19. Kappiyabhūmivinicchayakathā · 19. 净地抉择论
19. Kappiyabhūmivinicchayakathā十九、净地决择论
§101
101.Kappiyācatubhūmiyoti ettha ‘‘anujānāmi, bhikkhave, catasso kappiyabhūmiyo ussāvanantikaṃ gonisādikaṃ gahapatiṃ sammuti’’nti (mahāva. 295) vacanato ussāvanantikā gonisādikā gahapati sammutīti imā catasso kappiyabhūmiyo veditabbā. Tattha (mahāva. aṭṭha. 295) ussāvanantikā tāva evaṃ kātabbā – yo thambhānaṃ vā upari bhittipāde vā nikhanitvā vihāro karīyati, tassa heṭṭhā thambhapaṭicchakā pāsāṇā bhūmigatikā eva. Paṭhamatthambhaṃ pana paṭhamabhittipādaṃ vā patiṭṭhāpentehi bahūhi samparivāretvā ‘‘kappiyakuṭiṃ karoma, kappiyakuṭiṃ karomā’’ti vācaṃ nicchārentehi manussesu ukkhipitvā patiṭṭhāpentesu āmasitvā vā sayaṃ ukkhipitvā vā thambho vā bhittipādo vā patiṭṭhāpetabbo. Kurundimahāpaccarīsu pana ‘‘kappiyakuṭi kappiyakuṭīti vatvā patiṭṭhāpetabba’’nti vuttaṃ. Andhakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘saṅghassa kappiyakuṭiṃ adhiṭṭhāmī’’ti vuttaṃ, taṃ pana avatvāpi aṭṭhakathāsu vuttanayena vutte doso natthi. Idaṃ panettha sādhāraṇalakkhaṇaṃ ‘‘thambhapatiṭṭhāpanañca vacanapariyosānañca samakālaṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. Sace hi aniṭṭhite vacane thambho patiṭṭhāti, appatiṭṭhite vā tasmiṃ vacanaṃ niṭṭhāti, akatā hoti kappiyakuṭi. Teneva mahāpaccariyaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘bahūhi samparivāretvā vattabbaṃ, avassañhi ettha ekassapi vacananiṭṭhānañca thambhapatiṭṭhānañca ekato bhavissatī’’ti. Iṭṭhakāsilāmattikākuṭṭakāsu pana kuṭīsu heṭṭhā cayaṃ bandhitvā vā abandhitvā vā karontu, yato paṭṭhāya bhittiṃ uṭṭhāpetukāmā honti, taṃ sabbapaṭhamaṃ iṭṭhakaṃ vā silaṃ vā mattikāpiṇḍaṃ vā gahetvā vuttanayeneva kappiyakuṭi kātabbā, iṭṭhakādayo bhittiyaṃ paṭhamiṭṭhakādīnaṃ heṭṭhā na vaṭṭanti, thambhā pana upari uggacchanti, tasmā vaṭṭanti. Andhakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘thambhehi kariyamāne catūsu koṇesu cattāro thambhā, iṭṭhakādikuṭṭe catūsu koṇesu dve tisso iṭṭhakā adhiṭṭhātabbā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tathā pana akatāyapi doso natthi, aṭṭhakathāsu hi vuttameva pamāṇaṃ.
