13. Terasanipāto · 13. 十三集义注
13. Terasanipāto十三集
1. Soṇakoḷivisattheragāthāvaṇṇanā索那拘利维萨长老偈注释
Terasanipāte yāhu raṭṭhetiādikā āyasmato soṇassa koḷivisassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi purimabuddhesu katādhikāro tattha tattha bhave puññāni upacini. Ayaṃ kira anomadassissa bhagavato kāle mahāvibhavo seṭṭhi hutvā upāsakehi saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gantvā satthu santike dhammaṃ sutvā pasannamānaso satthu caṅkamanaṭṭhāne sudhāya parikammaṃ kāretvā nānāvaṇṇehi pupphehi santharitvā upari nānāvirāgavatthehi vitānaṃ bandhāpesi, tathā satthu bhikkhusaṅghassa ca dīghasālaṃ kāretvā niyyādesi. So tena puññakammena devamanussesu saṃsaranto padumuttarassa bhagavato kāle haṃsavatīnagare seṭṭhikule nibbatti, sirivaḍḍhotissa nāmaṃ ahosi. So vayappatto vihāraṃ gantvā satthu santike dhammaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ āraddhavīriyānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā, sayampi taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ patthento sattāhaṃ mahādānaṃ pavattetvā paṇidhānamakāsi. Satthāpi tassa patthanāya samijjhanabhāvaṃ disvā byākaritvā pakkāmi.
第十三品中,于境界初开之时,具寿索那比库和拘利毗萨比库等人的偈颂。何由产生?此犹如先前诸佛时代所修习的功德行为,各彼处各自不同存在。此即昔时世尊阿诺摩陀迦胜者时代,大富豪成为居士,率诸居士同住,亲近世尊,听闻佛法,心清净悦,于佛行径场所施设净水池,庄严以各色鲜花,且覆盖多种香薰布帛,亦为佛僧众建造长舍并吩咐。夫此功德行者在人天中流转,于佛陀波突摩陀时代,鸿沙城某贵族出生,名曰世利伐陀。彼老后往住处,近佛听法,见佛设立勉励比库,置于首座,供养一比库修精进七日,立下重誓。世尊见其发心,赞叹之后离座而去。
Sopi yāvajīvaṃ kusalaṃ katvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto parinibbute kassapadasabale anuppanne amhākaṃ bhagavati bārāṇasiyaṃ kulagehe nibbattitvā viññutaṃ patto gaṅgātīre paṇṇasālaṃ karitvā ekaṃ paccekabuddhaṃ temāsaṃ catūhi paccayehi sakkaccaṃ upaṭṭhahi. Paccekabuddho vuṭṭhavasso paripuṇṇaparikkhāro gandhamādanameva gato. Sopi kulaputto yāvajīvaṃ tattha puññāni katvā tato cavitvā devamanussesu saṃsaranto amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle campānagare usabhaseṭṭhissa gehe paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhi. Tassa paṭisandhiggahaṇato paṭṭhāya seṭṭhissa mahābhogakkhandho abhivaḍḍhi. Tassa jātadivase sakalanagare mahāsakkārasampanno ahosi, tassa pubbe paccekabuddhassa satasahassagghanikarattakambalapariccāgena suvaṇṇavaṇṇo sukhumālataro ca attabhāvo ahosi, tenassa soṇoti nāmaṃ akaṃsu. Mahatā parivārena vaḍḍhati , tassa hatthapādatalāni bandhujīvakapupphavaṇṇāni ahesuṃ, satavihatakappāsassa viya samphasso pādatalesu maṇikuṇḍalāvaṭṭavaṇṇāni lomāni jāyiṃsu. Vayappattassa tassa tiṇṇaṃ utūnaṃ anucchavike tayo pāsāde kāretvā nāṭakāni upaṭṭhāpesuṃ. So tattha mahatiṃ sampattiṃ anubhavanto devakumāro viya paṭivasati.
