353如是我闻:一时,世尊住舍卫城祇树给孤独园。那时,有一位屋主,他心爱、可意的独生子去世了。由于这孩子的过世,他既无心营理工作,也吃不下饭。他来到火葬场,边哭边喊:‘我的独生子啊,你在哪里?我的独生子啊,你在哪里?’随后,那位屋主去见世尊,顶礼世尊后,坐于一旁。世尊对坐在一旁的屋主这样说:‘屋主,你的诸根未能安住于自心,你的诸根出了状况。’‘尊者,我的诸根怎么可能不出状况?尊者,我心爱、可意的独生子去世了。因为他过世,我既无心工作,也吃不下饭。我跑到火葬场哭泣:我的独生子啊,你在哪里?我的独生子啊,你在哪里?’‘正是如此,屋主,正是如此,屋主。愁、悲、苦、忧、恼确实从所爱者而生,是以所爱者为根源。’‘尊者,怎会有这种事?“愁、悲、苦、忧、恼从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源”?尊者,喜悦与快乐才正是从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。’那位屋主不认同世尊所说,反驳之后,便从座起身离去。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tena kho pana samayena aññatarassa gahapatissa ekaputtako piyo manāpo kālaṅkato hoti. Tassa kālaṃkiriyāya neva kammantā paṭibhanti na bhattaṃ paṭibhāti. So āḷāhanaṃ gantvā kandati – ‘‘kahaṃ, ekaputtaka, kahaṃ, ekaputtakā’’ti! Atha kho so gahapati yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho taṃ gahapatiṃ bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘na kho te, gahapati, sake citte ṭhitassa indriyāni, atthi te indriyānaṃ aññathatta’’nti. ‘‘Kiñhi me, bhante, indriyānaṃ nāññathattaṃ bhavissati; mayhañhi, bhante, ekaputto piyo manāpo kālaṅkato. Tassa kālaṃkiriyāya neva kammantā paṭibhanti, na bhattaṃ paṭibhāti. Sohaṃ āḷāhanaṃ gantvā kandāmi – ‘kahaṃ, ekaputtaka, kahaṃ, ekaputtakā’’’ti! ‘‘Evametaṃ, gahapati, evametaṃ, gahapati ! Piyajātikā hi, gahapati, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’’ti. ‘‘Kassa kho nāmetaṃ, bhante, evaṃ bhavissati – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti? Piyajātikā hi kho, bhante, ānandasomanassā piyappabhavikā’’ti. Atha kho so gahapati bhagavato bhāsitaṃ anabhinanditvā paṭikkositvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkāmi.
354那时,有一群赌徒正在世尊不远处掷骰子赌博。那位屋主去到那群赌徒那里,到了之后,对赌徒们说:‘各位,我刚才去见了沙门乔达摩,顶礼沙门乔达摩后,坐于一旁。各位,沙门乔达摩对我这个坐在一旁的人这样说:“屋主,你的诸根未能安住于自心,你的诸根出了状况。”听了这话,各位,我便对沙门乔达摩说:“尊者,我的诸根怎么可能不出状况?尊者,我心爱、可意的独生子去世了。因为他过世,我既无心工作,也吃不下饭。我跑到火葬场哭泣:我的独生子啊,你在哪里?我的独生子啊,你在哪里?”他说:“正是如此,屋主,正是如此,屋主。愁、悲、苦、忧、恼确实从所爱者而生,是以所爱者为根源。”我回答:“尊者,怎会有这种事?愁、悲、苦、忧、恼从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源?尊者,喜悦与快乐才正是从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。”各位,就这样,我不认同沙门乔达摩所说,反驳之后,便从座起身离开了。’‘正是如此,屋主,正是如此,屋主。喜悦与快乐确实从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。’那位屋主心想:‘这些赌徒与我的见解相符。’便离开了。后来,这件事逐渐传到了王宫里。
