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1. Mahāpaññākathā

42 段 · CSCD 巴利原典
1. Mahāpaññākathā一、大慧论
Mahāpaññākathāvaṇṇanā
大慧智慧论述
§1
1. Idāni visesato paññāpadaṭṭhānabhūtāya suññakathāya anantaraṃ kathitāya paññākathāya apubbatthānuvaṇṇanā. Tattha ādito tāva sattasu anupassanāsu ekekamūlakā satta paññā pucchāpubbaṅgamaṃ katvā niddiṭṭhā, puna sattānupassanāmūlakā ekekuttaramūlakā ca tisso paññā pucchaṃ akatvāva niddiṭṭhā, evamādito dasapaññāpāripūrī niddiṭṭhā. Tattha aniccānupassanā tāva yasmā aniccato diṭṭhesu saṅkhāresu ‘‘yadaniccaṃ, taṃ dukkha’’nti dukkhato ca ‘‘yaṃ dukkhaṃ, tadanattā’’ti anattato ca javati, tasmā sā bhāvitā bahulīkatā javanapaññaṃ paripūreti. Sā hi sakavisayesu javatīti javanā, javanā ca sā paññā cāti javanapaññā. Dukkhānupassanā samādhindriyanissitattā balavatī hutvā paṇidhiṃ nibbijjhati padāleti, tasmā nibbedhikapaññaṃ paripūreti. Sā hi nibbijjhatīti nibbedhikā, nibbedhikā ca sā paññā cāti nibbedhikapaññā. Anattānupassanā suññatādassanena vuddhippattiyā mahattappattattā mahāpaññaṃ paripūreti. Sā hi vuddhippattattā mahatī ca sā paññā cāti mahāpaññā. Nibbidānupassanā yasmā tissannaṃyeva anupassanānaṃ purimatopi āsevanāya balappattāvatthattā sabbasaṅkhāresu nibbindanasamatthā hutvā tikkhā hoti, tasmā tikkhapaññaṃ paripūreti. Virāgānupassanāpi yasmā tissannaṃyeva anupassanānaṃ purimatopi āsevanābalappattānaṃ vuddhatarāvatthattā sabbasaṅkhārehi virajjanasamatthā hutvā vipulā hoti, tasmā vipulapaññaṃ paripūreti.
今当详细论述智慧根基所依之空观说法,紧接着所说的智慧论序言。其间,首先是七种观察对象的根本智慧问题,逐一提出七个智慧问题的前段,作出展现指示;继而这七种观察对象的根本智慧问题,每一观察又细分为三层智慧问题共二十一问,均未提出即作展示;于是,前面十个智慧圆满说尽。其间,无常观察因无常法所见诸行有 "若是无常,即是苦",苦观察则谓 "若苦者,即是无我",无我观察以空相现起而成,因此此三种分别发起、增长、圆满生慧。此生慧即在六根所缘之境中生起的生起,生起即此智慧,称为生起慧。苦观察因禅定根力强盛而成,引发嫌恶、厌弃而斩断轮回,故成就厌弃慧。此厌弃即嫌恶,嫌恶即此智慧,称作厌弃慧。无我观察因空相显现、生起增长且广大,故成就大慧。此大慧因增长、达大而得,称为大慧。厌离观察乃因禅定根力强盛,故断除依止前二观察,达到对诸法厌弃,故成锐慧。此锐慧成就锋利照达,称为锐智慧。离欲观察因禅定根力增强,能断除依止三观察,由诸法生起的欲望彻底消退,故成广慧。此广慧圆满广大,称为广慧。
Nirodhānupassanāpi yasmā tissannaṃyeva anupassanānaṃ purimatopi āsevanābalappattānaṃ vuddhatarāvatthattā vayalakkhaṇavasena sabbasaṅkhārānaṃ nirodhadassanasamatthā hutvā gambhīrā hoti, tasmā gambhīrapaññaṃ paripūreti. Nirodho hi uttānapaññehi alabbhaneyyapatiṭṭhattā gambhīro, tasmiṃ gambhīre gādhappattā paññāpi gambhīrā. Paṭinissaggānupassanāpi yasmā tissannaṃyeva anupassanānaṃ purimatopi āsevanābalappattānaṃ vuddhatarāvatthattā vayalakkhaṇavasena sabbasaṅkhārapaṭinissajjanasamatthā hutvā asāmantā hoti, vuddhipariyantappattattā chahi paññāhi dūre hotīti attho. Tasmā sayaṃ asāmantattā asāmantapaññaṃ paripūreti. Sā hi heṭṭhimapaññāhi dūrattā asāmantā, asamīpā vā paññāti asāmantapaññā. Paṇḍiccaṃ paripūrentīti paṇḍitabhāvaṃ paripūrenti. Yasmā yathāvuttā satta paññā paripuṇṇā bhāvetvā paṇḍitalakkhaṇappatto sikhappattavuṭṭhānagāminivipassanāsaṅkhātehi saṅkhārupekkhānulomagotrabhuñāṇehi paṇḍito hutvā paṇḍiccena samannāgato hoti, tasmā ‘‘paṇḍiccaṃ paripūrentī’’ti vuttaṃ.
灭观察因禅定根力增长,转断除依止诸观察,由诸法的灭相显示,故广深成就深慧。灭慧因高级智慧而获得立稳,又加深深遂,有厚重智慧。弃观察因禅定根力增强,转断除诸法弃离,故成无过慧。此无过慧远离最低智慧及不近智慧,即为无过智慧。由此证得智者圆满智慧,成就智慧法则。因修满七种智慧,得智者相,通达兰若精进,得生起住处、内外观察,通达遍数舍心禅定,故称为“圆满智慧”。
Aṭṭha paññāti paṇḍiccasaṅkhātāya paññāya saha sabbā aṭṭha paññā. Puthupaññaṃ paripūrentīti yasmā tena paṇḍiccena samannāgato hutvā so paṇḍito gotrabhuñāṇānantaraṃ nibbānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā lokuttarabhāvappattiyā lokiyato puthubhūtattā visuṃbhūtattā puthupaññātisaṅkhātaṃ maggaphalapaññaṃ pāpuṇāti, tasmā ‘‘aṭṭha paññā puthupaññaṃ paripūrentī’’ti vuttaṃ.
八慧为智慧通称,与圆满八慧相称。所谓净慧圆满者,即因圆慧具足,而智者归于通达族法住涅槃,证得出世兴趣及出世间圣行,能够深入无染净慧称为净慧。
Imā nava paññātiādīsu tasseva kamena adhigatamaggaphalassa ariyapuggalassa paṇītalokuttaradhammopayogena paṇītacittasantānattā pahaṭṭhākāreneva ca pavattamānacittasantānassa phalānantaraṃ otiṇṇabhavaṅgato vuṭṭhitassa maggapaccavekkhaṇā, tato ca bhavaṅgaṃ otaritvā vuṭṭhitassa phalapaccavekkhaṇā, imināva nayena pahīnakilesapaccavekkhaṇā, avasiṭṭhakilesapaccavekkhaṇā, nibbānapaccavekkhaṇāti pañca paccavekkhaṇā pavattanti. Tāsu paccavekkhaṇāsu maggapaccavekkhaṇā phalapaccavekkhaṇā ca paṭibhānapaṭisambhidā hoti. Kathaṃ? ‘‘Yaṃkiñci paccayasambhūtaṃ nibbānaṃ bhāsitattho vipāko kiriyāti ime pañca dhammā attho’’ti abhidhamme pāḷiṃ anugantvā tadaṭṭhakathāyaṃ vuttaṃ. Nibbānassa ca atthattā tadārammaṇaṃ maggaphalañāṇaṃ ‘‘atthesu ñāṇaṃ atthapaṭisambhidā’’ti (vibha. 718; paṭi. ma. 1.110) vacanato atthapaṭisambhidā hoti. Tassa atthapaṭisambhidābhūtassa maggaphalañāṇassa paccavekkhaṇañāṇaṃ ‘‘ñāṇesu ñāṇaṃ paṭibhānapaṭisambhidā’’ti vacanato paṭibhānapaṭisambhidā hoti. Sā ca paccavekkhaṇapaññā hāsākārena pavattamānacittasantānassa hāsapaññā nāma hoti. Tasmā nava paññā hāsapaññaṃ paripūrentīti ca hāsapaññā paṭibhānapaṭisambhidāti ca vuttaṃ. Sabbappakārāpi paññā tassa tassa atthassa pākaṭakaraṇasaṅkhātena paññāpanaṭṭhena paññā, tena tena vā pakārena dhamme jānātīti paññā.
此九慧始于智所修得之道果圣人,以清净出世法运用圆满心行,且内在意趣心连续转动无碍,于现行心续上有成就,超越生灭变化的心法,观察道之果住,乃至观察生灭果果,乃至断除烦恼果住,乃至观察灭果,乃至观察舍弃果。这五种观察乃起于道果和果的观察。道果观察及果果观察乃于智慧上有显通辨别是故称智慧。如何是乎?即「缘生灭灭解脱为说灭果」之五法意趣,此乃巴利语说法,以注疏所说为依。涅槃的义理为果缘智慧,即「于义中智慧之明辨」为智慧。此无义辨之果缘慧之观照谓为「智慧中智慧」。此观照智慧因示现于转动心续,故称嗤笑慧。是故九慧作嗤笑慧。嗤笑慧即于五智中显现不同方式的智慧,蕴含观察功用之慧,因此称识慧。依照对象,智慧分别出于分别明示,故谓智慧。
Tassāti tassa vuttappakārassa ariyapuggalassa. Karaṇatthe sāmivacanaṃ. Atthavavatthānatoti yathāvuttassa pañcavidhassa atthassa vavatthāpanavasena. Vuttampi cetaṃ samaṇakaraṇīyakathāyaṃ ‘‘hetuphalaṃ nibbānaṃ vacanattho atha vipākaṃ kiriyāti atthe pañca pabhede paṭhamantapabhedagataṃ ñāṇa’’nti. Adhigatā hotīti paṭiladdhā hoti. Sāyeva paṭilābhasacchikiriyāya sacchikatā. Paṭilābhaphasseneva phassitā paññāya. Dhammavavatthānatoti ‘‘yo koci phalanibbattako hetu ariyamaggo bhāsitaṃ kusalaṃ akusalanti ime pañca dhammā dhammo’’ti abhidhamme pāḷiyānusārena vuttānaṃ pañcannaṃ dhammānaṃ vavatthāpanavasena. Vuttampi cetaṃ samaṇakaraṇīyakathāyaṃ ‘‘hetu ariyamaggo vacanaṃ kusalañca akusalañcāti dhamme pañca pabhede dutiyantapabhedagataṃ ñāṇa’’nti. Niruttivavatthānatoti tesaṃ tesaṃ atthadhammānaṃ anurūpaniruttīnaṃ vavatthāpanavasena. Paṭibhānavavatthānatoti paṭibhānasaṅkhātānaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭisambhidāñāṇānaṃ vavatthāpanavasena. Tassimāti nigamanavacanametaṃ.
