一、业蕴篇
1. Kammakkhandhakaṃ
呵责业论之注释
Tajjanīyakammakathāvaṇṇanā
1一、在《小品》的第一〈业蕴〉中,首先,如同“插入棍子”“插入矛”等,是依伴随关系的方式;或者如“床铺发出喧哗声”等,是依所依处而使用能依的名称,以“般度罗希达迦”的名称来称说依止般度罗希达迦者,因此说“他们的依止者也同样被称为般度罗希达迦”。“应回答”意为给予答复。
1. Cūḷavaggassa paṭhame kammakkhandhake tāva ‘‘yaṭṭhiṃ pavesaya, kunte pavesayā’’tiādīsu viya sahacaraṇañāyena ‘‘mañcā ukkuṭṭhiṃ karontī’’tiādīsu viya nissitesu nissayavohāravasena vā paṇḍukalohitakanissitā paṇḍukalohitakasaddena vuttāti āha ‘‘tesaṃ nissitakāpi paṇḍukalohitakātveva paññāyantī’’ti. Paṭivadathāti paṭivacanaṃ detha.
非法业十二种论之注释
Adhammakammadvādasakakathāvaṇṇanā
4四、“具足三支”:指各别具足或共同具足三支。因为并非只有三支全部具足才成为非法业,仅具一支也可成为。在《结文》中说:“‘未经承认而作’,这是就惭愧者而言的。”
4.Tīhiaṅgehi samannāgatanti paccekaṃ samuditehi vā tīhi aṅgehi samannāgataṃ. Na hi tiṇṇaṃ eva aṅgānaṃ samodhānena adhammakammaṃ hoti, ekenapi hotiyeva. ‘‘Appaṭiññāya kataṃ hotīti lajjiṃ sandhāya vutta’’nti gaṇṭhipadesu kathitaṃ.
难道“因不可说示之罪而作”与后文“诸比丘,僧团若愿意,可对具足三支的比丘作呵责业:于增上戒上戒有缺失”相矛盾吗?因为犯不可说示之罪者被称为“于增上戒上戒有缺失”故?对此,有些人说:“注释书中所说‘呵责业的特别支分在于制造纷争’,这与经文中出现的因缘相符,因此在一切场合,都应归咎于纷争,依因纷争而犯之罪来作此业。所以,在‘于增上戒上戒有缺失’这里,也应在事前或事后、举罪或令忆念等时,唯依因纷争而犯之罪来作,并非唯依桑喀地谢沙罪而作。”另一些人则说:“‘因不可说示之罪’唯就波罗夷罪而言,非就桑喀地谢沙罪。然而注释书说‘因不可说示之罪,即因波罗夷罪或桑喀地谢沙罪’。其中,‘或桑喀地谢沙罪’是依义理引出的说法,而‘于增上戒上戒有缺失’唯就桑喀地谢沙罪而言,非就波罗夷罪。因此,不应以波罗夷罪为缘而作呵责业,因为无有意义;应以桑喀地谢沙罪为缘而作,此义方得成立。若问:在善方,‘因可说示之罪而作’与此相矛盾吗?不,因为依一种方式,桑喀地谢沙罪也可有‘可说示’之称谓故。”此说似为合理。
Nanu ca ‘‘adesanāgāminiyā āpattiyā kataṃ hotī’’ti idaṃ parato ‘‘tīhi, bhikkhave, aṅgehi samannāgatassa bhikkhuno ākaṅkhamāno saṅgho tajjanīyakammaṃ kareyya, adhisīle sīlavipanno hotī’’ti iminā virujjhati. Adesanāgāminiṃ āpanno hi ‘‘adhisīle sīlavipanno’’ti vuccatīti? Tattha keci vadanti ‘‘tajjanīyakammassa hi visesena bhaṇḍanakārakattaṃ aṅga’nti aṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ pāḷiyā āgatanidānena sameti, tasmā sabbatikesupi bhaṇḍanaṃ āropetvā bhaṇḍanapaccayā āpannāpattivasena idaṃ kammaṃ kātabbaṃ. Tasmā ‘adhisīle sīlavipanno’ti etthāpi pubbabhāge vā parabhāge vā codanāsāraṇādikāle bhaṇḍanapaccayā āpannāpattivaseneva kātabbaṃ, na kevalaṃ saṅghādisesapaccayā kātabba’’nti. Apare pana vadanti ‘‘adesanāgāminiyāti idaṃ pārājikāpattiṃyeva sandhāya vuttaṃ, na saṅghādisesaṃ. Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana ‘adesanāgāminiyāti pārājikāpattiyā vā saṅghādisesāpattiyā vā’ti vuttaṃ. Tattha saṅghādisesāpattiyā vāti atthuddhāravasena vuttaṃ, ‘adhisīle sīlavipanno’ti ca idaṃ saṅghādisesaṃyeva sandhāya vuttaṃ, na pārājikaṃ. Tasmā pārājikāpattipaccayā na tajjanīyakammaṃ kātabbaṃ payojanābhāvā, saṅghādisesapaccayā kātabbanti ayamattho siddho hoti. Sukkapakkhe ‘desanāgāminiyā āpattiyā kataṃ hotī’ti iminā virujjhatīti ce? Na ekena pariyāyena saṅghādisesassapi desanāgāminīvohārasambhavato’’ti, taṃ yuttaṃ viya dissati.
