第十 须婆经
10. Subhasuttaṃ
须婆学童事
Subhamāṇavavatthu
444如是我闻:一时,尊者阿难住在舍卫城的祇树给孤独园,那时距世尊入灭未久。那时,多德耶之子须婆学童因有事住在舍卫城。
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ āyasmā ānando sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme aciraparinibbute bhagavati. Tena kho pana samayena subho māṇavo todeyyaputto sāvatthiyaṃ paṭivasati kenacideva karaṇīyena.
445于是,学童须婆·多德亚之子便对一位学童说:“来,学童,你前往沙门阿难那里。到后,以我的名义向沙门阿难问安,问他是否无病无恼、轻安有力、安乐而住。你要这样说:‘学童须婆·多德亚之子向具寿阿难请安,问您是否无病无恼、轻安有力、安乐而住。’然后又这样说:‘若具寿阿难出于慈悯,屈驾光临学童须婆·多德亚之子的住处,那真是太好了。’”
Atha kho subho māṇavo todeyyaputto aññataraṃ māṇavakaṃ āmantesi – ‘‘ehi tvaṃ, māṇavaka, yena samaṇo ānando tenupasaṅkama; upasaṅkamitvā mama vacanena samaṇaṃ ānandaṃ appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ puccha – ‘subho māṇavo todeyyaputto bhavantaṃ ānandaṃ appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchatī’ti. Evañca vadehi – ‘sādhu kira bhavaṃ ānando yena subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkamatu anukampaṃ upādāyā’’’ti.
446“是,先生。”那位学童应答学童须婆·多德亚之子后,便往诣具寿阿难处。既至,与具寿阿难共相问讯,互致欣悦、令人铭记的言语后,退坐一面。坐定,那位学童便对具寿阿难说:“学童须婆·多德亚之子向具寿阿难请安,问您是否无病无恼、轻安有力、安乐而住。他还这样说:‘若具寿阿难出于慈悯,屈驾光临学童须婆·多德亚之子的住处,那真是太好了。’”
‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho so māṇavako subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa paṭissutvā yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmatā ānandena saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho so māṇavako āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘subho māṇavo todeyyaputto bhavantaṃ ānandaṃ appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchati; evañca vadeti – ‘sādhu kira bhavaṃ ānando yena subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkamatu anukampaṃ upādāyā’’’ti.
447闻言,具寿阿难便对那学童说:“学童,此刻不宜。我今日刚服了药。待明日,若时机适宜,我们再去拜访吧。”
Evaṃ vutte, āyasmā ānando taṃ māṇavakaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘akālo kho, māṇavaka . Atthi me ajja bhesajjamattā pītā. Appevanāma svepi upasaṅkameyyāma kālañca samayañca upādāyā’’ti.
“好的,先生。”那位学童答应了具寿阿难,便从座而起,往学童须婆·多德亚之子处去。到后,对学童须婆·多德亚之子说:“先生,我依您所说,对具寿阿难讲:‘学童须婆·多德亚之子问候具寿阿难,问他是否少病、少恼、安稳、安乐。他还这样说:若具寿阿难出于慈悯,愿屈尊光临学童须婆·多德亚之子的住处,那就太好了。’我说了这些之后,那位沙门阿难回答:‘学童,现在去并不相宜。我今日服了药,身体有些影响。也许明天,等到合适的时间,我们再去拜访。’先生,事情到此,其实已经办成了,因为具寿阿难已应允明日会来拜访。”
‘‘Evaṃ, bho’’ti kho so māṇavako āyasmato ānandassa paṭissutvā uṭṭhāyāsanā yena subho māṇavo todeyyaputto tenupasaṅkami ; upasaṅkamitvā subhaṃ māṇavaṃ todeyyaputtaṃ etadavoca, ‘‘avocumhā kho mayaṃ bhoto vacanena taṃ bhavantaṃ ānandaṃ – ‘subho māṇavo todeyyaputto bhavantaṃ ānandaṃ appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāraṃ pucchati, evañca vadeti – ‘‘sādhu kira bhavaṃ ānando yena subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkamatu anukampaṃ upādāyā’’’ti. Evaṃ vutte, bho, samaṇo ānando maṃ etadavoca – ‘akālo kho, māṇavaka. Atthi me ajja bhesajjamattā pītā. Appevanāma svepi upasaṅkameyyāma kālañca samayañca upādāyā’ti. Ettāvatāpi kho, bho, katameva etaṃ, yato kho so bhavaṃ ānando okāsamakāsi svātanāyapi upasaṅkamanāyā’’ti.
448那一夜过后,晨早时分,具寿阿难着下衣,持衣钵,以吉德咖比丘为随行沙门,来到学童须婆·多德亚之子的住处。到达后,便在已铺好的座位上坐下。
Atha kho āyasmā ānando tassā rattiyā accayena pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā pattacīvaramādāya cetakena bhikkhunā pacchāsamaṇena yena subhassa māṇavassa todeyyaputtassa nivesanaṃ tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā paññatte āsane nisīdi.
那时,学童须婆·多德亚之子来到具寿阿难跟前,彼此问候。进行了令人欢喜的问候与会心交谈之后,他坐在一旁。坐定后,学童须婆·多德亚之子对具寿阿难这样说:“阿难尊者,您长久以来做那位乔达摩大师的侍者,常近惯熟、随侍左右。阿难尊者,您应知那位乔达摩大师赞叹哪些法,又用哪些法引导人、安住人、确立人。阿难尊者,乔达摩大师究竟赞叹哪些法,又用哪些法引导人、安住人、确立人呢?”
Atha kho subho māṇavo todeyyaputto yenāyasmā ānando tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmatā ānandena saddhiṃ sammodi. Sammodanīyaṃ kathaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ vītisāretvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho subho māṇavo todeyyaputto āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘bhavañhi ānando tassa bhoto gotamassa dīgharattaṃ upaṭṭhāko santikāvacaro samīpacārī. Bhavametaṃ ānando jāneyya, yesaṃ so bhavaṃ gotamo dhammānaṃ vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesi. Katamesānaṃ kho, bho ānanda, dhammānaṃ so bhavaṃ gotamo vaṇṇavādī ahosi; kattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesī’’ti?
449“学童,彼世尊曾赞叹三类蕴,他正是以此引导、安立、稳固了众人。哪三类呢?即圣戒蕴、圣定蕴、圣慧蕴。学童,世尊正是赞叹这三类蕴,并以此引导、安立、稳固众人。”
‘‘Tiṇṇaṃ kho, māṇava, khandhānaṃ so bhagavā vaṇṇavādī ahosi; ettha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesi. Katamesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ? Ariyassa sīlakkhandhassa, ariyassa samādhikkhandhassa, ariyassa paññākkhandhassa. Imesaṃ kho, māṇava, tiṇṇaṃ khandhānaṃ so bhagavā vaṇṇavādī ahosi; ettha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesī’’ti.
450“阿难尊者,那么,乔达摩大师所称叹的圣戒蕴——他正是以此引导、安立、稳固众人——具体是指什么呢?”
‘‘Katamo pana so, bho ānanda, ariyo sīlakkhandho, yassa so bhavaṃ gotamo vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesī’’ti?