Tena kho pana samayena sambahulā akkhadhuttā bhagavato avidūre akkhehi dibbanti. Atha kho so gahapati yena te akkhadhuttā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā akkhadhutte etadavoca – ‘‘idhāhaṃ, bhonto, yena samaṇo gotamo tenupasaṅkamiṃ; upasaṅkamitvā samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃ. Ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho maṃ, bhonto, samaṇo gotamo etadavoca – ‘na kho te, gahapati, sake citte ṭhitassa indriyāni, atthi te indriyānaṃ aññathatta’nti. Evaṃ vutte, ahaṃ, bhonto, samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ etadavocaṃ – ‘kiñhi me, bhante, indriyānaṃ nāññathattaṃ bhavissati; mayhañhi, bhante, ekaputtako piyo manāpo kālaṅkato. Tassa kālaṃkiriyāya neva kammantā paṭibhanti, na bhattaṃ paṭibhāti . Sohaṃ āḷāhanaṃ gantvā kandāmi – kahaṃ, ekaputtaka, kahaṃ, ekaputtakā’ti! ‘Evametaṃ, gahapati, evametaṃ, gahapati! Piyajātikā hi, gahapati, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti. ‘Kassa kho nāmetaṃ, bhante, evaṃ bhavissati – piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā? Piyajātikā hi kho, bhante, ānandasomanassā piyappabhavikā’ti. Atha khvāhaṃ, bhonto, samaṇassa gotamassa bhāsitaṃ anabhinanditvā paṭikkositvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkami’’nti. ‘‘Evametaṃ, gahapati, evametaṃ, gahapati! Piyajātikā hi, gahapati, ānandasomanassā piyappabhavikā’’ti . Atha kho so gahapati ‘‘sameti me akkhadhuttehī’’ti pakkāmi. Atha kho idaṃ kathāvatthu anupubbena rājantepuraṃ pāvisi.
355当时,憍萨罗国波斯匿王对末利王后说:“末利,沙门乔达摩曾这样说:‘愁、悲、苦、忧、恼由所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。’” “大王,若这是世尊所说,便是如此。” “你看这末利,不论沙门乔达摩说什么,她都随即赞叹附和。” “大王,若这是世尊所说,那便是如此。正如不论老师对学生说什么,学生都随即赞叹附和:‘正是如此,老师,正是如此,老师。’” “末利,你也是如此,不论沙门乔达摩说什么,你都跟着赞叹附和。” “大王,若这是世尊所说,便是如此。” “走开,末利!你真是不可理喻。” 于是,末利王后召来那利将喀婆罗门,对他说:“来,婆罗门,你去见世尊。到了之后,以我的名义,头面礼敬世尊的双足,并问候他是否少病、少恼、起居轻安、体力充沛、生活安乐。你这样传达:‘尊者,末利王后头面礼敬世尊双足,并问候世尊是否少病、少恼、起居轻安、体力充沛、生活安乐。’ 你再这样问:‘尊者,世尊是否曾说过:“愁、悲、苦、忧、恼是由所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源”?’ 你要好好记住世尊对你的解答,回来告诉我。因为如来是绝不会说不实之语的。” “好的,夫人。”那利将喀婆罗门答应了末利王后,便前往世尊那里。到了之后,他与世尊亲切地互相问候寒暄。在说完亲切、令人难忘的话之后,他坐到一旁。坐在一旁的那利将喀婆罗门对世尊这样说:“乔达摩大师,末利王后头面礼敬乔达摩大师的双足,并问候大师是否少病、少恼、起居轻安、体力充沛、生活安乐。她还这样问:‘尊者,世尊是否曾说过:“愁、悲、苦、忧、恼是由所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源”?’”
Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo mallikaṃ deviṃ āmantesi – ‘‘idaṃ te, mallike, samaṇena gotamena bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’’’ti. ‘‘Sacetaṃ, mahārāja, bhagavatā bhāsitaṃ, evameta’’nti. ‘‘Evameva panāyaṃ mallikā yaññadeva samaṇo gotamo bhāsati taṃ tadevassa abbhanumodati’’. ‘‘Sacetaṃ, mahārāja, bhagavatā bhāsitaṃ evametanti. Seyyathāpi nāma, yaññadeva ācariyo antevāsissa bhāsati taṃ tadevassa antevāsī abbhanumodati – ‘evametaṃ, ācariya, evametaṃ, ācariyā’’’ti. ‘‘Evameva kho tvaṃ, mallike, yaññadeva samaṇo gotamo bhāsati taṃ tadevassa abbhanumodasi’’. ‘‘Sacetaṃ, mahārāja , bhagavatā bhāsitaṃ evameta’’nti. ‘‘Carapi, re mallike, vinassā’’ti. Atha kho mallikā devī nāḷijaṅghaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘ehi tvaṃ, brāhmaṇa, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkama; upasaṅkamitvā mama vacanena bhagavato pāde sirasā vandāhi, appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ puccha – ‘mallikā, bhante, devī bhagavato pāde sirasā vandati, appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchatī’ti. Evañca vadehi – ‘bhāsitā nu kho, bhante, bhagavatā esā vācā – piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti . Yathā te bhagavā byākaroti taṃ sādhukaṃ uggahetvā mama āroceyyāsi. Na hi tathāgatā vitathaṃ bhaṇantī’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ, bhotī’’ti kho nāḷijaṅgho brāhmaṇo mallikāya deviyā paṭissutvā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho nāḷijaṅgho brāhmaṇo bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘mallikā, bho gotama, devī bhoto gotamassa pāde sirasā vandati; appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchati; evañca vadeti – ‘bhāsitā nu kho, bhante, bhagavatā esā vācā – piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’’’ti.
356正是如此,婆罗门,正是如此,婆罗门。因为愁、悲、苦、忧、恼确实从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。婆罗门,藉由这一事理,也当能了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼如何从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。婆罗门,往昔,就在这舍卫城中,有一女子,母亲去世了。她因母亲去世而发了疯,心神错乱,走遍了各条街巷、各个路口,这样问道:‘你们见到我的母亲了吗?你们见到我的母亲了吗?’婆罗门,藉由这一事理,也当能了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼确实从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。
‘‘Evametaṃ, brāhmaṇa, evametaṃ, brāhmaṇa! Piyajātikā hi, brāhmaṇa, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikāti. Tadamināpetaṃ, brāhmaṇa, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā. Bhūtapubbaṃ, brāhmaṇa, imissāyeva sāvatthiyā aññatarissā itthiyā mātā kālamakāsi. Sā tassā kālakiriyāya ummattikā khittacittā rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘api me mātaraṃ addassatha , api me mātaraṃ addassathā’ti? Imināpi kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikāti.
婆罗门,往昔,就在这舍卫城中,有一女子,父亲去世、兄弟去世、姐妹去世、儿子去世、女儿去世、丈夫去世。她因丈夫去世而发了疯,心神错乱,走遍了各条街巷、各个路口,这样问道:‘你们见到我的丈夫了吗?你们见到我的丈夫了吗?’婆罗门,藉由这一事理,也当能了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼确实从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ , brāhmaṇa, imissāyeva sāvatthiyā aññatarissā itthiyā pitā kālamakāsi… bhātā kālamakāsi… bhaginī kālamakāsi… putto kālamakāsi… dhītā kālamakāsi… sāmiko kālamakāsi. Sā tassa kālakiriyāya ummattikā khittacittā rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘api me sāmikaṃ addassatha, api me sāmikaṃ addassathā’ti? Imināpi kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikāti.
婆罗门,往昔就在这舍卫城,有个人母亲去世了。因母亲之死,他变得疯癫,心神错乱,在街巷间、在十字路口反复问道:‘你们可曾见我母亲?你们可曾见我母亲?’婆罗门,以此事理亦当了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,确实从所爱生起,以所爱为根源。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ , brāhmaṇa, imissāyeva sāvatthiyā aññatarassa purisassa mātā kālamakāsi. So tassā kālakiriyāya ummattako khittacitto rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘api me mātaraṃ addassatha, api me mātaraṃ addassathā’ti ? Imināpi kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa , pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikāti.
