三藏之路 Tipitaka Path
巴利三藏 · 巴利语翻译标准中译
首页义注经藏义注小部义注9. 恶品义注

9. Pāpavaggo · 9. 恶品义注

187 段 · CSCD 巴利原典
8. Sahassavaggo8. 千品
1. Tambadāṭhikacoraghātakavatthu1. 铜齿盗贼杀手的故事
Sahassamapice vācāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto tambadāṭhikacoraghātakaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
世尊曾在名为维卢伽那的竹林中安住时起头讲说这一法教,称他们是一千人俱集的盗贼,专行竹林强盗的杀人行径。
Ekūnapañcasatā kira corā gāmaghātakādīni karontā jīvikaṃ kappesuṃ. Atheko puriso nibbiddhapiṅgalo tambadāṭhiko tesaṃ santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘ahampi tumhehi saddhiṃ jīvissāmī’’ti āha. Atha naṃ corajeṭṭhakassa dassetvā ‘‘ayampi amhākaṃ santike vasituṃ icchatī’’ti āhaṃsu. Atha naṃ corajeṭṭhako oloketvā ‘‘ayaṃ mātu thanaṃ chinditvā pitu vā galalohitaṃ nīharitvā khādanasamattho atikakkhaḷo’’ti cintetvā ‘‘natthetassa amhākaṃ santike vasanakicca’’nti paṭikkhipi. So evaṃ paṭikkhittopi āgantvā ekaṃ tasseva antevāsikaṃ upaṭṭhahanto ārādhesi. So taṃ ādāya corajeṭṭhakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā, ‘‘sāmi, bhaddako esa, amhākaṃ upakārako, saṅgaṇhatha na’’nti yācitvā corajeṭṭhakaṃ paṭicchāpesi. Athekadivasaṃ nāgarā rājapurisehi saddhiṃ ekato hutvā te core gahetvā vinicchayamahāmaccānaṃ santikaṃ nayiṃsu. Amaccā tesaṃ pharasunā sīsacchedaṃ āṇāpesuṃ. Tato ‘‘ko nu kho ime māressatī’’ti pariyesantā te māretuṃ icchantaṃ kañci adisvā corajeṭṭhakaṃ āhaṃsu – ‘‘tvaṃ ime māretvā jīvitañceva labhissasi sammānañca, mārehi ne’’ti. Sopi attānaṃ nissāya vasitattā te māretuṃ na icchi. Etenūpāyena ekūnapañcasate pucchiṃsu, sabbepi na icchiṃsu. Sabbapacchā taṃ nibbiddhapiṅgalaṃ tambadāṭhikaṃ pucchiṃsu. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti sampaṭicchitvā te sabbepi māretvā jīvitañceva sammānañca labhi. Etenūpāyena nagarassa dakkhiṇatopi pañca corasatāni ānetvā amaccānaṃ dassetvā tehi tesampi sīsacchede āṇatte corajeṭṭhakaṃ ādiṃ katvā pucchantā kañci māretuṃ icchantaṃ adisvā ‘‘purimadivase eko puriso pañcasate core māresi, kahaṃ nu kho so’’ti. ‘‘Asukaṭṭhāne amheti diṭṭho’’ti vutte taṃ pakkosāpetvā ‘‘ime mārehi, sammānaṃ lacchasī’’ti āṇāpesuṃ. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti sampaṭicchitvā te sabbepi māretvā sammānaṃ labhi. Atha naṃ ‘‘bhaddako ayaṃ puriso, nibaddhaṃ coraghātakameva etaṃ karissāmā’’ti mantetvā tassa taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ datvāva sammānaṃ kariṃsu. So pacchimadisatopi uttaradisatopi ānīte pañcasate pañcasate core ghātesiyeva. Evaṃ catūhi disāhi ānītāni dve sahassāni māretvā tato paṭṭhāya devasikaṃ ekaṃ dveti ānīte te manusse māretvā pañcapaṇṇāsa saṃvaccharāni coraghātakakammaṃ akāsi.