学童,于此,如来出现于世间,为阿拉汉、正自觉者、明行足、善逝、世间解、无上调御丈夫、天人师、佛陀、世尊。他亲自以证智证得了此世界——包含天神、魔罗与梵天的世界,以及包含沙门、婆罗门、天神与人类的众生——而后宣说。他宣说初善、中善、后善,义理与言辞俱足的法,并开示那全然圆满、完全清净的梵行。那时,一位居士,或居士之子,或生于其他家族的人,听闻此法。听闻此法后,他对如来生起信心。他具足此信心,就这样思惟:‘居家生活是逼仄的,是尘垢之道;出家则如旷野般开阔。留在家中,去过那十全十美、清净无瑕——如打磨过的贝壳一般——的梵行生活,实非易事。我何不剃除须发,穿上袈裟,离家而出家呢?’过后某一时,他或舍弃了微小的财富聚集,或舍弃了庞大的财富聚集;或告别了微小的亲属圈子,或告别了庞大的亲属圈子;剃除须发,穿上袈裟,离家而出家。如此出家之后,他安住于巴帝摩卡的防护中,具足行处与境界,于最微细的罪过也能看见危险,受持而修习众学处,以身、语的善业为伴,活命绝对清净,戒行圆满,守护诸根门,具足正念与正知,并且知足常乐。
‘‘Idha, māṇava, tathāgato loke uppajjati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho vijjācaraṇasampanno sugato lokavidū anuttaro purisadammasārathi satthā devamanussānaṃ buddho bhagavā. So imaṃ lokaṃ sadevakaṃ samārakaṃ sabrahmakaṃ sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiṃ pajaṃ sadevamanussaṃ sayaṃ abhiññā sacchikatvā pavedeti. So dhammaṃ deseti ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāseti. Taṃ dhammaṃ suṇāti gahapati vā gahapatiputto vā aññatarasmiṃ vā kule paccājāto. So taṃ dhammaṃ sutvā tathāgate saddhaṃ paṭilabhati. So tena saddhāpaṭilābhena samannāgato iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘sambādho gharāvāso rajopatho, abbhokāso pabbajjā, nayidaṃ sukaraṃ agāraṃ ajjhāvasatā ekantaparipuṇṇaṃ ekantaparisuddhaṃ saṅkhalikhitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carituṃ. Yaṃnūnāhaṃ kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajeyya’nti. So aparena samayena appaṃ vā bhogakkhandhaṃ pahāya mahantaṃ vā bhogakkhandhaṃ pahāya appaṃ vā ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ pahāya mahantaṃ vā ñātiparivaṭṭaṃ pahāya kesamassuṃ ohāretvā kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādetvā agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajati. So evaṃ pabbajito samāno pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharati, ācāragocarasampanno, anumattesu vajjesu bhayadassāvī, samādāya sikkhati sikkhāpadesu, kāyakammavacīkammena samannāgato kusalena, parisuddhājīvo, sīlasampanno, indriyesu guttadvāro, satisampajaññena samannāgato, santuṭṭho.
451学童,比丘云何戒行圆满?学童,于此,比丘舍离杀生,远离杀生,舍置棍棒与刀杖,有惭耻,具悲悯,为利益与哀愍一切有命、有生之类而住。学童,比丘如是——舍离杀生,远离杀生,舍置棍棒与刀杖,有惭耻,具悲悯,为利益与哀愍一切有命、有生之类而住——这也是他的戒行。
‘‘Kathañca, māṇava, bhikkhu sīlasampanno hoti? Idha, māṇava, bhikkhu pāṇātipātaṃ pahāya pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, nihitadaṇḍo nihitasattho lajjī dayāpanno, sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī viharati. Yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu pāṇātipātaṃ pahāya pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, nihitadaṇḍo nihitasattho lajjī dayāpanno, sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī viharati; idampissa hoti sīlasmiṃ. (Yathā 194 yāva 210 anucchedesu evaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ).
复次,学童,或有沙门、婆罗门,受用净信所施食已,仍依诸般畜生之明、邪命而活,即如:祭祀禳灾、许诺还愿、驱鬼赶邪、地母祭、求雨术、安宅术、合婚术、漱口浴身、献牺供、催吐药、泻下药、泻上药、泻下泻上药、治头痛、搽耳油、洗眼法、除膜药、鼻灌药、敷眼膏、涂擦药、眼科、外科、小儿科、敷根药、研合诸药等。他远离这等畜生之明、邪命。学童,比丘如是——远离如彼沙门、婆罗门,受用净信所施食已,仍依诸般畜生之明——即如祭祀禳灾、许诺还愿……乃至研合诸药等——以邪命而活——这也是他的戒行。
‘‘Yathā vā paneke bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā saddhādeyyāni bhojanāni bhuñjitvā te evarūpāya tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvena jīvitaṃ kappenti, seyyathidaṃ – santikammaṃ paṇidhikammaṃ bhūtakammaṃ bhūrikammaṃ vassakammaṃ vossakammaṃ vatthukammaṃ vatthuparikammaṃ ācamanaṃ nhāpanaṃ juhanaṃ vamanaṃ virecanaṃ uddhaṃvirecanaṃ adhovirecanaṃ sīsavirecanaṃ kaṇṇatelaṃ nettatappanaṃ natthukammaṃ añjanaṃ paccañjanaṃ sālākiyaṃ sallakattiyaṃ dārakatikicchā mūlabhesajjānaṃ anuppadānaṃ osadhīnaṃ paṭimokkho iti vā iti evarūpāya tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvā paṭivirato hoti. Yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu yathā vā paneke bhonto samaṇabrāhmaṇā saddhādeyyāni bhojanāni bhuñjitvā te evarūpāya tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvena jīvitaṃ kappenti, seyyathidaṃ, santikammaṃ paṇidhikammaṃ…pe… osadhīnaṃ paṭimokkho iti vā iti evarūpāya tiracchānavijjāya micchājīvā paṭivirato hoti. Idampissa hoti sīlasmiṃ.
452“学童,如是,戒行具足的比丘,因戒律的防护,于任何处所都不见怖畏。学童,犹如一位已灌顶的刹帝利王,摧伏了一切怨敌,因怨敌已除,于任何处所都不见怖畏。同样地,学童,戒行具足的比丘,因戒律的防护,于任何处所都不见怖畏。他具足这圣戒蕴,便在内心体验到无过失的快乐。学童,比丘便是如此戒行具足。”
‘‘Sa kho so , māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ sīlasampanno na kutoci bhayaṃ samanupassati, yadidaṃ sīlasaṃvarato. Seyyathāpi, māṇava, rājā khattiyo muddhāvasitto nihatapaccāmitto na kutoci bhayaṃ samanupassati, yadidaṃ paccatthikato. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ sīlasampanno na kutoci bhayaṃ samanupassati, yadidaṃ sīlasaṃvarato. So iminā ariyena sīlakkhandhena samannāgato ajjhattaṃ anavajjasukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti. Evaṃ kho, māṇava, bhikkhu sīlasampanno hoti.
453学童,这就是世尊所称叹的圣戒蕴,世尊依此教导、引导、安立众生。然而,在此之上,尚有应作之事。
‘‘Ayaṃ kho so, māṇava, ariyo sīlakkhandho yassa so bhagavā vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesi. Atthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīya’’nti.
“真是稀有,阿难尊者!真是不可思议,阿难尊者!阿难尊者,此圣戒蕴是圆满的,并非不圆满。阿难尊者,如此圆满的圣戒蕴,除这里之外,我在其他沙门、婆罗门中不曾得见。阿难尊者,如果其他沙门、婆罗门能在自己身上见到如此圆满的圣戒蕴,他们单凭此便心满意足,便会这样想:‘此已足够,此已成办,我们沙门的目标已得成就,于我们再无其余应作之事。’然而,阿难尊者您却这样说:‘在此之上,尚有应作之事。’”
‘‘Acchariyaṃ, bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! So cāyaṃ, bho ānanda, ariyo sīlakkhandho paripuṇṇo, no aparipuṇṇo. Evaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ cāhaṃ, bho, ānanda, ariyaṃ sīlakkhandhaṃ ito bahiddhā aññesu samaṇabrāhmaṇesu na samanupassāmi. Evaṃ paripuṇṇañca, bho ānanda, ariyaṃ sīlakkhandhaṃ ito bahiddhā aññe samaṇabrāhmaṇā attani samanupasseyyuṃ, te tāvatakeneva attamanā assu – ‘alamettāvatā, katamettāvatā, anuppatto no sāmaññattho, natthi no kiñci uttarikaraṇīya’nti. Atha ca pana bhavaṃ ānando evamāha – ‘atthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīya’’’nti .
454“那么,阿难尊者,乔达摩大师所赞叹、并以此教导、引导、安立众生的圣定蕴,又是怎样的呢?”
‘‘Katamo pana so, bho ānanda, ariyo samādhikkhandho, yassa so bhavaṃ gotamo vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesī’’ti?