「塔萨」称指圣人。语意上是共指与所述五义理相应者。此语用于修道释义,即说明五别义缘生论。《修道经》语说:因果涅槃意趣五别,谓初识。所获称为「已得」。亦谓实践真实,见证已得。知见称智慧。法义上,即谓有圣道所说善不善法五法作为缘起。释名上则谓依各义理言说。解释上则释三解智慧因说。结论义则谓归纳总结所言。
§2
2. Evaṃ sabbasaṅgāhakavasena anupassanānaṃ visesaṃ dassetvā idāni vatthubhedavasena dassento rūpe aniccānupassanātiādimāha. Taṃ heṭṭhā vuttatthameva. Puna rūpādīsuyeva atītānāgatapaccuppannavasena javanapaññaṃ dassetukāmo kevalaṃ rūpādivasena ca atītānāgatapaccuppannarūpādivasena ca pucchaṃ katvā pucchākameneva vissajjanaṃ akāsi. Tattha suddharūpādivissajjanesu paṭhamaṃ niddiṭṭhā eva paññā atītānāgatapaccuppannamūlakesu sabbavissajjanesu tesu atītādīsu javanavasena javanapaññāti niddiṭṭhā.
二、如是以一切集聚的方式,分别指出了不观察的特异处。现今以对象差别为例,说明对色无常等观的修习。此义下文已述。复次,欲现现过去未来并现在之色等,对缘数智慧加以显现时,仅以色等为缘,并对过去未来及现在之色等加以质询,随后对质询如同答问般放下不再探究。在此,先指清净色等放下时之智慧,即对一切放下事物,其中以过去等一切为缘,以过去等为缘的缘起智慧已被指出。
§3
3. Puna anekasuttantapubbaṅgamaṃ paññāpabhedaṃ dassetukāmo paṭhamaṃ tāva suttante uddisi. Tattha sappurisasaṃsevoti heṭṭhā vuttappakārānaṃ sappurisānaṃ bhajanaṃ. Saddhammassavananti tesaṃ sappurisānaṃ santike sīlādipaṭipattidīpakassa saddhammavacanassa savanaṃ. Yonisomanasikāroti sutānaṃ dhammānaṃ atthūpaparikkhaṇavasena upāyena manasikāro. Dhammānudhammapaṭipattīti lokuttaradhamme anugatassa sīlādipaṭipadādhammassa paṭipajjanaṃ. Paññāpaṭilābhāyapaññāvuddhiyā paññāvepullāya paññābāhullāyāti imāni cattāri paññāvasena bhāvavacanāni. Sesāni dvādasa puggalavasena bhāvavacanāni.
三、复次,欲显现多经文前置之智慧差别,初先于经文中指示。所谓贤圣,即以下文所说之贤圣相应号。听正法,为贤圣近侍听闻善法之语,其即是关于品行等修习之善法之语。善思维,指听闻法义时,以审慎细察之法为方法的思惟。持法修习,谓随顺世间外法,依戒法等而行之。智慧诸法,依增长智慧、广博智慧、丰富智慧三种智慧名所彰显。此四者为智慧诸义之涵盖,其余十二者为关于人之诸义。
1. Soḷasapaññāniddesavaṇṇanā一、十六慧解说之阐释
§4
4. Suttantaniddese channaṃ abhiññāñāṇānanti iddhividhadibbasotacetopariyapubbenivāsadibbacakkhuāsavānaṃ khayañāṇānaṃ. Tesattatīnaṃ ñāṇānanti ñāṇakathāya niddiṭṭhānaṃ sāvakasādhāraṇānaṃ ñāṇānaṃ. Sattasattatīnaṃ ñāṇānanti ettha –
四、经文指示,所谓藏示神通明识乃指神足等超凡感知以及初至流转之前之透视众尘垢等烦恼潜伏尽灭智。三十智,指论述中所现证弟子所获普通之智。七十七智,此处将说——
‘‘Sattasattari vo, bhikkhave, ñāṇavatthūni desessāmi, taṃ suṇātha sādhukaṃ manasi karotha, bhāsissāmīti. Katamāni, bhikkhave, sattasattari ñāṇavatthūni? Jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ. Atītampi addhānaṃ jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, anāgatampi addhānaṃ jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ, asati jātiyā natthi jarāmaraṇanti ñāṇaṃ. Yampissa taṃ dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇaṃ, tampi khayadhammaṃ vayadhammaṃ virāgadhammaṃ nirodhadhammanti ñāṇaṃ. Bhavapaccayā jātīti ñāṇaṃ…pe… upādānapaccayā bhavoti ñāṇaṃ… taṇhāpaccayā upādānanti ñāṇaṃ… vedanāpaccayā taṇhāti ñāṇaṃ… phassapaccayā vedanāti ñāṇaṃ… saḷāyatanapaccayā phassoti ñāṇaṃ… nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatananti ñāṇaṃ… viññāṇapaccayā nāmarūpanti ñāṇaṃ… saṅkhārapaccayā viññāṇanti ñāṇaṃ… avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ, asati avijjāya natthi saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ. Atītampi addhānaṃ avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ, asati avijjāya natthi saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ, anāgatampi addhānaṃ avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ, asati avijjāya natthi saṅkhārāti ñāṇaṃ. Yampissa taṃ dhammaṭṭhitiñāṇaṃ, tampi khayadhammaṃ vayadhammaṃ virāgadhammaṃ nirodhadhammanti ñāṇaṃ. Imāni vuccanti, bhikkhave, sattasattari ñāṇavatthūnī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 2.34) –
「比库们,我将宣说七十七种智慧之对象,你们宜善听之,善思惟之,我当为汝等说。何等为七十七智慧之对象?名为因生之老死智慧;因所生故无老死智慧。过去亦于因生之老死智慧;无因生故无老死智慧。未来亦于因生之老死智慧;无因生故无老死智慧。何为因缘此法存在之智慧,即毁灭法、消亡法、离欲法、灭除法之智慧。因有生故有生起智慧……因贪取故有生智慧……因渴爱故有贪取智慧……因受触故有渴爱智慧……因触缘故有受智慧……因六处缘故有触智慧……因名色缘故有六处智慧……因识缘故有名色智慧……因行缘故有识智慧……因无明缘故有行智慧,无明不存则无行智慧。过去亦于无明缘之行智慧,无明不存则无行智慧,未来亦于无明缘之行智慧,无明不存则无行智慧。何为此法存在智慧,即毁灭法、消亡法、离欲法、灭除法智慧。此七十七智慧为七十七智慧对象。」(相应部·尼达那经第二章第34节)
Evaṃ bhagavatā nidānavagge vuttāni sattasattati ñāṇāni. ‘‘Jarāmaraṇe ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇasamudaye ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇanirodhe ñāṇaṃ, jarāmaraṇanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ñāṇa’’nti (saṃ. ni. 2.33) iminā nayena ekādasasu aṅgesu cattāri cattāri katvā vuttāni catucattārīsa ñāṇavatthūni pana idha na gahitāni. Ubhayattha ca ñāṇāniyeva hitasukhassa vatthūnīti ñāṇavatthūni. Lābhotiādīsu lābhoyeva upasaggena visesetvā paṭilābhoti vutto. Puna tasseva atthavivaraṇavasena patti sampattīti vuttaṃ. Phassanāti adhigamavasena phusanā. Sacchikiriyāti paṭilābhasacchikiriyā. Upasampadāti nipphādanā.
如是,世尊于因缘经中所说之七十七智慧。老死智慧、老死集起智慧、老死灭除智慧、趋向老死灭除之道智慧(相应部·尼达那经第二章第33节)。依此律则十一部中各四合成共计四十四智慧对象,但此处未尽载。是两方智慧同为利于幸福之所缘,故称智慧对象。于获益等中以获益为附加,特出谓获益。又因缘义理说明谓修习圆成。触为接触识之获得。现证为获益之现证。达上为证得涅槃。
Sattannañca sekkhānanti tisso sikkhā sikkhantīti sekkhasaññitānaṃ sotāpattimaggaṭṭhādīnaṃ sattannaṃ. Puthujjanakalyāṇakassa cāti nibbānagāminiyā paṭipadāya yuttattā sundaraṭṭhena kalyāṇasaññitassa puthujjanassa. Vaḍḍhitaṃ vaḍḍhanaṃ etāyāti vaḍḍhitavaḍḍhanā. Yathāvuttānaṃ aṭṭhannampi paññānaṃ vasena visesato ca arahato paññāvasena paññāvuddhiyā. Tathā paññāvepullāya. Mahanteatthe pariggaṇhātītiādīsu paṭisambhidappatto ariyasāvako atthādayo ārammaṇakaraṇena pariggaṇhāti. Sabbāpi mahāpaññā ariyasāvakānaṃyeva. Tassā ca paññāya visayā heṭṭhā vuttatthā eva.