约一千一百九十五名盗贼及乡村杀人者营生作恶。其中有一人,厌恶凶狠行为,来自竹林,前往盗贼们处说:“我也愿同你们共生。”盗贼首领见他后说:“我也愿同你们共同住在这里。”盗贼首领观察这人,思惟道:“他因杀害母亲失去父亲血染脖颈,能隐忍忍耐,极强悍,不能让他留在我们之间。”于是拒绝他。尽管遭拒,这人仍然前来,担当盗贼中的尾巴,伺候众人。后来他拿着它,近前请问盗贼首领:“主人,此人是善良者,为我等助力,愿您收留他。”盗贼首领准许他。某日乡亲与王都人聚合一致,逮捕盗贼们,押送至审判官处。审判官用剑刎首诛杀他们。搜问谁是杀手时,找到了这盗贼尾巴言:“你杀了他们,将得生命和赏赐,快去杀吧。”他依赖自己被收留,不愿杀人。由此方法,盘问过千余人,无一愿杀。最后盘问退缩隐忍的竹林盗贼尾巴,他答“好”,于是杀了所有,被赐生命和赏赐。又因此方法,带去南城五百盗贼,见给以刎首的审判,斩杀头颅。询问谁欲杀,有人指出“昨日有人杀了五百盗贼,在哪里?”他说:“看见在名为阿素迦多尼的处所。”审问后释送道:“杀他必得赏赐。”他答“好”,杀之得赏赐。之后又说:“善哉!此人是善良的,杀盗贼也已完成,我等给予赏赐。”以此方法,从西至东收押五千盗贼,均杀戮示众。之后为恶业所终结,一位天人下生人间,杀害盗贼五十五年,遂作杀盗贼业。
So mahallakakāle ekappahāreneva sīsaṃ chindituṃ na sakkoti, dve tayo vāre paharanto manusse kilameti. Nāgarā cintayiṃsu – ‘‘aññopi coraghātako uppajjissati, ayaṃ ativiya manusse kilameti, kiṃ iminā’’ti tassa taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ hariṃsu. So pubbe coraghātakakammaṃ karonto ‘‘ahatasāṭake nivāsetuṃ, navasappinā saṅkhataṃ khīrayāguṃ pivituṃ, sumanapupphāni pilandhituṃ, gandhe vilimpitu’’nti imāni cattāri na labhi. So ṭhānā cāvitadivase ‘‘khīrayāguṃ me pacathā’’ti vatvā ahatavatthasumanamālāvilepanāni gāhāpetvā nadiṃ gantvā nhatvā ahatavatthāni nivāsetvā mālā pilandhitvā gandhehi anulittagatto gehaṃ āgantvā nisīdi. Athassa navasappinā saṅkhataṃ khīrayāguṃ purato ṭhapetvā hatthadhovanodakaṃ āhariṃsu. Tasmiṃ khaṇe sāriputtatthero samāpattito vuṭṭhāya ‘‘kattha nu kho ajja mayā gantabba’’nti attano bhikkhācāraṃ olokento tassa gehe khīrayāguṃ disvā ‘‘karissati nu kho me puriso saṅgaha’’nti upadhārento ‘‘maṃ disvā mama saṅgahaṃ karissati, karitvā ca pana mahāsampattiṃ labhissati ayaṃ kulaputto’’ti ñatvā cīvaraṃ pārupitvā pattaṃ ādāya tassa gehadvāre ṭhitameva attānaṃ dassesi.
那人在壮年时,千方百计斩首未能,乃以二三日攻击,然仍无效,反遭人类羞辱,引起疑虑:“他人或有杀盗贼之力,此人力量太弱,何以是故?”他曾行杀盗贼业,为满足对居所、准备的乳糜食物、摘采鲜花和供香之愿望,不得所欲。后来一日,在居处对乳糜许愿,涂抹鲜花做花环,前往河中洁净,安置花环。此时长老沙利迦出现,起身问:“今日应往何处?”见屋内乳糜,心生疑问:“是否有人为我准备盛会?”预知有人见他必设盛事,且此人是家族之子。于是披衣持席,站于门外现身。
So theraṃ disvā pasannacitto cintesi – ‘‘mayā ciraṃ coraghātakakammaṃ kataṃ, bahū manussā māritā, idāni me gehe khīrayāgu paṭiyattā, thero āgantvā mama gehadvāre ṭhito, idāni mayā ayyassa deyyadhammaṃ dātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti purato ṭhapitayāguṃ apanetvā theraṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā antogehe nisīdāpetvā patte khīrayāguṃ ākiritvā navasappiṃ āsiñcitvā theraṃ bījamāno aṭṭhāsi. Athassa ca dīgharattaṃ aladdhapubbatāya khīrayāguṃ pātuṃ balavaajjhāsayo ahosi. Thero tassa ajjhāsayaṃ ñatvā ‘‘tvaṃ, upāsaka, attano yāguṃ pivā’’ti āha. So aññassa hatthe bījaniṃ datvā yāguṃ pivi. Thero bījamānaṃ purisaṃ ‘‘gaccha, upāsakameva bījāhī’’ti āha. So bījiyamāno kucchipūraṃ yāguṃ pivitvā āgantvā theraṃ bījamāno ṭhatvā katāhārakiccassa therassa pattaṃ aggahesi. Thero tassa anumodanaṃ ārabhi. So attano cittaṃ therassa dhammadesanānugaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhi. Thero sallakkhetvā, ‘‘upāsaka, kasmā cittaṃ desanānugaṃ kātuṃ na sakkosī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Bhante, mayā dīgharattaṃ kakkhaḷakammaṃ kataṃ, bahū manussā māritā, tamahaṃ attano kammaṃ anussaranto cittaṃ ayyassa desanānugaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhi’’nti. Thero ‘‘vañcessāmi na’’nti cintetvā ‘‘kiṃ pana tvaṃ attano ruciyā akāsi, aññehi kāritosī’’ti? ‘‘Rājā maṃ kāresi, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ nu kho te, upāsaka, evaṃ sante akusalaṃ hotī’’ti? Mandadhātuko upāsako therenevaṃ vutte ‘‘natthi mayhaṃ akusala’’nti saññī hutvā tena hi, ‘‘bhante, dhammaṃ kathethā’’ti. So there anumodanaṃ karonte ekaggacitto hutvā dhammaṃ suṇanto sotāpattimaggassa orato anulomikaṃ khantiṃ nibbattesi. Theropi anumodanaṃ katvā pakkāmi.
