4. 根相应显示巴利原文
4. Indriyasaṃyuttaṃ
1. 清净品显示巴利原文
1. Suddhikavaggo
1. 清净经注疏显示巴利原文
1. Suddhikasuttavaṇṇanā
471 在《根相应》的第一经中,「信根」「念根」「慧根」这三根,可于四地的善心、果报心及唯作心中获得。而「精进根」与「定根」,则能于四地的善心、不善心、果报心与唯作心——即一切心中——获得。因此,应当了知此经是依涵盖四地一切法的分类而宣说的。显示巴利原文
471. Indriyasaṃyuttassa paṭhame saddhindriyaṃ satindriyaṃ paññindriyanti imāni tīṇi catubhūmakakusalavipākesu ceva kiriyāsu ca labbhanti. Vīriyindriyasamādhindriyāni catubhūmakakusale akusale vipāke kiriyāyāti sabbattha labbhanti. Iti idaṃ suttaṃ catubhūmakasabbasaṅgāhakadhammaparicchedavasena vuttanti veditabbaṃ.
7. 第二沙门婆罗门经注疏显示巴利原文
7. Dutiyasamaṇabrāhmaṇasuttavaṇṇanā
477 第七经中,“不了知信根”是指以苦谛而言不了知;“不了知信根之集”是指以集谛而言不了知。同样,“不了知(信根之)灭”是指以灭谛而言不了知,“不了知(信根之)道”是指以道谛而言不了知。对于其余诸根,也是如此。显示巴利原文
477. Sattame saddhindriyaṃ nappajānantīti dukkhasaccavasena na pajānanti. Saddhindriyasamudayaṃ nappajānantīti samudayasaccavasena na pajānanti. Evaṃ nirodhaṃ nirodhasaccavasena, paṭipadaṃ maggasaccavasenāti. Sesesupi eseva nayo.
在善的方面,以胜解的方式,由转向之集生起信根之集;以策励的方式,由转向之集生起精进根之集;以安住的方式,由转向之集生起念根之集;以无散乱的方式,由转向之集生起定根之集;以明见的方式,由转向之集生起慧根之集。同样,以意欲的方式,由转向之集生起信根之集;以意欲的方式,由转向之集也生起精进、念、定、慧根之集。以作意的方式,由转向之集生起信根之集;以作意的方式,由转向之集也生起精进、念、定、慧根之集。应当如此领会此义。在这依次排列的六部经中,所宣说的纯是四圣谛。显示巴利原文
Sukkapakkhe pana adhimokkhavasena āvajjanasamudayā saddhindriyasamudayo hoti, paggahavasena āvajjanasamudayā vīriyindriyasamudayo, upaṭṭhānavasena āvajjanasamudayā satindriyasamudayo, avikkhepavasena āvajjanasamudayā samādhindriyasamudayo, dassanavasena āvajjanasamudayā paññindriyasamudayo hoti. Tathā chandavasena āvajjanasamudayā saddhindriyasamudayo hoti, chandavasena āvajjanasamudayā vīriyasatisamādhipaññindriyasamudayo hoti. Manasikāravasena āvajjanasamudayā saddhindriyasamudayo hoti. Manasikāravasena āvajjanasamudayā vīriyasatisamādhipaññindriyasamudayo hotīti evampi attho veditabbo. Imesu paṭipāṭiyā chasu suttesu catusaccameva kathitaṃ.
8. 应见经注疏显示巴利原文
8. Daṭṭhabbasuttavaṇṇanā
478 第八经中,“比丘们,信根应于何处见?于入流四支中”等语,是为说明这些根在各自的领域内具有主导地位而说的。如同四位长者的儿子与国王,这五人结为同伴,说“我们来玩星宿游戏”而一同走上街道。当第一位长者的儿子回到自己家时,其余四人便静静坐着,唯有那家主人吩咐:“给他们点心和食物,给他们香、花环等饰物。”当第二位、第三位、第四位长者的儿子回家时,也是如此:其余四人静静坐着,唯有那家主人吩咐:“给他们点心和食物,给他们香、花环等饰物。”最后,当国王回到自己家时,尽管国王在一切处都是主宰,此刻也仅在自己的宫殿中吩咐:“给他们点心和食物,给他们香、花环等饰物。”同样地,信等五根犹如这五位同伴,当它们仿佛依次走上街道,即使在同一所缘上生起时,也如在第一位长者儿子家中那样:触及入流四支后,以胜解为特征的信根成为首要和先导,其余诸根则随顺它;如在第二位长者儿子家中那样:触及四正勤后,以策励为特征的精进根成为首要和先导,其余诸根则随顺它。显示巴利原文
478. Aṭṭhame kattha ca, bhikkhave, saddhindriyaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ, catūsu sotāpattiyaṅgesūtiādi imesaṃ indriyānaṃ savisaye jeṭṭhakabhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Yathā hi cattāro seṭṭhiputtā rājāti rājapañcamesu sahāyesu ‘‘nakkhattaṃ kīḷissāmā’’ti vīthiṃ otiṇṇesu ekassa seṭṭhiputtassa gehaṃ gatakāle itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova – ‘‘imesaṃ khādanīyaṃ bhojanīyaṃ detha, gandhamālālaṅkārādīni dethā’’ti gehe vicāreti. Dutiyassa, tatiyassa, catutthassa gehaṃ gatakāle itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova – ‘‘imesaṃ khādanīyaṃ bhojanīyaṃ detha, gandhamālālaṅkārādīni dethā’’ti gehe vicāreti. Atha sabbapacchā rañño gehaṃ gatakāle kiñcāpi rājā sabbattha issaro, imasmiṃ pana kāle attano geheyeva – ‘‘imesaṃ khādanīyaṃ bhojanīyaṃ detha, gandhamālālaṅkārādīni dethā’’ti gehe vicāreti. Evameva saddhāpañcamakesu indriyesu tesu sahāyesu ekato vīthiṃ otarantesu viya ekārammaṇe uppajjamānesupi yathā paṭhamassa gehe itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova vicāreti, evaṃ sotāpattiyaṅgāni patvā adhimokkhalakkhaṇaṃ saddhindriyameva jeṭṭhakaṃ hoti pubbaṅgamaṃ, sesāni tadanvayāni honti. Yathā dutiyassa gehe itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova vicāreti, evaṃ sammappadhānāni patvā paggahalakkhaṇaṃ vīriyindriyameva jeṭṭhakaṃ hoti pubbaṅgamaṃ, sesāni tadanvayāni honti. Yathā tatiyassa gehe itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova vicāreti, evaṃ satipaṭṭhānāni patvā upaṭṭhānalakkhaṇaṃ satindriyameva jeṭṭhakaṃ hoti pubbaṅgamaṃ, sesāni tadanvayāni honti. Yathā catutthassa gehe itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, gehasāmikova vicāreti, evaṃ jhānavimokkhe patvā avikkhepalakkhaṇaṃ samādhindriyameva jeṭṭhakaṃ hoti pubbaṅgamaṃ, sesāni tadanvayāni honti. Sabbapacchā rañño gehaṃ gatakāle pana yathā itare cattāro tuṇhī nisīdanti, rājāva gehe vicāreti, evameva ariyasaccāni patvā pajānanalakkhaṇaṃ paññindriyameva jeṭṭhakaṃ hoti pubbaṅgamaṃ, sesāni tadanvayāni hontīti.
9-10. 《第一分别经》等的注释显示巴利原文
9-10. Paṭhamavibhaṅgasuttādivaṇṇanā
479-480 在第九经中,「以念与贤善」(satinepakkena)中的「贤善」(nepakka),指贤善的状态,此即智慧之名。为何在念的部分中说到智慧呢?是为了显示念的强大。因为这里指的是强大的念。而只有与智慧相应的念才强大,不与智慧相应则不强大,因此这样说,以显示与智慧相应的念。「久所作」(cirakata)指很久以前所作的布施、持戒或布萨羯磨等善行。「久所说」(cirabhāsita)指像这样很久以前所说的:“在某处所说名为某”。「以舍遣为所缘」(vossaggārammaṇaṃ katvā)指以涅槃为所缘。「导向生起与灭没」(udayatthagāminiyā):即前往生起与灭没,意谓把握了生灭的智慧。在此经中,信根、念根、慧根是前行部分,精进根是混合的,而定根则说为唯出生世间、出世间。第十经中的法区分也是如此。显示巴利原文
479-480. Navame satinepakkenāti ettha nipakassa bhāvo nepakkaṃ, paññāyetaṃ nāmaṃ. Kasmā pana satibhājane paññā vuttāti? Satiyā balavabhāvadassanatthaṃ. Balavasati hi idha adhippetā. Sā ca paññāsampayuttāva balavatī hoti, na vippayuttāti paññāsampayuttasatiṃ dassento evamāha. Cirakatanti cirakālaṃ kataṃ dānaṃ vā sīlaṃ vā uposathakammaṃ vā. Cirabhāsitanti ‘‘asukasmiṃ ṭhāne asukaṃ nāma bhāsita’’nti evaṃ cirakāle bhāsitaṃ. Vossaggārammaṇaṃ katvāti nibbānārammaṇaṃ katvā. Udayatthagāminiyāti udayañca atthañca gacchantiyā, udayabbayapariggahikāyāti attho. Imasmiṃ sutte saddhāsatipaññindriyāni pubbabhāgāni, vīriyindriyaṃ missakaṃ, samādhindriyaṃ nibbattitalokuttarameva kathitaṃ. Dasamepi ayameva dhammaparicchedoti.