七十三修习者,即三种修法之修习者,指入流果之修学等七十三种。此为初学者所应修之美好道理,适于将得涅槃之行。增长即增长、扩展之意。按正理增益之三十八种智慧力量,特别是阿拉汉智慧增长。依此智慧力量之盛大,于大义处以遂行成为主要支柱。众大智慧皆指圣弟子等以分别智所达之义。其智慧所及之法义,正如下文所述。
Puthunānākhandhesūtiādīsu nānāsaddo puthusaddassa atthavacanaṃ. Ñāṇaṃ pavattatīti puthupaññāti tesu tathāvuttesu khandhādīsu ñāṇaṃ pavattatīti katvā taṃ ñāṇaṃ puthupaññā nāmāti attho. Nānāpaṭiccasamuppādesūti paṭiccasamuppannānaṃ dhammānaṃ vasena paccayabahuttā vuttaṃ. Nānāsuññatamanupalabbhesūti upalabbhanaṃ upalabbho, gahaṇanti attho. Na upalabbho anupalabbho, anupalabbhānaṃ bahuttā bahuvacanena anupalabbhā, pañcavīsatisuññatāvasena vā nānāsuññatāsu attattaniyādīnaṃ anupalabbhā nānāsuññatānupalabbhā, tesu. ‘‘Nānāsuññatānupalabbhesū’’ti vattabbe ‘‘adukkhamasukhā’’tiādīsu (dha. sa. tikamātikā 2) viya ma-kāro padasandhivasena vutto. Imā pañca paññā kalyāṇaputhujjanehi sādhāraṇā, nānāatthādīsu paññā ariyānaṃyeva. Puthujjanasādhāraṇe dhammeti lokiyadhamme. Iminā avasānapariyāyena lokiyato puthubhūtanibbānārammaṇattā puthubhūtā visuṃbhūtā paññāti puthupaññā nāmāti vuttaṃ hoti.
何谓“新诸蕴等”?谓于各种声音中,新声之义。所谓智慧生起者,称为“新智慧”,以在诸蕴等中生起智慧为义。所谓“多因缘生者”,谓众因缘和合而生起诸法多因缘众多之义。所谓“无众空不得见者”,谓能见乃为见,障蔽则为无见,广义上谓为无见,即无见之复数曰“无见”,或以二十五种空之相为种种无见,无见种种之义。于“无众空不得见”等语中依《长部·长序》注释,谓其中“非苦非乐”等语以否定作修辞之辄词。此五种智慧,为普通凡夫智慧;而于众多义理中,圣者之智慧乃为真智慧。凡夫智慧通达世俗法,至终极轮回灭度境界,与圣所证之智慧谓新智慧也。
Vipulapaññā mahāpaññānayena veditabbā. Yathāvutte dhamme pariggaṇhantassa guṇamahantatāya tesaṃ dhammānaṃ pariggāhikāya ca paññāya mahantatā, tesaṃ dhammānaṃ sayameva mahantattā uḷārattā dhammānañca paññāya ca vipulatā veditabbā. Gambhīrapaññā puthupaññānayena veditabbā. Te ca dhammā te ca anupalabbhā sā ca paññā pakatijanena alabbhaneyyapatiṭṭhattā gambhīrā.
应当依悟广博智慧,如前所说,受持法要贵于智慧广大。众法因智慧而广大,智慧自身亦彰显广大。以新智慧观之,智慧之广大即是法之广大。深远智慧则视为新智慧。诸法与无见之法,以及此智慧,因其不为后世识得且为究竟依止故谓之深远。
Yassa puggalassāti ariyapuggalasseva. Añño kocīti puthujjano. Abhisambhavitunti sampāpuṇituṃ. Anabhisambhavanīyoti sampāpuṇituṃ asakkuṇeyyo. Aññehīti puthujjaneheva. Aṭṭhamakassāti arahattaphalaṭṭhato paṭṭhāya gaṇiyamāne aṭṭhamabhūtassa sotāpattimaggaṭṭhassa. Dūreti vippakaṭṭhe. Vidūreti visesena vippakaṭṭhe. Suvidūreti suṭṭhu visesena vippakaṭṭhe. Na santiketi na samīpe. Na sāmantāti na samīpabhāge. Imāni dve paṭisedhasahitāni vacanāni dūrabhāvasseva niyamanāni. Upādāyāti paṭicca. Sotāpannassāti sotāpattiphalaṭṭhassa. Eteneva taṃtaṃmaggapaññā taṃtaṃphalapaññāya dūreti vuttaṃ hoti. Paccekasambuddhoti upasaggena visesitaṃ. Itaradvayaṃ pana suddhameva āgataṃ.
何谓“某人”?谓圣者本人。何谓“他”?谓凡夫。何谓“已成就”?谓得圆满也。何谓“未能成就”?谓不能圆满。何谓“他人”?谓亦为凡夫。所谓“第八”,为阿拉汉果位已有而数第八时,即指初果上行。谓于果位成立时称为“远”,于成熟时称“深明”,于十分明确时称“极深明”,不谓为近、未至、或部分近。此二语含申议信义,例如远距之描述。谓“依于”即“缘”。谓“初果”,为进入初果之果位。以此义故,谓果位智慧为远的智慧。所谓辟支佛用尊称区别。余二位唯证纯正无疑也。
§5
5. ‘‘Paccekabuddhassa sadevakassa ca lokassa paññā tathāgatassa paññāya dūre’’tiādīni vatvā tameva dūraṭṭhaṃ anekappakārato dassetukāmo paññāpabhedakusalotiādimāha . Tattha paññāpabhedakusaloti attano anantavikappe paññāpabhede cheko. Pabhinnañāṇoti anantappabhedapattañāṇo. Etena paññāpabhedakusalattepi sati tāsaṃ paññānaṃ anantabhedattaṃ dasseti. Adhigatapaṭisambhidoti paṭiladdhaaggacatupaṭisambhidāñāṇo. Catuvesārajjappattoti cattāri visāradabhāvasaṅkhātāni ñāṇāni patto. Yathāha –
第五“辟支佛与天人之际智慧,远胜如来智慧”等语,述及示现诸方远处,欲显智慧分别之能。于此,智慧分别之精进乃永无止境之识别。所谓异智,谓永无穷尽的种种分别之智。由此观智慧分别精进时,亦当悟己智慧永无穷尽之分别。所谓「得成就之分别」,是已证四种深入智慧。所谓「四种通达」,即精通四种深究之智,例如:
‘‘Sammāsambuddhassa te paṭijānato ‘ime dhammā anabhisambuddhā’ti, tatra vata maṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ saha dhammena paṭicodessatīti nimittametaṃ, bhikkhave, na samanupassāmi, etamahaṃ, bhikkhave, nimittaṃ asamanupassanto khemappatto abhayappatto vesārajjappatto viharāmi. Khīṇāsavassa te paṭijānato ‘ime āsavā aparikkhīṇā’ti, ‘ye kho pana te antarāyikā dhammā vuttā, te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāyā’ti, ‘yassa kho pana te atthāya dhammo desito, so na niyyāti takkarassa sammā dukkhakkhayāyā’ti, tatra vata maṃ samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā devo vā māro vā brahmā vā koci vā lokasmiṃ saha dhammena paṭicodessatīti nimittametaṃ, bhikkhave, na samanupassāmi, etamahaṃ, bhikkhave, nimittaṃ asamanupassanto khemappatto abhayappatto vesārajjappatto viharāmī’’ti (a. ni. 4.8; ma. ni. 1.150).
“正觉者所知,彼知众法未证成就,若有修行者或婆罗门,天人,魔,梵或他,闻法而障碍我,我不应理会。沙利子,放逸不中之以缘,我安住安全爱敬中。尔时,已灭烦恼者明知“此烦恼未尽”亦知“修持障碍不得转”,得修持者不令我为难,故亦不理彼缘,我安住安全爱敬。”(出自《增支部》第4卷第8经、《大念处经》第1章第150偈)
Dasabalabaladhārīti dasa balāni etesanti dasabalā, dasabalānaṃ balāni dasabalabalāni, tāni dasabalabalāni dhārayatīti dasabalabaladhārī, dasabalañāṇabaladhārīti attho. Etehi tīhi vacanehi anantappabhedānaṃ neyyānaṃ pabhedamukhamattaṃ dassitaṃ. Soyeva paññāpayogavasena abhimaṅgalasammataṭṭhena purisāsabho. Asantāsaṭṭhena purisasīho. Mahantaṭṭhena purisanāgo. Pajānanaṭṭhena purisājañño. Lokakiccadhuravahanaṭṭhena purisadhorayho.
所谓十重力者,谓有十种力量,依十力名之,亦言十力者众力之总称。此三语显示无尽分别门口。以此智慧之用,为成就功德之主,谓为人中之狮王。非人中者为狮子。智慧广大者为狮子之龙。明智广大者为狮王之君。善尽世务者为狮王之英雄。
Atha tejādikaṃ anantañāṇato laddhaṃ guṇavisesaṃ dassetukāmo tesaṃ tejādīnaṃ anantañāṇamūlakabhāvaṃ dassento anantañāṇoti vatvā anantatejotiādimāha. Tattha anantañāṇoti gaṇanavasena ca pabhāvavasena ca antavirahitañāṇo. Anantatejoti veneyyasantāne mohatamavidhamanena anantañāṇatejo. Anantayasoti paññāguṇeheva lokattayavitthatānantakittighoso. Aḍḍhoti paññādhanasamiddhiyā samiddho. Mahaddhanoti paññādhanavaḍḍhattepi pabhāvamahattena mahantaṃ paññādhanamassāti mahaddhano . Mahādhanotipi pāṭho. Dhanavāti pasaṃsitabbapaññādhanavattā niccayuttapaññādhanavattā atisayabhūtapaññādhanavattā dhanavā. Etesupi hi tīsu atthesu idaṃ vacanaṃ saddavidū icchanti.