见此长老,内心欢喜思维:“我曾多次行杀盗贼业,杀众多人生,今乳糜已备,长老来访,我当赠与佛法果报。”于是将乳糜拿出来,迎接长老,礼敬后入内,供以乳糜与清洁的饮料,坐下入座。长老坐定后,乳糜飘香,长老开始授记。长老随即问:“近来为何不能随喜佛法?”答曰:“迄今行许多杀业,杀多人,依止此业,不能随喜尊者之法。”长老答:“我不会骗你。”又问:“为何你喜好此业,却行他人所作?”答:“王下令之。”长老问:“既如此,岂非恶业?”答者虽承认无恶,仍请法,长老应允。满心恭敬听闻佛法,得流果,渐行忍辱。”
Upāsakaṃ theraṃ anugantvā nivattamānaṃ ekā yakkhinī dhenuvesena āgantvā ure paharitvā māresi. So kālaṃ katvā tusitapure nibbatti. Bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘coraghātako pañcapaṇṇāsa vassāni kakkhaḷakammaṃ katvā ajjeva tato mutto, ajjeva therassa bhikkhaṃ datvā ajjeva kālaṃ kato, kahaṃ nu kho nibbatto’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte , ‘‘bhikkhave, tusitapure nibbatto’’ti āha. ‘‘Kiṃ, bhante, vadetha, ettakaṃ kālaṃ ettake manusse ghātetvā tusitavimāne nibbatto’’ti. ‘‘Āma, bhikkhave, mahanto tena kalyāṇamitto laddho, so sāriputtassa dhammadesanaṃ sutvā anulomañāṇaṃ nibbattetvā ito cuto tusitavimāne nibbatto’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
一日,有一夜叉女,随着居士长老而来,用角刺伤其胸,杀之。伤此后往忉利天。比库们议论:“杀盗贼者,历五十五年杀生业,今方获解脱,今日捐舍比库生活,死亡终结,往忉利天生。”世尊到来,告知:“比库们,此时须知此议论之人,正是名叫前述者,已往忉利天生。”众问:“尊者,请说,此人杀生业历何期间?”答曰:“确然,比库们,因有此善友,听闻沙利迦尊者法义,得知顺遂之智,解脱而往忉利天。”世尊以此偈讽曰——
‘‘Subhāsitaṃ suṇitvāna, nagare coraghātako;
“善言闻者听,城中杀盗贼;
Anulomakhantiṃ laddhāna, modatī tidivaṃ gato’’ti.
获得顺意忍耐后,便欢喜地说:‘三天已过。’
‘‘Bhante , anumodanakathā nāma na balavā, tena kataṃ akusalakammaṃ mahantaṃ, kathaṃ ettakena visesaṃ nibbattesī’’ti. Satthā ‘‘kiṃ, bhikkhave, ‘mayā desitadhammassa appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti mā pamāṇaṃ gaṇhatha. Ekavācāpi hi atthanissitā seyyāvā’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
比库们说:‘尊者,称为欣慰之语却不强大,那么造作的重大不善业,怎会因这般微小的因缘而殊胜消退呢?’世尊答言:‘比库们,对于我所宣说的法,不论多少,都不要轻易以数量为准。甚至一句话的义理立足,也能终成无上目的。’说完,世尊以此为因,接着阐述法义,作此偈说:
§100
100.
‘‘Sahassamapi ce vācā, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
‘即便有千言万语,却杂含无义之句;
Ekaṃ atthapadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammatī’’ti.
胜过千言的是,一句含义明确之语,听闻此语则生安静。’
Tattha sahassamapīti paricchedavacanaṃ, ekaṃ sahassaṃ dve sahassānīti evaṃ sahassena cepi paricchinnavācā honti, tā ca pana anatthapadasaṃhitā ākāsavaṇṇanāpabbatavaṇṇanāvanavaṇṇanādīni pakāsakehi aniyyānadīpakehi anatthakehi padehi saṃhitā yāva bahukā hoti, tāva pāpikā evāti attho. Ekaṃ atthapadanti yaṃ pana ‘‘ayaṃ kāyo, ayaṃ kāyagatāsati, tisso vijjā anuppatto, kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti evarūpaṃ ekaṃ atthapadaṃ sutvā rāgādivūpasamena upasammati, taṃ atthasādhakaṃ nibbānappaṭisaṃyuttaṃ khandhadhātuāyatanaindriyabalabojjhaṅgasatipaṭṭhānaparidīpakaṃ ekampi padaṃ seyyoyevāti attho.