2. 软柔品显示巴利原文
2. Mudutaravaggo
1. 《得经》注释显示巴利原文
1. Paṭilābhasuttavaṇṇanā
481 第二品第一经中,「于正勤」(sammappadhāne ārabbha)即依于正勤、修习正勤之义。念根的情形也是如此。显示巴利原文
481. Dutiyavaggassa paṭhame sammappadhāne ārabbhāti sammappadhāne paṭicca, sammappadhāne bhāventoti attho. Satindriyepi eseva nayo.
2. 《第一略说经》注释显示巴利原文
2. Paṭhamasaṃkhittasuttavaṇṇanā
482 在第二部经中,“tato”(从彼)应依观、道、果的意义理解为从格。因为完全圆满的五根,即名阿拉汉道的观根。“比彼更柔和”是说:比阿拉汉道的观根更柔和者,名不来道的观根;更柔和者,名一来道的观根;更柔和者,名入流道的观根;更柔和者,名随法行道的观根;更柔和者,名随信行道的观根。显示巴利原文
482. Dutiye tatoti vipassanāmaggaphalavasena nissakkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Samattāni hi paripuṇṇāni pañcindriyāni arahattamaggassa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti. Tato mudutarehīti tehi arahattamaggassa vipassanindriyehi mudutarāni anāgāmimaggassa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni sakadāgāmimaggassa, tato mudutarāni sotāpattimaggassa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni dhammānusārimaggassa, tato mudutarāni saddhānusārimaggassa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti.
同样地,完全圆满的五根名阿拉汉道根;比彼更柔和者,名不来道根;更柔和者,名一来道根;更柔和者,名入流道根;更柔和者,名随法行道根;更柔和者,名随信行道根。显示巴利原文
Tathā samattāni paripuṇṇāni pañcindriyāni arahattamaggindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni anāgāmimaggindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni sakadāgāmimaggindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni sotāpattimaggindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni dhammānusārimaggindriyāni, tato mudutarāni saddhānusārimaggindriyāni nāma honti.
完全圆满的五根名阿拉汉果根;比彼更柔和者,名不来果根;更柔和者,名一来果根;更柔和者,名入流果根。然而,随法行与随信行二者皆是住于入流道的补特伽罗,其差别依住于道位补特伽罗而安立,亦由入道方式与道本身而安立。因为随信行的补特伽罗通过受持教导、反复请问,渐次证得道;随法行的补特伽罗则于一次或两次听闻中便证得道。因此,首先应依入道方式的差别来理解这些差异。显示巴利原文
Samattāni paripuṇṇāni pañcindriyāni arahattaphalindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni anāgāmiphalindriyāni, tato mudutarāni sakadāgāmiphalindriyāni, tato mudutarāni sotāpattiphalindriyāni nāma honti. Dhammānusārisaddhānusārino pana dvepi sotāpattimaggaṭṭhapuggalā, maggaṭṭhapuggalavasena nesaṃ nānattaṃ jātanti āgamanenapi maggenapi. Saddhānusārī puggalo hi uddisāpento paripucchanto anupubbena maggaṃ pāpuṇāti, dhammānusārī ekena vā dvīhi vā savanehi. Evaṃ tāva nesaṃ āgamanena nānattaṃ veditabbaṃ.
然而,随法行者的道是锐利的,其慧强而有力,不须刻意用力、无须加功用行便能断除烦恼,犹如利刃斩断芭蕉树干。随信行者的道则不如随法行者那般锐利,慧力不强,须刻意用力、加功用行才能断除烦恼,犹如不那么锋利的刀刃斩断芭蕉树干。然而,在烦恼的灭尽上,彼二者并无差别——其余烦恼皆得灭尽。显示巴利原文
Dhammānusārissa pana maggo tikkho hoti, sūraṃ ñāṇaṃ vahati, asaṅkhārena appayogena kilese chindati kadalikkhandhaṃ viya tikhiṇā asidhārā. Saddhānusārissa na tassa viya maggo tikkho hoti, na sūraṃ ñāṇaṃ vahati, sasaṅkhārena sappayogena kilese chindati kadalikkhandhaṃ viya atikhiṇā asidhārā. Kilesakkhaye pana tesaṃ nānattaṃ natthi. Avasesā ca kilesā khīyanti.
3. 第二略说经注释显示巴利原文
3. Dutiyasaṃkhittasuttavaṇṇanā
483 第三经中,“tato”应依果义理解为从格。因为完全圆满的五根,即名为阿拉汉果根;具足阿拉汉果的补特伽罗,名为阿拉汉。比阿拉汉果根更为柔和者,名为不来果根;比此更柔和者,名为一来果根;比此更柔和者,名为入流果根;具足入流果的补特伽罗,名为入流者。根有种种差别,果便有种种差别:由根的多样性而有果的多样性;由果的多样性而有补特伽罗的多样性。显示巴利原文
483. Tatiye tatoti phalavasena nissakkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Samattāni hi paripuṇṇāni pañcindriyāni arahattaphalindriyāni nāma honti, arahattaphalena samannāgato puggalo arahā nāma hoti. Arahattaphalato mudutarāni anāgāmiphalindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni sakadāgāmiphalindriyāni, tato mudutarāni sotāpattiphalindriyāni, sotāpattiphalena samannāgato puggalo sotāpanno nāma hoti. Indriyavemattatā phalavemattatā hotīti indriyanānattena phalanānattaṃ, phalanānattena puggalanānattanti.
第三略说经注释显示巴利原文
4. Tatiyasaṃkhittasuttavaṇṇanā
484 第四经中,“圆满修习者成就圆满”意为:修习圆满的阿拉汉道者,成就阿拉汉果。“部分修习者成就部分”意为:修习其余三种部分道者,仅成就三果中相应的部分果证。如是,在此四部经中,所阐述之根皆为混合诸根。显示巴利原文
484. Catutthe paripūraṃ paripūrakārī ārādhetīti paripūraṃ arahattamaggaṃ karonto arahattaphalaṃ ārādheti. Padesaṃ padesakārīti avasese tayo padesamagge karonto padesaṃ phalattayamattameva ārādheti. Iti imesu catūsupi suttesu missakāneva indriyāni kathitāni.
第一广说经等注释显示巴利原文
5-7. Paṭhamavitthārasuttādivaṇṇanā
485-487 在第五部经中,“比彼更柔和”应依观力理解为从格。因为圆满的五根即是阿拉汉道的观根;中般涅槃者的观根较此更柔和;生般涅槃者的观根又更柔和;无行般涅槃者的观根又更柔和;有行般涅槃者的观根又更柔和;上流至阿迦腻吒者的观根则名为最柔和。显示巴利原文
485-487. Pañcame tato mudutarehīti vipassanāvasena nissakkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Paripuṇṇāni hi pañcindriyāni arahattamaggassa vipassanindriyāni honti, tato mudutarāni antarāparinibbāyissa vipassanindriyāni, tato mudutarāni upahaccaparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni asaṅkhāraparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni uddhaṃsotaakaniṭṭhagāmissa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti.
然而在此处,应立足于阿拉汉道,导出五种比较。因为,比阿拉汉道的观根更柔和者,是第一种中般涅槃者的观根;较此更柔和者,是第二种中般涅槃者的观根;更柔和者,是第三种中般涅槃者的观根;更柔和者,是生般涅槃者的观根;更柔和者,是上流至阿迦腻吒者的观根。无行般涅槃者与有行般涅槃者亦摄于此五种人之中。显示巴利原文
Imasmiṃ pana ṭhāne arahattamaggeyeva ṭhatvā pañca nissakkāni nīharitabbāni. Arahattamaggassa hi vipassanindriyehi mudutarāni paṭhamaantarāparinibbāyissa vipassanindriyāni, tato mudutarāni dutiyaantarāparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni tatiyaantarāparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni upahaccaparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni uddhaṃsotaakaniṭṭhagāmissa vipassanindriyāni. Asaṅkhāraparinibbāyissa sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyinopi eteva pañca janā.
现在说明三种比较。因为,比一来道的根更柔和者,是入流道的根;比入流道的根更柔和者,是随法行道的根;较此更柔和者,是随信行道的根。第六经与第七经的说法方式亦同。然而,在这三部经中,所阐述的仅是前分观根。显示巴利原文
Idāni tīṇi nissakkāni. Sakadāgāmimaggassa hi indriyehi mudutarāni sotāpattimaggindriyāni, sotāpattimaggeyeva indriyehi mudutarāni dhammānusārimaggindriyāni. Tehipi mudutarāni saddhānusārimaggindriyāni. Chaṭṭhasattamāni vuttanayāneva. Imesu pana tīsupi suttesu pubbabhāgavipassanindriyāneva kathitāni.