彼亦于生时行善,于人天中流转,至释迦牟尼佛时代,出世为成就者,生于巴拉那城,以显贵之家,成就觉悟,河畔设讲堂,恭敬一众独觉佛,三个月间以四缘慈护。独觉佛寿满,周备具足,于香坛献香。彼亦家中长子,生时行善,后出家,于佛时代再生于旃陀那城,牛霸首富之家而受教诲。彼因受教诲,身业富足,当生时,城中广受敬重。昔为独觉佛百千伽蓝净衣拜供者,自身颜色金黄柔细,故名索那。其随众围增,手足肤色如莲花瓣,洁净艳丽,足底如宝石坠环环绕,毛发生长。老后建三栋凉亭及戏棚。彼于境界之富贵,若天子梵王夜游而居。
Atha amhākaṃ satthari sabbaññutaṃ patvā pavattitavaradhammacakke rājagahaṃ upanissāya viharante bimbisāraraññā pakkosāpito asītiyā gāmikasahassehi saddhiṃ rājagahaṃ āgato, satthu santikaṃ gantvā dhammaṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddho mātāpitaro anujānāpetvā sāsane pabbajitvā laddhūpasampado satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā, janasaṃsaggapariharaṇatthaṃ sītavane vasanto ‘‘mama sarīraṃ sukhumālaṃ, na ca sakkā sukheneva sukhaṃ adhigantuṃ, kāyaṃ kilametvā samaṇadhammaṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti ṭhānacaṅkamameva adhiṭṭhāya, padhānamanuyuñjanto pādatalesu phoṭesu uṭṭhahitesupi vedanaṃ ajjhupekkhitvā daḷhaṃ vīriyaṃ karonto accāraddhavīriyatāya visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ asakkonto, ‘‘evaṃ vāyamantopi ahaṃ maggaṃ vā phalaṃ vā nibbattetuṃ na sakkomi, kiṃ me pabbajjāya, hīnāyāvattitvā bhoge ca bhuñjissāmi, puññāni ca karissāmī’’ti cintesi. Satthā tassa cittācāraṃ ñatvā tattha gantvā vīṇūpamovādena ovaditvā vīriyasamatāyojanavidhiṃ dassento kammaṭṭhānaṃ sodhetvā gijjhakūṭaṃ gato. Soṇattheropi satthu sammukhā ovādaṃ labhitvā vīriyasamataṃ yojetvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā arahatte patiṭṭhāsi. Tena vuttaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 1.5.25-53) –
尔时我师成就智慧,转动无上觉法轮,以王舍城为依止,住世时,宾比萨拉王率八千农夫,同至王舍城,亲近世尊,听法坚信,父母允可,出家得具足戒,近佛修行,远离人群,居于凉林园,念及『吾身虽柔软,不能无苦而欢,执身体行修梵行不合时』,只于场所步行,忍受足趾刺痛,精进用力,虽极勤苦犹不能得道。思惟『即使如此努力,莫能成就道与果,何以出家?若退失正业享糖于世,亦当修行功德』。世尊识其心行,诲之劝导,示以精进平等法门,调伏修行之法,净其修处,往鞞阇山。索那长老亦于世尊前受教,调伏精进,增长观慧,建立于阿拉汉道。是故尊者偈颂如阿含经(apa. thera 1.5.25-53)中所载——
‘‘Anomadassissa munino, lokajeṭṭhassa tādino;
「阿诺摩陀迦胜者,世间至上圣者;
Sudhāya lepanaṃ katvā, caṅkamaṃ kārayiṃ ahaṃ.
以清净内身,行在行道之处。
‘‘Nānāvaṇṇehi pupphehi, caṅkamaṃ santhariṃ ahaṃ;
用各色鲜花,庄严净道步行。」
Ākāse vitānaṃ katvā, bhojayiṃ buddhamuttamaṃ.
在空中展开覆盖物,供养最胜世尊。
‘‘Añjaliṃ paggahetvāna, abhivādetvāna subbataṃ;
双手合掌迎接,恭敬礼拜是敬重。
Dīghasālaṃ bhagavato, niyyādesimahaṃ tadā.
当时奉请世尊入长舍所。
‘‘Mama saṅkappamaññāya, satthā loke anuttaro;
因我心念昏乱,世尊乃世间无上师。
Paṭiggahesi bhagavā, anukampāya cakkhumā.
世尊受此托付,出于慈悲明了诸法。
‘‘Paṭiggahetvāna sambuddho, dakkhiṇeyyo sadevake;
觉者接受此邀,在南方同众侍从之间。
Bhikkhusaṅghe nisīditvā, imā gāthā abhāsatha.
比库众中端坐,宣说此偈。
‘‘Yo so haṭṭhena cittena, dīghasālaṃ adāsi me;
『若有人以坚决心意,向我供养长房;
Tamahaṃ kittayissāmi, suṇātha mama bhāsato.
我当称赞彼人,尔等听吾所说。
‘‘Imassa maccukālamhi, puññakammasamaṅgino;
在此生命终结时,积聚善业如等量者;
Sahassayuttassaratho, upaṭṭhissati tāvade.
载有千乘车乘,将来必受其侍奉。
‘‘Tena yānenayaṃ poso, devalokaṃ gamissati;
以那车辆之力,此人去往天界;
Anumodissare devā, sampatte kulasambhave.
天众当贺喜赞叹,因家族兴旺而欢喜。
‘‘Mahārahaṃ byamhaṃ seṭṭhaṃ, ratanamattikalepanaṃ;
『大雷为最尊贵者,犹如珍宝堆积装饰;
Kūṭāgāravarūpetaṃ, byamhaṃ ajjhāvasissati.