于是欲显现由无量智慧所获得的各种特殊功德,欲示现诸功德中以无量智慧为根本的诸功德,便说“无量智慧”,又称“无量光”等。其义谓:无量智慧者,指的是数量无尽且光明辉耀、没有间断的智慧。无量光则是指能消灭无明之流的无量智慧之光。无量者意指智慧功德广博无边,名闻于世。大宝者是指智慧宝库炉火已然炽盛,智慧宝增长广大又具巨大光辉者即为大宝。大宝亦用为“大财富”的意思。财富者是指应当赞叹的智慧财富,具有坚定的智慧财富、极其珍贵的智慧财富之意。以上三个词汇的含义中,义理妙用者愿解其义。
Evaṃ paññāguṇena bhagavato attasampattisiddhiṃ dassetvā puna paññāguṇeneva lokahitasampattisiddhiṃ dassento netātiādimāha. Tattha veneyye saṃsārasaṅkhātabhayaṭṭhānato nibbānasaṅkhātakhemaṭṭhānaṃ netā. Tattha nayanakāle eva saṃvaravinayapahānavinayavasena veneyye vinetā. Dhammadesanākāle eva saṃsayacchedanena anunetā. Saṃsayaṃ chinditvā paññāpetabbaṃ atthaṃ paññāpetā. Tathā paññāpitānaṃ nicchayakaraṇena nijjhāpetā. Tathā nijjhāyitassa atthassa paṭipattipayojanavasena pekkhetā. Tathāpaṭipanne paṭipattiphalena pasādetā. So hi bhagavāti ettha hi-kāro anantaraṃ vuttassa atthassa kāraṇopadese nipāto. Anuppannassa maggassa uppādetāti sakasantāne na uppannapubbassa chaasādhāraṇañāṇahetubhūtassa ariyamaggassa bodhimūle lokahitatthaṃ sakasantāne uppādetā. Asañjātassa maggassa sañjanetāti veneyyasantāne asañjātapubbassa sāvakapāramiñāṇahetubhūtassa ariyamaggassa dhammacakkappavattanato pabhuti yāvajjakālā veneyyasantāne sañjanetā. Sāvakaveneyyānampi hi santāne bhagavato vuttavacaneneva ariyamaggassa sañjananato bhagavā sañjanetā nāma hoti. Anakkhātassa maggassa akkhātāti aṭṭhadhammasamannāgatānaṃ buddhabhāvāya katābhinīhārānaṃ bodhisattānaṃ buddhabhāvāya byākaraṇaṃ datvā anakkhātapubbassa pāramitāmaggassa, ‘‘buddho bhavissatī’’ti byākaraṇamatteneva vā bodhimūle uppajjitabbassa ariyamaggassa akkhātā. Ayaṃ nayo paccekabodhisattabyākaraṇepi labbhatiyeva.
如是以智慧功德,示现世尊自我成就的事实,再以同一智慧功德,示现利益世间成就,此故称为引导者(净除者)。其义含:引导者为断除轮回之苦之所依,是通向灭度安稳之处。于引导时刻,凭持戒令其严谨而断除业障之引导者。于法义宣说时,断疑引导者。破除疑惑者须令其知义,令其至断除怀疑之证实性。持令确立者,以令其恒定,进而观察实修运用之助缘。实修证果而令其悦服。此处世尊乃因立即宣说义义之缘故,教导与缘故之因缘俱足而产生因果。未现成之道产生,谓在此续传中非由已现前具足的断除生死烦恼之高级智慧缘起而生之圣道。未生以前之道以皈依缘起,令刚成完备之道展转传授。未显现之道令其显现,谓在续传中未曾显现,因前生入圣门的弟子超越诸断相缘起所生圣道法轮转盛流常存,使续转显现。于弟子续传中,世尊说法即由道之显现令弥留长存。未为宣说之道“未宣”,谓佛位得证已而未曾经世间宣示但已作成之法门说教授不为称为宣示。此义理亦可得称为辟支佛菩提行者宣说之道。当前传明镜亦可见此理。
Maggaññūti paccavekkhaṇāvasena attanā uppāditaariyamaggassa ñātā. Maggavidūti veneyyasantāne janetabbassa ariyamaggassa kusalo. Maggakovidoti bodhisattānaṃ akkhātabbamagge vicakkhaṇo. Atha vā abhisambodhipaṭipattimaggaññū, paccekabodhipaṭipattimaggavidū, sāvakabodhipaṭipattimaggakovido. Atha vā ‘‘etena maggena ataṃsu pubbe, tarissantiyeva taranti ogha’’nti (saṃ. ni. 5.409) vacanato yathāyogaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannabuddhapaccekabuddhasāvakānaṃ maggavasena ca suññatānimittaappaṇihitamaggavasena ca ugghaṭitaññūvipañcitaññūneyyapuggalānaṃ maggavasena ca yathākkamenatthayojanaṃ karonti. Maggānugāmī ca panāti bhagavatā gatamaggānugāmino hutvā . Ettha ca-saddo hetuatthe nipāto. Etena ca bhagavato magguppādanādiguṇādhigamāya hetu vutto hoti. Pana-saddo katatthe nipāto. Tena bhagavatā katamaggakaraṇaṃ vuttaṃ hoti. Pacchā samannāgatāti paṭhamaṃ gatassa bhagavato pacchāgatasīlādiguṇena samannāgatā. Iti thero ‘‘anuppannassa maggassa uppādetā’’tiādīhi yasmā sabbepi bhagavato sīlādayo guṇā arahattamaggameva nissāya āgatā, tasmā arahattamaggameva nissāya guṇaṃ kathesi.
所谓“知道者”,是指以反观自证之智认知自身所成就之圣道。所谓“道智者”,是指善于于续传中生起而应当生起之圣道的智者。所谓“道通者”,谓对行道者所应当知道的圣道证解明达。或可分为三:即成佛道之悟行道智者,辟支佛悟行道智者,及声闻悟行道智者。又谓:「以此道,过彼波浪,必定通达彼岸。」依此经典语录,诸如过去、未来、现在诸佛、辟支佛、声闻依圣道而行者,皆依空性缘起及真实明证的道理,按照其修行所需法门等适当因缘,得以成就。依佛所行之道而行者,亦称为随顺圣道者。对此,“声闻续传”也以世尊所说语令圣道生起,故谓“世尊引导”。“未显现道”即为诸具八法(法相)圆满成就、为菩萨成佛所作具足说明,给予未显现前辈修习菩萨波罗蜜多之道,谓“未来佛将生时,由未显现道理所成就之圣道”称为未显现道。此法理也为辟支佛菩萨道之说明。
Jānaṃ jānātīti jānitabbaṃ jānāti, sabbaññutāya yaṃkiñci paññāya jānitabbaṃ nāma atthi, taṃ sabbaṃ pañcaneyyapathabhūtaṃ paññāya jānātīti attho. Passaṃ passatīti passitabbaṃ passati, sabbadassāvitāya taṃyeva neyyapathaṃ cakkhunā diṭṭhaṃ viya karonto paññācakkhunā passatīti attho. Yathā vā ekacco viparītaṃ gaṇhanto jānantopi na jānāti, passantopi na passati, na evaṃ bhagavā. Bhagavā pana yathāsabhāvaṃ gaṇhanto jānanto jānātiyeva, passanto passatiyeva. Svāyaṃ dassanapariṇāyakaṭṭhena cakkhubhūto. Viditatādiatthena ñāṇabhūto. Aviparītasabhāvaṭṭhena vā pariyattidhammapavattanato hadayena cintetvā vācāya nicchāritadhammamayoti vā dhammabhūto. Seṭṭhaṭṭhena brahmabhūto. Atha vā cakkhu viya bhūtoti cakkhubhūto. Ñāṇaṃ viya bhūtoti ñāṇabhūto. Dhammo viya bhūtoti dhammabhūto. Brahmā viya bhūtoti brahmabhūto. Svāyaṃ dhammassa vacanato, vattanato vā vattā. Nānappakārehi vacanato, vattanato vā pavattā. Atthaṃ nīharitvā nīharitvā nayanato atthassa ninnetā. Amatādhigamāya paṭipattidesanato, amatappakāsanāya vā dhammadesanāya amatassa adhigamāpanato amatassa dātā. Lokuttaradhammassa uppāditattā veneyyānurūpena yathāsukhaṃ lokuttaradhammassa dānena ca, dhammesu ca issaroti dhammassāmī. Tathāgatapadaṃ heṭṭhā vuttatthaṃ.