偈中‘千言万语’者,是一种分句的说法,指一千、一千再加一千,如此大量分句成句;‘无义句’是指杂含诸如贪欲烦恼(ākāsava)、描写色相、高声言说等、以及虚妄贅述等,能导致烦恼产生、惑乱心意、不净之词所组成的词句较多,故谓之恶劣;‘一句含义’者,谓如‘此身、此身所住的念、未得三明、所成佛法’等词,听闻后因断除贪等烦恼而安静,该语具足意义、导致涅槃相应,贯穿五蕴、十二处、六根、六力、七觉支、正念正定正精进等法门,故谓胜过千万句无义语者,即只一句真正含义丰富、具有深刻理趣且能令心安定的句子更为上乘。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
讲经结束时,众多比库们获得了初果圣果等诸种果报。
Tambadāṭhikacoraghātakavatthu paṭhamaṃ. · 铜齿盗贼杀手的故事为第一。
2. Bāhiyadārucīriyattheravatthu2. 巴希亚达卢吉利亚长老的故事
Sahassamapi ce gāthāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto dārucīriyattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
即使只有一千句诗,若说是在耶犊吒园里,世尊讲授给木棍长老,也是此法的教说。
Ekasmiñhi kāle bahū manussā nāvāya mahāsamuddaṃ pakkhanditvā antomahāsamudde bhinnāya nāvāya macchakacchapabhakkhā ahesuṃ. Ekovettha ekaṃ phalakaṃ gahetvā vāyamanto suppārakapaṭṭanatīraṃ okkami, tassa nivāsanapārupanaṃ natthi. So aññaṃ kiñci apassanto sukkhakaṭṭhadaṇḍake vākehi paliveṭhetvā nivāsanapārupanaṃ katvā devakulato kapālaṃ gahetvā suppārakapaṭṭanaṃ agamāsi, manussā taṃ disvā yāgubhattādīni datvā ‘‘ayaṃ eko arahā’’ti sambhāvesuṃ. So vatthesu upanītesu ‘‘sacāhaṃ nivāsessāmi vā pārupissāmi vā, lābhasakkāro me parihāyissatī’’ti tāni vatthāni paṭikkhipitvā dārucīrāneva paridahi. Athassa bahūhi ‘‘arahā arahā’’ti vuccamānassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi ‘‘ye kho keci loke arahanto vā arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpannā, ahaṃ tesaṃ aññataro’’ti. Athassa purāṇasālohitā devatā evaṃ cintesi.
某一时刻,许多人类乘船横渡大海,在彼岸的大海中船只破碎,鱼和龟为食。有人独自拿着一块板子,努力向澄波码头岸边游去,但那里没有住处。他看见河岸上有朽坏的木棚,便用干枯的树枝和竹竿搭起临时住所,从天神处取来一个瓦罐,来到澄波码头。有人看见他,便施舍祭品,说:“此人是单独成道的阿拉汉。”他住在草席里,说:“我将住这里或又住棚中,利益和名誉将会离我远去。”于是他推翻那些草席,用木棍烧毁,如同烧柴一般。众人称赞阿拉汉时,他心生妄念,认为:“世间所有阿拉汉,或已达阿拉汉之道者,我乃其中一人。”当时旧时神祗便产生此念。
Purāṇasālohitāti pubbe ekato katasamaṇadhammā. Pubbe kira kassapadasabalassa sāsane osakkamāne sāmaṇerādīnaṃ vippakāraṃ disvā satta bhikkhū saṃvegappattā ‘‘yāva sāsanassa antaradhānaṃ na hoti, tāva attano patiṭṭhaṃ karissāmā’’ti suvaṇṇacetiyaṃ vanditvā araññaṃ paviṭṭhā ekaṃ pabbataṃ disvā ‘‘jīvite sālayā nivattantu. Nirālayā imaṃ pabbataṃ abhiruhantū’’ti vatvā nisseṇiṃ bandhitvā sabbepi taṃ abhiruyha nisseṇiṃ pātetvā samaṇadhammaṃ kariṃsu. Tesu saṅghatthero ekarattātikkameneva arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So anotattadahe nāgalatādantakaṭṭhaṃ khāditvā uttarakuruto piṇḍapātaṃ āharitvā te bhikkhū āha – ‘‘āvuso, imaṃ dantakaṭṭhaṃ khāditvā mukhaṃ dhovitvā imaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ paribhuñjathā’’ti. Kiṃ pana, bhante, amhehi evaṃ katikā katā ‘‘yo paṭhamaṃ arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, tenābhataṃ piṇḍapātaṃ avasesā paribhuñjissantī’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi sace mayampi tumhe viya visesaṃ nibbattessāma, sayaṃ āharitvā paribhuñjissāmā’’ti na icchiṃsu. Dutiyadivase dutiyatthero anāgāmiphalaṃ pāpuṇi. Sopi tatheva piṇḍapātaṃ āharitvā itare nimantesi. Te evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘kiṃ pana, bhante, amhehi evaṃ katikā katā ‘mahātherena ābhataṃ piṇḍapātaṃ abhuñjitvā anutherena ābhataṃ bhuñjissāmā’’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ sante tumhe viya mayampi visesaṃ nibbattetvā attano purisakārena bhuñjituṃ sakkontā bhuñjissāmā’’ti na icchiṃsu. Tesu arahattaṃ patto bhikkhu parinibbāyi, anāgāmī brahmaloke nibbatti. Itare pañca therā visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ asakkontā sussitvā sattame divase kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattitvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde tato cavitvā tattha tattha kulagharesu nibbattiṃsu. Tesu eko pukkusāti rājā (ma. ni. 3.342) ahosi, eko kumārakassapo (ma. ni. 1.249), eko dārucīriyo (udā. 10), eko dabbo mallaputto (pārā. 380; udā. 79) eko sabhiyo paribbājakoti (su. ni. sabhiyasuttaṃ). Tattha yo brahmaloke nibbatto bhikkhu taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘purāṇasālohitā devatā’’ti.
「旧时神祗」指过去某处被塑造的沙门法。在过去咖萨巴陀斯巴拉时代三藏转法轮时,见到沙玛内等的生死变迁,七位比库发心说:“只要法不灭,我们必当巩固自身。”他们朝拜金塔,然后进入森林,寻找一座山峰,说:“让传法于此山,众生得安乐。”他们结社修行,七人中有一人迅速成就阿拉汉果。先是他烧毁蛇食之木,北上乞食,教诲众比库说:“比库们!吃那火烤之木后,洁净口腔,然后食用此布施的饭。”我们是否以为“先得阿拉汉者,其余跟随食用此饭”呢?答曰:“非也!若有如此,我等将另造不同之法,自取食用,不愿食他人之饭。”第二天,另一老比库得无来果,乞食后招呼他人。他们问:“我们是否制定规则‘先老者食用乞食,后跟随’?”答曰:“非也!如果如此,我们愿以自身能力自行得果,独自食用。”由此已得阿拉汉果的比库涅槃,得无来生,升入梵天界。其余五个长老不能特别得果,乃行住于世七天,第七天时于天界涅槃,佛出世后便离世,至各处家族涅槃。其中一位为谋士王,一位为佛陀库萨帕,还有一位就是木棍长老,一位为答巴马喇子,一位为“沙比游方者”。在天界得涅槃的比库称为“旧时神祗”。
Tassa hi brahmuno etadahosi – ‘‘ayaṃ mayā saddhiṃ nisseṇiṃ bandhitvā pabbataṃ abhiruhitvā samaṇadhammaṃ akāsi, idāni imaṃ laddhiṃ gahetvā vicaranto vinasseyya, saṃvejessāmi na’’nti. Atha naṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘‘neva kho tvaṃ, bāhiya, arahā, napi arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno, sāpi te paṭipadā natthi, yāya tvaṃ arahā vā assa arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno’’ti. Bāhiyo ākāse ṭhatvā kathentaṃ mahābrahmānaṃ oloketvā cintesi – ‘‘aho bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ kataṃ, ahaṃ ‘arahantomhī’ti cintesiṃ, ayañca maṃ ‘na tvaṃ arahā, napi arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpannosī’ti vadati, atthi nu kho loke añño arahā’’ti. Atha naṃ pucchi – ‘‘atthi nu kho etarahi devate loke arahā vā arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno’’ti. Athassa devatā ācikkhi – ‘‘atthi, bāhiya, uttaresu janapadesu sāvatthi nāma nagaraṃ, tattha so bhagavā etarahi viharati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho. So hi, bāhiya, bhagavā arahā ceva arahattatthāya ca dhammaṃ desetī’’ti.