不应撤销的十八种论之注释
Nappaṭippassambhetabbaaṭṭhārasakakathāvaṇṇanā
8八、“使毛脱落”等,是正确行持的同义语。
8.Lomaṃ pātentītiādi sammāvattanāya pariyāyavacanaṃ.
依止业论之注释
Niyassakammakathāvaṇṇanā
11十一、关于依止业,有人写道:“‘你应依止而住’,这是就重依止而言,非就其他。”然而《结文》中说:“依止业因是针对愚痴者而作,故‘应依止而住’即应令其执取依止。”应审察后采纳较为合理的说法。“Apissū”中的“su”仅为小品词,意指“比丘们也常忙碌”。
11. Niyassakamme ‘‘nissāya te vatthabbanti garunissayaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, na itara’’nti kenaci likhitaṃ. Gaṇṭhipade pana ‘‘niyassakammaṃ yasmā bālavasena karīyati, tasmā nissāya vatthabbanti nissayaṃ gāhāpetabbo’’ti vuttaṃ, vīmaṃsitvā yuttataraṃ gahetabbaṃ. Apissūti ettha suiti nipātamattaṃ, bhikkhū api niccabyāvaṭā hontīti vuttaṃ hoti.
驱摈业论之注释
Pabbājanīyakammakathāvaṇṇanā
29二十九、关于驱摈业,“诸比丘,因此,僧团应撤销驱摈业”这句话,是针对那些虽已还俗或离去,却仍能正确行持者而说的。
29. Pabbājanīyakamme tena hi, bhikkhave, saṅgho pabbājanīyakammaṃ paṭippassambhetūti idaṃ tesu vibbhamantesupi pakkamantesupi sammāvattanteyeva sandhāya vuttaṃ.
令忆念业论之注释
Paṭisāraṇīyakammakathāvaṇṇanā
3333. 在善法事中,“渔村”是一个如此命名的城镇。据说在那里(《法句经注》1.72 质多家主事):质多家主见到五群比丘中的大那摩长老正在托钵,对长老的威仪生起净信,便接过钵,迎请到家中,供养饮食。饭食结束后,听闻长老说法,证得须陀洹果,成为不动的信者。他想将自己名为庵婆吒园的园林作为僧园,便把水倒在长老手中,以示奉献。正在作水边际时,说“佛教已建立”,大地便震动。那位大富者便在园中建造了一座大寺,善法比丘后来成为这里的住众。关于此事,说道:“具寿善法是渔村质多家主的住者”等。其中,“常施食者”就是恒常施食的人。
33. Sudhammavatthusmiṃ macchikāsaṇḍeti evaṃnāmake nagare. Tattha kira (dha. pa. aṭṭha. 1.72 cittagahapativatthu) citto gahapati pañcavaggiyānaṃ abbhantaraṃ mahānāmattheraṃ piṇḍāya caramānaṃ disvā tassa iriyāpathe pasīditvā pattaṃ ādāya gehaṃ pavesetvā bhojetvā bhattakiccāvasāne dhammakathaṃ suṇanto sotāpattiphalaṃ patvā acalasaddho hutvā ambāṭakavanaṃ nāma attano uyyānaṃ saṅghārāmaṃ kātukāmo therassa hatthe udakaṃ pātetvā niyyātesi. Tasmiṃ khaṇe ‘‘patiṭṭhitaṃ buddhasāsana’’nti udakapariyantaṃ katvā mahāpathavī kampi, mahāseṭṭhi uyyāne mahāvihāraṃ kāresi. Tatthāyaṃ sudhammo bhikkhu āvāsiko ahosi. Taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘āyasmā sudhammo macchikāsaṇḍe cittassa gahapatino āvāsiko hotī’’tiādi. Tattha dhuvabhattikoti niccabhattiko.
后来,两位上首弟子与一千位比丘一起,听闻质多的功德后,想要摄受他,便来到了渔村。关于此事,说:“那时,众多长老……”等。质多家主听说他们到来,出迎约半由旬,带领他们进入自己的寺院,履行完客僧义务后,向法将请求说:“尊者,我想听少许说法。”于是长老对他说:“居士,我们因旅途而疲惫,不过你且听少许。”便为他说法。因此,说道:“具寿舍利弗以法语开示退坐一面的质多家主”等。他听闻长老说法,便证得阿那含果。
Aparena samayena cittassa guṇakathaṃ sutvā bhikkhusahassena saddhiṃ dve aggasāvakā tassa saṅgahaṃ kattukāmā macchikāsaṇḍaṃ agamaṃsu. Taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘tena kho pana samayena sambahulā therā’’tiādi. Citto gahapati tesaṃ āgamanaṃ sutvā addhayojanamattaṃ paccuggantvā te ādāya attano vihāraṃ pavesetvā āgantukavattaṃ katvā ‘‘bhante, thokaṃ dhammakathaṃ sotukāmomhī’’ti dhammasenāpatiṃ yāci. Atha naṃ thero ‘‘upāsaka, addhānenāmhā kilantarūpā, apica thokaṃ suṇāhī’’ti tassa dhammakathaṃ kathesi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ekamantaṃ nisinnaṃ kho cittaṃ gahapatiṃ āyasmā sāriputto dhammiyā kathāya sandassesī’’tiādi. So therassa dhammakathaṃ suṇantova anāgāmiphalaṃ pāpuṇi.