婆罗门,往昔就在这舍卫城,有个人父亲去世了……兄弟去世……姐妹去世……儿子去世……女儿去世……妻子去世。因妻子之死,他变得疯癫,心神错乱,从一条街到另一条街,从一个路口到另一个路口,到处问道:‘你们可曾见我妻子?你们可曾见我妻子?’婆罗门,以此事理亦当了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,确实从所爱生起,以所爱为根源。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ, brāhmaṇa, imissāyeva sāvatthiyā aññatarassa purisassa pitā kālamakāsi… bhātā kālamakāsi… bhaginī kālamakāsi… putto kālamakāsi… dhītā kālamakāsi… pajāpati kālamakāsi. So tassā kālakiriyāya ummattako khittacitto rathikāya rathikaṃ siṅghāṭakena siṅghāṭakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘api me pajāpatiṃ addassatha, api me pajāpatiṃ addassathā’ti? Imināpi kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikāti.
婆罗门,往昔就在这舍卫城,有位妇女回娘家探亲。她的亲人想将她从丈夫身边带走,改嫁他人,但她不愿意。于是她对丈夫说:‘夫君,我的亲人们想拆散你我,将我嫁与他人,我不愿意。’那丈夫听后,便将妻子劈成两半,而后自杀,说:‘如此,我俩死后仍在一起。’婆罗门,以此事理亦当了知:愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,确实从所爱生起,以所爱为根源。
‘‘Bhūtapubbaṃ, brāhmaṇa, imissāyeva sāvatthiyā aññatarā itthī ñātikulaṃ agamāsi. Tassā te ñātakā sāmikaṃ acchinditvā aññassa dātukāmā. Sā ca taṃ na icchati. Atha kho sā itthī sāmikaṃ etadavoca – ‘ime, maṃ , ayyaputta, ñātakā tvaṃ acchinditvā aññassa dātukāmā. Ahañca taṃ na icchāmī’ti. Atha kho so puriso taṃ itthiṃ dvidhā chetvā attānaṃ upphālesi – ‘ubho pecca bhavissāmā’ti. Imināpi kho etaṃ, brāhmaṇa, pariyāyena veditabbaṃ yathā piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’’ti.
357那时,那利将喀婆罗门对世尊的开示欢喜、随喜之后,从座起身,来到末利夫人那里,将他与世尊交谈的全部内容一一告诉了末利夫人。于是,末利夫人来到憍萨罗国王波斯匿那里,对国王这样说:‘大王,您以为如何?您爱您的女儿瓦吉莉公主吗?’‘末利,是的,我爱我的女儿瓦吉莉公主。’‘大王,您以为如何?如果瓦吉莉公主发生变故、出现变异,您会不会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?’‘末利,我女儿瓦吉莉公主若发生变故、出现变异,我的生命都可能为之改观,更何况,我怎么会不生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?’末利夫人说:‘大王,这正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——世尊,所意指的一番话:“愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,是从所爱者而生,以所爱者为根源。”’”
Atha kho nāḷijaṅgho brāhmaṇo bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinanditvā anumoditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā yena mallikā devī tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā yāvatako ahosi bhagavatā saddhiṃ kathāsallāpo taṃ sabbaṃ mallikāya deviyā ārocesi. Atha kho mallikā devī yena rājā pasenadi kosalo tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā rājānaṃ pasenadiṃ kosalaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, piyā te vajirī kumārī’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, mallike, piyā me vajirī kumārī’’ti. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, vajiriyā te kumāriyā vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Vajiriyā me, mallike, kumāriyā vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā jīvitassapi siyā aññathattaṃ, kiṃ pana me na uppajjissanti sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Idaṃ kho taṃ, mahārāja, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sandhāya bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti.
“大王,您意下如何?您的瓦萨芭王后,您爱她吗?”“末利,是的,我爱瓦萨芭王后。”“大王,您意下如何?如果瓦萨芭王后有变易、生起异样,您会不会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“末利,如果瓦萨芭王后有变易、生起异样,我的生命都可能随之改变,又怎会不生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“大王,这正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——世尊所指而说的话:‘愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,从所爱而生,以所爱为源。’”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, piyā te vāsabhā khattiyā’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, mallike, piyā me vāsabhā khattiyā’’ti. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, vāsabhāya te khattiyāya vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Vāsabhāya me, mallike, khattiyāya vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā jīvitassapi siyā aññathattaṃ, kiṃ pana me na uppajjissanti sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Idaṃ kho taṃ, mahārāja, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sandhāya bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti.