所谓“知道、所知、应知”是指可以被认识的事理,凡一切应以智慧认识的事,皆称为“应知”;而应知之法依照五种可说途径为缘起之智慧而知。谓“看见、所见、应见”者,是指凡悉皆可见的境界,如以智慧之眼观察已所见之事,犹如以色眼所见。譬如某人虽反向执持,却不知其真理,不见实相,佛则非然。佛依真如法向问道,亲自以正知眼观察明了。由明了的种种缘起、从闻说至自体认知的说法显现,乃根本为法义身。最高所乐所处如梵主。又说“如眼”,即指有眼力;“如知”,表示觉知;“如法”,谓理念;“如梵”,谓梵行。此乃随自法以言说、出世间法的法轮相续、变化而介绍。以令断除烦恼并体悟法义,升起无上智慧的法轮,引导众生至无上安乐境地,此谓法之主宰。此是佛陀所诠述之理。
Idāni ‘‘jānaṃ jānātī’’tiādīhi vuttaṃ guṇaṃ sabbaññutāya visesetvā dassetukāmo sabbaññutaṃ sādhento natthītiādimāha. Evaṃbhūtassa hi tassa bhagavato pāramitāpuññabalappabhāvanipphannena arahattamaggañāṇena sabbadhammesu savāsanassa sammohassa vihatattā asacchikataṃ nāma natthi. Asammohato sabbadhammānaṃ ñātattā aññātaṃ nāma natthi. Tatheva ca sabbadhammānaṃ cakkhunā viya ñāṇacakkhunā diṭṭhattā adiṭṭhaṃ nāma natthi. Ñāṇena pana pattattā aviditaṃ nāma natthi. Asammohasacchikiriyāya sacchikatattā asacchikataṃ nāma natthi. Asammohapaññāya phuṭṭhattā paññāya aphassitaṃ nāma natthi. Paccuppannanti paccuppannaṃ kālaṃ vā dhammaṃ vā. Upādāyāti ādāya, antokatvāti attho. ‘‘Upādāyā’’ti vacaneneva kālavinimuttaṃ nibbānampi gahitameva hoti. ‘‘Atītā’’divacanāni ca ‘‘natthī’’tiādivacaneneva ghaṭīyanti, ‘‘sabbe’’tiādivacanena vā. Sabbe dhammāti sabbasaṅkhatāsaṅkhatadhammapariyādānaṃ. Sabbākārenāti sabbadhammesu ekekasseva dhammassa aniccākārādisabbākārapariyādānaṃ . Ñāṇamukheti ñāṇābhimukhe. Āpāthaṃ āgacchantīti osaraṇaṃ upenti. ‘‘Jānitabba’’ntipadaṃ ‘‘neyya’’ntipadassa atthavivaraṇatthaṃ vuttaṃ.
今以“知道、所知”等表达,特显世尊的智慧功德、以总体智慧之特殊性彰示其全知,谓“全知无所不知”无遗漏。其实因世尊以波罗蜜多功德与善根福德力显证阿拉汉之道理。由于证得阿拉汉果进而展现戒法诸功德中无疑惑之智慧,故称无所不知。由无所疑惑故法无禁锢。亦由诸法无所障碍,令其智慧明彻已见不可见处。由智慧证达而无所不知。无所不知因证实而不懈怠。应当以此智慧深入理解破除疑惑。今“现时”指当前时间或法。取用谓选择之意。意谓已断欲取之涅槃乃为妥当。谓过去言辞及不存在状态皆已作废。“诸”“一切”通指一切有为法,具无常等性质。所谓“在智慧面前”,谓在智慧之所趋向。谓降下所谓来临。此乃对“应知”一词的详尽阐释,谓应知即为须晓之理。
Attattho vātiādīsu vā-saddo samuccayattho. Attatthoti attano attho. Paratthoti paresaṃ tiṇṇaṃ lokānaṃ attho. Ubhayatthoti attano ca paresañcāti sakiṃyeva ubhinnaṃ attho. Diṭṭhadhammikoti diṭṭhadhamme niyutto, diṭṭhadhammappayojano vā attho. Samparāye niyutto, samparāyappayojano vā samparāyiko. Uttānotiādīsu vohāravasena vattabbo sukhapatiṭṭhattā uttāno. Vohāraṃ atikkamitvā vattabbo suññatāpaṭisaṃyutto dukkhapatiṭṭhattā gambhīro. Lokuttaro accantatirokkhattā gūḷho. Aniccatādiko ghanādīhi paṭicchannattā paṭicchanno. Appacuravohārena vattabbo yathārutaṃ aggahetvā adhippāyassa netabbattā neyyo. Pacuravohārena vattabbo vacanamattena adhippāyassa nītattā nīto. Suparisuddhasīlasamādhivipassanattho tadaṅgavikkhambhanavasena vajjavirahitattā anavajjo. Kilesasamucchedanato ariyamaggattho nikkileso. Kilesapaṭippassaddhattā ariyaphalattho vodāno. Saṅkhatāsaṅkhatesu aggadhammattā nibbānaṃ paramattho. Parivattatīti buddhañāṇassa visayabhāvato abahibhūtattā antobuddhañāṇe byāpitvā vā samantā vā āliṅgitvā vā visesena vā vattati.
此段论述“自体义”、“他体义”及“两者义”。所谓“自体义”,即自身所依义理。所谓“他体义”,则是指他者、三界众生所依义理。所谓“两者义”,即自体与他体两者义理同存。所谓“现法义”,是指由现法而起与现法相应的义理。又“业报义”,指与业果相应之义。所谓“超越义”,指以正断止息不善之义。言语用法须以具足快乐为前提才可言“超越”。谓佛教义极深邃且微妙,若以大乘义遮蔽之。无常等三法遮蔽,谓被厚重障碍包裹。以纯正说法应当如实陈述,不失不妄,亦不违离真理。若表现失当,则不可为法之正义领受者。宜以适当之措辞规范言教。修习清净持戒、禅定、慧解,以此调伏身心,且无过失。断除烦恼即为圣道根本。能断烦恼即得圣果。受持世间法与出世间法之间区别。究竟至乐的涅槃,为诸法集聚中之根本实相。所谓“转法轮”,是指佛智所及范围内通达无碍,且在内外双重觉知中所表现的现象,令人证得不起误解或分别。
Sabbaṃ kāyakammantiādīhi bhagavato ñāṇamayataṃ dasseti. Ñāṇānuparivattatīti ñāṇaṃ anuparivattati, ñāṇavirahitaṃ na hotīti attho. Appaṭihatanti nirāvaraṇataṃ dasseti. Puna sabbaññutaṃ upamāya sādhetukāmo yāvatakantiādimāha. Tattha jānitabbanti neyyaṃ, neyyapariyanto neyyāvasānamassa atthīti neyyapariyantikaṃ. Asabbaññūnaṃ pana neyyāvasānameva natthi. Ñāṇapariyantikepi eseva nayo. Purimayamake vuttatthameva iminā yamakena visesetvā dasseti, tatiyayamakena paṭisedhavasena niyamitvā dasseti . Ettha ca neyyaṃ ñāṇassa pathattā neyyapatho. Aññamaññapariyantaṭṭhāyinoti neyyañca ñāṇañca khepetvā ṭhānato aññamaññassa pariyante ṭhānasīlā. Āvajjanappaṭibaddhāti manodvārāvajjanāyattā, āvajjitānantarameva jānātīti attho. Ākaṅkhappaṭibaddhāti ruciāyattā, āvajjanānantaraṃ javanañāṇena jānātīti attho. Itarāni dve padāni imesaṃ dvinnaṃ padānaṃ yathākkamena atthappakāsanatthaṃ vuttāni. Buddho āsayaṃ jānātītiādīni ñāṇakathāyaṃ vaṇṇitāni. Mahāniddese pana ‘‘bhagavā āsayaṃ jānātī’’ti (mahāni. 69) āgataṃ. Tattha ‘‘buddhassa bhagavato’’ti (mahāni. 69) āgataṭṭhāne ca idha katthaci ‘‘buddhassā’’ti āgataṃ.
世尊以身行等诸法向众生显现其具足智慧。所谓智慧之转变者,谓智慧自转运,若无智慧则理无以成立。所谓无障碍者,表明智慧无所遮碍。又为达婆罗蜜满愿,广泛通达一切,故言于尽之法及起止等。于此应知“可舍”者,意指应舍弃之法,称为“应舍尽”,所谓应舍尽即应舍止之义。非具足智慧者则无应舍尽之境。于智慧尽处亦如是理。前已述诸理义,此处用双重对偈以显其义,用第三偈以否定其反义。此中“应舍”乃依智慧之道,称为舍道。所谓「相互尽处立者」,意指舍与智慧相依而立于正处。所谓“思扰拘缚”,意指心门被思忧缠缚,思忧消除则即时知晓。所谓“好恶拘缚”,意指由喜好之缘,思忧消除后即能了知。馀二句乃就此二词之义加以阐释。于诸智慧论述中云:“佛知其意”等语。大集论中称:“世尊知意”,于文中譬如记载“佛尊”字样,乃不同出处之文。以上为释义。
Antamasoti uparimantena. Timitimiṅgalanti ettha timi nāma ekā macchajāti, timiṃ gilituṃ samatthā tato mahantasarīrā timiṅgalā nāma ekā macchajāti, timiṅgalampi gilituṃ samatthā pañcayojanasatikasarīrā timitimiṅgalā nāma ekā macchajāti. Idha jātiggahaṇena ekavacanaṃ katanti veditabbaṃ. Garuḷaṃ venateyyanti ettha garuḷoti jātivasena nāmaṃ, venateyyoti gottavasena. Padeseti ekadese. Sāriputtasamāti sabbabuddhānaṃ dhammasenāpatitthere gahetvā vuttanti veditabbaṃ. Sesasāvakā hi paññāya dhammasenāpatittherena samā nāma natthi. Yathāha – ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ mahāpaññānaṃ yadidaṃ sāriputto’’ti (a. ni. 1.188-189). Aṭṭhakathāyañca vuttaṃ –
所谓“至下者”,是指上面所说之法也。此中“Timi”即一种鱼类名,“Timiṅgala”者乃一种大体长十余由旬可捕食之鱼,“Timiṅgala”亦为一种体形约五十由旬可捕食之鱼。此处以出身分类用单数言表应知之义。Garula Venatey即“Garula”及“Venatey”分别为种族名与族属名,“一地”称为“Padesa”。所谓“萨利佛名”,意指诸佛弟子大众中如沙利佛者,乃众法师之总领,故明知此义。余弟子以智慧无及高明法师平等故无此称谓。经中如云:“此乃我诸弟子比库中智慧最高者萨利佛也。”此为论注所述。
‘‘Lokanāthaṃ ṭhapetvāna, ye caññe santi pāṇino;
『立于世主之前,其他众生诸活者;』
Paññāya sāriputtassa, kalaṃ nāgghanti soḷasi’’nti. (visuddhi. 1.171);
『以智慧逾胜于沙利佛,未尝达至难以及处。』(净行论 1.171)
Pharitvāti buddhañāṇaṃ sabbadevamanussānampi paññaṃ pāpuṇitvā ṭhānato tesaṃ paññaṃ pharitvā byāpitvā tiṭṭhati. Atighaṃsitvāti buddhañāṇaṃ sabbadevamanussānampi paññaṃ atikkamitvā tesaṃ avisayabhūtampi sabbaṃ neyyaṃ ghaṃsitvā bhañjitvā tiṭṭhati. Mahāniddese pana (mahāni. 69) ‘‘abhibhavitvā’’ti pāṭho, madditvātipi attho. Yepi tetiādīhi evaṃ pharitvā atighaṃsitvā ṭhānassa paccakkhakāraṇaṃ dasseti. Tattha paṇḍitāti paṇḍiccena samannāgatā. Nipuṇāti saṇhasukhumabuddhino sukhume atthantare paṭivijjhanasamatthā. Kataparappavādāti ñātaparappavādā ceva parehi saddhiṃ katavādaparicayā ca. Vālavedhirūpāti vālavedhidhanuggahasadisā. Vobhindantā maññe caranti paññāgatena diṭṭhigatānīti vālavedhī viya vālaṃ sukhumānipi paresaṃ diṭṭhigamanāni attano paññāgamanena bhindantā viya carantīti attho. Atha vā ‘‘gūthagataṃ muttagata’’ntiādīsu (a. ni. 9.11) viya paññā eva paññāgatāni, diṭṭhiyo eva diṭṭhigatāni.
所谓“法散布”,即佛知境智,遍及诸天人及人类,故于彼众智慧广布无遗。所谓“击破”,意指佛知超越诸天人智慧,破除一切非正法之所依之处。大集论中有言“超越”亦含此义。如“超越”等词,乃说明佛智慧之散布与击破,成就住处及其作用。文中“智者”乃指具慧者,“熟练者”旨指智慧入微通达而善于判断。所谓“知亲朋争论”,乃与伙伴言说而生辩论之意。所谓“水蛇网陷”,比喻细密巧妙陷害,凡有所见皆被观察过滤,意指见解紧密细微。又云“秘密封闭”等语,如经云(相应部 9.11)所述,即智慧为智慧所包含,所见即所见所系也。
Pañhaṃ abhisaṅkharitvāti dvipadampi tipadampi catuppadampi pucchaṃ racayitvā. Tesaṃ pañhānaṃ atibahukattā sabbasaṅgahatthaṃ dvikkhattuṃ vuttaṃ. Gūḷhāni ca paṭicchannāni atthajātānīti pāṭhaseso. Tesaṃ tathā vinayaṃ disvā ‘‘attanā abhisaṅkhatapañhaṃ pucchatū’’ti evaṃ bhagavatā adhippetattā pañhaṃ pucchanti. Aññesaṃ pana pucchāya okāsameva adatvā bhagavā upasaṅkamantānaṃ dhammaṃ deseti. Yathāha –
所谓“问难”,是指双足、三足、四足问难之设问。关于此等问难因众多,已被整体禁绝二圣僧多次表明。隐晦难解之处即为义显端也。依此观律,谓“自问制难”,是世尊亲自设问之故。于他人问难之时,则以时机适当,于前来者中宣讲佛法。比如经云:
‘‘Te pañhaṃ abhisaṅkharonti ‘imaṃ mayaṃ pañhaṃ samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchissāma, sace no samaṇo gotamo evaṃ puṭṭho evaṃ byākarissati, evamassa mayaṃ vādaṃ āropessāma. Evaṃ cepi no puṭṭho evaṃ byākarissati, evaṃpissa mayaṃ vādaṃ āropessāmā’ti. Te yena samaṇo gotamo, tenupasaṅkamanti, te samaṇo gotamo dhammiyā kathāya sandasseti samādapeti samuttejeti sampahaṃseti. Te samaṇena gotamena dhammiyā kathāya sandassitā samādapitā samuttejitā sampahaṃsitā na ceva samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ pañhaṃ pucchanti, kutossa vādaṃ āropessanti? Aññadatthu samaṇasseva gotamassa sāvakā sampajjantī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.289).
他们盘算说:『我们将到沙玛内拉果德玛那里,问他这个问题,如果这沙玛内拉果德玛果真如是被提问,也如是回答,那么我们便可以据此提出我们的论点。但如果他不是这样回答,我们便按他的回答提出我们的论点。』于是他们前去接近沙玛内拉果德玛,这沙玛内拉果德玛以法义作说,教化指示,启发感召,令他们欢喜。既然他们与这沙玛内拉果德玛以法义相应,开导受用,欢喜称赞,则他们不会再问沙玛内拉果德玛问题,何处能够提出反对?此外,只有沙玛内拉果德玛门徒们才会如此明白清楚。
Kasmā pañhaṃ na pucchantīti ce? Bhagavā kira parisamajjhe dhammaṃ desento parisāya ajjhāsayaṃ oloketi. Tato passati ‘‘ime paṇḍitā gūḷhaṃ rahassaṃ pañhaṃ ovaṭṭikasāraṃ katvā āgatā’’ti. So tehi apuṭṭhoyeva ‘‘pañhapucchāya ettakā dosā, vissajjane ettakā, atthe pade akkhare ettakāti ime pañhe pucchanto evaṃ puccheyya, vissajjento evaṃ vissajjeyyā’’ti iti ovaṭṭikasāraṃ katvā ānīte pañhe dhammakathāya antare pakkhipitvā vidaṃseti. Te paṇḍitā ‘‘seyyā vata no, ye mayaṃ ime pañhe na pucchimha. Sacepi mayaṃ puccheyyāma, appatiṭṭhite no katvā samaṇo gotamo khipeyyā’’ti attamanā bhavanti. Apica buddhā nāma dhammaṃ desentā parisaṃ mettāya pharanti. Mettāya ca pharaṇena dasabalesu mahājanassa cittaṃ pasīdati. Buddhā nāma rūpaggappattā honti dassanasampannā madhurassarā mudujivhā suphusitadantāvaraṇā amatena hadayaṃ siñcantā viya dhammaṃ kathenti. Tatra nesaṃ mettāpharaṇena pasannacittānaṃ evaṃ hoti – evarūpaṃ advejjhakathaṃ amoghakathaṃ niyyānikakathaṃ kathentena bhagavatā saddhiṃ na sakkhissāma paccanīkaggāhaṃ gaṇhitunti attano pasannabhāveneva pañhaṃ na pucchantīti.
为甚么不问问题呢?世尊在讲法时时常环视比库僧众,他见到说:『这些智者已经绕开秘密、深奥的难题,做了详细精妙的注释,前来听法。』于是世尊对他们以公开形式说:『提问有诸多过失,放弃亦有诸多,论点的词句当清楚,问题应如此提出,放弃亦应如此放弃。』这是世尊对疑难问题的注释,既然世尊已对他们说法,将问题置于合理法义中,就遣散难解的疑惑。这些智者心中想:『最好是不问这些问题;如果我们提问,若未得确立,沙玛内拉果德玛就会皈依他处了。』 即便如此,佛陀仍然宣说法义,以慈爱感化大众,爱心感召能令无数伟人大众心生清净。佛陀以觉悟者的形式现前,有慈爱的言语,如同甘蜜、柔和的舌头,言辞细腻,如被宝石覆盖的牙齿,令心中盛用不灭的法得以滋润。在这慈爱感召中,众生心净,无可嫉妒之语,不失功德之语,去除烦恼,唯愿与世尊共听法,不取回恶见,便不再问问题。
Kathitā visajjitā cāti evaṃ tumhe pucchathāti pucchitapañhānaṃ uccāraṇena te pañhā bhagavatā kathitā eva honti. Yathā ca te visajjetabbā, tathā visajjitā eva honti. Niddiṭṭhakāraṇāti iminā kāraṇena iminā hetunā evaṃ hotīti evaṃ sahetukaṃ katvā visajjanena bhagavatā niddiṭṭhakāraṇā eva honti te pañhā. Upakkhittakā ca te bhagavato sampajjantīti te khattiyapaṇḍitādayo bhagavato pañhavisajjaneneva bhagavato samīpe khittakā pādakhittakā sampajjanti, sāvakā vā sampajjanti upāsakā vāti attho, sāvakasampattiṃ vā pāpuṇanti upāsakasampattiṃ vāti vuttaṃ hoti. Athāti anantaratthe, tesaṃ upakkhittakasampattisamanantaramevāti attho . Tatthāti tasmiṃ ṭhāne, tasmiṃ adhikāre vā. Atirocatīti ativiya joteti pakāsati. Yadidaṃ paññāyāti yāyaṃ bhagavato paññā, tāya paññāya bhagavāva atirocatīti attho. Itisaddo kāraṇatthe, iminā kāraṇena aggo asāmantapaññoti attho.
讲说并止息了,是说你们应当问了的问题,已因世尊而被讲说。正如应该止息,便确实止息了。所谓的具体因缘,就是此因缘、此理由,故如是成立。依此因缘,世尊以止息的方式作具体说明,这些问题即为止息之因。那些支持世尊讲说的,是世尊所喜悦的。即贵族及智者诸人依世尊对问题的止息,在世尊面前安住称赞;这表示弟子和近事者获得了成就,得到弟子的成就与近事者的成就。因此就意味着,这成就是在止息成就之后立即发生的。所谓“在那里”即指那个场所或那个阶段。所谓“超出正当界限”意即净发光耀,对世尊的智慧特别明显清楚,由此称之为“超出”。此语用在因果意义上,表明以此因缘,世尊智慧为第一,超越常情慧眼的含义。
§6
6.Rāgaṃ abhibhuyyatīti bhūripaññāti sā sā maggapaññā attanā vajjhaṃ rāgaṃ abhibhuyyati abhibhavati maddatīti bhūripaññā. Bhūrīti hi phuṭaṭṭho visadattho . Yā ca phuṭā, sā paṭipakkhaṃ abhibhavati na aphuṭā, tasmā bhūripaññāya abhibhavanattho vutto. Abhibhavitāti sā sā phalapaññā taṃ taṃ rāgaṃ abhibhavitavatī madditavatīti bhūripaññā. Abhibhavatāti vā pāṭho. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Rāgādīsu pana rajjanalakkhaṇo rāgo. Dussanalakkhaṇo doso. Muyhanalakkhaṇo moho. Kujjhanalakkhaṇo kodho. Upanandhanalakkhaṇo upanāho. Pubbakālaṃ kodho, aparakālaṃ upanāho. Paraguṇamakkhanalakkhaṇo makkho. Yugaggāhalakkhaṇo paḷāso. Parasampattikhīyanalakkhaṇā issā. Attano sampattinigūhaṇalakkhaṇaṃ macchariyaṃ. Attanā katapāpapaṭicchādanalakkhaṇā māyā. Attano avijjamānaguṇappakāsanalakkhaṇaṃ sāṭheyyaṃ. Cittassa uddhumātabhāvalakkhaṇo thambho. Karaṇuttariyalakkhaṇo sārambho. Unnatilakkhaṇo māno. Abbhunnatilakkhaṇo atimāno. Mattabhāvalakkhaṇo mado. Pañcasu kāmaguṇesu cittavosaggalakkhaṇo pamādo.