行道者经注释显示巴利原文
8. Paṭipannasuttavaṇṇanā
488 在第八部经中,“比彼更柔和”应依道与果的意义理解为从格。这在经文中已有说明。“外”是指在这八种补特伽罗之外。“住于凡夫分者”是指处在凡夫类中。在这部经中,所阐述的只是出世间诸根。显示巴利原文
488. Aṭṭhame tato mudutarehīti maggaphalavasena nissakkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Taṃ pāḷiyaṃ vuttameva. Bāhiroti imehi aṭṭhahi puggalehi bahibhūto. Puthujjanapakkhe ṭhitoti puthujjanakoṭṭhāse ṭhito. Imasmiṃ sutte lokuttarāneva indriyāni kathitāni.
具足经等注释显示巴利原文
9-10. Sampannasuttādivaṇṇanā
489-490 在第九部经中,“根具足”是指诸根圆满。第十部经的意义很明白。在这两部经中,所阐述的是杂合的诸根。显示巴利原文
489-490. Navame indriyasampannoti paripuṇṇindriyo. Dasamaṃ uttānameva. Imasmiṃ suttadvaye missakāni indriyāni kathitānīti.
六根品显示巴利原文
3. Chaḷindriyavaggo
《命根经》注疏显示巴利原文
2. Jīvitindriyasuttavaṇṇanā
492 第三品第二部经中,关于“女根”等:“女根”即于女性性态中起主宰作用,“男根”即于男性性态中起主宰作用,“命根”即于生命中起主宰作用。据说,此经依具体事缘而开示。当时僧团集众时,生起“轮回根共有多少”的讨论,世尊为开示轮回根,便说:“诸比丘,有此三种……”等内容。显示巴利原文
492. Tatiyavaggassa dutiye itthindriyantiādīsu itthibhāve indaṭṭhaṃ karotīti itthindriyaṃ. Purisabhāve indaṭṭhaṃ karotīti purisindriyaṃ. Jīvite indaṭṭhaṃ karotīti jīvitindriyaṃ. Atthuppattikaṃ kiretaṃ suttaṃ. Saṅghamajjhasmiñhi ‘‘kati nu kho vaṭṭindriyānī’’ti kathā udapādi, atha bhagavā vaṭṭindriyāni dassento tīṇimāni bhikkhavetiādimāha.
《已知根经》注疏显示巴利原文
3. Aññindriyasuttavaṇṇanā
493 第三部经中,“未知当知根”是指:于入流道刹那,为“当了我知无始轮回中从未了诣之法”而修行者所生起的根。“已知根”是指:为以更深入了知的方式通晓已了知之法,而在入流果等六个阶位中所生起的根。“具知根”是指:在已了知者——即阿罗汉果——之法中,于完全了知者所生起的根。总之,这些名称皆指在不同情形下,以不同方式生起的智慧。此经同样依具体事缘而开示。因为于僧团集众中,生起“出世间根有多少”的讨论,世尊为开示出世间根,便说:“诸比丘,有三种根……”等内容。显示巴利原文
493. Tatiye anaññātaññassāmītindriyanti ‘‘anamatagge saṃsāre ajānitapubbaṃ dhammaṃ jānissāmī’’ti paṭipannassa sotāpattimaggakkhaṇe uppannaṃ indriyaṃ. Aññindriyanti tesaṃyeva ñātadhammānaṃ ājānanākārena sotāpattiphalādīsu chasu ṭhānesu uppannaṃ indriyaṃ. Aññātāvindriyanti aññātāvīsu arahattaphaladhammesu uppannaṃ indriyaṃ. Tattha tattha tena tenākārena uppannassa ñāṇassevetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Idampi suttaṃ atthuppattikameva. Saṅghamajjhasmiñhi ‘‘kati nu kho lokuttarindriyānī’’ti kathā udapādi, atha bhagavā tāni dassento tīṇimāni, bhikkhave, indriyānītiādimāha.
《一种子经》注疏显示巴利原文
4. Ekabījīsuttavaṇṇanā
494 第四部经中,“较此更柔和”应理解为从“观”的角度所用的夺格。因为,已圆满的五根即称为阿罗汉道的观根;较此更柔和的,是中般涅槃者的观根;较此更柔和的,是生般涅槃者的观根;较此更柔和的,是无行般涅槃者的观根;较此更柔和的,是有行般涅槃者的观根;较此更柔和的,是上流至阿迦腻吒天者的观根。在此,也应以同样的方法,立足于阿罗汉道,导出这五种夺格关系。显示巴利原文
494. Catutthe tato mudutarehīti vipassanato nissakkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Samattāni hi pañcindriyāni arahattamaggassa vipassanindriyāni nāma honti, tato mudutarāni antarāparinibbāyissa vipassanindriyāni, tato mudutarāni upahaccaparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni asaṅkhāraparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyissa, tato mudutarāni uddhaṃsotaakaniṭṭhagāmissa vipassanindriyāni nāma. Idhāpi purimanayeneva arahattamagge ṭhatvā pañca nissakkāni nīharitabbāni.
然而,正如前文所述,在一来道阶位上会导出三种夺格;同样地,此处应当导出五种夺格。因为一来道的观根比入流道的观根更为柔和,而入流道的观根又比‘一枚种子者’等圣者所属之道的观根更为柔和。显示巴利原文
Yathā pana purimanaye sakadāgāmimagge ṭhatvā tīṇi nissakkāni, evamidha pañca nīharitabbāni. Sakadāgāmimaggassa hi vipassanindriyehi mudutarāni sotāpattimaggassa vipassanindriyāni, sotāpattimaggassa ca tehi vipassanindriyehi mudutarāni ekabījiādīnaṃ maggassa vipassanindriyāni.
这里所说的‘一枚种子者’等名称中,若有证得入流果后,仅再投生一次‘有身’便证得阿罗汉果的人,即称为‘一枚种子者’。正如经中所说:‘怎样的补特伽罗是“一枚种子者”呢?在此教法中,有一类人因断尽三结,成为入流者,不退堕法,必定趋向正觉。他仅在天、人之中流转一次之后,便作苦之边际。这样的人便称为“一枚种子者”。’(《人施设论》33)显示巴利原文
Ettha ca ekabījītiādīsu yo sotāpanno hutvā ekameva attabhāvaṃ janetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, ayaṃ ekabījī nāma. Yathāha ‘‘katamo ca puggalo ekabījī, idhekacco puggalo tiṇṇaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā sotāpanno hoti avinipātadhammo niyato sambodhiparāyaṇo, so ekaññeva mānusakaṃ bhavaṃ sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karoti. Ayaṃ vuccati puggalo ekabījī’’ti (pu. pa. 33).
若有人流转投生两三次‘有身’后,便究竟苦的边际,这样的人即称为‘家至家者’。正如经中所说:‘怎样的补特伽罗是“家至家者”呢?在此教法中,有一类人因断尽三结,成为入流者,不退堕法,必定趋向正觉。他流转于两三个家族之后,便作苦之边际。这样的人便称为“家至家者”。’(《人施设论》32)这里经文所用的‘家族’,应当理解为是指‘有身’(再生)。‘两或三次’只是一种数量的说法而已,实际上,即使流转直到第六生,他仍然属于‘家至家者’。显示巴利原文
Yo pana dve tayo bhave saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karoti, ayaṃ kolaṃkolo nāma. Yathāha ‘‘katamo ca puggalo kolaṃkolo. Idhekacco puggalo tiṇṇaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā sotāpanno hoti avinipātadhammo niyato sambodhiparāyaṇo, so dve vā tīṇi vā kulāni sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karoti. Ayaṃ vuccati puggalo kolaṃkolo’’ti (pu. pa. 32). Tattha kulānīti bhavā veditabbā. ‘‘Dve vā tīṇi vā’’ti idaṃ desanāmattameva, yāva chaṭṭhabhavā saṃsaranto pana kolaṃkolova hoti.
若人最多七次再生为极限,不取第八有者,即名为‘极七返有者’。正如经中所说:‘怎样的补特伽罗是极七返有者?于此教法中,有一类补特伽罗因断尽三结而成为入流者,住于不退堕法,决定趣向正觉,他于天界与人界流转七次后,便作苦之边际。这样的人即名为极七返有者。’(《人施设论》31)显示巴利原文
Yassa sattakkhattuṃ paramā upapatti, aṭṭhamaṃ bhavaṃ nādiyati, ayaṃ sattakkhattuparamo nāma. Yathāha ‘‘katamo ca puggalo sattakkhattuparamo. Idhekacco puggalo tiṇṇaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ parikkhayā sotāpanno hoti avinipātadhammo niyato sambodhiparāyaṇo, so sattakkhattuṃ deve ca manusse ca sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā dukkhassantaṃ karoti, ayaṃ vuccati puggalo sattakkhattuparamo’’ti (pu. pa. 31).
这些名称,其实是依世尊所安立之名而成为他们的名称的。所谓:‘证得如此位次者名为一枚种子者,证得如此位次者名为家至家者,证得如此位次者名为极七返有者。’——这是世尊依据他们所证得的阶位而安立名称的。并非有一种确定不变的说法:‘此人正是一枚种子者,此人是家至家者,此人即是极七返有者。’显示巴利原文
Bhagavatā gahitanāmavaseneva cetāni tesaṃ nāmāni. ‘‘Ettakañhi ṭhānaṃ gato ekabījī nāma hoti, ettakaṃ kolaṃkolo, ettakaṃ sattakkhattuparamo’’ti bhagavatā etesaṃ nāmaṃ gahitaṃ. Niyamato pana ‘‘ayaṃ ekabījī, ayaṃ kolaṃkolo, ayaṃ sattakkhattuparamo’’ti natthi.