关于可供造舍之地，称为“四种可供造舍之地”，此处有言：“我许可，可供造舍之地者，有四，即靠近输卢（村落等聚居地）、农舍等地主所许可之地。”这句话出自《大毗婆沙论》第295节。所谓靠近输卢者，也当如此作法：若有人在支柱或墙脚下筑舍，则支柱以下、接触地面的石头或土地就是许可地。初支柱或初墙脚若有人环绕护持，并口出“造可供造舍之处，造可供造舍之处”的话，挑唤人们来建立，或者有人自己挑唤自己建造，则该支柱或墙脚必须建立。库伦第大解经中说：“常言‘可供造舍处，可供造舍处’，须如此建造。”暗喝解经亦说：“建立僧团可供舍处”，释义说此处无过失。这为通用标记，意谓“支柱树立与话语结束应同时发生”。假使支柱未立，话语就成立；若话语未成立，支柱也不立，可供造舍处即不成。于是大解经中有言：“应环绕护持，必有相应话语完成与支柱竖立二者相应。”在以泥砖为材的筑舍里，底层可绑缠或不绑缠，因欲使墙壁凭依支柱，所以以砖为底必须视为可供造舍。砖块等不附于支柱底下，支柱反而高出，因此支柱存在，筑舍才成。暗喝解经云：“用支柱作底的四角有四支柱，砖块类的筑舍四角各有两或三砖块为底。”如此虽未完成，也无过失，解经中所说正是标准。
Gonisādikā duvidhā ārāmagonisādikā vihāragonisādikāti. Tāsu yattha neva ārāmo, na senāsanāni parikkhittāni honti, ayaṃ ārāmagonisādikā nāma. Yattha senāsanāni sabbāni vā ekaccāni vā parikkhittāni, ārāmo aparikkhitto, ayaṃ vihāragonisādikā nāma. Iti ubhayatrāpi ārāmassa aparikkhittabhāvoyeva pamāṇaṃ. ‘‘Ārāmo pana upaḍḍhaparikkhittopi bahutaraṃ parikkhittopi parikkhittoyeva nāmā’’ti kurundimahāpaccarīsu vuttaṃ, ettha kappiyakuṭiṃ laddhuṃ vaṭṭati.
农舍等地主分两类，一为外园地主，一为坊苑地主。若处所无园林，也无围墙，即称为外园地主处。若有围墙，全部或部分围起，而园林不封闭，此称坊苑地主处。以上两者皆有园林不封闭的特征。库伦第大解经中说：“即使园林围墙半开，多数围墙，也称为围墙地主处。”此处许可造舍皆适用。
Gahapatīti manussā āvāsaṃ katvā ‘‘kappiyakuṭiṃ dema, paribhuñjathā’’ti vadanti, esā gahapati nāma, ‘‘kappiyakuṭiṃ kātuṃ demā’’ti vuttepi vaṭṭatiyeva. Andhakaṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana ‘‘yasmā bhikkhuṃ ṭhapetvā sesasahadhammikānaṃ sabbesañca devamanussānaṃ hatthato paṭiggaho ca sannidhi ca antovutthañca tesaṃ santakaṃ bhikkhussa vaṭṭati, tasmā tesaṃ gehāni vā tehi dinnakappiyakuṭi vā gahapatīti vuccatī’’ti vuttaṃ, punapi vuttaṃ ‘‘bhikkhusaṅghassa vihāraṃ ṭhapetvā bhikkhunupassayo vā ārāmikānaṃ vā titthiyānaṃ vā devatānaṃ vā nāgānaṃ vā api brahmānaṃ vimānaṃ kappiyakuṭi hotī’’ti, taṃ suvuttaṃ. Saṅghasantakameva hi bhikkhusantakaṃ vā gehaṃ gahapatikuṭikā na hoti.
所谓地主，是指人们居住之所，说“可供造舍处，任尔享用”，此即地主名义。说“可供造舍处，予以造立”者亦适用。暗喝解经云：“因僧立住，得到诸天人手中礼拜供养，供养处所得供奉与内外合一，此处可称为地主所有屋舍或可供造舍处。”又云：“虽设立比库僧团舍，配属比库尼住处，或园赞、外道、天、龙、梵天净处，这也称为可供造舍”，此言正切实适用。屋舍若为僧团所用，非地主籽宅。
Sammuti nāma ñattidutiyakammavācāya sāvetvā sammatā. Evañca pana, bhikkhave, sammannitabbā, byattena bhikkhunā paṭibalena saṅgho ñāpetabbo –
所谓许可，是指以会意第二甘马语辞命名认可。由此，诸比库须以反面比库讽刺提醒僧团立法如下——
‘‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ saṅgho itthannāmaṃ vihāraṃ kappiyabhūmiṃ sammanneyya, esā ñatti.
“愿闻我言，尊者僧团。若僧团接受许可，收受名为许可造舍的地方，这即是甘马之约。”
‘‘Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho. Saṅgho itthannāmaṃ vihāraṃ kappiyabhūmiṃ sammannati. Yassāyasmato khamati itthannāmassa vihārassa kappiyabhūmiyā sammuti, so tuṇhassa. Yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.