形似藏经阁的雷,将保持永恒不灭。』
‘‘Tiṃsakappasahassāni, devaloke ramissati;
『历三千万劫,生活于天界之中;
Pañcavīsati kappāni, devarājā bhavissati.
二十五劫之后,必成天王。』
‘‘Sattasattatikkhattuñca, cakkavattī bhavissati;
『七十七劫之期间,将成为转轮圣王;』
Yasodharasanāmā te, sabbepi ekanāmakā.
名为耶输陀罗者,皆仅一名,绝无二名。
‘‘Dve sampattī anubhotvā, vaḍḍhetvā puññasañcayaṃ;
『二种资粮具足,承受并增长善行之积集;','28':'于二十八劫中,将成正法王。','29':'且彼以卓越威力,受定业量度;','30':'有十声远散,常住于城中心。','31':'无量无边劫外,彼为广大地主,具无限威德;
Aṭṭhavīsatikappamhi, cakkavattī bhavissati.
第二十八劫中,将产生一位世界主。
‘‘Tatrāpi byamhaṃ pavaraṃ, vissakammena māpitaṃ;
彼时,天空中的最尊贵者,因业力而被决定;
Dasasaddāvivittaṃ taṃ, puramajjhāvasissati.
其声音洪亮,有十种不同的音色,将居于城中心。
‘‘Aparimeyye ito kappe, bhūmipālo mahiddhiko;
在无量无边的未来劫中,将有大力持国天。
Okkāko nāma nāmena, rājā raṭṭhe bhavissati.
名为奥迦迦者,将在国中为王。
‘‘Soḷasitthisahassānaṃ, sabbāsaṃ pavarā ca sā;
‘他将有十六千众,皆为最尊第一。
Abhijātā khattiyānī, nava putte janessati.
贵族妇人中将生九男。
‘‘Nava putte janetvāna, khattiyānī marissati;
九男既生后,贵族妇人死去;
Taruṇī ca piyā kaññā, mahesittaṃ karissati.
年轻而深爱的妙女,将行大功德。
‘‘Okkākaṃ tosayitvāna, varaṃ kaññā labhissati;
取悦奥迦迦后,将得美好佳女为赐。
Varaṃ laddhāna sā kaññā, putte pabbājayissati.
得胜之后,此少女将出家为比库。
‘‘Pabbājitā ca te sabbe, gamissanti naguttamaṃ;
『你们所有出家的弟子,都将一起前往城外;
Jātibhedabhayā sabbe, bhaginīhi vasissare.
都因畏惧生死差别,而与姐妹们一同住护。
‘‘Ekā ca kaññā byādhīhi, bhavissati parikkhatā;
唯有一女患疾病,将处于厄运之中;
Mā no jāti pabhijjīti, nikhaṇissanti khattiyā.
请勿令我们王族生起嫉妒,杀害她。
‘‘Khattiyo nīharitvāna, tāya saddhiṃ vasissati;
王族放弃世俗后,将与她同住。
Bhavissati tadā bhedo, okkākakulasambhavo.
当时将有分裂,犹如鸡群分散般发生。
‘‘Tesaṃ pajā bhavissanti, koḷiyā nāma jātiyā;
他们的子孙将是科利耶族的人。
Tattha mānusakaṃ bhogaṃ, anubhossatinappakaṃ.
在那里,他们将享受人间无比的福乐。
‘‘Tamhā kāyā cavitvāna, devalokaṃ gamissati;
身躯离散之后,将往天界去。
Tatrāpi pavaraṃ byamhaṃ, labhissati manoramaṃ.
在那里也将获得高贵美妙的天体享受。
‘‘Devalokā cavitvāna, sukkamūlena codito;
离开天界之后,因善根充足,
Āgantvāna manussattaṃ, soṇo nāma bhavissati.
来到人间的,将名为索纳。
‘‘Āraddhavīriyo pahitatto, padahaṃ satthu sāsane;
『已起精进,立志精勤,依止于世尊的教法;
Sabbāsave pariññāya, nibbāyissatināsavo.
以断尽一切烦恼,离诸烦恼净,必得无余涅槃。』
‘‘Anantadassī bhagavā, gotamo sakyapuṅgavo;
『无量神通的世尊,正觉者果德玛,释族尊贵;
Visesaññū mahāvīro, aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapessati.
善于分别、具大勇猛,必于最高之地建塔安置。』
‘‘Vuṭṭhamhi deve caturaṅgulamhi, tiṇe anileritaaṅgaṇamhi;
『我曾生于天,居于四方神天之中,住于无烟之地三草堂内;』
Ṭhatvāna yogassa payuttatādino, tatottariṃ pāramatā na vijjati.