第六条:欲望被制伏,谓聪慧广大。此所谓修道者之智慧,自身制伏欲望,欲念消退,心智明晰。所谓广大者,是指清楚而明晰。清楚者,能克制对立面,非隐晦者。故谓大智慧者,是有能力克服欲望。被制伏意即智慧如读写技能。此规则亦适用于后续情况。欲欲是网索的特征。嗔恨是恶的特征。痴迷是迷惑的特征。瞋恨是疾病的特征。忧愁是忧郁的特征。过去之嗔恨,今日之忧愁。甜蜜腻滑之特征是懈怠。强烈粘着的是嗔恨。相互相争的细微特征是嫉妒。心智沉迷于己所作恶行的掩蔽,是幻象。无明所显现的特征是谬见。意志抑制的特征是迟缓。欲界五种特性导致心不稳,表现为粗心大意。
Rāgo ari, taṃ ariṃ maddanipaññātiādīhi kiṃ vuttaṃ hoti? Rāgādiko kileso cittasantāne bhūto arīti bhū-ari, padasandhivasena a-kāra lopaṃ katvā bhūrīti vutto. Tassa bhūrissa maddanī paññā bhūrimaddanipaññāti vattabbe maddani sadda lopaṃ katvā ‘‘bhūripaññā’’ti vuttanti veditabbaṃ. Taṃ ariṃ maddanīti ca tesaṃ arīnaṃ maddanīti padacchedo kātabbo. Pathavīsamāyāti vitthatavipulaṭṭheneva pathavīsamāya. Vitthatāyāti pajānitabbe visaye patthaṭāya, na ekadese vattamānāya. Vipulāyāti oḷārikabhūtāya. Mahāniddese pana ‘‘vipulāya vitthatāyā’’ti (mahāni. 27) āgataṃ. Samannāgatoti puggalo. Itisaddo kāraṇatthe, iminā kāraṇena puggalassa bhūripaññāya samannāgatattā tassa paññā bhūripaññā nāmāti bhūte atthe ramatīti attho. Bhūripaññassa paññā bhūripaññapaññāti vattabbe ekassa paññāsaddassa lopaṃ katvā ‘‘bhūripaññā’’ti vuttaṃ. Bhūrisamā paññāti vā bhūripaññā. Apicāti aññapariyāyadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Paññāyametanti paññāya etaṃ. Adhivacananti adhikavacanaṃ. Bhūrīti bhūte atthe ramatīti bhūri. Medhāti asani viya siluccaye kilese medhati hiṃsatīti medhā, khippaṃ gahaṇadhāraṇaṭṭhena vā medhā. Pariṇāyikāti yassuppajjati, taṃ sattaṃ hitapaṭipattiyaṃ sampayuttadhamme ca yāthāvalakkhaṇapaṭivedhe ca parinetīti pariṇāyikā. Imeheva aññānipi paññāpariyāyavacanāni vuttāni honti.
何谓欲望等为敌?所谓敌者,是欲等五毒缠绕心识,称为“敌”或“恶敌”。词音结合,“敌”是无,作废,消除的意思,故以“广大”形成“广大智慧”。这里的敌者即恶敌之智慧,合成“广大敌智慧”。“广大”意为广大无量。智慧乃深入理解,能迅速把握。转变是指其表现在七种有利修行,依世间描述以详细解说。此处也用多种词汇分别表达此义。
Paññābāhullanti paññā bahulā assāti paññābahulo, tassa bhāvo paññābāhullaṃ. Tañca bahulaṃ pavattamānā paññā eva. Idhekaccotiādīsu puthujjanakalyāṇako vā ariyo vā. Paññā garukā assāti paññāgaruko. Paññā caritaṃ pavattaṃ assāti paññācarito. Paññā āsayo assāti paññāsayo. Paññāya adhimuttoti paññādhimutto. Paññā eva dhajabhūtā assāti paññādhajo. Paññā eva ketubhūtā assāti paññāketu. Paññā eva adhipati paññādhipati, paññādhipatito āgatattā paññādhipateyyo. Dhammasabhāvavicinanaṃ bahulamassāti vicayabahulo. Nānappakārena dhammasabhāvavicinanaṃ bahulamassāti pavicayabahulo. Paññāya ogāhetvā tassa tassa dhammassa khāyanaṃ pākaṭakaraṇaṃ okkhāyanaṃ, okkhāyanaṃ bahulamassāti okkhāyanabahulo. Paññāya tassa tassa dhammassa sammā pekkhaṇā sampekkhā, sampekkhāya ayanaṃ pavattanaṃ sampekkhāyanaṃ, sampekkhāyanaṃ dhammo pakati assāti sampekkhāyanadhammo. Taṃ taṃ dhammaṃ vibhūtaṃ pākaṭaṃ katvā viharatīti vibhūtavihārī, vibhūto vihāro vā assa atthīti vibhūtavihārī. Sā paññā caritaṃ, garukā, bahulā assāti taccarito taggaruko tabbahulo. Tassaṃ paññāyaṃ ninno, poṇo, pabbhāro, adhimuttoti tanninno tappoṇo tappabbhāro tadadhimutto. Sā paññā adhipati tadadhipati, tato āgato tadadhipateyyo. ‘‘Paññāgaruko’’tiādīni ‘‘kāmaṃ sevantaṃyeva jānāti ayaṃ puggalo kāmagaruko’’tiādīsu (paṭi. ma. 1.113) viya purimajātito pabhuti vuttāni. ‘‘Taccarito’’tiādīni imissā jātiyā vuttāni.
智慧广博即智慧多也,谓智慧丰盛。智慧为性,广泛实施。此处智慧可指凡人之善根或圣人。智慧为重,谓智慧之重量。智慧行为因其广,谓智慧行为。智慧为内心状态,谓智慧内蕴。智慧之集中,谓智慧集中。智慧是旗帜,谓智慧旗帜。智慧是记号,谓智慧标志。智慧为主人,谓智慧主宰。已得智慧者称为智慧之主。全面分析事理,谓多分析。多方法对法性分析,谓多方分析。智慧能洞察法的结局,智慧展现,故谓展现广泛。智慧详细观察该法,明了其展开、起始及终止,谓观察诸法之性。洞穿法的本性,行者因此称为观察者。智慧使法彰显,住于法中,谓智慧观察者。此即智慧勤修、重视、广泛之行为,为其重担、重负及主宰,故称智慧为重负。智慧主宰时,智慧主宰者到来,其世称为智慧主宰时代。智慧之重负也称智慧重任。诸如此类义见之前世记载中亦有所述。
Sīghapaññā ca lahupaññā ca hāsapaññā ca javanapaññā ca lokiyalokuttaramissakā. Khippaṭṭhena sīghapaññā. Lahukaṭṭhena lahupaññā. Hāsabahulaṭṭhena hāsapaññā. Vipassanūpagasaṅkhāresu ca visaṅkhāre ca javanaṭṭhena javanapaññā. Sīghaṃ sīghanti bahunnaṃ sīlādīnaṃ saṅgahatthaṃ dvikkhattuṃ vuttaṃ. Sīlānīti cārittavārittavasena paññattāni pātimokkhasaṃvarasīlāni. Indriyasaṃvaranti cakkhādīnaṃ channaṃ indriyānaṃ rāgapaṭighappavesaṃ akatvā satikavāṭena vāraṇaṃ thakanaṃ. Bhojane mattaññutanti paccavekkhitaparibhogavasena bhojane pamāṇaññubhāvaṃ. Jāgariyānuyoganti divasassa tīsu koṭṭhāsesu, rattiyā paṭhamapacchimakoṭṭhāsesu ca jāgarati na niddāyati, samaṇadhammameva ca karotīti jāgaro, jāgarassa bhāvo, kammaṃ vā jāgariyaṃ, jāgariyassa anuyogo jāgariyānuyogo. Taṃ jāgariyānuyogaṃ. Sīlakkhandhanti sekkhaṃ asekkhaṃ vā sīlakkhandhaṃ. Evamitarepi khandhā veditabbā. Paññākkhandhanti maggapaññañca sekkhāsekkhānaṃ lokiyapaññañca. Vimuttikkhandhanti phalavimuttiṃ. Vimuttiñāṇadassanakkhandhanti paccavekkhaṇañāṇaṃ.