那么,究竟何者决定了他们之间的这一差别呢?有些长老说:‘由前因决定。’有些说:‘由初道决定。’有些说:‘由上面的三道决定。’还有长老说:‘由这三道相应的观决定。’在这些说法中,若持‘由前因决定’,便会导致这样的结论:初道的亲依止缘已经作成,而上面的三道却是在无亲依止缘的情况下生起的。若持‘由初道决定’,则会使上面的三道成为无用的。若持‘由上面的三道决定’,又会导致在初道尚未生起之时,上面的三道却已生起的过失。唯有‘由三道相应的观决定’这一说才是合理的。因为,若上面三道相应的观力量强,则成为一枚种子者;若力量较弱,则成为家至家者;若力量更弱,则成为极七返有者。显示巴利原文
Ko pana nesaṃ etaṃ pabhedaṃ niyametīti? Keci pana therā ‘‘pubbahetu niyametī’’ti vadanti, keci ‘‘paṭhamamaggo’’, keci ‘‘uparima tayo maggā’’, keci ‘‘tiṇṇaṃ maggānaṃ vipassanā’’ti. Tattha ‘‘pubbahetu niyametī’’ti vāde paṭhamamaggassa upanissayo kato nāma hoti, upari tayo maggā anupanissayā uppannāti vacanaṃ āpajjati. ‘‘Paṭhamamaggo niyametī’’ti vāde upari tiṇṇaṃ maggānaṃ niratthakatā āpajjati. ‘‘Upari tayo maggā niyamentī’’ti vāde paṭhamamagge anuppanneva upari tayo maggā uppannāti āpajjati. ‘‘Tiṇṇaṃ maggānaṃ vipassanā niyametī’’ti vādo pana yujjati. Sace hi upari tiṇṇaṃ maggānaṃ vipassanā balavatī hoti, ekabījī nāma hoti, tato mandatarāya kolaṃkolo, tato mandatarāya sattakkhattuparamoti.
有一类入流者,内心倾向轮回、乐着轮回,再三地在轮回中流转出现。如同给孤独长者、近事女毗舍佉、小车道天子与大道天子、种种色天子、天帝释、龙授天子——这些人皆是倾向轮回、乐着轮回的,他们从最初始便次第净化六欲天,最终投生色究竟天,于彼处般涅槃。此处的分类并不摄这些圣者。不但如此,那些只在人界流转七次便证阿拉汉的,或投生天界后就在天界中如此辗转七次而证阿拉汉的,也都不属此处讨论的那类。此处所论的,是间或在天界、间或在人界交替流转而后证得阿拉汉的圣者。因此应知,这里所说的「七返有者」,实为已安住于此种状态——于天人二趣交织中流转的「干观者」之称谓。显示巴利原文
Ekacco hi sotāpanno vaṭṭajjhāsayo hoti vaṭṭābhirato punappunaṃ vaṭṭasmiṃyeva vicarati sandissati. Anāthapiṇḍiko seṭṭhi, visākhā upāsikā, cūḷarathamahārathā devaputtā, anekavaṇṇo devaputto, sakko devarājā, nāgadatto devaputtoti ime hi ettakā janā vaṭṭajjhāsayā vaṭṭābhiratā ādito paṭṭhāya cha devaloke sodhetvā akaniṭṭhe ṭhatvā parinibbāyissanti , ime idha na gahitā. Na kevalañcime, yopi manussesuyeva sattakkhattuṃ saṃsaritvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, yopi devaloke nibbatto devesuyeva sattakkhattuṃ aparāparaṃ saṃsaritvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, imepi idha na gahitā. Kālena deve, kālena manusse saṃsaritvā pana arahattaṃ pāpuṇantova idha gahito. Tasmā sattakkhattuparamoti idaṃ idhaṭṭhakavokiṇṇasukkhavipassakassa nāmaṃ kathitanti veditabbaṃ.
「随法行」与「随信行」:于此教法中,为成就出世间法者,有两种轭、两种首、两种趣入——即信轭与慧轭,信首与慧首,信之趣入与慧之趣入。其中,若有比丘作此念:‘若凭信能成就,我当凭信证得出世间道’,以信为轭而证入流道,彼于道刹那名为「随信行」。于果刹那则成为「信解脱者」,随后更别为三种:一种子者、家家者、七返有者。此三种之每一种,复依行道之难易(如苦行道等)别为四种,是故以信为轭成就之圣者,总成十二种。显示巴利原文
Dhammānusārī saddhānusārīti ettha pana imasmiṃ sāsane lokuttaradhammaṃ nibbattentassa dve dhurāni, dve sīsāni, dve abhinivesā – saddhādhuraṃ, paññādhuraṃ , saddhāsīsaṃ, paññāsīsaṃ, saddhābhiniveso, paññābhinivesoti. Tattha yo bhikkhu ‘‘sace saddhāya sakkā nibbattetuṃ, nibbattessāmi lokuttaramagga’’nti saddhaṃ dhuraṃ katvā sotāpattimaggaṃ nibbatteti, so maggakkhaṇe saddhānusārī nāma hoti. Phalakkhaṇe pana saddhāvimutto nāma hutvā ekabījī kolaṃkolo sattakkhattuparamoti tividho hoti. Tattha ekeko dukkhāpaṭipadādivasena catubbidhabhāvaṃ āpajjatīti saddhādhurena dvādasa janā honti.
若有人作此念:‘若凭慧能成就,我当凭慧证得出世间道’,以慧为轭而证入流道,彼于道刹那名为「随法行」。于果刹那则成为「慧解脱」者,复依一种子者等分别,亦成十二种。如是,两种道位者于果刹那,合为二十四种入流者。显示巴利原文
Yo pana ‘‘sace paññāya sakkā nibbattetuṃ, nibbattessāmi lokuttaramagga’’nti paññaṃ dhuraṃ katvā sotāpattimaggaṃ nibbatteti, so maggakkhaṇe dhammānusārī nāma hoti. Phalakkhaṇe pana paññāvimutto nāma hutvā ekabījiādibhedena dvādasabhedova hoti. Evaṃ dve maggaṭṭhā phalakkhaṇe catuvīsati sotāpannā hontīti.
据说三藏帝须长老曾为了“我将澄清三藏”而渡至对岸。有一位居士以四种资具供养他。长老临行时说:“我要走了,居士!”“去哪里呢,尊者?”“去我们的和尚与阿阇梨们那里。”“尊者,我无法同去。然而仰仗尊敬的您,我才得以晓了教法的功德;您离去后,我应亲近怎样的比丘呢?”长老便告诉他说:“若有一位比丘,能够开示二十四种入流者、十二种一来者、四十八种不来者、十二种阿拉汉,并能为他们说法,这样的比丘就值得奉侍。”在这部经中,所讲的是观。显示巴利原文
Tipiṭakatissatthero kira ‘‘tīṇi piṭakāni sodhessāmī’’ti paratīraṃ gato. Taṃ eko kuṭumbiko catūhi paccayehi upaṭṭhāsi, thero āgamanakāle ‘‘gacchāmi upāsakā’’ti āha. ‘‘Kahaṃ bhante’’ti? ‘‘Amhākaṃ ācariyupajjhāyānaṃ santika’’nti. ‘‘Na sakkā, bhante, mayā gantuṃ, bhaddantaṃ pana nissāya mayā sāsanassa guṇo ñāto, tumhākaṃ parammukhā kīdisaṃ bhikkhuṃ upasaṅkamāmī’’ti? Atha naṃ thero āha – ‘‘yo bhikkhu catuvīsati sotāpanne dvādasa sakadāgāmī aṭṭhacattālīsa anāgāmī dvādasa arahante dassetvā dhammakathaṃ kathetuṃ sakkoti, evarūpaṃ bhikkhuṃ upaṭṭhātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. Imasmiṃ sutte vipassanā kathitāti.
《纯经》等注释显示巴利原文
5-10. Suddhakasuttādivaṇṇanā
495-500 第五经中,所谓“眼”,因其对于眼门中生起的诸法,具有称为增上的根义,故亦称“眼根”。耳根等亦同理。其余各处皆浅显易明。此品中,第一经与第六等五经,共六经,是依四谛所说法。显示巴利原文
495-500. Pañcame cakkhu ca taṃ cakkhudvāre nibbattānaṃ dhammānaṃ ādhipateyyasaṅkhātena indaṭṭhena indriyañcāti cakkhundriyaṃ. Sotindriyādīsupi eseva nayo. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānameva. Imasmiṃ vagge paṭhamasuttañceva chaṭṭhādīni ca pañcāti cha suttāni catusaccavasena kathitānīti.