通过断除身心的主宰及诸缠累,一切超越彼岸的境界无有可得。
‘‘Uttame damathe danto, cittaṃ me supaṇīhitaṃ;
「于至善的调伏中已实现自制,我的心如同安稳之灯火;
Bhāro me ohito sabbo, nibbutomhi anāsavo.
一切负担尽皆放下,我证得无漏的涅槃寂静。」
‘‘Aṅgīraso mahānāgo, abhijātova kesarī;
「如同大龙安吉罗,犹如狮子般尊贵,
Bhikkhusaṅghe nisīditvā, etadagge ṭhapesi maṃ.
坐于比库僧团之中,将此言置于众人之前。
‘‘Paṭisambhidā catasso…pe… kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.
『四种解脱已成……诸法已尽,乃至成就佛陀之教法』──如是宣说。」
Arahattaṃ pana patvā attano paṭipattiṃ paccavekkhitvā udānavasena aññābyākaraṇavasena ca –
于此,已得阿拉汉果位者,在观照自身修行的实际进展后,像乌鸦般发出表达真义的声响,却不使用别样的语言表达。
§632
632.
六百三十二。
‘‘Yāhu raṭṭhe samukkaṭṭho, rañño aṅgassa paddhagū;
『那一位在国中已高举旗帜,如众王之肢体先锋一般;
Svājja dhammesu ukkaṭṭho, soṇo dukkhassa pāragū.
专注于正法,成为苦难彼岸的引导者。』
§633
633.
六百三十三。
‘‘Pañca chinde pañca jahe, pañca cuttari bhāvaye;
『断除五者,舍弃五者,造作更上层次的五者;
Pañcasaṅgātigo bhikkhu, oghatiṇṇoti vuccati.
比库超越五结,谓之渡过波浪。
§634
634.
第六三四。
‘‘Unnaḷassa pamattassa, bāhirāsassa bhikkhuno;
「懈怠而心散乱的比库,向外奔走,
Sīlaṃ samādhi paññā ca, pāripūriṃ na gacchati.
其戒律、定力与慧解,未得圆满成就。
§635
635.
第六三五。
‘‘Yañhi kiccaṃ apaviddhaṃ, akiccaṃ pana karīyati;
「其所为之事虽不妥当,却仍行之;
Unnaḷānaṃ pamattānaṃ, tesaṃ vaḍḍhanti āsavā.
粗心懈怠者,其烦恼增盛。
§636
636.
第六三六偈。
‘‘Yesañca susamāraddhā, niccaṃ kāyagatā sati;
那些善于恪守身体念者,
Akiccaṃ te na sevanti, kicce sātaccakārino;
不任意怠慢,专事修习;
Satānaṃ sampajānānaṃ, atthaṃ gacchanti āsavā.
专注且具正智之人,其烦恼得以断除。
§637
637.
第六三七偈。
‘‘Ujumaggamhi akkhāte, gacchatha mā nivattatha;
在正道已明示之时,应当前行,勿要回转;
Attanā codayattānaṃ, nibbānamabhihāraye.
当自我激励劝促,努力修习涅槃之果。
§638
638.
第六百三十八节。
‘‘Accāraddhamhi vīriyamhi, satthā loke anuttaro;
在精进已生之处,世间无上导师;
Vīṇopamaṃ karitvā me, dhammaṃ deseti cakkhumā;
如琴之比喻出现,他以觉眼宣说法义;
Tassāhaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā, vihāsiṃ sāsane rato.
闻其语句,内心欢喜,安住于此教法之中。
§639
639.
六百三十九。
‘‘Samathaṃ paṭipādesiṃ, uttamatthassa pattiyā;
『修习止法,是为达到最高目标,
Tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ.
三种智慧随之而生,此即佛陀教法的成就。』
§640
640.
六百四十。
‘‘Nekkhamme adhimuttassa, pavivekañca cetaso;
『更胜出离意乐,心得安宁寂静;
Abyābajjhādhimuttassa, upādānakkhayassa ca.
更胜无染清净,断除取着的境地。』
§641
641.
第六百四十一。
‘‘Taṇhakkhayādhimuttassa, asammohañca cetaso;
『渴爱已灭胜过之时,心意不昏乱;
Disvā āyatanuppādaṃ, sammā cittaṃ vimuccati.
见知处不生,清净之心得解脱。』
§642
642.
第六百四十二。
‘‘Tassa sammā vimuttassa, santacittassa bhikkhuno;
『于此正解脱、心安宁之比库,
Katassa paticayo natthi, karaṇīyaṃ na vijjati.
无应报之事,不生所作之业。』
§643
643.
六百四十三。
‘‘Selo yathā ekaghano, vātena na samīrati;
『如同一团密集的岩石,风不能使之摇动,』
Evaṃ rūpā rasā saddā, gandhā phassā ca kevalā.