这时梵天心想:“我与他们结社,登山精进修行,曾造沙门法,现今将失去所得,令人惋惜。”梵天告诫伯逸:“你既非阿拉汉,未获阿拉汉之道,无此修行之路,亦无成就阿拉汉之法。”伯逸空中立着,观看此梵天思量:“哎呀,我所起的心业,称为‘我乃阿拉汉’,而此神却言‘你非阿拉汉,未成阿拉汉之道’,这是否世间还有其他阿拉汉呢?”遂问:“此刻世间天上有阿拉汉或已成阿拉汉之道者乎?”神示曰:“有,伯逸。在北方国境有沙瓦提城,世尊正住于彼,为阿拉汉正觉者。他为达阿拉汉与阿拉汉果,宣说法义。”
Bāhiyo rattibhāge devatāya kathaṃ sutvā saṃviggamānaso taṃ khaṇaṃyeva suppārakā nikkhamitvā ekarattivāsena sāvatthiṃ agamāsi, sabbaṃ vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ ekarattivāseneva agamāsi. Gacchanto ca pana devatānubhāvena gato. ‘‘Buddhānubhāvenā’’tipi vadantiyeva. Tasmiṃ pana khaṇe satthā sāvatthiṃ piṇḍāya paviṭṭho hoti. So bhuttapātarāse kāyaālasiyavimocanatthaṃ abbhokāse caṅkamante sambahule bhikkhū ‘‘kahaṃ etarahi satthā’’ti pucchi. Bhikkhū ‘‘bhagavā sāvatthiṃ piṇḍāya paviṭṭho’’ti vatvā taṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘tvaṃ pana kuto āgatosī’’ti? ‘‘Suppārakā āgatomhī’’ti. ‘‘Kadā nikkhantosī’’ti? ‘‘Hiyyo sāyaṃ nikkhantomhī’’ti. ‘‘Dūratosi āgato, nisīda, tava pāde dhovitvā telena makkhetvā thokaṃ vissamāhi, āgatakāle satthāraṃ dakkhissasī’’ti. ‘‘Ahaṃ, bhante, satthu vā attano vā jīvitantarāyaṃ na jānāmi, ekarattenevamhi katthaci aṭṭhatvā anisīditvā vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ āgato, satthāraṃ passitvāva vissamissāmī’’ti. So evaṃ vatvā taramānarūpo sāvatthiṃ pavisitvā bhagavantaṃ anopamāya buddhasiriyā piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā ‘‘cirassaṃ vata me gotamo sammāsambuddho diṭṭho’’ti diṭṭhaṭṭhānato paṭṭhāya onatasarīro gantvā antaravīthiyameva pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā gopphakesu daḷhaṃ gahetvā evamāha – ‘‘desetu me, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato dhammaṃ, yaṃ mamassa dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyā’’ti. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘akālo kho tāva, bāhiya, antaragharaṃ paviṭṭhamhā piṇḍāyā’’ti paṭikkhipi.
夜半,伯逸听闻天人之语,心生忧恐,于当晚即离开往沙瓦提,一宿即抵达,全程约百里。行路间蒙佛神通护佑。此时世尊进入沙瓦提乞食地,众多比库在断除身体贪念、释放身心束缚之处来回行走,问:“世尊今在何处?”比库答曰:“世尊已入沙瓦提乞食地。”众人问:“汝从何处来?”答曰:“来自澄波。”又问:“何时出发?”答曰:“昨晚黄昏时分启程。”又说:“路途遥远,请坐下,我当洗足、涂油、按摩以解疲劳,待汝见师时神情清爽。”伯逸答:“我不知是因师身还是自生命之缘,方能一宿就此而至,见到师后方安心。”他说完,宝相庄严地进入沙瓦提,见佛足迹,从已见之地起身,向五方礼拜,手握拳头说道:“世尊,请为我宣说佛法,请英悟者为我讲述能令我长期获利安乐之法。”世尊告知:“伯逸,时机未到,由舍入舍间乞食也可。”
Taṃ sutvā bāhiyo, bhante, saṃsāre saṃsarantena kabaḷīkārāhāro na aladdhapubbo, tumhākaṃ vā mayhaṃ vā jīvitantarāyaṃ na jānāmi, desetu me dhammanti. Satthā dutiyampi paṭikkhipiyeva. Evaṃ kirassa ahosi – ‘‘imassa maṃ diṭṭhakālato paṭṭhāya sakalasarīraṃ pītiyā nirantaraṃ ajjhotthaṭaṃ hoti, balavapītivego dhammaṃ sutvāpi na sakkhissati paṭivijjhituṃ, majjhattupekkhāya tāva tiṭṭhatu, ekaratteneva vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ āgatattā darathopissa balavā, sopi tāva paṭippassambhatū’’ti. Tasmā dvikkhattuṃ paṭikkhipitvā tatiyaṃ yācito antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhitova ‘‘tasmātiha te, bāhiya, evaṃ sikkhitabbaṃ ‘diṭṭhe diṭṭhamattaṃ bhavissatī’’’tiādinā (udā. 10) nayena dhammaṃ desesi. So satthu dhammaṃ suṇantoyeva sabbāsave khepetvā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tāvadeva ca pana bhagavantaṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci, ‘‘paripuṇṇaṃ te pattacīvara’’nti puṭṭho ‘‘na paripuṇṇa’’nti āha. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘tena hi pattacīvaraṃ pariyesāhī’’ti vatvā pakkāmi.