“学童,比丘如何守护根门?学童,在此,比丘以眼看到色后,不执取整体相,不执取细部特征;若眼根不加以防护而安住,贪欲、忧恼等恶不善法便会侵袭他。为此,他修习防护,守护眼根,于眼根成就防护。以耳听到声后……以鼻嗅到香后……以舌尝到味后……以身触到触后……以意了别法后,不执取整体相,不执取细部特征;若意根不加以防护而安住,贪欲、忧恼等恶不善法便会侵袭他。为此,他修习防护,守护意根,于意根成就防护。他成就了这圣根律仪,便能在内心体验到无染之乐。学童,比丘正是这样守护根门的。”
‘‘Kathañca, māṇava, bhikkhu indriyesu guttadvāro hoti? Idha, māṇava, bhikkhu cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā na nimittaggāhī hoti nānubyañjanaggāhī; yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ cakkhundriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjati, rakkhati cakkhundriyaṃ, cakkhundriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjati. Sotena saddaṃ sutvā…pe… ghānena gandhaṃ ghāyitvā… jivhāya rasaṃ sāyitvā… kāyena phoṭṭhabbaṃ phusitvā… manasā dhammaṃ viññāya na nimittaggāhī hoti nānubyañjanaggāhī; yatvādhikaraṇamenaṃ manindriyaṃ asaṃvutaṃ viharantaṃ abhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāssaveyyuṃ tassa saṃvarāya paṭipajjati, rakkhati manindriyaṃ, manindriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjati. So iminā ariyena indriyasaṃvarena samannāgato ajjhattaṃ abyāsekasukhaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti. Evaṃ kho, māṇava, bhikkhu indriyesu guttadvāro hoti.
455“学童,比丘又如何具念与正知呢?学童,在此,比丘在前进、返回时,正知而行;在前看、侧看时,正知而行;在屈伸肢体时,正知而行;在穿着僧伽梨、持钵、着衣时,正知而行;在吃、喝、咀嚼、品尝时,正知而行;在大小便利时,正知而行;在行走、站立、坐着、睡眠、醒来、说话、沉默时,正知而行。学童,比丘正是这样具念与正知的。”
‘‘Kathañca, māṇava, bhikkhu satisampajaññena samannāgato hoti? Idha, māṇava, bhikkhu abhikkante paṭikkante sampajānakārī hoti, ālokite vilokite sampajānakārī hoti, samiñjite pasārite sampajānakārī hoti, saṅghāṭipattacīvaradhāraṇe sampajānakārī hoti, asite pīte khāyite sāyite sampajānakārī hoti, uccārapassāvakamme sampajānakārī hoti, gate ṭhite nisinne sutte jāgarite bhāsite tuṇhībhāve sampajānakārī hoti. Evaṃ kho, māṇava, bhikkhu satisampajaññena samannāgato hoti.
456学童,比丘又如何知足呢?学童,在此,比丘满足于足以蔽身的僧衣和足以果腹的乞食。无论前往何处,他仅带着这些便出发。学童,犹如鸟儿,无论飞往何处,唯以双翼为负荷,展翅飞翔。正是如此,学童,比丘满足于足以蔽身的僧衣与足以果腹的乞食,无论前往何处,仅带着这些便出发。学童,比丘正是这样知足的。
‘‘Kathañca, māṇava, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti? Idha, māṇava, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti kāyaparihārikena cīvarena kucchiparihārikena piṇḍapātena. So yena yeneva pakkamati, samādāyeva pakkamati. Seyyathāpi, māṇava, pakkhī sakuṇo yena yeneva ḍeti, sapattabhārova ḍeti ; evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti kāyaparihārikena cīvarena kucchiparihārikena piṇḍapātena. So yena yeneva pakkamati, samādāyeva pakkamati. Evaṃ kho, māṇava, bhikkhu santuṭṭho hoti.
457他具足此圣戒蕴,具足此圣根律仪,具足此圣念与正知,具足此圣知足之后,便亲近寂静的坐卧处──林野、树下、山丘、岩壑、山窟、冢间、密林、露地、草堆。他在食后,从乞食处返回,便结跏趺坐,端正身体,安立正念在前。
‘‘So iminā ca ariyena sīlakkhandhena samannāgato, iminā ca ariyena indriyasaṃvarena samannāgato, iminā ca ariyena satisampajaññena samannāgato, imāya ca ariyāya santuṭṭhiyā samannāgato vivittaṃ senāsanaṃ bhajati araññaṃ rukkhamūlaṃ pabbataṃ kandaraṃ giriguhaṃ susānaṃ vanapatthaṃ abbhokāsaṃ palālapuñjaṃ. So pacchābhattaṃ piṇḍapātappaṭikkanto nisīdati pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā, ujuṃ kāyaṃ paṇidhāya, parimukhaṃ satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā.
458他断除对世间的贪欲,以离贪之心安住,使心从贪欲中净化。他断除嗔恚与嫌恶,以无嗔之心安住,悲愍一切众生,使心从嗔恚嫌恶中净化。他断除昏沉睡眠,以远离昏沉睡眠之心安住,住于光明想,具念正知,使心从昏沉睡眠中净化。他断除掉举追悔,以不掉举之心安住,内心平静安稳,使心从掉举追悔中净化。他断除疑惑,以度越疑惑之心安住,于善法无有犹豫,使心从疑惑中净化。
‘‘So abhijjhaṃ loke pahāya vigatābhijjhena cetasā viharati abhijjhāya cittaṃ parisodheti. Byāpādapadosaṃ pahāya abyāpannacitto viharati sabbapāṇabhūtahitānukampī byāpādapadosā cittaṃ parisodheti. Thinamiddhaṃ pahāya vigatathinamiddho viharati ālokasaññī sato sampajāno, thinamiddhā cittaṃ parisodheti. Uddhaccakukkuccaṃ pahāya anuddhato viharati ajjhattaṃ vūpasantacitto uddhaccakukkuccā cittaṃ parisodheti. Vicikicchaṃ pahāya tiṇṇavicikiccho viharati akathaṃkathī kusalesu dhammesu, vicikicchāya cittaṃ parisodheti.
459学童,犹如有人借债经营事业。他的事业获得成功,不仅还清了原先的旧债,还有余钱可以养家。那时他便这样思惟:‘我先前借债经营事业,如今事业成功,我还清了旧债,尚有资财养家。’以此因缘,他得到欢喜,获得喜悦。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso iṇaṃ ādāya kammante payojeyya. Tassa te kammantā samijjheyyuṃ. So yāni ca porāṇāni iṇamūlāni tāni ca byantiṃ kareyya, siyā cassa uttariṃ avasiṭṭhaṃ dārabharaṇāya. Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho pubbe iṇaṃ ādāya kammante payojesiṃ . Tassa me te kammantā samijjhiṃsu. Sohaṃ yāni ca porāṇāni iṇamūlāni tāni ca byantiṃ akāsiṃ, atthi ca me uttariṃ avasiṭṭhaṃ dārabharaṇāyā’ti. So tatonidānaṃ labhetha pāmojjaṃ, adhigaccheyya somanassaṃ.
460学童,譬如有一个人身患重病,痛苦难耐,病情危笃。他毫无胃口,身体也虚弱无力。后来,过了一段时日,他从那场病中康复,恢复了胃口,体力也回到了身上。这时,他心中便会这样想:‘先前,我曾身患重病,痛苦难耐,病情危笃;我毫无胃口,身体也虚弱无力。如今,我已从那场病中解脱,恢复了胃口,体力也回到了身上。’以此因缘,他获得了欢喜,生起了喜悦。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso ābādhiko assa dukkhito bāḷhagilāno; bhattañcassa nacchādeyya, na cassa kāye balamattā. So aparena samayena tamhā ābādhā mucceyya, bhattañcassa chādeyya, siyā cassa kāye balamattā. Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho pubbe ābādhiko ahosiṃ dukkhito bāḷhagilāno, bhattañca me nacchādesi, na ca me āsi kāye balamattā. Somhi etarahi tamhā ābādhā mutto bhattañca me chādeti, atthi ca me kāye balamattā’ti. So tatonidānaṃ labhetha pāmojjaṃ, adhigaccheyya somanassaṃ.
461“学童,譬如有个人被囚于牢狱。过了一段时间,他平安地从牢狱获释,财物亦无损失。那时他会这样想:‘我先前被囚于牢狱,如今平安获释,财物亦无损失。’由此因缘,他便得欢喜,生起喜悦。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso bandhanāgāre baddho assa. So aparena samayena tamhā bandhanāgārā mucceyya sotthinā abbhayena, na cassa kiñci bhogānaṃ vayo. Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho pubbe bandhanāgāre baddho ahosiṃ. Somhi etarahi tamhā bandhanāgārā mutto sotthinā abbhayena, natthi ca me kiñci bhogānaṃ vayo’ti. So tatonidānaṃ labhetha pāmojjaṃ, adhigaccheyya somanassaṃ.