『诸色、味、声、香、触亦复如是,皆为独立无依。』
§644
644.
六百四十四。
‘‘Iṭṭhā dhammā aniṭṭhā ca, nappavedhenti tādino;
『所爱法与所恶法,彼此不相侵犯;』
Ṭhitaṃ cittaṃ visaññuttaṃ, vayañcassānupassatī’’ti. – imā gāthā abhāsi;
『心坚立且少妄想,故见无常而灭尽。』——此偈如是说。
Tattha yāhu raṭṭhe samukkaṭṭhoti yo ahu ahosi aṅgaraṭṭhe asītiyā gāmikasahassehi bhogasampattiyā issariyasampattiyā ca sammā ativiya ukkaṭṭho seṭṭho. Rañño aṅgassa paddhagūti catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi parisāya rañjanaṭṭhena rañño aṅgādhipatino bimbisārassa parivārabhūto gahapativiseso tassa raṭṭhe kuṭumbiko ahūti yojetabbaṃ. Svājja dhammesu ukkaṭṭhoti so soṇo ajjetarahi lokuttaradhammesu ukkaṭṭho jāto, gihikālepi kehici ukkaṭṭhoyeva hutvā idāni pabbajitakālepi ukkaṭṭhoyeva hotīti attānameva paraṃ viya dasseti. Dukkhassa pāragūti sakalassa vaṭṭadukkhassa pāraṃ pariyantaṃ gato, etena dhammesu ukkaṭṭhoti avisesena vuttaṃ ukkaṭṭhabhāvaṃ viseseti arahattādhigamadīpanato.
其中,所谓国家中最杰出者者,是指在印度国度安居的八千个村庄中,以财富与权势俱足而确实卓越者为上。在四种议会组织下,受到国君赏识,身为国君统辖的安居者比米萨拉,为家主中的特出者,即国家中的一家负责人,应当与他结伴。至于称为自高自大的,指的是索那,他自以为在世间至高无上;即便在为人生活时有此自尊,出家时亦无所改变,表现出一种自我超过他人的心态。所谓超越苦难者,是指超越一切烦恼之苦者,达到了苦难之彼岸。因此,超越众法中的“优秀(ukkaṭṭha)”之意特别强调修得阿拉汉之果的修行境界。
Idāni yāya paṭipattiyā dukkhapāragū jāto, aññāpadesena taṃ dassento ‘‘pañca chinde’’ti gāthamāha. Tassattho – apāyakāmasugatisampāpakāni pañcorambhāgiyāni saṃyojanāni puriso satthena pāde baddharajjukaṃ viya heṭṭhimena maggattayena chindeyya, rūpārūpabhavasampāpakāni pañca uddhambhāgiyāni saṃyojanāni puriso gīvāya baddharajjukaṃ viya aggamaggena jaheyya, chindeyya, tesaṃ pana uddhambhāgiyasaṃyojanānaṃ pahānāya pañca saddhādīni indriyāni uttari bhāvaye bhāveyya. Evaṃbhūto pana bhikkhu rāgasaṅgo dosamohamānadiṭṭhisaṅgoti pañcannaṃ saṅgānaṃ atikkamanena pañcasaṅgātigo hutvā, kāmogho, bhavogho, diṭṭhogho, avijjoghoti catunnaṃ oghānaṃ tiṇṇattā oghatiṇṇoti vuccati.
现今,因所行得以超越苦难,另外用简易的话语来表达,如诗句中所说“断除五结”。其意为:身体所系的五种束缚,乃人于佛陀脚下仿若束缚着皮套一般,必须以正道斩断;形色境界的五种牵绊,凡夫如同系着皮带的牛口套般,应当用上行八正道割断、抛弃它们。为了断除这上行的五种束缚,应当培养五种信心等根、力。由此,出家比库超越贪爱、嗔恨、愚痴以及我执等见,有如跨越五种黏缚,达到彼岸,称为断除烦恼之流量者,名为断流者。
Ayañca oghataraṇapaṭipattisīlādīnaṃ pāripūriyāva hoti, sīlādayo ca mānādippahānena pāripūriṃ gacchanti, na aññathāti dassento ‘‘unnaḷassā’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha unnaḷassāti uggatatucchamānassa. Māno hi unnamanākāravuttiyā tucchabhāvena naḷo viyāti ‘‘naḷo’’ti vuccati. Pamattassāti sativossaggena pamādaṃ āpannassa. Bāhirāsassāti bāhiresu āyatanesu āsāvato, kāmesu avītarāgassāti attho. Sīlaṃ samādhi paññā ca, pāripūriṃ na gacchatīti tassa sīlādīnaṃ paṭipakkhasevino lokiyopi tāva sīlādiguṇo pāripūriṃ na gacchati, pageva lokuttaro.