41他未能令质多居士原谅,便去到那里,说:“居士,错确实在我,请您原谅我。”虽如此说,却被居士拒绝道:“我不原谅。”他沮丧不已,未能使居士宽恕,便再次回到导师身边。导师虽知“这位优婆塞不会原谅他”,但心想:“此人傲慢顽固,就让他走三十由旬的路再折返吧。”因此没有开示和解的方法,便打发他离去。后来,当他再次回来时,傲慢已被折服,导师便派了一位同伴给他,说道:“去吧,和这位比丘一同前去,让优婆塞原谅你。”并教诫说:“身为沙门,不应生起‘这是我的寺院、这是我的住处、这是我的优婆塞、这是我的优婆夷’这样的骄慢或嫉妒。因为这样做的人,其欲贪、慢等烦恼只会增长。”
41.Nāsakkhi cittaṃ gahapatiṃ khamāpetunti so tattha gantvā ‘‘gahapati, mayhameva so doso , khamāhi me’’ti vatvāpi ‘‘nāhaṃ khamāmī’’ti tena paṭikkhitto maṅkubhūto taṃ khamāpetuṃ nāsakkhi. Punadeva satthu santikaṃ paccāgamāsi. Satthā ‘‘nāssa upāsako khamissatī’’ti jānantopi ‘‘mānathaddho esa tiṃsayojanaṃ gantvāva paccāgacchatū’’ti khamanupāyaṃ anācikkhitvāva uyyojesi. Athassa puna āgatakāle nihatamānassa anudūtaṃ datvā ‘‘gaccha, iminā saddhiṃ gantvā upāsakaṃ khamāpehī’’ti vatvā ‘‘samaṇena nāma ‘mayhaṃ vihāro, mayhaṃ nivāsaṭṭhānaṃ, mayhaṃ upāsako, mayhaṃ upāsikā’ti mānaṃ vā issaṃ vā kātuṃ na vaṭṭati. Evaṃ karontassa hi icchāmānādayo kilesā vaḍḍhantī’’ti ovadanto –
“愚者会希求不实的修证,以及在比丘众中受尊崇,
于寺院中谋求主宰,于俗人家中贪求供养。”
“愿在家与出家两者,皆认为‘一切唯我所为’;
愿他们于一切该做与不该做之事,都受我掌控。’
愚者心怀此想,其欲贪与骄慢便随之增长。” (《法句经》73-74偈)
‘‘Asantaṃ bhāvanamiccheyya, purekkhārañca bhikkhusu; Āvāsesu ca issariyaṃ, pūjā parakulesu ca. ‘‘Mameva kata maññantu, gihī pabbajitā ubho; Mamevātivasā assu, kiccākiccesu kismici; Iti bālassa saṅkappo, icchā māno ca vaḍḍhatī’’ti. (dha. pa. 73-74) –
世尊在《法句经》中宣说了这些偈颂。
Dhammapade imā gāthā abhāsi.
善法长老听闻此教诫后,礼敬世尊,从座起身,右绕作礼,便与那位同伴比丘一同前往,在优婆塞能见之处对过失作了发露忏悔,得到了优婆塞的原谅。优婆塞也回求原谅说:“尊者,我原谅您。若我有过失,也请您原谅我。”善法长老安住于世尊所给的教诫,仅仅数日后,便与无碍解一同证得了阿拉汉果。
Sudhammattheropi imaṃ ovādaṃ sutvā satthāraṃ vanditvā uṭṭhāyāsanā padakkhiṇaṃ katvā tena anudūtena bhikkhunā saddhiṃ gantvā upāsakassa cakkhupathe āpattiṃ paṭikaritvā upāsakaṃ khamāpesi. So upāsakena ‘‘khamāmahaṃ bhante, sace mayhaṃ doso atthi, khamatha me’’ti paṭikhamāpito satthārā dinnaovāde ṭhatvā katipāheneva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
不见罪举罪甘马论释
Āpattiyā adassane ukkhepanīyakammakathāvaṇṇanā
5050. 对于不见罪者,应行举罪甘马。而呵责等羯磨,则是在举罪之后,依其不见罪、不忏悔,或具足诤事者等条件而行。其余内容此处易于了解。
50.Tassā adassaneyeva kammaṃ kātabbanti tassā adassaneyeva ukkhepanīyakammaṃ kātabbaṃ. Tajjanīyādikammaṃ pana āpattiṃ āropetvā tassā adassane appaṭikamme vā bhaṇḍanakārakādiaṅgehi kātabbaṃ. Sesamettha uttānameva.