“大王,您意下如何?您的维塔杜巴将军,您爱他吗?”“末利,是的,我爱维塔杜巴将军。”“大王,您意下如何?如果维塔杜巴将军有变易、生起异样,您会不会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“末利,如果维塔杜巴将军有变易、生起异样,我的生命都可能随之改变,又怎会不生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“大王,这正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——世尊所指而说的话:‘愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,从所爱而生,以所爱为源。’”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, piyo te viṭaṭūbho senāpatī’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ , mallike, piyo me viṭaṭūbho senāpatī’’ti. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, viṭaṭūbhassa te senāpatissa vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Viṭaṭūbhassa me, mallike, senāpatissa vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā jīvitassapi siyā aññathattaṃ , kiṃ pana me na uppajjissanti sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Idaṃ kho taṃ, mahārāja, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sandhāya bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti.
“大王,您认为如何?您爱我吗?”“末利,是的,我爱你。”“大王,您认为如何?如果我发生变故、出现异样,您会不会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“末利,如果你发生变故、出现异样,我的生命也将随之异变,又怎会不生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“大王,这正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——世尊所说的话:‘愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,从所爱者生起,以所爱者为根源。’”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, piyā te aha’’nti? ‘‘Evaṃ, mallike, piyā mesi tva’’nti. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, mayhaṃ te vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Tuyhañhi me, mallike, vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā jīvitassapi siyā aññathattaṃ, kiṃ pana me na uppajjissanti sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Idaṃ kho taṃ, mahārāja, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sandhāya bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’ti.
“大王,您认为如何?迦尸国与憍萨罗国是您所爱吗?”“是的,末利,迦尸国与憍萨罗国是我所爱。末利,依靠迦尸国与憍萨罗国的威势,我们得以享用迦尸的旃檀,得以佩戴花环、香料与涂油。”“大王,您认为如何?倘若迦尸国与憍萨罗国发生变易、异变,您会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼吗?”“末利,倘若迦尸国与憍萨罗国发生变易、异变,我的生命也将随之异变,又怎会不生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼呢?”“大王,这正是那位知者、见者、阿拉汉、正自觉者——世尊所说的话:‘愁、悲、苦、忧、恼,从所爱者生起,一切愁悲苦忧恼皆以所爱者为根源。’”
‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, piyā te kāsikosalā’’ti? ‘‘Evaṃ, mallike, piyā me kāsikosalā. Kāsikosalānaṃ, mallike, ānubhāvena kāsikacandanaṃ paccanubhoma, mālāgandhavilepanaṃ dhāremā’’ti. ‘‘Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, mahārāja, kāsikosalānaṃ te vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā uppajjeyyuṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Kāsikosalānañhi, mallike , vipariṇāmaññathābhāvā jīvitassapi siyā aññathattaṃ, kiṃ pana me na uppajjissanti sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā’’ti? ‘‘Idaṃ kho taṃ, mahārāja, tena bhagavatā jānatā passatā arahatā sammāsambuddhena sandhāya bhāsitaṃ – ‘piyajātikā sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā piyappabhavikā’’’ti.
“真是殊胜啊,末利!真是未曾有啊,末利!彼世尊,想必是以智慧深深洞彻而观见的。来,末利,为我斟水。”那时,波斯匿王从座起身,将上衣偏袒一肩,面向世尊所在的方向,合掌致敬,三次发出这样的赞叹语:“礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者!”