乐根品显示巴利原文
4. Sukhindriyavaggo
《纯经》等注释显示巴利原文
1-5. Suddhikasuttādivaṇṇanā
501-505 第四品第一经中:「乐」因对俱生诸法具有主宰义而称为「根」,故为「乐根」。苦根等,同理。此处,乐根、苦根、忧根唯属欲界;喜根除无色界分外,余属三地;舍根通于四地。第二等四经,同样也是依四谛说。显示巴利原文
501-505. Catutthavaggassa paṭhame sukhañca taṃ sahajātānaṃ ādhipateyyasaṅkhātena indaṭṭhena indriyañcāti sukhindriyaṃ. Dukkhindriyādīsupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca sukhindriyadukkhindriyadomanassindriyāni kāmāvacarāneva, somanassindriyaṃ ṭhapetvā arūpāvacaraṃ sesaṃ tebhūmakaṃ, upekkhindriyaṃ catubhūmakaṃ. Dutiyādīni cattāri catusaccavaseneva kathitāni.
《第一分别经》注释显示巴利原文
6. Paṭhamavibhaṅgasuttavaṇṇanā
506 第六经中:「身的」指以身净色为依处。「乐」是就其自性所作的说明。「悦」是其同义词,意为甘甜。「身触所生」即由身触所生。「乐、悦」如前释。「感受」则是它与一切受共通、而与其他法有别的本质说明。依此理,其余经中的意义也应如此理解。然而,在「身的或心的」这一句中,眼、耳、鼻、舌四根,以身净色为依处而生起,故称为「身的」。但以身净色为依处的不苦不乐受,并不存在。显示巴利原文
506. Chaṭṭhe kāyikanti kāyapasādavatthukaṃ. Sukhanti ayamassa sarūpaniddeso. Sātanti tasseva vevacanaṃ, madhuranti vuttaṃ hoti. Kāyasamphassajanti kāyasamphassato jātaṃ. Sukhaṃ sātanti vuttanayameva. Vedayitanti ayamassa sabbavedanāsādhāraṇo aññadhammavisiṭṭho sabhāvaniddeso. Iminā nayena sesesupi attho veditabbo. Kāyikaṃ vā cetasikaṃ vāti ettha pana cakkhādayo cattāro pasādakāye vatthuṃ katvā uppattivasena kāyikanti vuttaṃ. Kāyapasādavatthukaṃ pana adukkhamasukhaṃ nāma natthi.
《木柴譬喻经》注释显示巴利原文
9. Kaṭṭhopamasuttavaṇṇanā
509 第九经中:「两根木柴」指两根钻木。「摩擦与和合」即由摩擦及和合。「暖」指暖相。「火」指火与烟。于此,应观下钻木如所依与所缘,上钻木如触,摩擦如触之摩擦,火如受。或者,所依与所缘如上钻木,触如下钻木。显示巴利原文
509. Navame dvinnaṃ kaṭṭhānanti dvinnaṃ araṇīnaṃ. Saṅghaṭṭanasamodhānāti saṅghaṭṭanena ceva samodhānena ca. Usmāti usumākāro. Tejoti aggidhūmo. Ettha ca adharāraṇī viya vatthārammaṇaṃ, uttarāraṇī viya phasso, saṅghaṭṭo viya phassasaṅghaṭṭanaṃ, aggi viya vedanā daṭṭhabbā. Vatthārammaṇaṃ vā uttarāraṇī viya, phasso adharāraṇī viya daṭṭhabbo.
《无顺序经》注释显示巴利原文
10. Uppaṭipāṭikasuttavaṇṇanā
510 第十经虽随法味次第宣说,然于此《根分别》中,以其未如前诸经宣说之故,当知名为“无顺序经”。其中,“相”等诸词皆为缘之同义词。“了知苦根”者,即依苦圣谛而了知。“了知苦根之集”者,若人被荆棘所刺、木刺所扎,或卧于敷具时被衣褶所触,苦俱身识生起,彼即了知此是彼(苦根)之集。显示巴利原文
510. Dasamaṃ yathādhammarasena paṭipāṭiyā vuttampi imasmiṃ indriyavibhaṅge sesasuttāni viya adesitattā uppaṭipāṭikasuttaṃ nāmāti veditabbaṃ. Tattha nimittantiādīni sabbāni paccayavevacanāneva. Dukkhindriyañca pajānātīti dukkhasaccavaseneva pajānāti. Dukkhindriyasamudayanti kaṇṭakena vā viddhassa maṅkulena vā daṭṭhassa paccattharaṇe vā valiyā phuṭṭhassa dukkhasahagataṃ kāyaviññāṇaṃ uppajjati, taṃ etassa samudayoti pajānāti.
如是,于其后“了知忧根之集”等句中,亦应依各自之因来了知集。盖因钵、衣等资具,或共住弟子等比丘、有情等坏灭时,忧根便生起;彼即了知他们之坏灭为此(忧根)之集。享用美好饮食、卧于殊胜床榻,依手足按摩、扇扇等所得之触,乐根便生起;彼即了知彼触即为其集。复次,由于获得如上所述可意之有情或资具,喜根便生起;彼即了知彼所得为其集。依中庸之状态,舍根便生起;彼即了知对有情与资具之中庸状态即为其集。显示巴利原文
Parato domanassindriyasamudayantiādīsupi tesaṃ tesaṃ kāraṇavaseneva samudayo veditabbo. Pattacīvarādīnaṃ vā hi saṅkhārānaṃ saddhivihārikādīnaṃ vā sattānaṃ vināsena domanassindriyaṃ uppajjatīti tesaṃ vināsaṃ tassa samudayoti pajānāti. Subhojanaṃ bhuñjitvā varasayane nipannassa hatthapādasambāhanatālavaṇṭavātādisamphassena sukhindriyaṃ uppajjati, taṃ phassaṃ tassa samudayoti pajānāti. Vuttappakārānaṃ pana sattasaṅkhārānaṃ manāpānaṃ paṭilābhavasena somanassindriyaṃ uppajjati, taṃ paṭilābhaṃ tassa samudayoti pajānāti. Majjhattākārena pana upekkhindriyaṃ uppajjati, taṃ sattasaṅkhāresu majjhattākāraṃ tassa samudayoti pajānāti.
已生之苦根于何处无余灭尽?于“诸比丘,此处有比丘,离诸欲……”等经文中,对此有一确定之抉择论说:苦根唯于初禅近行刹那灭尽、断除,忧根等则于第二禅等近行刹那断除。虽如此,因此诸根于禅那中有更殊胜之灭故,此处仅说于禅那中之灭。盖他们于初禅等中有胜妙之灭,非仅止灭;仅止灭者,乃近行刹那,非胜妙灭。恰如于种种转向之时,于初禅近行中已灭之苦根,仍可能因蚊虻叮咬等触,或因坐卧不適之逼迫而再生起,然于安止中决不生起。于近行中灭者,非全然灭尽,因未被其对立面所破故。然于安止中,因喜遍满,全身为乐所渗透;而于为乐所渗透之身,苦根全然灭尽,因已被其对立面所破故。同理,于种种转向之时,于第二禅近行中断除之忧根,若以身疲劳、意受损害为缘,于有寻有伺时便生起,无寻无伺时则决不生起。其生起之处,即有寻有伺之处;而于第二禅近行中,寻、伺尚未被断除,故于此处忧根或可生起。然于第二禅中决无可能生起,因其缘已被断除故。同理,第三禅近行中断除之乐根,对于……显示巴利原文
Kattha cuppannaṃ dukkhindriyaṃ aparisesaṃ nirujjhati, idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehītiādīsu pana ayaṃ ekatova vinicchayakathā – dukkhindriyañhi paṭhamajjhānassa upacārakkhaṇeyeva nirujjhati pahīnaṃ hoti, domanassādīni dutiyajjhānādīnaṃ. Evaṃ santepi tesaṃ atisayanirodhattā ayaṃ jhānesuyeva nirodho vutto. Atisayanirodho hi tesaṃ paṭhamajjhānādīsu, na nirodhoyeva, nirodhoyeva pana upacārakkhaṇe, nātisayanirodho. Tathā hi nānāvajjane paṭhamajjhānupacāre niruddhassāpi dukkhindriyassa ḍaṃsamakasādisamphassena vā visamāsanupatāpena vā siyā uppatti, na tveva antoappanāyaṃ. Upacāre vā niruddhampetaṃ na suṭṭhu niruddhaṃ hoti paṭipakkhena avihatattā. Antoappanāyaṃ pana pītipharaṇena sabbo kāyo sukhokkanto hoti, sukhokkantakāyassa ca suṭṭhu niruddhaṃ hoti dukkhindriyaṃ paṭipakkhena vihatattā. Nānāvajjaneyeva ca dutiyajjhānupacāre pahīnassa domanassindriyassa yasmā etaṃ vitakkavicārapaccayepi kāyakilamathe cittupaghāte ca sati uppajjati, vitakkavicārābhāve neva uppajjati. Yattha pana uppajjati, tattha vitakkavicārabhāve, appahīnā eva ca dutiyajjhānupacāre vitakkavicārāti tatthassa siyā uppatti. Na tveva dutiyajjhāne pahīnapaccayattā. Tathā tatiyajjhānupacāre pahīnassāpi sukhindriyassa pītisamuṭṭhānapaṇītarūpaphuṭṭhakāyassa siyā uppatti, na tveva tatiyajjhāne. Tatiyajjhāne hi sukhassa paccayabhūtā pīti sabbaso niruddhā. Tathā catutthajjhānupacāre pahīnassāpi somanassindriyassa āsannattā appanāppattāya upekkhāya abhāvena sammā anatikkantattā ca siyā uppatti, na tveva catutthajjhāne. Tasmā ‘‘ettha cuppannaṃ dukkhindriyaṃ aparisesaṃ nirujjhatī’’ti tattha tattha aparisesaggahaṇaṃ kataṃ.