462学童,就譬如有人原为奴隶,不得自作主宰,须依于他人,不能随心所欲而行。后来,过了一些时日,他从那种奴役中解脱出来,得以自作主宰,不依于他人,成为自由人,能随心所欲而行。那时,他会这样想:‘我从前是奴隶,不得自作主宰,须依于他人,不能随心所欲而行。如今我已从那种奴役中解脱,自作主宰,不依于他人,是自由人,能随心所欲而行。’ 以此因缘,他便获得欢喜,生起喜悦。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso dāso assa anattādhīno parādhīno na yenakāmaṃgamo. So aparena samayena tamhā dāsabyā mucceyya, attādhīno aparādhīno bhujisso yenakāmaṃgamo. Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho pubbe dāso ahosiṃ anattādhīno parādhīno na yenakāmaṃgamo. Somhi etarahi tamhā dāsabyā mutto attādhīno aparādhīno bhujisso yenakāmaṃgamo’ti. So tatonidānaṃ labhetha pāmojjaṃ, adhigaccheyya somanassaṃ.
463「学童,譬如有人带着财物与货物,行经一条穿越荒野的道路,那里粮食短缺、险恶重重。后来,过了一段时日,他平安穿越了那片荒野,顺利抵达村庄边缘安稳无险的安全之地。此时他心中便会这样思惟:'从前我带着财物与货物,行经一条穿越荒野的道路,那里粮食短缺、险恶重重。如今我已成功穿越那片荒野,平安抵达村庄边缘安稳无险的安全之地。' 由此因缘,他会感到欢喜,生起喜悦。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso sadhano sabhogo kantāraddhānamaggaṃ paṭipajjeyya dubbhikkhaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ. So aparena samayena taṃ kantāraṃ nitthareyya, sotthinā gāmantaṃ anupāpuṇeyya khemaṃ appaṭibhayaṃ. Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho pubbe sadhano sabhogo kantāraddhānamaggaṃ paṭipajjiṃ dubbhikkhaṃ sappaṭibhayaṃ. Somhi etarahi kantāraṃ nitthiṇṇo, sotthinā gāmantaṃ anuppatto khemaṃ appaṭibhaya’nti. So tatonidānaṃ labhetha pāmojjaṃ, adhigaccheyya somanassaṃ.
464“学童,同样地,比丘观察自身这五种盖障尚未断除时,便视之为债务、疾病、牢狱、奴役与荒漠险途。”
‘‘Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu yathā iṇaṃ yathā rogaṃ yathā bandhanāgāraṃ yathā dāsabyaṃ yathā kantāraddhānamaggaṃ, evaṃ ime pañca nīvaraṇe appahīne attani samanupassati.
465“学童,正如无债、无病、出离牢狱、得自在、抵达安稳之地,同样地,比丘观察自身这五种盖障已断除时,亦如此见。”
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, yathā āṇaṇyaṃ yathā ārogyaṃ yathā bandhanāmokkhaṃ yathā bhujissaṃ yathā khemantabhūmiṃ. Evameva bhikkhu ime pañca nīvaraṇe pahīne attani samanupassati.
466当他观察自身这五种盖障已断除时,便生起欢喜;欢喜则生喜悦;心喜悦则身得轻安;身轻安则感受乐;得乐则心入定。
‘‘Tassime pañca nīvaraṇe pahīne attani samanupassato pāmojjaṃ jāyati, pamuditassa pīti jāyati, pītimanassa kāyo passambhati, passaddhakāyo sukhaṃ vedeti, sukhino cittaṃ samādhiyati.
467他舍离欲乐、舍离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。他以由远离所生的喜与乐,灌注、浸润、充满、遍满此身,他身体的任何部分,无不为由远离所生的喜与乐所遍满。
‘‘So vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ vivekajena pītisukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa vivekajena pītisukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti.
学童,犹如一位熟练的浴师或他的徒弟,在铜盆中撒入沐浴粉,一边洒水一边揉和,令那沐浴粉团饱含水分,内外浸润,却不滴落。同样地,学童,比丘以由远离所生的喜与乐,灌注、浸润、充满、遍满此身,他身体的任何部分,无不为由远离所生的喜与乐所遍满。学童,比丘就是如此舍离欲乐、舍离不善法,有寻有伺,由远离而生喜与乐,进入并安住于初禅。他以由远离所生的喜与乐,灌注、浸润、充满、遍满此身,他身体的任何部分,无不为由远离所生的喜与乐所遍满。这便是他于禅定上的成就。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, dakkho nhāpako vā nhāpakantevāsī vā kaṃsathāle nhānīyacuṇṇāni ākiritvā udakena paripphosakaṃ paripphosakaṃ sandeyya. Sāyaṃ nhānīyapiṇḍi snehānugatā snehaparetā santarabāhirā phuṭā snehena, na ca paggharaṇī. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu imameva kāyaṃ vivekajena pītisukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa vivekajena pītisukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti. Yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ vivekajena pītisukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa vivekajena pītisukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti. Idampissa hoti samādhismiṃ.
468再者,学童,随着寻与伺的止息,比丘内心澄净,心念专一,无寻无伺,由定而生喜与乐,进入并安住于第二禅。他以由定所生的喜与乐,灌注、浸润、充满、遍满此身,他身体的任何部分,无不为由定所生的喜与乐所遍满。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, māṇava, bhikkhu vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ samādhijena pītisukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa samādhijena pītisukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti.
学童,譬如有一个深邃的湖泊,湖水由底部的泉眼涌出。它没有东面的入水口,没有南面的入水口,没有西面的入水口,没有北面的入水口,天空也不时时降下充沛的雨水。然而,从那湖底涌出的清凉泉水,灌注、遍注、填满、遍满整个湖泊,湖中没有一处不被清凉的泉水所遍及。同样的道理,学童,比丘由于寻与伺的止息,内心平静,心住一境,无寻无伺,由定而生喜与乐,成就并安住于第二禅那。他以由定所生的喜与乐,灌注、遍注、填满、遍满此身,他身体的任何一处,没有不被由定所生的喜与乐所遍及。这便是他禅那上的成就。
‘‘Seyyathāpi , māṇava, udakarahado gambhīro ubbhidodako. Tassa nevassa puratthimāya disāya udakassa āyamukhaṃ, na dakkhiṇāya disāya udakassa āyamukhaṃ, na pacchimāya disāya udakassa āyamukhaṃ, na uttarāya disāya udakassa āyamukhaṃ, devo ca na kālena kālaṃ sammā dhāraṃ anupaveccheyya. Atha kho tamhāva udakarahadā sītā vāridhārā ubbhijjitvā tameva udakarahadaṃ sītena vārinā abhisandeyya parisandeyya paripūreyya paripphareyya, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato udakarahadassa sītena vārinā apphuṭaṃ assa. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā… pe… dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati, so imameva kāyaṃ samādhijena pītisukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa samādhijena pītisukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti. Idampissa hoti samādhismiṃ.
469复次,学童,比丘因喜的离贪,安住于舍,具念、正知,以身受乐,此即圣者们所称说的:‘舍念具足,安住于乐。’成就并安住于第三禅那。他以离喜之乐,灌注、遍注、充满、遍满此身,全身无一处不被这离喜之乐所遍及。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, māṇava, bhikkhu pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca viharati sato sampajāno , sukhañca kāyena paṭisaṃvedeti, yaṃ taṃ ariyā ācikkhanti – ‘‘upekkhako satimā sukhavihārī’’ti, tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ nippītikena sukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa nippītikena sukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti.
