhikkhave, mūlagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, sāragandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, pheggugandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, tacagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, papaṭikagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, pattagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, pupphagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, phalagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, rasagandhe adhivatthā devā. Santi, bhikkhave, gandhagandhe adhivatthā devā. Ime vuccanti, bhikkhave, gandhabbakāyikā devā’’ti. Paṭhamaṃ.
第二 善行经
2. Sucaritasuttaṃ
439舍卫城因缘。有一位比丘坐在一旁,对世尊这样说:“尊者,以何为因,以何为缘,令此处某人在身坏命终后,投生到乾闼婆身天人众中呢?”“比丘,世间有一类人,以身行善、以语行善、以意行善。他听闻:‘乾闼婆身天人长寿、美貌、多乐。’他便这样想:‘啊,愿我身坏命终后,投生到乾闼婆身天人众中!’他在身坏命终后,便投生到乾闼婆身天人众中。比丘,这就是因,这就是缘,令此处某人在身坏命终后,投生到乾闼婆身天人众中。”第二经。
Sāvatthinidānaṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ko nu kho, bhante, hetu, ko paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhabbakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti? ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekacco kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘gandhabbakāyikā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhabbakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhabbakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhu , hetu, ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhabbakāyikānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti. Dutiyaṃ.
根香施者经
3. Mūlagandhadātāsuttaṃ
440在舍卫城。那时,有一位比丘坐在一旁,对世尊这样说:“尊者!是什么因、什么缘,令此有人身坏命终之后,投生在居于根香的天众之中呢?”“比丘!于此,有人身行善行、口行善行、意行善行。他又听说:‘居于根香的天众长寿、容貌端正、多受快乐。’他便这样想:‘啊,愿我身坏命终之后,投生在居于根香的天众之中!’他又是根香的布施者。他在身坏命终之后,便投生在居于根香的天众之中。比丘,这就是因,这就是缘,令此有人身坏命终之后,投生在居于根香的天众之中。”第三经。
Sāvatthinidānaṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ko nu kho, bhante, hetu, ko paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti ? ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekacco kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘mūlagandhe adhivatthā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So dātā hoti mūlagandhānaṃ. So kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhu, hetu…pe… yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti. Tatiyaṃ.
心材香等施者九经
4-12. Sāragandhādidātāsuttanavakaṃ
441-449舍卫城因缘。坐于一旁的比丘对世尊这样说道:“尊者,是怎样的因、怎样的缘,令此中一些人于身坏命终后,投生到住于心材香的天人的……住于软木香的天人的……住于皮香的天人的……住于芽香的天人的……住于叶香的天人的……住于花香的天人的……住于果香的天人的……住于汁香的天人的……住于香香的天人的同伴之中呢?” “比丘,在此,有人以身行善、以语行善、以意行善。他听闻:‘住于心材香的天人长寿、容貌端严、多受快乐。’他便心生希愿:‘啊,愿我于身坏命终后,投生到住于心材香的天人的……住于软木香的天人的……住于皮香的天人的……住于芽香的天人的……住于叶香的天人的……住于花香的天人的……住于果香的天人的……住于汁香的天人的……住于香香的天人的同伴之中!’他是心材香的布施者……他是软木香的布施者……他是皮香的布施者……他是芽香的布施者……他是叶香的布施者……他是花香的布施者……他是果香的布施者……他是汁香的布施者……他是香香的布施者。他于身坏命终后,投生到住于香香的天人的同伴之中。比丘,这是因,这是缘,由此,此人于身坏命终后,投生到住于香香的天人的同伴之中。” 第十二经。
Sāvatthinidānaṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ko nu kho, bhante, hetu, ko paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sāragandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ…pe… pheggugandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… tacagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… papaṭikagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pattagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pupphagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… phalagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… rasagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti? ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekacco kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘sāragandhe adhivatthā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sāragandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ…pe… pheggugandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… tacagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… papaṭikagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pattagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pupphagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… phalagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… rasagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So dātā hoti sāragandhānaṃ…pe… so dātā hoti pheggugandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti tacagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti papaṭikagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti pattagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti pupphagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti phalagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti rasagandhānaṃ… so dātā hoti gandhagandhānaṃ. So kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhu, hetu, ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti. Dvādasamaṃ.
十三至二十二.根香布施助益十经
13-22. Mūlagandhadānūpakārasuttadasakaṃ
450-459舍卫城因缘。那位比丘在一旁坐定,对世尊这样说:“尊者!以何为因,以何为缘,有人于此身坏命终之后,投生到根香天人之中,成为其同伴?”“比丘!在此,有人以身行善行、以语行善行、以意行善行。他听闻:‘根香天人长寿、美貌、多乐。’他这样想:‘啊,愿我于此身坏命终之后,投生到根香天人之中,成为其同伴!’他便布施食物……布施饮料……布施衣服……布施车乘……布施花鬘……布施香……布施涂料……布施卧具……布施住所……布施灯明。他于此身坏命终之后,便投生到根香天人之中,成为其同伴。比丘!这就是因,这就是缘,以此,有人于此身坏命终之后,投生到根香天人之中,成为其同伴。”第二十二经。
Sāvatthinidānaṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ko nu kho, bhante, hetu, ko paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti? ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekacco kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘mūlagandhe adhivatthā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So annaṃ deti…pe… pānaṃ deti… vatthaṃ deti… yānaṃ deti… mālaṃ deti… gandhaṃ deti… vilepanaṃ deti… seyyaṃ deti… āvasathaṃ deti… padīpeyyaṃ deti. So kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhu, hetu, ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā mūlagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti. Bāvīsatimaṃ.