此处所言“为彼而引导心”,应如此理解:未获得者,为了令它生起而引导心;已获得者,为了令它进入而引导心。这两篇经文仅阐述了思惟的阶段。显示巴利原文
Yaṃ panettha tadatthāya cittaṃ upasaṃharatīti vuttaṃ, tattha alābhī samāno uppādanatthāya cittaṃ upasaṃharati, lābhī samāno samāpajjanatthāyāti evamattho veditabbo. Imesu dvīsupi suttesu sammasanavārova kathitoti.
1. 老法经注疏显示巴利原文
1. Jarādhammasuttavaṇṇanā
511 在第五品的第一经中,“晒背”(paccatāpe)是指:由于楼阁的阴影遮蔽了东面,楼阁的西侧有阳光,世尊便坐在那里敷设的最胜佛座上。“晒暖背部”:因为即使是正自觉者由业所生的身体,热时则热,冷时则冷,而当时正是降雪寒冷的时节,因此他脱下大袈裟,以阳光晒暖背部而坐。显示巴利原文
511. Pañcamavaggassa paṭhame pacchātapeti pāsādacchāyāya puratthimadisaṃ paṭicchannattā pāsādassa pacchimadisābhāge ātapo hoti, tasmiṃ ṭhāne paññattavarabuddhāsane nisinnoti attho . Piṭṭhiṃ otāpayamānoti yasmā sammāsambuddhassapi upādinnakasarīre uṇhakāle uṇhaṃ hoti, sītakāle sītaṃ, ayañca himapātasītasamayo. Tasmā mahācīvaraṃ otāretvā sūriyarasmīhi piṭṭhiṃ otāpayamāno nisīdi.
那么,佛光能压倒日光,使之不能射入吗?不能。既然如此,为何还说“晒”呢?晒的是光焰的热力。正如正午时分坐于圆状树荫下的人,日光虽不触及身体,但热力遍满四方,犹如被火焰包围;同样地,日光虽被佛光压制而无法射入,但导师坐着承受其热力,应当如此理解。显示巴利原文
Kiṃ pana buddharasmiyo madditvā sūriyarasmi anto pavisituṃ sakkotīti? Na sakkoti. Evaṃ sante kiṃ tāpetīti? Rasmitejaṃ. Yatheva hi ṭhitamajjhanhike parimaṇḍalāya chāyāya rukkhamūle nisinnassa kiñcāpi sūriyarasmiyo sarīraṃ na phusanti, sabbadisāsu pana tejo pharati, aggijālāhi parikkhitto viya hoti, evaṃ sūriyarasmīsu buddharasmiyo madditvā anto pavisituṃ asakkuṇantīsupi satthā tejaṃ tāpento nisinnoti veditabbo.
“Anomajjanto”(抚摩):指为做背部按摩而抚摩。尊者说:“尊者,真是不可思议!”——这是长老从世尊背上取下大袈裟后,看见世尊坐着时,两肩胛骨之间有一道如金色旋环般、仅如发丝粗细的细纹,因为看见这个而生起悚惧,呵责衰老道:“连这样的身体,衰老竟也显现出来了。”据说,这确实是一种令人心生惊奇的呵责。显示巴利原文
Anomajjantoti piṭṭhiparikammakaraṇavasena anumajjanto. Acchariyaṃ bhanteti thero bhagavato piṭṭhito mahācīvaraṃ otāretvā nisinnassa dvinnaṃ aṃsakūṭānaṃ antare suvaṇṇāvaṭṭaṃ viya kesaggappamāṇaṃ valiyāvaṭṭaṃ disvā – ‘‘evarūpepi nāma sarīre jarā paññāyatī’’ti sañjātasaṃvego jaraṃ garahanto evamāha. Garahanacchariyaṃ nāma kiretaṃ.
他这样说,是为了表明:“尊者,如今世尊的肤色,已不像原本那样清净了。”因为如来在年轻时,身体犹如被上百支矛刺过的公牛皮革,毫无皱纹,手放上去便会滑落,无法停住,犹如抹了油一般。然而到了老年,血管网萎缩,关节松弛,肌肉从骨上松脱,变得松弛而下垂。不过,佛陀们身上并不会如此明显地显现。这在其他人看来并不明显,唯有常常随侍在旁的阿难长老方能察觉,故而他说了这样的话。显示巴利原文
Na cevaṃ dāni, bhante, bhagavato tāva parisuddhoti yathā pakatiyā chavivaṇṇo parisuddho, na evametarahīti dīpento evamāha. Tathāgatassa hi daharakāle saṅkusatasamabbhāhataṃ usabhacammaṃ viya vihatavaliko kāyo hoti, tasmiṃ ṭhapito hattho bhassateva, na santiṭṭhati, telapuñchanākārappatto viya hoti. Mahallakakāle pana sirājālā milāyanti, sandhipabbāni sithilāni honti, maṃsaṃ aṭṭhito muccitvā sithilabhāvaṃ āpajjitvā tattha tattha olambati. Buddhānaṃ pana evarūpaṃ na hoti. Aññesaṃ apākaṭaṃ, santikāvacarattā ānandattherasseva pākaṭaṃ hoti, tasmā evamāha.
“肢体弛缓”:其他人面部、两肩之间等处会显现皱纹,但世尊并无皱纹。然而,长老见到两肩之间有一圈皱纹后,便如此说了。“皱纹丛生”也是依他自己所见而说——世尊并不像其他人那样有皱纹。“身体前倾”:世尊的身躯如梵天般端直,如同天宫中竖立的金拱门一样挺拔。然而到了年迈时,身体便向前倾曲,这在其他人身上并不明显,但因为长老是常随近侍,唯有他能看见,于是就这样说了。“可见诸根变易”:所谓诸根,并非眼所能直接认知的对象。然而,原本清净的肤色现前已不复清净,两肩之间现起了皱纹,如梵天般端直的身躯也向前弯曲了,仅凭这些理由,他便以推论的方式推断:想必眼等诸根也必定有了变易。“呸!这卑劣的衰老,愿你遭殃!”意思是:在这低劣的衰老中,愿“呸”声相随。显示巴利原文
Sithilāni ca gattānīti aññesaṃ mukhe aṃsakūṭantarehi tesu tesu ṭhānesu valiyo santiṭṭhanti, satthu panetaṃ natthi, thero ca dvinnaṃ aṃsakūṭānaṃ antare valiyāvaṭṭakaṃ disvā evamāha. Sabbāni valiyajātānīti idampi attano pākaṭavasena evamāha – satthu pana aññesaṃ viya valiyo nāma natthi. Purato pabbhāro ca kāyoti satthā brahmujugatto, devanagare samussitasuvaṇṇatoraṇaṃ viyassa kāyo ujukameva uggato. Mahallakakāle pana kāyo purato vaṅko hoti, svāyaṃ aññesaṃ apākaṭo, santikāvacarattā pana therasseva pākaṭo, tasmā evamāha. Dissati ca indriyānaṃ aññathattanti indriyāni nāma na cakkhuviññeyyāni. Yato pana pakatiyā parisuddho chavivaṇṇo, idāni na tathā parisuddho, aṃsakūṭantare vali paññāyati , brahmujukāyo purato vaṅko, imināva kāraṇena cakkhādīnañca indriyānaṃ aññathattena bhavitabbanti nayaggāhato evamāha. Dhī taṃ jammi jare atthūti lāmake jare dhī taṃ tuyhaṃ hotu, dhikkāro taṃ phusatu. Bimbanti attabhāvo.
2. 温那波婆罗门经注显示巴利原文
2. Uṇṇābhabrāhmaṇasuttavaṇṇanā
512 在第二经中,“行境范围”指的是作为行境的范围。“相互”的意思,是指眼对于耳,或者耳对于眼,一个根并不会去经验另一个根的行境范围。举个例子,若有人把青、黄等种种色所缘聚集起来,递到耳根前,对它说:“喂,你来确认、辨析一下——‘这是什么所缘?’”那时,眼识即便不开口,也会依其本性这样说:“哎呀,你这蠢人!就算你奔走上百岁、千岁、十万岁,除了我,你还能在哪儿找到能认知它的?拿来,放到眼净色上,我来认知这个所缘——是青色,还是黄色。因为这根本不是其他根的行境,只是我的行境。”其他根门的道理也是如此。因此,这些根,并不经验彼此的行境范围。显示巴利原文
512. Dutiye gocaravisayanti gocarabhūtaṃ visayaṃ. Aññamaññassāti cakkhu sotassa, sotaṃ vā cakkhussāti evaṃ ekaṃ ekassa gocaravisayaṃ na paccanubhoti. Sace hi nīlādibhedaṃ rūpārammaṇaṃ samodhānetvā sotindriyassa upaneyya – ‘‘iṅgha tvaṃ tāva naṃ vavatthapehi vibhāvehi ‘kinnāmetaṃ ārammaṇa’’’nti. Cakkhuviññāṇaṃ vināpi mukhena attano dhammatāya evaṃ vadeyya – ‘‘are, andhabāla, vassasatampi vassasahassampi vassasatasahassampi paridhāvamāno aññatra mayā kuhiṃ etassa jānanakaṃ labhissasi, taṃ āhara, cakkhupasāde upanehi, ahametaṃ ārammaṇaṃ jānissāmi – yadi vā nīlaṃ, yadi vā pītakaṃ. Na hi eso aññassa visayo, mayhameveso visayo’’ti. Sesadvāresupi eseva nayo. Evametāni aññamaññassa gocaravisayaṃ na paccanubhonti nāma.