学童,犹如在青莲池、红莲池或白莲池中,有一些青莲、红莲或白莲,生于水中,长于水中,沉浸水下,不伸出水面,在水下繁茂地生长。它们从顶至根,悉被清凉的池水所浸润、所渗透、所充满、所周遍,那些青莲、红莲或白莲,没有任何一分不被清凉池水所遍及。学童,同样的道理,比丘……(中略)……学童,比丘因对喜的离贪……(中略)……成就并安住于第三禅那。他以这无喜之乐,灌注、浸润、充满、周遍此身,他身体的任何一处,没有不被这无喜之乐所遍及的。这便是他于禅那上的成就。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, uppaliniyaṃ vā paduminiyaṃ vā puṇḍarīkiniyaṃ vā appekaccāni uppalāni vā padumāni vā puṇḍarīkāni vā udake jātāni udake saṃvaḍḍhāni udakānuggatāni antonimuggaposīni, tāni yāva caggā yāva ca mūlā sītena vārinā abhisannāni parisannāni paripūrāni paripphuṭāni, nāssa kiñci sabbāvataṃ uppalānaṃ vā padumānaṃ vā puṇḍarīkānaṃ vā sītena vārinā apphuṭaṃ assa. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu pītiyā ca virāgā…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ nippītikena sukhena abhisandeti parisandeti paripūreti parippharati, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa nippītikena sukhena apphuṭaṃ hoti. Idampissa hoti samādhismiṃ.
470再者,学童,比丘由舍断乐、舍断苦,并依先前喜与忧的灭没,无苦无乐,舍念清净,成就并安住于第四禅那。他以清净、明净的心遍满全身而安住,他的身体没有一处不被这清净、明净的心所遍满。
‘‘Puna caparaṃ, māṇava, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ parisuddhena cetasā pariyodātena pharitvā nisinno hoti; nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa parisuddhena cetasā pariyodātena apphuṭaṃ hoti.
学童,犹如有人用白布从头到脚将自己裹起而坐,他全身上下没有一处不被白布所覆盖。同样地,学童,一位比丘……学童,一位比丘由于舍断了乐与苦,也由于先前喜与忧的消失,无苦无乐,舍念清净,成就并安住于第四禅那。他以全然清净、完全明净的心遍满此身而坐,全身上下没有一处不被这全然清净、完全明净的心所遍满。这便是他在定上的成就。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso odātena vatthena sasīsaṃ pārupitvā nisinno assa, nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa odātena vatthena apphuṭaṃ assa. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu sukhassa ca pahānā dukkhassa ca pahānā pubbeva somanassadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkhamasukhaṃ upekkhāsatipārisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati. So imameva kāyaṃ parisuddhena cetasā pariyodātena pharitvā nisinno hoti; nāssa kiñci sabbāvato kāyassa parisuddhena cetasā pariyodātena apphuṭaṃ hoti. Idampissa hoti samādhismiṃ.
471学童,这便是彼世尊所赞叹的圣定蕴,世尊也正是依此引导、安立、令众人坚固于此。然而,于此之上,更有应作之事。
‘‘Ayaṃ kho so, māṇava, ariyo samādhikkhandho yassa so bhagavā vaṇṇavādī ahosi , yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesi. Atthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīya’’nti.
阿难尊者,这真是不可思议!阿难尊者,这真是未曾有啊!阿难尊者,由此看来,这圣定蕴是圆满的,并非不圆满。阿难尊者,如此圆满的圣定蕴,我在其他教派的沙门与婆罗门中,皆未见到。阿难尊者,即便其他教派的沙门与婆罗门,见到自身有如此圆满的圣定蕴,他们也会仅以此便心满意足,心想:‘仅此便足,所作已办,我们的沙门修行目的已达,更无余事当办。’然而,阿难尊者您却说:‘于上尚有应作之事。’
‘‘Acchariyaṃ, bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! So cāyaṃ, bho ānanda, ariyo samādhikkhandho paripuṇṇo, no aparipuṇṇo. Evaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ cāhaṃ, bho ānanda, ariyaṃ samādhikkhandhaṃ ito bahiddhā aññesu samaṇabrāhmaṇesu na samanupassāmi. Evaṃ paripuṇṇañca, bho ānanda, ariyaṃ samādhikkhandhaṃ ito bahiddhā aññe samaṇabrāhmaṇā attani samanupasseyyuṃ, te tāvatakeneva attamanā assu – ‘alamettāvatā, katamettāvatā, anuppatto no sāmaññattho, natthi no kiñci uttarikaraṇīya’nti. Atha ca pana bhavaṃ ānando evamāha – ‘atthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīya’’’nti.
472那么,阿难尊者,乔达摩尊者所称叹、并于此引导、安立众人、令其坚固的圣慧蕴,究竟是什么呢?
‘‘Katamo pana so, bho ānanda, ariyo paññākkhandho, yassa bho bhavaṃ gotamo vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesī’’ti?
当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固,安住于不动摇的状态时,他便将心导向并引入智与见。他如此了知:‘我这身体是色法所成、四大所造,由父母所生,靠饭粥维持,是无常、须涂抹按摩、会破裂、会坏灭之法。而我的这个识,即依附于此,系缚于此。’
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte ñāṇadassanāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So evaṃ pajānāti – ‘ayaṃ kho me kāyo rūpī cātumahābhūtiko mātāpettikasambhavo odanakummāsūpacayo aniccucchādanaparimaddanabhedanaviddhaṃsanadhammo; idañca pana me viññāṇaṃ ettha sitaṃ ettha paṭibaddha’nti.
学童,就像一颗美丽的、天然的、八面切割、精工琢磨的琉璃宝珠,清澈、透明、毫无混浊,具足一切美好的特质。其中穿有一条线,或蓝、或黄、或红、或白、或淡黄色。明眼人将它拿在手中仔细观察,便会知道:‘这是一颗美丽的、天然的、八面切割、精工琢磨的琉璃宝珠,清澈、透明、毫无混浊,具足一切美好的特质。其中穿有一条线,或蓝、或黄、或红、或白、或淡黄色。’同样地,学童,当比丘的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无垢、远离随烦恼、柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动时,他将心导向并引向智与见。他如此了知:‘我这个身体,是由色法构成,四大所成,父母所生,靠米饭和粥食长养,是无常的,需要涂抹按摩,是破裂、坏灭之法。而我的这个意识,就依附于此,系缚于此。’学童,当比丘的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无垢、远离随烦恼、柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动时,他将心导向并引向智与见。他如此了知……(中略)……这,便是他慧上的成就。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, maṇi veḷuriyo subho jātimā aṭṭhaṃso suparikammakato accho vippasanno anāvilo sabbākārasampanno. Tatrāssa suttaṃ āvutaṃ nīlaṃ vā pītaṃ vā lohitaṃ vā odātaṃ vā paṇḍusuttaṃ vā. Tamenaṃ cakkhumā puriso hatthe karitvā paccavekkheyya – ‘ayaṃ kho maṇi veḷuriyo subho jātimā aṭṭhaṃso suparikammakato accho vippasanno anāvilo sabbākārasampanno. Tatridaṃ suttaṃ āvutaṃ nīlaṃ vā pītaṃ vā lohitaṃ vā odātaṃ vā paṇḍusuttaṃ vā’ti. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte ñāṇadassanāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So evaṃ pajānāti – ‘ayaṃ kho me kāyo rūpī cātumahābhūtiko mātāpettikasambhavo odanakummāsūpacayo aniccucchādanaparimaddanabhedana-viddhaṃsanadhammo. Idañca pana me viññāṇaṃ ettha sitaṃ ettha paṭibaddha’nti. Yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte ñāṇadassanāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So evaṃ pajānāti…pe… ettha paṭibaddhanti. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
473学童,当他的心如此入定——清净、明亮、无垢、远离随烦恼、柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动时,他便将心导向并引向意生身的创造。他从这个身体创造出另一个身体,有形有态,由意所成,具足所有肢节,诸根无缺。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte manomayaṃ kāyaṃ abhinimmānāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So imamhā kāyā aññaṃ kāyaṃ abhinimmināti rūpiṃ manomayaṃ sabbaṅgapaccaṅgiṃ ahīnindriyaṃ.