23-112. 心材香等布施利益经九十则
23-112. Sāragandhādidānūpakārasuttanavutikaṃ
460-549舍卫城因缘。那位比丘在一旁坐定后,对世尊这样说:“尊者,是什么因、什么缘,使得此处有人身坏命终之后,投生于住心材香的天神之群……住软木香的天神之群……住皮香的天神之群……住芽香的天神之群……住叶香的天神之群……住花香的天神之群……住果香的天神之群……住汁香的天神之群……住香香的天神之群中呢?”“比丘,在此,有人以身行善行,以语行善行,以意行善行。他听闻:‘住香香的天神长寿、貌美、多乐。’他便这样想:‘啊!愿我身坏命终之后,投生到住香香的天神之群中!’他施与食物……施与饮品……施与衣物……施与车乘……施与花鬘……施与香……施与涂敷物……施与卧具……施与住所……施与灯明。他身坏命终之后,便投生到住香香的天神之群中。比丘,这就是因,这就是缘,使得此处有人身坏命终之后,投生到住香香的天神之群中。”第一百一十二经。
Sāvatthinidānaṃ . Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so bhikkhu bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘ko nu kho, bhante, hetu, ko paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sāragandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ…pe… pheggugandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… tacagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ … papaṭikagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pattagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… pupphagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… phalagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… rasagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ… gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti? ‘‘Idha, bhikkhu, ekacco kāyena sucaritaṃ carati, vācāya sucaritaṃ carati, manasā sucaritaṃ carati. Tassa sutaṃ hoti – ‘gandhagandhe adhivatthā devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā’ti. Tassa evaṃ hoti – ‘aho vatāhaṃ kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjeyya’nti. So annaṃ deti…pe… pānaṃ deti… vatthaṃ deti… yānaṃ deti… mālaṃ deti… gandhaṃ deti… vilepanaṃ deti… seyyaṃ deti… āvasathaṃ deti… padīpeyyaṃ deti. So kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjati. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhu, hetu, ayaṃ paccayo, yena midhekacco kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā gandhagandhe adhivatthānaṃ devānaṃ sahabyataṃ upapajjatī’’ti. Dvādasasatimaṃ.
(如此,依布施等算,共有一百一十二部经。)
(Evaṃ piṇḍakena ekasatañca dvādasa ca suttantā honti.)
纯净经与善行经,施者经及余十经;
布施的利益,以百种方式,在乾闼婆众中善为开示。
Suddhikañca sucaritaṃ, dātā hi apare dasa; Dānūpakārā satadhā, gandhabbe suppakāsitāti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
这组在讲什么
该组解释一类特定的天神——“乾闼婆身天人”的具体种类与其投生因缘。它条列了十种依靠不同植物香气(如根香、心材香、花香等)而住的天神。主题是透过身、语、意三善行,并配合对特定供物(特定种类的香)的布施与愿力,将导致众生投生到相应的、品级精细的乾闼婆天界中。
出场人物 / 对告众
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 说法者 |
| bhikkhu | 比丘 | 对告众/提问者 |
| gandhabbakāyikā devā | 乾闼婆身天人 | 本组讨论的对象/投生目标 |
核心法义(白话+重点)
这一组的教法核心在于展现业果定律的“精准匹配”:你布施什么,所投生处的生存状态就与那布施物直接相关。一个凡夫听闻乾闼婆天人的福乐,心生向往,并基于身、语、意三善行,再特别施舍“根香”、“心材香”、“花香”等特定的香,死后便会依其愿力与所施之物,精准地投生到对应那一类香境的天神群体中。
→ 拆开看:“他听闻:『住于根香的天人长寿、美貌、多乐。』他如此想:『啊!愿我于身坏死后投生到住于根香的天人的同伴中!』他是根香的施者。他于身坏死后投生到住于根香的天人的同伴中。”(第三经) 这里“听闻-生愿-行善-布施”形成一个完整的业力闭环,布施的特定物品(如根香)成了投生向特定环境(住于根香)的“业缘”。
→ 要旨:投生为哪一类感官享受型天神,不是偶然,而是由生前具体的布施行为与明确的愿望共同定向的。这种精细的天界品类划分,反映了佛教对业报因果链极其细致的观察。
关键术语锚
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 为何易错 |
|---|
| gandhabba | 乾闼婆 | 汉传多指食香、寻香神或中阴身,此处专指一类以香气为身、赖香生存的低级天神,不涉及中阴概念,易与汉传常见义混淆。 |
| gandha | 香 | 这里不是泛称的“香味”,而是扩展到构成植物体的十个部分:根、心材、软木、皮、芽、叶、花、果、汁、香(同名的精华香),易当作单一概念看。 |
| dāna | 施 | 在本组中,布施的具体物直接决定了投生天界的类别,布施不仅是善行,更成了“定制来世”的工具,易泛泛理解成一般的功德。 |
| upapajjati | 投生 | 指向特定业报的“出现/再生”,并非灵魂的迁移,而是基于业力的条件生起的现象,投生地点由此细分为十种乃至百种。 |
代表经(本组重点)
- 1\. 纯净经 — 总纲,首次完整列出十种依香而住的乾闼婆身天人,奠定全组讨论框架。
- 3\. 根香施者经 — 进入具体因果详解,示范“善行+愿力+布施特定香=精准投生”的模板。
- 12\. 香香施者经 — 完结十种香的因果分述,可对照根香施者经参看套路的统一性。
- 112\. (香香·灯明施者)经 — 将布施品扩展为十种(食、衣、灯明等),但原理毫无二致,以此收束全组。