迅速的智慧与微细的智慧、笑乐的智慧及敏捷的智慧,皆为世俗与出世间的殊胜智慧。迅速智慧者,表现为迅捷敏捷;微细智慧者,表现为细微轻薄;笑乐智慧者,表现为多笑乐;而敏捷智慧者,则显于出世禅修诸行及一切断尽行,俱具敏速之性。迅速者,众多比库调护戒律等善法,须两次集会广宣其意。所谓戒律,即行为之限制规范,谓巴提摩卡中的戒律。根摄即调护根本之法,护摄眼、耳等根界,不使入侵贪、嗔、痴,且于正念中加以防护。节制饮食者,乃于食用数量与分量持有适中节制之观。觉醒随顺者,代表日间三更保持清醒,夜间第一及第五更亦觉察不眠,专勤修习出家法门,此为觉醒之相。戒蕴,指是修行者修持戒法之蕴,有初学及已学者戒蕴等。诸蕴亦应如是分别理解。智慧蕴,指道之智慧,包含初修及高进的凡俗智慧。解脱蕴,谓果位解脱之智慧。解脱见知蕴,谓对解脱现前之正知见照。
Hāsabahuloti mūlapadaṃ. Vedabahuloti tassā eva pītiyā sampayuttasomanassavedanāvasena niddesapadaṃ. Tuṭṭhibahuloti nātibalavapītiyā tuṭṭhākāravasena. Pāmojjabahuloti balavapītiyā pamuditabhāvavasena.
笑乐者,乃根本词。感受丰富者,指由其喜乐、欢喜、安乐等诸感受,乃表达之语。满足丰富者,非因强烈喜乐而满足,而是以安稳喜足之状来表之。载喜丰富者,乃指因喜乐具足而生起的欢喜心情。
§7
7.Yaṃ kiñci rūpantiādi sammasanañāṇaniddese vuttatthaṃ. Tulayitvāti kalāpasammasanavasena tuletvā. Tīrayitvāti udayabbayānupassanāvasena tīrayitvā. Vibhāvayitvāti bhaṅgānupassanādivasena pākaṭaṃ katvā. Vibhūtaṃ katvāti saṅkhārupekkhānulomavasena phuṭaṃ katvā. Tikkhapaññā lokuttarā eva. Uppannanti samathavipassanāvasena vikkhambhanatadaṅgavasena pahīnampi ariyamaggena asamūhatattā uppattidhammataṃ anatītatāya asamūhatuppannanti vuccati, taṃ idha adhippetaṃ. Nādhivāsetīti santānaṃ āropetvā na vāseti. Pajahatīti samucchedavasena pajahati. Vinodetīti khipati. Byantīkarotīti vigatantaṃ karoti. Anabhāvaṃ gametīti anu abhāvaṃ gameti, vipassanānukkamena ariyamaggaṃ patvā samucchedavaseneva abhāvaṃ gamayatīti attho. Ettha ca kāmapaṭisaṃyutto vitakko kāmavitakko. ‘‘Ime sattā marantū’’ti paresaṃ maraṇapaṭisaṃyutto vitakko byāpādavitakko. ‘‘Ime sattā vihiṃsīyantū’’ti paresaṃ vihiṃsāpaṭisaṃyutto vitakko vihiṃsāvitakko. Pāpaketi lāmake. Akusale dhammeti akosallasambhūte dhamme.
七、关于形色等诸法集聚正知的显说,谓以重量合量标准衡量之称为『称量』;以观察诸起灭而定其变迁谓之『注视』;以观察其消亡及破坏称为『显现破坏』;以依顺观诸无常而称之为『彻底变化』。锐利智慧者,为出世间之智慧。起现者,谓以止禅及观慧之辅助修行,即使颠倒及执着轻薄者,仍由圣道而得具足其生起之本质者,谓之未成旧法中未具完全之生起。『不得入』者,谓强加于法相缠累无法住持。『抛弃』者,谓以断绝之理抛弃诸爱着。『消灭』者,谓迅速离脱妄想。『远离』者,谓断尽欲染之所。『导入无有』者,依观慧入圣道,因此得通断断灭无有之义。这里又有两种思维:贪著思虑,及相反之心念。『他们当受死』为对他众生死亡之思维,属嗔恨之思。『他们当受害』,意谓他众生将受苦害,为嗔恚思想。恶,即邪恶。非善法,即恶业所生之法。
Nibbedhikapaññāti nibbidābahulassa puggalassa uppannamaggapaññā eva. Ubbegabahuloti ñāṇabhayavasena bhayabahulo. Uttāsabahuloti balavabhayabahulo . Idaṃ purimasseva atthavivaraṇaṃ. Ukkaṇṭhanabahuloti saṅkhārato uddhaṃ visaṅkhārābhimukhatāya ukkaṇṭhanabahulo. Anabhiratibahuloti ukkaṇṭhanavaseneva abhiratiabhāvaṃ dīpeti. Idānipi tamatthaṃ dvīhi vacanehi vivarati. Tattha bahimukhoti saṅkhārato bahibhūtanibbānābhimukho. Na ramatīti nābhiramati. Anibbiddhapubbanti anamatagge saṃsāre antaṃ pāpetvā anibbiddhapubbaṃ. Appadālitapubbanti tasseva atthavacanaṃ, antakaraṇeneva apadālitapubbanti attho. Lobhakkhandhanti lobharāsiṃ, lobhakoṭṭhāsaṃ vā. Imāhi soḷasahi paññāhi samannāgatoti ukkaṭṭhaparicchedena arahāyeva vutto. Upari ‘‘eko sekkhapaṭisambhidappatto’’ti (paṭi. ma. 3.8) vuttattā sotāpannasakadāgāmianāgāminopi labbhantiyeva.
厌离智慧,即生起于厌离众生者,谓其为得道之智慧。忧惧智慧者,乃由畏怖而生起之多怖智慧。热心智慧者,为由强烈惧怖而起之智慧。此为前述义义解。渴求增盛者,谓由行蕴高涨而向上增长之渴求。无欢喜者,谓由渴求而无生起欢喜。即今亦以两句释明此义。『外向者』,谓行蕴向外流转,生没者之无余涅槃所向。『不恋爱』,谓无所有世间乐趣之恋著。『厌离以前』,谓离世前死灭时之心境。『灭除先行』,谓以终结业苦为止。嗜欲蕴即指欲贪积聚之处。依此十六种智慧具足,谓此中定高境界者即阿拉汉。及上说,『一位已得修行者智慧』者,即谓须陀洹、斯陀含、阿那含及阿拉汉,虽须陀洹等均得此,部分阿那含亦得此。
2. Puggalavisesaniddesavaṇṇanā二、补特伽罗差别解说之阐释
§8
8.Dvepuggalātiādīhi paṭisambhidappattapuggalavisesapaṭipāṭiṃ dasseti. Tattha pubbayogoti atītajātīsu paṭisambhidappattihetubhūto puññapayogo. Tenāti tena pubbayogakāraṇena. Evaṃ sesesupi. Atireko hotīti atiritto hoti, atirekayogato vā ‘‘atireko’’ti vutto. Adhiko hotīti aggo hoti. Viseso hotīti visiṭṭho hoti, visesayogato vā viseso. Ñāṇaṃ pabhijjatīti paṭisambhidāñāṇappabhedaṃ pāpuṇāti.
八、两位圣人等诸得通断智慧的特殊修行方法论指出,此中所谓前因,是谓过去诸世间所得智慧成因,即善因缘。『因此』指借此之前因缘。如此类推皆然。超越者谓不局限于常人认知,因超越多种因缘或能力而称。更胜者谓为第一。特殊者谓有特别,或因特殊因缘而显现之智。智慧增长者,即获得通断智慧之分别知见。
Bahussutoti buddhavacanavasena. Desanābahuloti dhammadesanāvasena. Garūpanissitoti paññāya adhikaṃ garuṃ upanissito. Vihārabahuloti vipassanāvihārabahulo, phalasamāpattivihārabahulo vā. Paccavekkhaṇābahuloti vipassanāvihāre sati vipassanāpaccavekkhaṇābahulo, phalasamāpattivihāre sati phalasamāpattipaccavekkhaṇābahulo. Sekhapaṭisambhidappattoti sekho hutvā paṭisambhidappatto. Evaṃ asekhapaṭisambhidappatto. Sāvakapāramippattoti ettha mahāpaññānaṃ aggassa mahāsāvakassa sattasaṭṭhiyā sāvakañāṇānaṃ pāragamanaṃ pāramī, sāvakassa pāramī sāvakapāramī, taṃ sāvakapāramiṃ pattoti sāvakapāramippatto. Sāvakapāramitāppattoti vā pāṭho. Sattasaṭṭhiyā sāvakañāṇānaṃ pālako pūrako ca so mahāsāvako paramo, tassa paramassa ayaṃ sattasaṭṭhibhedā ñāṇakiriyā paramassa bhāvo, kammaṃ vāti pāramī, tassa sāvakassa pāramī sāvakapāramī , taṃ pattoti sāvakapāramippatto. Sāvakapāramippattoti mahāmoggallānattherādiko yo koci sāvako. Sāvakapāramippattasāvakato atirekassa aññassa sāvakassa abhāvā eko paccekasambuddhoti āha. Puna paññāpabhedakusalotiādīhi vuttatthameva nigametvā dassesīti. Ñāṇakathāya yebhuyyena anekāni ñāṇāni niddiṭṭhāni. Paññākathāya yebhuyyena ekāpi paññā nānākāravasena nānākatvā vuttāti ayaṃ viseso.
多闻者,谓佛语之多闻。说法多者,谓多闻佛语以弘扬法义。依智重者,谓以智慧深重而依止。住禅多者,谓多住内观禅定或于果证中止禅。回向众生多者,谓多回向于善果证得之功德。观察多者,谓在内观禅修中持守正念反观自心,或于果位达成中亦多观察。修行者得分别慧者,谓修行后得此分别智慧。未得者亦如是。从属行者的往昔智慧表示贵重。此处谓得至少七十六种弟子智慧成就,称为弟子达彼岸之功德,谓弟子之度到功德,亦称弟子功德成就。此功德成就者,称为弟子功德成就。多闻成就大长老及已修阿那含等弟子亦得此成就。弟子功德成就者,唯此世尊所宣说。
Mahāpaññākathāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 大慧论之阐释已毕。