学童,譬如有人从芦苇中抽出其芯。他会这样想:‘这是芦苇,这是芯;芦苇是芦苇,芯是芯;这芯正是从芦苇中抽出来的。’学童,又譬如有人将剑从剑鞘中拔出。他会这样想:‘这是剑,这是鞘;剑是剑,鞘是鞘;这剑正是从剑鞘中拔出来的。’学童,又譬如有人将蛇从蛇篓中取出。他会这样想:‘这是蛇,这是篓;蛇是蛇,篓是篓;这蛇正是从蛇篓中取出来的。’同样地,学童,当一位比丘的心如此入定——清净、明澈、无垢,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合运作,安住不动时,他便引导心朝向意生身的创造……这便成为他的智慧展现。
‘‘Seyyathāpi , māṇava, puriso muñjamhā īsikaṃ pavāheyya. Tassa evamassa – ‘ayaṃ muñjo ayaṃ īsikā; añño muñjo aññā īsikā; muñjamhā tveva īsikā pavāḷhā’ti. Seyyathā vā pana, māṇava, puriso asiṃ kosiyā pavāheyya. Tassa evamassa – ‘ayaṃ asi, ayaṃ kosi; añño asi, aññā kosi; kosiyā tveva asi pavāḷho’ti. Seyyathā vā pana, māṇava, puriso ahiṃ karaṇḍā uddhareyya. Tassa evamassa – ‘ayaṃ ahi, ayaṃ karaṇḍo; añño ahi, añño karaṇḍo; karaṇḍā tveva ahi ubbhato’ti . Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte manomayaṃ kāyaṃ abhinimmānāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti…pe…. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
474当他的心如此入定——清净、明澈、无垢,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合运作,安住不动时,他便引导心朝向神通变化。他体验种种神通:由一身化为多身,由多身合为一身;显现、隐没;穿过墙壁、城墙、山岳,通行无碍,犹如在虚空中;在地中沉浮,如同在水里;在水上行走而不沉没,如同在地上;在虚空中结跏趺坐而行,恰如有翼之鸟;他以手触摸、抚摩如此有大威力的日月;乃至以身体自在而行,远至梵天世界。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte iddhividhāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So anekavihitaṃ iddhividhaṃ paccanubhoti. Ekopi hutvā bahudhā hoti, bahudhāpi hutvā eko hoti. Āvibhāvaṃ tirobhāvaṃ tirokuṭṭaṃ tiropākāraṃ tiropabbataṃ asajjamāno gacchati seyyathāpi ākāse. Pathaviyāpi ummujjanimujjaṃ karoti, seyyathāpi udake. Udakepi abhijjamāne gacchati seyyathāpi pathaviyaṃ. Ākāsepi pallaṅkena kamati seyyathāpi pakkhī sakuṇo. Imepi candimasūriye evaṃ mahiddhike evaṃ mahānubhāve pāṇinā parāmasati parimajjati. Yāva brahmalokāpi kāyena vasaṃ vatteti.
学童,譬如一位善巧的陶师或其学徒,用充分揉制的黏土,随心所欲,想做成什么容器,便能做成什么容器。学童,又譬如一位善巧的象牙匠或其学徒,在充分处理的象牙上,随心所欲,想雕成什么象牙制品,便能雕成什么象牙制品。学童,又譬如一位善巧的金匠或其学徒,在充分处理的黄金上,随心所欲,想打造成什么金器,便能打造成什么金器。同样地,学童,当一位比丘的心如此入定——清净、明澈、无垢,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合运作,安住不动时,他便引导心朝向神通变化。他体验种种神通:由一身化为多身……乃至以身体自在而行,远至梵天世界。这便成为他的智慧展现。
‘‘Seyyathāpi , māṇava, dakkho kumbhakāro vā kumbhakārantevāsī vā suparikammakatāya mattikāya yaññadeva bhājanavikatiṃ ākaṅkheyya, taṃ tadeva kareyya abhinipphādeyya. Seyyathā vā pana, māṇava, dakkho dantakāro vā dantakārantevāsī vā suparikammakatasmiṃ dantasmiṃ yaññadeva dantavikatiṃ ākaṅkheyya, taṃ tadeva kareyya abhinipphādeyya. Seyyathā vā pana, māṇava, dakkho suvaṇṇakāro vā suvaṇṇakārantevāsī vā suparikammakatasmiṃ suvaṇṇasmiṃ yaññadeva suvaṇṇavikatiṃ ākaṅkheyya, taṃ tadeva kareyya abhinipphādeyya. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu …pe… yampi māṇava bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte iddhividhāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So anekavihitaṃ iddhividhaṃ paccanubhoti. Ekopi hutvā bahudhā hoti …pe… yāva brahmalokāpi kāyena vasaṃ vatteti. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
475当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动后,便将心导向天耳界并转向。他以清净、超越常人的天耳界,听到两类声音——天界与人间的声音,无论远近。学童,好比有人走在远路上,听到鼓声、小鼓声、海螺声、铙钹声和铜锣声,他会想:‘这是鼓声,这是小鼓声,这是海螺声、铙钹声、铜锣声。’同样地,学童,比丘的心如此入定……安住不动时,他将心导向天耳界并转向。以那清净、超越常人的天耳界,他听到两类声音——天界与人间的声音,无论远近。这便成为他智慧的显现。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte dibbāya sotadhātuyā cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So dibbāya sotadhātuyā visuddhāya atikkantamānusikāya ubho sadde suṇāti dibbe ca mānuse ca ye dūre santike ca. Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso addhānamaggappaṭipanno. So suṇeyya bherisaddampi mudiṅgasaddampi saṅkhapaṇavadindimasaddampi. Tassa evamassa – ‘bherisaddo itipi mudiṅgasaddo itipi saṅkhapaṇavadindimasaddo iti’pi . Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe…. Yampi māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte dibbāya sotadhātuyā cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So dibbāya sotadhātuyā visuddhāya atikkantamānusikāya ubho sadde suṇāti dibbe ca mānuse ca ye dūre santike ca. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
476当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动后,便将心导向他心智并转向。他以自己的心遍知其他众生、其他人的心,如实了知:有贪的心,他如实了知为有贪的心;离贪的心,他如实了知为离贪的心;有嗔的心,他如实了知为有嗔的心;离嗔的心,他如实了知为离嗔的心;有痴的心,他如实了知为有痴的心;离痴的心,他如实了知为离痴的心;收缩的心,他如实了知为收缩的心;散乱的心,他如实了知为散乱的心;广大的心,他如实了知为广大的心;非广大的心,他如实了知为非广大的心;有上的心,他如实了知为有上的心;无上的心,他如实了知为无上的心;入定的心,他如实了知为入定的心;未入定的心,他如实了知为未入定的心;解脱的心,他如实了知为解脱的心;未解脱的心,他如实了知为未解脱的心。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte cetopariyañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So parasattānaṃ parapuggalānaṃ cetasā ceto paricca pajānāti, ‘sarāgaṃ vā cittaṃ sarāgaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘vītarāgaṃ vā cittaṃ vītarāgaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘sadosaṃ vā cittaṃ sadosaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘vītadosaṃ vā cittaṃ vītadosaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘samohaṃ vā cittaṃ samohaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘vītamohaṃ vā cittaṃ vītamohaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘saṅkhittaṃ vā cittaṃ saṅkhittaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘vikkhittaṃ vā cittaṃ vikkhittaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘mahaggataṃ vā cittaṃ mahaggataṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘amahaggataṃ vā cittaṃ amahaggataṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘sauttaraṃ vā cittaṃ sauttaraṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘anuttaraṃ vā cittaṃ anuttaraṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘samāhitaṃ vā cittaṃ samāhitaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘asamāhitaṃ vā cittaṃ asamāhitaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘vimuttaṃ vā cittaṃ vimuttaṃ citta’nti pajānāti, ‘avimuttaṃ vā cittaṃ avimuttaṃ citta’nti pajānāti.