“愿闻我言，尊者僧团。僧团接受名为许可造舍的地方，若有人赦免此许可地，属于允许；若有人拒绝，则应与之争议。”
‘‘Sammato saṅghena itthannāmo vihāro kappiyabhūmi khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṃ dhārayāmī’’ti (mahāva. 295).
『依僧团一致同意，此地名为合适居所，故僧团对其具有容纳之权，故此清净，我亦持此义』（《大毗婆沙论》295页）。
Kammavācaṃ avatvā apalokanakammavasena sāvetvā katāpi sammatā eva.
放弃恶口，以恭敬口业的行为去修持，才是被认同的行为。
§102
102. Yaṃ (mahāva. aṭṭha. 295) imāsu catūsu kappiyabhūmīsu vuttaṃ āmisaṃ, taṃ sabbaṃ antovutthasaṅkhyaṃ na gacchati. Bhikkhūnañca bhikkhunīnañca antovutthaantopakkamocanatthañhi kappiyakuṭiyo anuññātā. Yaṃ pana akappiyabhūmiyaṃ sahaseyyappahonake gehe vuttaṃ saṅghikaṃ vā puggalikaṃ vā bhikkhussa bhikkhuniyā vā santakaṃ ekarattampi ṭhapitaṃ, taṃ antovutthaṃ, tattha pakkañca antopakkaṃ nāma hoti, etaṃ na kappati. Sattāhakālikaṃ pana yāvajīvikañca vaṭṭati.
第102条（《大毗婆沙论》八段295页）：这四种合适之地所说的食物，并非完完全全能用来超过限额的供养。比库与比库尼若想要超出家中限额而取用合适的屋舍，不被允许。倘若用不合适之地，如卧室、洞穴之类，与僧团或个人比库、比库尼有关的物品只容单一日使用，这即是限额之内，此不属合适。此处所谓『七十日共存』，谓持续生活至七十日。
Tatrāyaṃ vinicchayo – sāmaṇero bhikkhussa taṇḍulādikaṃ āmisaṃ āharitvā kappiyakuṭiyaṃ nikkhipitvā punadivase pacitvā deti, antovutthaṃ na hoti. Tattha akappiyakuṭiyaṃ nikkhittasappiādīsu kiñci pakkhipitvā deti. Mukhasannidhi nāma hoti. Mahāpaccariyaṃ pana ‘‘antovutthaṃ hotī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tattha nāmamattameva nānākaraṇaṃ, bhikkhu akappiyakuṭiyaṃ ṭhapitasappiñca yāvajīvikapaṇṇañca ekato pacitvā paribhuñjati, sattāhaṃ nirāmisaṃ vaṭṭati. Sace āmisasaṃsaṭṭhaṃ katvā paribhuñjati, antovutthañceva sāmaṃpakkañca hoti. Etenupāyena sabbasaṃsaggā veditabbā. Yaṃ kiñci āmisaṃ bhikkhuno pacituṃ na vaṭṭati. Sacepissa uṇhayāguyā sulasipaṇṇāni vā siṅgiveraṃ vā loṇaṃ vā pakkhipanti, tampi cāletuṃ na vaṭṭati, ‘‘yāguṃ nibbāpemī’’ti pana cāletuṃ vaṭṭati. Uttaṇḍulabhattaṃ labhitvā pidahituṃ na vaṭṭati. Sace pana manussā pidahitvā denti, vaṭṭati. ‘‘Bhattaṃ mā nibbāyatū’’ti pidahituṃ vaṭṭati, khīratakkādīsu pana sakiṃ kuthitesu aggiṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭati punapākassa anuññātattā.