此亦为断流道的实现实例,是依止戒律等修行而达到圆满。那些戒律等法则,因断除我慢等而得以完善,否则不得圆满。用一句诗称之为“傲慢”,意指高举之我慢。因我慢善行未成,执著于空无,故“我慢”二字被用以形容之。懈怠者,是由忘失念心而生的懈怠。外道的意思,指执著于外境,是色欲未断。尽管世俗人进行了戒定慧等修行,但未得圆满,因此尚不能说是彻底圆满的品德,只有超越世俗之人方能谓之圆满。
Tattha kāraṇamāha ‘‘yañhi kicca’’ntiādinā. Bhikkhuno hi pabbajitakālato paṭṭhāya aparimāṇasīlakkhandhagopanaṃ araññavāso dhutaṅgapariharaṇaṃ bhāvanārāmatāti evamādi kiccaṃ nāma. Yehi pana idaṃ yathāvuttaṃ attano kiccaṃ, taṃ apaviddhaṃ akaraṇena chaḍḍitaṃ. Akiccanti pattamaṇḍanaṃ cīvarakāyabandhanaaṃsabaddhachattupāhanatālavaṇṭadhammakaraṇamaṇḍananti evamādi parikkhāramaṇḍanaṃ paccayabāhuliyanti evamādi bhikkhuno akiccaṃ nāma, taṃ kayirati, tesaṃ mānanaḷaṃ ukkhipitvā caraṇena unnaḷānaṃ sativossaggena pamattānaṃ cattāropi āsavā vaḍḍhanti.
其原因者云:“凡作之事”。比库出家时应具备无量戒律法藏把持、森林隐居、简朴清洁的穿着、殷勤勤修之善法等,如是称之为“凡作之事”。若未依正法完成本职,皆为废弃。他所言的凡作,首是保持衣物、束缚身体、拆除伞盖等,有所依赖法器之类的准备事项。此类准备因依赖过重而成累赘,使得我慢、我执被激起,懈怠之心亦随之增长,从而促使四漏缠之增盛。
Yesaṃ pana paññādiguṇo vaḍḍhati, te dassetuṃ ‘‘yesa’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha susamāraddhāti suṭṭhu paggahitā. Kāyagatā satīti, kāyānupassanābhāvanā. Akiccaṃ teti te etaṃ pattamaṇḍanādiakiccaṃ. Na sevantīti na karonti. Kicceti, pabbajitakālato paṭṭhāya kattabbe aparimāṇasīlakkhandhagopanādike. Sātaccakārinoti satatakārino tesaṃ satiyā avippavāsena satānaṃ sātthakasampajaññaṃ, sappāyasampajaññaṃ, gocarasampajaññaṃ, asammohasampajaññanti catūhi sampajaññehi sampajānānaṃ, cattāropi āsavā atthaṃ gacchanti parikkhayaṃ abhāvaṃ gacchantīti attho.
智慧等功德增长者,谓之“增长者”等。所谓“善始”系指勤勤恳恳。身体正念,指身体的正念观察。所谓“凡作”,指诸前提出的如衣物束缚等事,既不侍奉也不执行。所谓“作”,即出家时应尽之无量戒律等护持工作。所谓“勤勉者”,乃因具足正念不失漏,有忠诚深念、益理兼全、能往彼岸、不为迷惑的四种觉悟,因四觉悟故四漏趋向断灭,达无漏果位。
Idāni attano santike ṭhitabhikkhūnaṃ ovādaṃ dento ‘‘ujumaggamhī’’ti gāthamāha. Tattha ujumaggamhi akkhāteti antadvayaparivajjanena kāyavaṅkādippahānena ca ujuke majjhimapaṭipadābhūte ariyamagge satthārā bhāsite. Gacchathāti paṭipajjatha. Mā nivattathāti antarā vosānaṃ māpajjatha. Attanā codayattānanti idha atthakāmo kulaputto apāyabhayapaccavekkhaṇādinā attanāva attānaṃ codento. Nibbānamabhihārayeti, attānaṃ nibbānaṃ abhihareyya upaneyya, yathā naṃ sacchikaroti, tathā paṭipajjeyyāti attho.