学童,犹如一位年轻爱美的女子或男子,在清净明亮的镜子中,或在一盆清澈的水中,端详自己的面容:如果有污点,便知道有污点;如果没有污点,便知道没有污点。同样地,学童,比丘的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住不动后,便将心导向他心智并转向。他以自己的心遍知其他众生、其他人的心,如实了知:‘有贪的心,他如实了知为有贪的心’……‘未解脱的心,他如实了知为未解脱的心’。这便成为他智慧的显现。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, itthī vā puriso vā daharo yuvā maṇḍanajātiko ādāse vā parisuddhe pariyodāte acche vā udakapatte sakaṃ mukhanimittaṃ paccavekkhamāno sakaṇikaṃ vā sakaṇikanti jāneyya, akaṇikaṃ vā akaṇikanti jāneyya. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite…pe… āneñjappatte cetopariyañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So parasattānaṃ purapuggalānaṃ cetasā ceto paricca pajānāti, sarāgaṃ vā cittaṃ sarāgaṃ cittanti pajānāti…pe… avimuttaṃ vā cittaṃ avimuttaṃ cittanti pajānāti. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
477当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向宿命随念智。他能忆念起种种过去世的生命形态:一生、两生、三生、四生、五生、十生、二十生、三十生、四十生、五十生、百生、千生、十万生,以及许多坏劫、成劫、坏成劫。他忆念:‘在那里,我有如此的名、如此的族、如此的貌、如此的食、如此经历苦乐、如此的寿。从那里命终,我再生于某处;在那里,我又有如此的名、如此的族、如此的貌、如此的食、如此经历苦乐、如此的寿;从那里命终,我才再生到这里。’如此,他能忆念起种种过去世的生命形态,以及其中的细节与特征。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati. Seyyathidaṃ, ekampi jātiṃ dvepi jātiyo tissopi jātiyo catassopi jātiyo pañcapi jātiyo dasapi jātiyo vīsampi jātiyo tiṃsampi jātiyo cattālīsampi jātiyo paññāsampi jātiyo jātisatampi jātisahassampi jātisatasahassampi anekepi saṃvaṭṭakappe anekepi vivaṭṭakappe anekepi saṃvaṭṭavivaṭṭakappe – ‘amutrāsiṃ evaṃnāmo evaṃgotto evaṃvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṃsukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī evamāyupariyanto. So tato cuto amutra udapādiṃ; tatrāpāsiṃ evaṃnāmo evaṃgotto evaṃvaṇṇo evamāhāro evaṃsukhadukkhappaṭisaṃvedī evamāyupariyanto; so tato cuto idhūpapanno’ti. Iti sākāraṃ sauddesaṃ anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati.
学童,譬如有人从自己的村庄去到另一村庄,又从那个村庄去到别的村庄,再从那个村庄回到自己的村庄。他会这样想:‘我从自己的村庄去了那个村庄,在那里,我如此站立,如此安坐,如此言语,如此默然。我从那个村庄又去了另一村庄,在那里,我也如此站立,如此安坐,如此言语,如此默然。如今,我从那个村庄回到了自己的村庄。’学童,同样地,一位比丘……学童,当比丘的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向宿命随念智。他能忆念起种种过去世的生命形态,例如一生……如此,他能忆念起种种过去世的生命形态及其细节与特征。这便成就了他的智慧。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, puriso sakamhā gāmā aññaṃ gāmaṃ gaccheyya; tamhāpi gāmā aññaṃ gāmaṃ gaccheyya; so tamhā gāmā sakaṃyeva gāmaṃ paccāgaccheyya . Tassa evamassa – ‘ahaṃ kho sakamhā gāmā amuṃ gāmaṃ agacchiṃ, tatra evaṃ aṭṭhāsiṃ evaṃ nisīdiṃ evaṃ abhāsiṃ evaṃ tuṇhī ahosiṃ. So tamhāpi gāmā amuṃ gāmaṃ gacchiṃ, tatrāpi evaṃ aṭṭhāsiṃ evaṃ nisīdiṃ evaṃ abhāsiṃ evaṃ tuṇhī ahosiṃ. Somhi tamhā gāmā sakaṃyeva gāmaṃ paccāgato’ti. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte pubbenivāsānussatiñāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti . So anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati. Seyyathidaṃ – ekampi jātiṃ…pe… iti sākāraṃ sauddesaṃ anekavihitaṃ pubbenivāsaṃ anussarati. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
478当他的心如此入定,清净、明亮、无瑕,远离了随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他将心导向众生死生智。他以清净、超越凡夫的天眼,见众生死去、再生,知他们卑下、高贵,美丽、丑陋,生于善趣、恶趣,了知众生各随其业而流转:‘唉,这些众生,身行恶、口行恶、意行恶,诽谤圣者,怀有邪见,造作邪见之业,身坏命终之后,生于苦界、恶趣、堕处、地狱。而这些众生,身行善、口行善、意行善,不诽谤圣者,怀有正见,造作正见之业,身坏命终之后,生于善趣、天界。’如此,他以清净、超越凡夫的天眼,见众生死去、再生,知他们卑下、高贵,美丽、丑陋,生于善趣、恶趣,了知众生各随其业而流转。
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti – ‘ime vata bhonto sattā kāyaduccaritena samannāgatā vacīduccaritena samannāgatā manoduccaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṃ upavādakā micchādiṭṭhikā micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānā. Te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapannā. Ime vā pana bhonto sattā kāyasucaritena samannāgatā vacīsucaritena samannāgatā manosucaritena samannāgatā ariyānaṃ anupavādakā sammādiṭṭhikā sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānā. Te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapannā’ti. Iti dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti.
学童,犹如在十字路口中央有一座高楼,有个眼力清明的人站在上面,能看见人们走进房舍、走出房舍,能看见人们在车道和街巷间穿行,也能看见人们坐在十字路口中央。他心里会明了:‘这些人正走进屋舍,那些人正走出屋舍,这些人在车道和街巷间穿行,那些人正坐在十字路口中央。’同样地,学童,一位比丘……学童,当一位比丘的心这样入定……达到不动摇的状态时,他就将心导向并转向众生死生智。他凭借清净的、超越凡人的天眼,看见众生死亡、投生,看见他们卑贱的、高贵的,美丽的、丑陋的,善趣的、恶趣的,了知众生是如何依照自己的业而流转的。这便成就了他的智慧。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, majjhesiṅghāṭake pāsādo, tattha cakkhumā puriso ṭhito passeyya manusse gehaṃ pavisantepi nikkhamantepi rathikāyapi vīthiṃ sañcarante majjhesiṅghāṭake nisinnepi. Tassa evamassa – ‘ete manussā gehaṃ pavisanti, ete nikkhamanti, ete rathikāya vīthiṃ sañcaranti, ete majjhesiṅghāṭake nisinnā’ti. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte sattānaṃ cutūpapātañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena atikkantamānusakena satte passati cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate, yathākammūpage satte pajānāti. Idampissa hoti paññāya.
479当他的心如此进入定境,清净、明澈、无瑕,远离随烦恼,柔软、适合作业、稳固、安住于不动摇的状态后,他便将心导向并转向漏尽智。他如实地了知:‘这是苦’;如实地了知:‘这是苦的集’;如实地了知:‘这是苦的灭’;如实地了知:‘这是导向苦灭之道’。他如实地了知:‘这些是漏’;如实地了知:‘这是漏的集’;如实地了知:‘这是漏的灭’;如实地了知:‘这是导向漏灭之道’。当他如此了知、如此照见时,心便从欲漏解脱,从有漏解脱,从无明漏解脱。于解脱中,生起‘已解脱’之智。他了知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。’
‘‘So evaṃ samāhite citte parisuddhe pariyodāte anaṅgaṇe vigatūpakkilese mudubhūte kammaniye ṭhite āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So idaṃ dukkhanti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhoti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti; ime āsavāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ayaṃ āsavasamudayoti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti, ayaṃ āsavanirodhoti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti , ayaṃ āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti. Tassa evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti.
学童,譬如在山间洼地有一口湖泊,湖水清澈、明净,没有浑浊。有个眼力清净的人站在岸边,会看见水中的蚌蛤、螺贝,还有砂砾和碎石,以及成群的鱼,或游动或静止。他心里会明白:‘这湖水果真清澈、明净,没有浑浊。水中有蚌蛤、螺贝,有砂砾和碎石,还有成群的鱼游来游去或静止不动。’同样地,学童,当比丘的心如此进入定境……达到不动摇的状态后,他便将心导向并转向漏尽智。他如实地了知:‘这是苦’……如实地了知:‘这是导向漏灭之道’。当他如此了知、如此看见时,心便从欲漏解脱,从有漏解脱,从无明漏解脱。于解脱中,生起‘已解脱’之智。他了知:‘生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不受后有。’这便是他所证得的智慧。
‘‘Seyyathāpi, māṇava, pabbatasaṅkhepe udakarahado accho vippasanno anāvilo. Tattha cakkhumā puriso tīre ṭhito passeyya sippikasambukampi sakkharakathalampi macchagumbampi carantampi tiṭṭhantampi. Tassa evamassa – ‘ayaṃ kho udakarahado accho vippasanno anāvilo. Tatrime sippikasambukāpi sakkharakathalāpi macchagumbāpi carantipi tiṭṭhantipī’ti. Evameva kho, māṇava, bhikkhu…pe… yampi, māṇava, bhikkhu evaṃ samāhite citte…pe… āneñjappatte āsavānaṃ khayañāṇāya cittaṃ abhinīharati abhininnāmeti. So idaṃ dukkhanti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti…pe… āsavanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti yathābhūtaṃ pajānāti. Tassa evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato kāmāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, bhavāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, avijjāsavāpi cittaṃ vimuccati, vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti, ‘khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti . Idampissa hoti paññāya.