对此的细部说法：沙玛内拉从比库处取来稻米等食物，存放于合适屋舍内，次日烹煮后供养，仍属限额以内。若置于不合适屋舍的肥皂等物品中供养，称为近在咫尺。虽说大部经论宣称『属于限额』，但无论名称为何，比库将不合适屋舍内的肥皂和可做饭的饭菜等，合而烹食，七十日持续无食肉生活。若取食食肉后仍持续供养，则视为超额，且属同伙。由此须观察一切联系。凡缺乏允许烹食的合适食物皆不可取用。若取用调和类植物、盐、莲雾、食用蚁等，亦不应取用。有米饭则不可点火煮炒。若人类使用点火煮食则可，若以『饭不可烧灭』而燃火，则容许；奶制品等须经火燃烧许可。
Imā pana kappiyakuṭiyo kadā jahitavatthukā honti? Ussāvanantikā tāva yā thambhānaṃ upari bhittipāde vā nikhanitvā katā, sā sabbesu thambhesu ca bhittipādesu ca apanītesu jahitavatthukā hoti. Sace pana thambhe vā bhittipāde vā parivattenti, yo yo ṭhito, tattha tattha patiṭṭhāti, sabbesupi parivattitesu ajahitavatthukāva hoti. Iṭṭhakādīhi katā cayassa upari bhittiatthāya ṭhapitaṃ iṭṭhakaṃ vā silaṃ vā mattikāpiṇḍaṃ vā ādiṃ katvā vināsitakāle jahitavatthukāva hoti. Yehi pana iṭṭhakādīhi adhiṭṭhitā, tesu apanītesupi tadaññesu patiṭṭhātīti ajahitavatthukāva hoti. Gonisādikā pākārādīhi parikkhepe kate jahitavatthukāva hoti. Puna tasmiṃ ārāme kappiyakuṭiṃ laddhuṃ vaṭṭati. Sace pana punapi pākārādayo tattha tattha khaṇḍā honti, tato tato gāvo pavisanti, puna kappiyakuṭi hoti. Itarā pana dve gopānasīmattaṃ ṭhapetvā sabbasmiṃ chadane vinaṭṭhe jahitavatthukāva honti. Sace gopānasīnaṃ upari ekampi pakkhapāsakamaṇḍalaṃ atthi, rakkhati.
此等合适屋舍，何时称为抛弃的物？指经埋入或装于立柱根部，且封闭墙壁处的木板，均属废弃物。若墙壁或柱子变动，仍立处即是，全部变动处即成非废弃物。用木板等搭建的墙柱处，破坏时即成抛弃物。用茅草等搭成的地方，破坏时亦为废弃。用木桩等围起来的围墙破坏后，牛进入，则恢复为合适屋舍。若修筑有两道围墙且积满废弃物，则成废弃屋舍。若围墙上有防护的木板，则保护之。
§103
103. Yatra panimā catassopi kappiyabhūmiyo natthi, tattha kiṃ kātabbanti? Anupasampannassa datvā tassa santakaṃ katvā paribhuñjitabbaṃ. Tatridaṃ vatthu – karavikatissatthero kira vinayadharapāmokkho mahāsīvattherassa santikaṃ agamāsi. So dīpālokena sappikumbhaṃ passitvā ‘‘bhante, kimeta’’nti pucchi. Thero ‘‘āvuso, gāmato sappikumbho ābhato lūkhadivase sappinā bhuñjanatthāyā’’ti āha. Tato naṃ tissatthero ‘‘na vaṭṭati, bhante’’ti āha. Thero punadivase pamukhe nikkhipāpesi. Tissatthero puna ekadivasaṃ āgato taṃ disvā tatheva pucchitvā ‘‘bhante, sahaseyyappahonakaṭṭhāne ṭhapetuṃ na vaṭṭatī’’ti āha. Thero punadivase bahi nīharāpetvā nikkhipāpesi, taṃ corā hariṃsu. So puna ekadivasaṃ āgataṃ tissattheramāha ‘‘āvuso, tayā ‘na vaṭṭatī’ti vutte so kumbho bahi nikkhitto corehi haṭo’’ti. Tato naṃ tissatthero āha ‘‘nanu, bhante, anupasampannassa dātabbo assa, anupasampannassa hi datvā tassa santakaṃ katvā paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti.
第103条：四种合适之地不存在处，应作何处置？交由未得上座者，建屋后供养。此有一事例：行脚比库卡拉威卡·古德塔萨修行大师，至严德师前。见瓦罐捣碎，问曰『大师，此为何事？』大师曰『朋友，村人使用瓦罐煮饭所致』。次日他主张『此不可取』，再次示以瓦罐。第三日又来，问曰『卧室内不可存放木板』。第四日放置室外并被盗。第五日再来，说知盗贼夺走瓦罐。大师曰『此不可以，未得上座者应得，交给未得上座者建屋后使用，乃允许』。
Iti pāḷimuttakavinayavinicchayasaṅgahe · 如是，于《圣典外律决择摄》中
Kappiyabhūmivinicchayakathā samattā. · 净地决择论终。