现在对近身比库劝勉曰“当行正道”,含义是以断除二边分别、舍弃身体的贪爱等为正法的中道,是佛陀所宣说的圣道。其意谓“行进”,即应当依正法实践。所请勿返回,即勿堕入恶趣。自身勉励自身,意指有志气者兼具了对恶趣恐怖萦怀思维,因而自我激励依教奉行。表达出应当向自身呈现涅槃,努力达成真实,依教而行的涵义。
Idāni mayāpi evameva paṭipannanti, attano paṭipattiṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘accāraddhamhī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Accāraddhamhi vīriyamhīti vipassanaṃ bhāventena mayā samādhinā vīriyaṃ samarasaṃ akatvā ativiya vīriye paggahite. Accāraddhavīriyatā cassa heṭṭhā vuttāyeva. Vīṇopamaṃ karitvā meti āyasmato soṇassa ‘‘ye kho keci bhagavato sāvakā āraddhavīriyā viharanti. Ahaṃ tesaṃ aññataro, atha ca pana me nānupādāya āsavehi cittaṃ vimuccati, tasmāhaṃ vibbhamissāmī’’ti citte uppanne satthā iddhiyā tassa sammukhe attānaṃ dassetvā ‘‘kasmā tvaṃ, soṇa, ‘vibbhamissāmī’ti cittaṃ uppādesi, kusalo tvaṃ pubbe agāriyabhūto vīṇāya tantissare’’ti pucchitvā tena ‘‘evaṃ, bhante’’ti vutte ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññasi, soṇa? Yadā te vīṇāya tantiyo accāyatā honti, api nu te vīṇā tasmiṃ samaye saravatī vā hoti kammaññā vāti? No hetaṃ, bhante! Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, soṇa, yadā te vīṇāya tantiyo atisithilā honti, api nu te vīṇā tasmiṃ samaye saravatī vā hoti kammaññā vāti? No hetaṃ, bhante. Taṃ kiṃ maññasi, soṇa, yadā pana te vīṇāya tantiyo neva accāyatā honti, nātisithilā same guṇe patiṭṭhitā, api nu te vīṇā tasmiṃ samaye saravatī vā hoti kammaññā vāti? Evaṃ, bhante. Evameva kho, soṇa, accāraddhavīriyaṃ uddhaccāya saṃvattati, atilīnavīriyaṃ kosajjāya saṃvattati, tasmātiha tvaṃ, soṇa, vīriyasamataṃ adhiṭṭhaha, indriyānañca samataṃ paṭivijjhā’’ti evaṃ vīṇaṃ upamaṃ katvā pavattitena vīṇopamovādena mayhaṃ dhammaṃ desesi. Tassāhaṃ vacanaṃ sutvāti tassa bhagavato vacanaṃ vīṇopamovādaṃ sutvā antarā uppannaṃ vibbhamitukāmataṃ pahāya satthu sāsane rato abhirato vihariṃ.
现在我自己亦如是实践,为显现自己持守之行,曾说过“精进”“怛赦怛摩喜”等语。所谓精进者,是指我以观智专注修习时,定力与精进调和,不致过度劳累,却亦非懈怠,乃在极适中精进上有所把持。所谓调和精进,便是此意。譬如琴瑟般的比喻,有尊者索那来见我,说:‘诸佛世尊的弟子中,有些能修持调和之精进,我是其中一个;于是我心解脱诸染污,故当显露于众。’师长以神通示现自我,问我:‘索那,汝何以心生“当显露于众”?汝自前乃良艺之人,善于瑟上拨弦。’我答曰:‘正是,世尊。’师长又问:‘当你弦索拉紧时,问尔;那时尔的琴中可有虫蛀?’我言:‘没有,世尊!’师长复问:‘当尔弦松弛极度时,琴中可有虫蛀?’我言:‘没有,世尊!’师长复问:‘当尔琴弦非过紧,非过松,自然状态时,琴中可有虫蛀?’我答:‘没有,世尊!’正如是,索那,调和精进能代替躁越,粗重精进会生烦恼,故尔应于是保持中道精进,调伏六根。』以琴瑟比喻,由此启发,我用琴音劝导尔修法。闻佛此言,我听闻佛用琴音启示教法,遂放弃欲望,专心奉行佛法,欢喜而住。
Viharanto ca samathaṃ paṭipādesiṃ vīriyasamataṃ yojento saddhāpaññānaṃ viya samādhivīriyānaṃ samarasataṃ uppādento jhānādhiṭṭhānaṃ vipassanāsamādhiṃ sampādesiṃ vipassanaṃ ussukkāpesiṃ. Tattha payojanaṃ āha ‘‘uttamatthassa pattiyā’’ti. Uttamatthassa pattiyāti arahattādhigamāyāti attho.