480“学童,这便是彼世尊所赞叹的圣慧蕴,他也正是以如此圣慧蕴引导、教导、安立众人,令其安住其中。在此之上,更无余事可作。”
‘‘Ayaṃ kho, so māṇava, ariyo paññākkhandho yassa so bhagavā vaṇṇavādī ahosi, yattha ca imaṃ janataṃ samādapesi nivesesi patiṭṭhāpesi. Natthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīya’’nti.
“真是稀有啊,阿难尊者!真是不可思议,阿难尊者!阿难尊者,这圣慧蕴是圆满的,并非不圆满。阿难尊者,像这样圆满的圣慧蕴,我在外界其他沙门与婆罗门之中,从未曾见过。此处,确实已没有更高要做的了。善哉,阿难尊者!善哉,阿难尊者!阿难尊者,这就如同一个倒覆之物被翻正,一个隐藏之物被显露,一个迷途之人得指引方向,又或在黑暗中有人擎起油灯,令有眼之人得见诸色。正是如此,阿难尊者以种种方式将法阐明得明明白白。阿难尊者,从今日起,我要皈依乔达摩尊者、法以及比丘僧团。愿阿难尊者铭记,我从今日起,直至命终,都是一位已皈依的近事男了。”
‘‘Acchariyaṃ , bho ānanda, abbhutaṃ, bho ānanda! So cāyaṃ, bho ānanda, ariyo paññākkhandho paripuṇṇo, no aparipuṇṇo. Evaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ cāhaṃ, bho ānanda, ariyaṃ paññākkhandhaṃ ito bahiddhā aññesu samaṇabrāhmaṇesu na samanupassāmi. Natthi cevettha uttarikaraṇīyaṃ . Abhikkantaṃ, bho ānanda, abhikkantaṃ, bho ānanda! Seyyathāpi, bho ānanda, nikkujjitaṃ vā ukkujjeyya, paṭicchannaṃ vā vivareyya, mūḷhassa vā maggaṃ ācikkheyya, andhakāre vā telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya ‘cakkhumanto rūpāni dakkhantī’ti. Evamevaṃ bhotā ānandena anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsito. Esāhaṃ, bho ānanda, taṃ bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañca. Upāsakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ ānando dhāretu ajjatagge pāṇupetaṃ saraṇaṃ gata’’nti.
━━ 归纳讲解,仅供参考 ━━
人物名册
| Pali | 中文(经文用名) | 角色 |
|---|
| Ānanda | 阿难 | 具寿,世尊的侍者,说法者 |
| Subha māṇava Todeyyaputto | 须婆·多德亚之子 | 学童,提问者 |
| Gotama | 乔达摩 | 世尊,已入般涅槃的佛陀,被谈论、归依的对象 |
| Cetakena bhikkhunā | 吉德咖比丘 | 阿难的随行比丘 |
| aññataraṃ māṇavakaṃ | (经中未具名) | 某位学童,须婆的使者 |
地点
舍卫城祇园给孤独园,对话发生于须婆在舍卫城的住处。
事件
世尊入灭后不久,阿难住在祇园。学童须婆派遣一位年轻婆罗门去邀请阿难前来一见。阿难起初因服药不便而婉拒,次日如约带着吉德咖比丘前往须婆的住处。须婆询问世尊一生赞叹哪些法、引导众人安住于何处。阿难回答,是“圣戒蕴、圣定蕴、圣慧蕴”这三项,并依次对其进行了详尽阐述。
经文摘要
须婆向阿难请教如来教法的核心纲要 → 阿难依次展开圣戒蕴(细说比丘的戒行与活命)、圣定蕴(根律仪、正念正知、知足、禅定)和圣慧蕴(宿命智、天眼智、漏尽智) → 须婆赞叹此圆满教法在别处未曾得见,并宣布皈依佛、法、僧,成为终身近事男。
中心思想(白话 + 重点拆解)
1. 背景:佛陀的遗产与阿难的责任
经文开篇就点明,这发生在“世尊般涅槃不久”,这是一个精神领袖真空、众人渴望确知核心教法的时刻。提问者须婆的潜台词是:那位大师走了,他到底留下了什么“法”作为遗产?阿难作为常伴佛陀左右的侍者,他的回答不是个人见解,而是对佛陀一生教导的忠实转述。
2. 核心:一条通往“无事可做”的圆满之路
阿难没有给出零散的道德说教,而是交付了一个层层递进、不可分割的修行体系——三蕴。
* 圣戒蕴:不只是规则清单。 阿难列举了从“离杀生”到远离世俗娱乐、不蓄金银财物的详尽戒律。须婆听后惊叹“此圣戒蕴是圆满的”,说其他人若做到这样就该心满意足了。但阿难的关键在于随后那句:“而且在此之上尚有应作之事。”
* → 拆开看: 这句话是整篇经文的转折点和精华。它确立了佛教修行的核心逻辑:戒行臻于完美,不是终点,而是通往更高目标的地基。 这直接反对了仅将宗教生活理解为遵守伦理规范就够了的观点。
* 圣定蕴:从外到内的寂静。 在清净戒行的基础上,阿难讲述了如何守护六根(根律仪)、行住坐卧皆保持正念正知,继而过少欲知足的生活,最终进入并安住于四禅。这是一个心从外界的纷扰中收回,变得“柔软、适合作业”的过程。
* 圣慧蕴:看透轮回,了断根本。 这是最终目标。以高度安定的心为工具,比丘能亲证三明:自己无数过去世的细节(宿命智);所有众生如何依其善恶业而轮转于善恶趣(天眼智);最重要的是,如实了知“此是苦,此是苦之集,此是苦之灭,此是至苦灭之道”,进而从“欲漏、有漏、无明漏”中彻底解脱。
* → 拆开看: 解脱时生起的“智”是——“生已尽,梵行已立,应作已作,不再有此存在。”这意味着,整个修行生涯(梵行)的任务全部完成,再也没任何能牵引你继续轮回的推动力。所以阿难最后说“此上无更应作之事。”这与之前戒律部分“尚有应作之事”形成了完美的闭环呼应。
→ 一句话要旨: 佛陀的教法是一条从圆满外在行为、净化内心,到用安定之心洞穿实相并终结一切烦恼的完整、清晰且次第分明之路。
关键术语锚
- khandha (蕴) 与 sīla (戒):这里“圣戒蕴”的“蕴”,不是指构成生命个体痛苦的“五取蕴”,而是指一个“品类、集合、篇章”的意思。易错点在于看到“蕴”就联想到苦,在此经文语境下它仅指一个修行模块。
- āsava (漏):在慧蕴终点谈到的“欲漏、有漏、无明漏”,是驱动轮回的最深层染污。它不是指像水龙头漏水一样的小毛病,而是指从生命根本处向外渗透的、本能般的执着、存在欲求和根源性的无明。这是佛教区别于其他修行体系的关键——不只追求光明境界,还要断除最深层的“漏”。
- sati (念):在“具念正知”一节,不仅仅指“注意力集中”,更是一种清醒、明白、不忘失地觉察当下一切身心活动的状态,其目的是让身体的一切行为都成为修行的场合,而不产生新的过失和执着。
- cetanā (思):虽未直接出现为术语,但戒律部分反复强调“舍断...离...”,其核心就是“思”或“意志”。善戒不仅是行为的回避,更是基于慈悯、知足、惭耻等善“心所”意志驱动下的清净选择。