比库巴希约闻此,谓世尊:世尊,在世间流转之中,流转者被称为苦乐混杂之人,非先前所未有。我不知汝等或我,谁为生命之痛苦,愿师开示法义。世尊第二次亦回绝,遂如此言:『此时此刻从见到之刻起,遍身恒常由欢喜而热肿,虽闻法无力破解,宜以中观静处于所时,独昼夜行十亿由旬之道,力量如猛虎,亦当此中安住平复。』于是两度被拒,三度请求,立于堂前,言:『故此汝,巴希约,当如此受教:所见即是所见』等义以说法。巴希约听闻世尊法,斩断一切烦恼,具足解脱以达阿拉汉地。彼时馆主亦请世尊出家,言:“汝衣足已。”世尊答曰“不足。”世尊言:“故当求汝衣之足。”展心即往。
‘‘So kira vīsati vassasahassāni samaṇadhammaṃ karonto ‘bhikkhunā nāma attanā paccaye labhitvā aññaṃ anoloketvā sayameva paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭatī’ti ekabhikkhussāpi pattena vā cīvarena vā saṅgahaṃ na akāsi , tenassa iddhimayapattacīvaraṃ na upajjissatī’’ti ñatvā ehibhikkhubhāvena pabbajjaṃ na adāsi. Tampi pattacīvaraṃ pariyesamānameva ekā yakkhinī dhenurūpena āgantvā uramhi paharitvā jīvitakkhayaṃ pāpesi. Satthā piṇḍāya caritvā katabhattakicco sambahulehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ nikkhanto bāhiyassa sarīraṃ saṅkāraṭṭhāne patitaṃ disvā bhikkhū āṇāpesi, ‘‘bhikkhave, ekasmiṃ gehadvāre ṭhatvā mañcakaṃ āharāpetvā imaṃ sarīraṃ nagarato nīharitvā jhāpetvā thūpaṃ karothā’’ti. Bhikkhū tathā kariṃsu, katvā ca pana vihāraṃ gantvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā attanā katakiccaṃ ārocetvā tassa abhisamparāyaṃ pucchiṃsu. Atha nesaṃ bhagavā tassa parinibbutabhāvaṃ ācikkhitvā ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ khippābhiññānaṃ yadidaṃ bāhiyo dārucīriyo’’ti (a. ni. 1.216) etadagge ṭhapesi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū pucchiṃsu – ‘‘bhante, tumhe ‘bāhiyo arahattaṃ patto’ti vadetha, kadā so arahattaṃ patto’’ti? ‘‘Mama dhammaṃ sutakāle, bhikkhave’’ti. ‘‘Kadā panassa, bhante, tumhehi dhammo kathito’’ti? ‘‘Piṇḍāya carantena antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhatvā’’ti. ‘‘Appamattako hi, bhante, tumhehi antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhatvā kathitadhammo kathaṃ so tāvattakena visesaṃ nibbattesī’’ti, atha ne satthā ‘‘kiṃ, bhikkhave, mama dhammaṃ ‘appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti mā pamāṇaṃ gaṇhatha. Anekānipi hi gāthāsahassāni anatthanissitāni na seyyo, atthanissitaṃ pana ekampi gāthāpadaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
世尊思:他虽修行二万年沙门法,然未曾自行缁衣采受,未曾因他人依止,亦未缁衣一件。彼无此神通缁衣者不生。知已,不授出家。彼缁衣寻求时,有一鬼女以牛犊身形,至护其胸,致命死亡。世尊乞食行乞,劳作厨务,僧众众多,出游时见巴希约尸体倒卧房间处,僧众集聚,曰:“比库们,当于一宅门上置置床铺,安置此身,城市外掩埋,树立标塔。”比库从此行,完事归壶宿,往见世尊,报所事,问安慧境界。世尊示现涅槃,告曰:“此即为我比库弟子迅速神通之一,名曰巴希约柴木杖。”安置此杖。比库问:“世尊,汝谓巴希约得阿拉汉果,何时得果?”世尊曰:“闻法时。”比库问:“何时说法?”世尊答:“乞食行时,立于厅堂。”比库复言:“世尊,汝慎重立厅堂讲法,何以如是殊胜成就?”世尊答曰:“比库们,我法非多非少,应以不取量为戒。千余经句皆无义者不及一句一句义深者优胜。”遂着意演说,以此经句曰—
§101
101.
第一百零一。
‘‘Sahassamapi ce gāthā, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
“纵使有千经句,皆杂无义;
Ekaṃ gāthāpadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammatī’’ti.