‘‘Acchariyaṃ, mallike, abbhutaṃ, mallike! Yāvañca so bhagavā paññāya ativijjha maññe passati. Ehi, mallike, ācamehī’’ti . Atha kho rājā pasenadi kosalo uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā yena bhagavā tenañjaliṃ paṇāmetvā tikkhattuṃ udānaṃ udānesi – ‘‘namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa, namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa, namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassā’’ti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| gahapati | 屋主 | 丧独子之父,最初不解佛陀教说 |
| Pasenadi Kosala | 波斯匿 | 憍萨罗国王,被末利启发后信受 |
| Mallikā devī | 末利王后 | 波斯匿王之后,引导国王理解教义 |
| Nāḷijaṅgha brāhmaṇa | 那利将喀婆罗门 | 为末利王后往返传话的使者 |
| Bhagavā | 世尊 | 本经教说者(外道称之为「沙门乔达摩」) |
事件
一位屋主的独子死后,他悲痛欲绝,前往火葬场哭泣。他去见佛陀,佛陀告诉他“忧愁等苦从所爱生起”,但他不信服并反驳离去。此事传入王宫,波斯匿王以此质问末利夫人,末利夫人坚信佛陀所说,并派使者向佛陀求证。确认教说后,末利夫人以国王所爱的女儿、王妃、将军、她自己乃至国土为例,层层引导波斯匿王亲身体认“若所爱变异,则生忧悲”,最终使国王信服,并遥礼佛陀。
经文摘要
丧子屋主质疑佛陀“所爱生忧”的教导 → 讯息传入王宫引发国王质疑 → 末利夫人通过引导国王省思自身所爱,证实佛陀教言。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
这事说白了,就是在讨论我们和“所爱”的东西、人绑得太紧时,到底会发生什么。
背景:凡夫的直觉 vs. 佛陀的洞见
故事一开始,那位失去独子的父亲,他的反应很真实,就跟你我会有的反应一样:我儿子是我最爱的,他死了,我人生都崩了,怎么会有“快乐从所爱生”这种事?明明是苦得要死。他直觉上认定“快乐从所爱而来”。这是他当时唯一能感受到的真理。
→ 这里要看到:父亲的反应,是我们对“爱”的普遍误解。我们以为快乐的来源是那个“所爱的对象”,所以失去对象,快乐就没了,痛苦就来了。
核心:把“爱”和“苦”的因果看穿
佛陀讲的“从所爱者生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼”,不是在否认爱里有乐,而是在把更根本的运作逻辑讲明白。末利夫人后来给波斯匿王的示范,就是把这逻辑摊开来:
她连续问王:“你爱某某吗?”“如果她/他/它发生变易、异变,你会生起忧悲吗?”
王的答案全是:“别说忧悲了,我甚至生命都会有变易,我怎么可能不忧悲?”
这串问答就是亲手在画一张“爱苦相连图”。
→ 拆开看:“由于某某的变易、异变,会生起愁、悲、苦、忧、恼吗?”
这句话的关键在“变易、异变”。它直指无常的法则。爱的反面不是恨,是执取。因为对所爱有执取,当所爱必然变化(死去、变心、失去)时,那个“我的”被撕开,苦就立刻生起。快乐只是浪花,那底下深沉的潜流,是只要执取在,因无常而生的苦的种子就在。
→ 一句话要旨:不是因为爱让人苦,而是对必变之物的执取,决定了苦会随之而来。
关键术语锚
- Piyajātikā→从所爱者而生:复合词,易被误读为“爱的种类”或“爱的祭典”,实指“愁悲等苦是以所爱者(piya)为因、从彼而生(jātika)”,是本经核心教说句。
- soka, parideva, dukkha, domanassa, upāyāsa→愁、悲、苦、忧、恼:此五词连用,精准刻画了从内心忧伤到外显悲痛、再到深层苦恼的完整情绪链,常被笼统译为“苦恼”。
- rāga→贪/爱染:与世俗的“爱”(piya)不同,此字带有执取、染著的色彩,是苦的根,易与普通的爱混淆。
- taṇhā→爱/渴爱:缘起中的关键一环,指如渴求水般的欲求,是推动轮回、系缚于苦的根本驱力,非中性情感。
- vipariṇāma/ aññathatta→变易/异变:不仅指死亡,更泛指一切现象(人、关系、地位)的变化,是触发“爱别离苦”的直接按钮,易被简单理解为“死亡”。