“以何为依处?”是问:“它们以什么为依处?它们归向什么?”回答是:“意为依处”——即速行意是其依处。“它们以意……”的意思是:由意门生起的速行意,通过染着等方式,去经验这些根的行境范围。因为眼识仅仅只是看色而已,其中并没有染着,也没有厌恶或迷惑。然而,在一个门中生起的速行,便会生起染着、厌恶或迷惑。耳识等的道理也是如此。显示巴利原文
Kiṃ paṭisaraṇanti etesaṃ kiṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ, kiṃ etāni paṭisarantīti pucchati. Mano paṭisaraṇanti javanamano paṭisaraṇaṃ. Manova nesanti manodvārikajavanamanova etesaṃ gocaravisayaṃ rajjanādivasena anubhoti. Cakkhuviññāṇañhi rūpadassanamattameva, ettha rajjanaṃ vā dussanaṃ vā muyhanaṃ vā natthi. Ekasmiṃ pana dvāre javanaṃ rajjati vā dussati vā muyhati vā. Sotaviññāṇādīsupi eseva nayo.
这里有一个譬喻:据说从前有五个体弱的受施者,他们侍奉国王后,费尽艰辛,才在一个只有五户人家的村子里获得了微薄收入。他们在那里所得到的,不过是鱼份、肉份,或者一个阿都卡钱、一个约他卡钱、一个摩娑迦钱、一个八钱、一个十六钱、一个六十四钱,以及些许罚金,仅此而已。而涉及百事、五百事乃至千事的庞大收入,则全部归国王收取。显示巴利原文
Tatrāyaṃ upamā – pañca kira dubbalabhojakā rājānaṃ sevitvā kicchena kasirena ekasmiṃ pañcakulike gāme parittakaṃ āyaṃ labhiṃsu. Tesaṃ tattha macchabhāgo maṃsabhāgo, addukahāpaṇo vā yottakahāpaṇo vā māsakahāpaṇo vā aṭṭhakahāpaṇo vā soḷasakahāpaṇo vā catusaṭṭhikahāpaṇo vā daṇḍoti ettakamattameva pāpuṇāti, satavatthukaṃ pañcasatavatthukaṃ sahassavatthukaṃ mahābaliṃ rājāva gaṇhāti.
此中,五户村应视作五净色,五个体弱的受施者喻如五识,国王则喻如速行。受施者只获得微薄收入,如同眼识等仅仅见色等而已,其中并无染着等。国王收取庞大收入,正表明在那些门中,速行才有染着等。因此,这里所说的“意”,即指善与不善的速行。显示巴利原文
Tattha pañcakulikagāmā viya pañcapasādā daṭṭhabbā, pañca dubbalabhojakā viya pañcaviññāṇāni; rājā viya javanaṃ, dubbalabhojakānaṃ parittakaāyapāpuṇanaṃ viya cakkhuviññāṇādīnaṃ rūpadassanādimattaṃ, rajjanādi pana etesu natthi . Rañño mahābaliggahaṇaṃ viya tesu dvāresu javanassa rajjanādīni veditabbāni. Evamettha manoti kusalākusalajavanaṃ vuttaṃ.
“念是皈依”(sati paṭisaraṇaṃ):道念是皈依,因为速行意即皈依于道念。“解脱”(vimutti):指果解脱。“皈依”(paṭisaraṇaṃ):谓果解脱以涅槃为皈依,因为那种解脱皈依于涅槃。“他未能掌握问题的边界”(nāsakkhi pañhassa pariyantaṃ gahetuṃ):他没能把握问题的界限与分寸,将无皈依法问成了“有皈依”。涅槃被称作无皈依,它不皈依任何事物。“深入涅槃”(nibbānogadhaṃ):即在涅槃之内,进入涅槃。“梵行”(brahmacariyaṃ):指道梵行。“以涅槃为归宿”(nibbānaparāyaṇaṃ):涅槃是它的最高归向和最终归趣,不再往别处去。“以涅槃为终极”(nibbānapariyosānaṃ):涅槃是它的结束与终点。显示巴利原文
Sati paṭisaraṇanti maggasati paṭisaraṇaṃ. Javanamano hi maggasatiṃ paṭisarati. Vimuttīti phalavimutti. Paṭisaraṇanti phalavimuttiyā nibbānaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ. Tañhi sā paṭisarati. Nāsakkhi pañhassa pariyantaṃ gahetunti pañhassa paricchedaṃ pamāṇaṃ gahetuṃ nāsakkhi, appaṭisaraṇaṃ dhammaṃ ‘‘sappaṭisaraṇa’’nti pucchi. Nibbānaṃ nāmetaṃ appaṭisaraṇaṃ, na kiñci paṭisarati. Nibbānogadhanti nibbānabbhantaraṃ nibbānaṃ anupaviṭṭhaṃ. Brahmacariyanti maggabrahmacariyaṃ. Nibbānaparāyaṇanti nibbānaṃ paraṃ ayanamassa parā gati, na tato paraṃ gacchatīti attho. Nibbānaṃ pariyosānaṃ avasānaṃ assāti nibbānapariyosānaṃ.
“生根、安住”:是指依道而生起的信。他所说的“诸比丘,若于此时……”意指禅那不来者的状态。因为那时,这位婆罗门以初道断除了五种不善心,以初禅断除了五盖,因此安住于禅那不来者的状态。若禅那无退失,命终后便即于彼处般涅槃。然而,如果他在教导妻儿、管理事业时退失禅那,则去向为不确定;若禅那始终不退,则去向确定。他正是针对这种禅那不来者的状态而作此说。显示巴利原文
Mūlajātā patiṭṭhitāti maggena āgatasaddhā vuccati. Imamhi ce, bhikkhave, samayeti kiṃ sandhāyāha? Jhānaanāgāmitaṃ. Tasmiñhi samaye brāhmaṇassa paṭhamamaggena pañca akusalacittāni pahīnāni, paṭhamajjhānena pañca nīvaraṇānīti jhānaanāgāmiṭṭhāne ṭhito. So aparihīnajjhāno kālaṃ katvā tattheva parinibbāyeyya. Sace panassa puttadāraṃ anusāsantassa kammante vicārentassa jhānaṃ nassati, naṭṭhe jhāne gati anibaddhā hoti, anaṭṭhe pana nibaddhāti imaṃ jhānaanāgāmitaṃ sandhāya evamāha.
第三 萨咖答经注释显示巴利原文
3. Sāketasuttavaṇṇanā
513 在第三部经中,“añjanavane”指种植安阇那色花的树林。“诸比丘,凡是信根,即是信力”:因此法于胜解的特征上,依“根”义而为信根,于不信上不为所动,故为信力。其余精进、念、定、慧,于策励、近住、无散乱、了知等特征上,依“根”义成立根性;于懈怠、失念、散乱、无明上不为所动,故成立力性。当如是了知。“Evameva kho”等:应当这样了知:就信、精进、念、定、慧这些法本身而言,如同同一条河流的水流,本无差别;但依“根”的意义与“不动摇”的意义来看,则如同两条水流,由于根与力的差别而有所不同。当如是了知。显示巴利原文
513. Tatiye añjanavaneti añjanavaṇṇapupphānaṃ rukkhānaṃ ropitavane. Yaṃ, bhikkhave, saddhindriyaṃ, taṃ saddhābalanti tañhi adhimokkhalakkhaṇe indaṭṭhena saddhindriyaṃ, assaddhiye akampanena saddhābalaṃ. Itaresaṃ paggahaupaṭṭhānaavikkhepapajānanalakkhaṇesu indaṭṭhena indriyabhāvo, kosajjamuṭṭhasaccavikkhepāvijjāsu akampanena balabhāvo veditabbo. Evameva khoti tassā nadiyā ekasotaṃ viya saddhāvīriyasatisamādhipaññāvasena etesaṃ ninnānākaraṇaṃ veditabbaṃ, dve sotāni viya indaṭṭhaakampanaṭṭhehi indriyabalavasena nānākaraṇaṃ veditabbaṃ.
第四 东门经注释显示巴利原文
4. Pubbakoṭṭhakasuttavaṇṇanā
514 在第四部经中,“amatogadha”指入于不死。“amataparāyaṇa”指以不死为归宿。“amatapariyosāna”指以不死为究竟。“善哉、善哉”:这是称赞长老的解答而发出的赞叹。显示巴利原文
514. Catutthe amatogadhanti amatabbhantaraṃ. Amataparāyaṇanti amatanibbattikaṃ. Amatapariyosānanti amataniṭṭhaṃ. Sādhu sādhūti therassa byākaraṇaṃ pasaṃsanto sādhukāraṃ deti.