行持时结合止禅,调和精进,令信解诸禅定精进生起如同信心与智慧的和谐,令修习禅定之法安住于禅乐中,进而生起观智定力,达成自在观察。此时佛言:“为究竟之果而努力。”所谓究竟果,意指阿拉汉果的得证。
Idāni yathā paṭipannassa samathavipassanā sampajjiṃsu, taṃ aññāpadesena dassento ‘‘nekkhamme’’tiādimāha. Tattha nekkhammeti pabbajjādike kāmanissaraṇe. Adhimuttassāti tattha ninnapoṇapabbhārabhāvena yuttappayuttassa, paṭhamaṃ tāva pabbajjābhimukho hutvā kāme pahāya pabbajitvā ca sīlavisodhanaṃ araññavāso dhutaṅgapariharaṇaṃ bhāvanābhiyogoti evamādīsu anavajjadhammesu yuttappayuttassāti attho. Pavivekañca cetasoti cetaso pavivekañca adhimuttassa evaṃ nekkhammādhimuttassa sato catukkapañcakajjhānānaṃ nibbattanena viveke yuttassa payuttassa. Abyābajjhādhimuttassāti abyābajjhe nidukkhatāya adhimuttassa jhānasamāpattiyo nibbattetvā samathasukhe yuttappayuttassa. Upādānakkhayassa cāti catunnampi upādānānaṃ khayante arahatte adhimuttassa. Bhummatthe hi etaṃ sāmivacanaṃ. Taṃ yathādhigataṃ jhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā arahattādhigamāya vipassanaṃ anuyuñjantassāti attho.
如今如实知止观修习已具足,佛由他法阐释称为“出离”,又曰“断欲”之意。所谓“出离”,是由厌离欲乐起始,正如初次受具足出家向圣道之心,舍弃爱欲而出家,修习清净戒律,住荒野,行持苦行修法等如此。所谓相合正念,系指心之清净与出离之正念相连,住于四或五禅定的止境位中。所谓“无间断正念”,是指在不间断中得禅之止,住于禅乐之境体。所谓斩除取执,意谓四种取执灭尽,阿拉汉断除烦恼而得道。这里所说,正是圣者之释义。亦如足迹导引般,先至禅定之足迹,尔后观智紧随其后,导致断除烦恼,达成阿拉汉果。
Taṇhakkhayādhimuttassāti taṇhā khīyati etthāti taṇhakkhayo, nibbānaṃ, tasmiṃ adhimuttassa upādiṃ bhayato, anupādiñca khemato dassanena nirodhe ninnapoṇapabbhārassa. Asammohañca cetasoti asammohasampajaññavasena cittassa asammohapavattiṃ sammohasamucchindanena vā cittassa asammohabhūtaṃ ariyamaggaṃ adhimuttassa. Disvā āyatanuppādanti cakkhādīnaṃ āyatanānaṃ yathāsakapaccayehi khaṇe khaṇe uppādaṃ, tappaṭipakkhato nirodhañca vipassanāpaññāsahitāya maggapaññāya disvā dassanahetu sammā cittaṃ vimuccatīti sammā hetunā ñāyena maggapaṭipāṭiyā sabbāsavato cittaṃ vimuccati.
所谓断渴念起心意,即指渴爱断除,即涅槃,而在此境优越者即出离心,无执念、无缠累且安稳之识见,灭除无明分别之心,破坏无明住于心光明正见之圣道坚定心意。见五根六尘诸境缘起,知其依缘而起、转灭、又见正智慧集成之道,诸烦恼悉除,心得解脱之理,通达正见,依此正因,得以证得圣道,并依行道而除烦恼,证得解脱之境。
‘‘Tassa sammā vimuttassā’’tiādīsu ayaṃ saṅkhepattho – tassa vuttanayena sammadeva sabbasaṃkilesato vimuttassa, tato eva accantupasamena santacittassa khīṇāsavabhikkhuno katassa kusalassa akusalassa vā upacayo natthi maggeneva samugghātitattā, pariññādibhedaṃ karaṇīyaṃ na vijjati katakiccattā. Evaṃ bhūtassa yathā ekaghano selo pabbato pakativātena na samīrati na saṃkampati, evaṃ iṭṭhā ca aniṭṭhā ca rūpādayo ārammaṇadhammā tādino tādibhāvappattassa ṭhitaṃ anejaṃ pahīnasabbasokatāya visaṃyuttaṃ cittaṃ nappavedhanti na cālenti. Assa ca ārammaṇadhammassa kālena kālaṃ phalasamāpattiṃ samāpajjitvā vipassanto vayaṃ nirodhaṃ khaṇe khaṇe bhijjanasabhāvaṃ anupassatīti aññaṃ byākāsi.
“彼得以正解脱”之类语,是总译,谓此说法令诸染污悉皆断尽,致令心息灭安住,成就阿拉汉圣果,既无善恶增盛之所,也无无明颠倒之忧,故无功德必做之事。此理难以言表。如同一块坚实岩石,不因狂风激荡而动摇坍塌;如同色等境界所有缘起现象,虽生灭变化,心无执着,无忧无惧,常安住于此无染之心。因受缘生法时间渐至成熟,观照中修行灭尽,时常观察念证断灭寂静状态,故对此有所说明。
Soṇakoḷivisattheragāthāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 索那拘利维萨长老偈注释结束。
Terasanipātavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 十三集注释结束。