第五 第一东园经注释显示巴利原文
5. Paṭhamapubbārāmasuttavaṇṇanā
515 在第五部经中,「tadanvayā」意为“随彼而行、随彼而转”。从《东门经》开始,依序在六部经中,所说唯是果根。显示巴利原文
515. Pañcame tadanvayāti taṃ anugacchamānā, anuvattamānāti attho. Pubbakoṭṭhakaṃ ādiṃ katvā paṭipāṭiyā chasu suttesu phalindriyāneva kathitāni.
第十 阿巴那经注释显示巴利原文
10. Āpaṇasuttavaṇṇanā
520 在第十部经中,「ime kho te dhammā」等:指以上与观相伴的三道。「ye me pubbe sutāva ahesuṃ」等:那些法我过去也曾听闻,即那些讲述“有阿拉汉果根”之类的法。「kāyena ca phusitvā」:以身触证,即以名身触证而得。「paññāya ca ativijjha passāmi」:并以智慧穿透而见,即由省察智慧穿透之后而见。“尊者,凡他的那种信”:这是何种信?与四根相应之信,下文已说;此处所指则是省察之信。因为相应之信是杂合的,而省察之信唯是世间。其余各处,皆易了知。显示巴利原文
520. Dasame ime kho te dhammāti upari saha vipassanāya tayo maggā. Ye me pubbe sutāva ahesunti ye dhammā mayā pubbe ‘‘arahattaphalindriyaṃ nāma atthī’’ti kathentānaṃyeva sutā ahesuṃ. Kāyena ca phusitvāti nāmakāyena ca phusitvā paṭilabhitvā. Paññāya ca ativijjha passāmīti paccavekkhaṇapaññāya ca ativijjhitvā passāmi. Yā hissa, bhante, saddhāti ayaṃ katarasaddhā? Catūhi indriyehi sampayuttā saddhā heṭṭhā kathitāva, ayaṃ pana paccavekkhaṇasaddhā. Sampayuttasaddhā hi missakā, paccavekkhaṇasaddhā lokiyāva. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānamevāti.
第六 野猪洞品显示巴利原文
6. Sūkarakhatavaggo
1. 萨罗经注显示巴利原文
1. Sālasuttavaṇṇanā
521 在第六品的第一经中,“以英雄”(sūrena)指以英雄的状态,即具有英雄特质。“为觉悟”(Bodhāya)意为为了觉悟。显示巴利原文
521. Chaṭṭhavaggassa paṭhame sūrenāti sūrabhāvena. Bodhāyāti bujjhanatthāya.
2. 末利经注显示巴利原文
2. Mallikasuttavaṇṇanā
522 在第二经中,“在末罗人之中”(mallesi)意为“在那名为末罗的地方”。此经中,有四种根属于“混合”(即世间与出世间混说),而圣智是出世间的。但也可以将圣智视为依于这四种根,从而将其归为“混合”来解释,这样区分也是合理的。显示巴利原文
522. Dutiye mallesūti evaṃnāmake janapade. Imasmiṃ sutte cattāri indriyāni missakāni, ariyañāṇaṃ lokuttaraṃ. Tampi pana catukkindriyanissitaṃ katvā missakanti bhājetuṃ vaṭṭati.
3. 有学经注显示巴利原文
3. Sekhasuttavaṇṇanā
523 在第三经中,“却绝非以身触证而安住”(na heva kho kāyena phusitvā viharati)指并非以名身触证、获得之后而安住,即不能触证、不能获得。“然而他以慧洞察而观见”(paññāya ca ativijjha passati)指他依省察慧了知:“在这之上,还有名为阿拉汉果的根存在。”“于无学地以身触证而安住”(Asekhabhūmiyaṃ phusitvā viharati)指获得之后而安住。“以慧”(Paññāyāti)指依省察慧了知有阿拉汉果之根。“于任何处、于任何有”(Na kuhiñci kismiñcīti)这两个词互为同义词,意为不会在任何生命形态中产生。这部经阐述了五种出世间根及六种世间根,后者唯依轮转而说。显示巴利原文
523. Tatiye na heva kho kāyena phusitvā viharatīti na nāmakāyena phusitvā paṭilabhitvā viharati, phusituṃ paṭilabhituṃ na sakkoti. Paññāya ca ativijjha passatīti paccavekkhaṇapaññāya pana ‘‘upari arahattaphalindriyaṃ nāma atthī’’ti pajānāti. Asekhabhūmiyaṃ phusitvā viharatīti paṭilabhitvā viharati. Paññāyāti paccavekkhaṇapaññāya ‘‘arahattaphalindriyaṃ nāma atthī’’ti pajānāti. Na kuhiñci kismiñcīti dvepi aññamaññavevacanāneva, kismiñci bhave na uppajjissantīti attho. Imasmiṃ sutte pañcindriyāni lokuttarāni, cha lokikāni vaṭṭanissitāneva kathitāni.
4-5. 《句经》等注释(Padasuttādivaṇṇanā)显示巴利原文
4-5. Padasuttādivaṇṇanā
524-525 在第四经中,「凡任何句,皆导向觉悟」的意思是:无论哪些法句,即无论哪些法聚,都为了觉悟而导向觉悟。第五经意义自明。显示巴利原文
524-525. Catutthe yāni kānici padāni bodhāya saṃvattantīti yāni kānici dhammapadāni, ye keci dhammakoṭṭhāsā, bujjhanatthāya saṃvattanti. Pañcamaṃ uttānameva.
6-7. 《安立经》等注释(Patiṭṭhitasuttādivaṇṇanā)显示巴利原文
6-7. Patiṭṭhitasuttādivaṇṇanā
526-527 在第六经中,「于有漏及有漏法中守护心」的意思是:以三地法为所缘,阻止烦恼的生起,这就称为于有漏及有漏法中守护心。第七经意义自明。显示巴利原文
526-527. Chaṭṭhe cittaṃ rakkhati āsavesu ca sāsavesu ca dhammesūti tebhūmakadhamme ārabbha āsavuppattiṃ vārento āsavesu ca sāsavesu ca dhammesu cittaṃ rakkhati nāma. Sattamaṃ uttānameva.
第八《野猪洞经》注释显示巴利原文
8. Sūkarakhatasuttavaṇṇanā
528 第八经中提到的「在野猪洞」,即「在野猪所掘的洞窟」。据说在迦叶佛时,这座洞窟经历一佛间隔,随着大地增高而没入地底。后来有一天,一头野猪来到洞顶边缘附近拱土。下雨后,泥土被冲走,洞顶的边缘便显露出来。一位住在山林里的人看见后心想:‘这里从前一定是持戒者们所用之处,我应当加以修整。’于是他清除所有积土,将洞窟打扫干净,还砌起围墙,安上门窗,精心完成细粉刷与彩绘,用白如银盘的细沙铺设地面,做成庭院,备好床铺与座椅,最后供养世尊作为住处。这个洞窟很深,下去后还须再攀爬上来。经文正是就此而说。「最高恭敬」是中性名词,意为‘以最高的恭敬,如此持续修习’。「无上瑜伽安稳」指阿拉汉果。「有恭敬」的意思是‘有位尊年长者’。其余各处,意义皆易于了知。显示巴利原文
528. Aṭṭhame sūkarakhatāyanti sūkarakhataleṇe. Kassapabuddhakāle kira taṃ leṇaṃ ekasmiṃ buddhantare pathaviyā vaḍḍhamānāya antobhūmigataṃ jātaṃ. Athekadivasaṃ eko sūkaro tassa chadanapariyantasamīpe paṃsuṃ khaṇi. Deve vuṭṭhe paṃsu dhotā, chadanapariyanto pākaṭo ahosi. Eko vanacarako disvā ‘‘pubbe sīlavantehi paribhuttaṭṭhānena bhavitabbaṃ, paṭijaggissāmi na’’nti samantato paṃsuṃ apanetvā leṇaṃ sodhetvā kuṭiparikkhepaṃ katvā dvāravātapānaṃ yojetvā supariniṭṭhitasudhākammacittakammaṃ rajatapaṭṭasadisāya vālikāya santharitaṃ pariveṇaṃ katvā mañcapīṭhaṃ paññāpetvā bhagavato vasanatthāya adāsi, leṇaṃ gambhīraṃ ahosi otaritvā āruhitabbaṃ. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ. Paramanipaccakāranti bhāvanapuṃsakaṃ, paramanipaccakārī hutvā pavattamāno pavattatīti vuttaṃ hoti. Anuttaraṃ yogakkhemanti arahattaṃ. Sappatissoti sajeṭṭhako. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānatthamevāti.
7. 菩提分品(Bodhipakkhiyavaggo)显示巴利原文
7. Bodhipakkhiyavaggo
531-650 在第七品中,七果为前行部分;其下的二果等为混杂。此处其余及此后一切,皆显而易见。显示巴利原文
531-650. Sattamavagge satta phalāni pubbabhāgāni, tesaṃ heṭṭhā dve phalāni ādiṃ katvā missakāni. Sesamettha ito parañca sabbaṃ uttānamevāti.