一经句优胜,闻此释然。”
Tattha ekaṃ gāthāpadaṃ seyyoti ‘‘appamādo amatapadaṃ…pe… yathā mayā’’ti (dha. pa. 21) evarūpā ekā gāthāpi seyyoti attho. Sesaṃ purimanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
此中一经句优胜者即“谨慎如入无死门...我如是”是也。其义当由前文测知。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
讲法结束时,众多听者获得了入流果等果报。
Bāhiyadārucīriyattheravatthu dutiyaṃ. · 巴希亚达卢吉利亚长老的故事为第二。
3. Kuṇḍalakesittherīvatthu3. 昆达拉格西长老尼的故事
Yoca gāthāsataṃ bhāseti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kuṇḍalakesiṃ ārabbha kathesi.
祐迦诵百偈,宣说此法,导师于祇树给孤独园开始阐述拘陀罗希。
Rājagahe kira ekā seṭṭhidhītā soḷasavassuddesikā abhirūpā ahosi dassanīyā pāsādikā. Tasmiñca vaye ṭhitā nāriyo purisajjhāsayā honti purisalolā. Atha naṃ mātāpitaro sattabhūmikassa pāsādassa uparimatale sirigabbhe nivāsāpesuṃ. Ekamevassā dāsiṃ paricārikaṃ adaṃsu. Athekaṃ kulaputtaṃ corakammaṃ karontaṃ gahetvā pacchābāhaṃ bandhitvā catukke catukke kasāhi paharitvā āghātanaṃ nayiṃsu. Seṭṭhidhītā mahājanassa saddaṃ sutvā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho eta’’nti pāsādatale ṭhatvā olokentī taṃ disvā paṭibaddhacittā hutvā taṃ patthayamānā āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji. Atha naṃ mātā pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ idaṃ, ammā’’ti? ‘‘Sace etaṃ ‘coro’ti gahetvā niyyamānaṃ purisaṃ labhissāmi, jīvissāmi. No ce labhissāmi, jīvitaṃ me natthi, idheva marissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Amma, mā evaṃ kari, amhākaṃ jātiyā ca gottena ca bhogena ca sadisaṃ aññaṃ sāmikaṃ labhissasī’’ti. ‘‘Mayhaṃ aññena kiccaṃ natthi, imaṃ alabhamānā marissāmī’’ti. Mātā dhītaraṃ saññāpetuṃ asakkontī pituno ārocesi. Sopi naṃ saññāpetuṃ asakkonto ‘‘kiṃ sakkā kātu’’nti cintetvā taṃ coraṃ gahetvā gacchantassa rājapurisassa sahassabhaṇḍikaṃ pesesi – ‘‘imaṃ gahetvā etaṃ purisaṃ mayhaṃ dehī’’ti. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti kahāpaṇe gahetvā taṃ muñcitvā aññaṃ māretvā ‘‘mārito, deva, coro’’ti rañño ārocesi. Seṭṭhipi tassa dhītaraṃ adāsi.
据说王舍城有一位富家女,年约十六,容貌俊美,端庄可观。在她青春年华之际,男女心念纷乱。他的父母住在七层宫殿上层别宫中。一年有佣人来伺候她。一日其家子偷盗,擒获并捆绑,四人轮番殴打施虐。女富家听闻市坊喧哗,驻足观望,见状决意相助。她弃食卧倒泥地。母亲问:“女儿,这是何事?”女曰:“若抓获此盗男,我可得生,我可活。不然,我无生,我必死于此。”母劝曰:“女儿,不可如此,吾等之家族世系财物绝无第二主。”女曰:“我无所求,若被抓捕,必死于此。”母不能使女安心,向父亲述说。父亦不能劝息。思虑后,将盗贼交付邻近贵族保管,嘱其:“此人由我所有。”贼曰:“好。”获赦放出,另害人被杀,父王告知此事。财主赠其女。
Sā tato paṭṭhāya ‘‘sāmikaṃ ārādhessāmī’’ti sabbābharaṇapaṭimaṇḍitā sayameva tassa yāguādīni saṃvidahati, coro katipāhaccayena cintesi – ‘‘kadā nu kho imaṃ māretvā etissā ābharaṇāni gahetvā ekasmiṃ surāgehe vikkiṇitvā khādituṃ labhissāmī’’ti? So ‘‘attheko upāyo’’ti cintetvā āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji, atha naṃ sā upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘kiṃ te, sāmi, rujjatī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Na kiñci me, bhaddeti, kacci pana me mātāpitaro tuyhaṃ kuddhā’’ti? ‘‘Na kujjhanti, bhadde’’ti . Atha ‘‘kiṃ nāmeta’’nti? ‘‘Bhadde, ahaṃ taṃ divasaṃ bandhitvā niyyamāno corapapāte adhivatthāya devatāya balikammaṃ paṭissuṇitvā jīvitaṃ labhiṃ, tvampi mayā tassā eva ānubhāvena laddhā, ‘taṃ me devatāya balikammaṃ ṭhapita’nti cintemi, bhadde’’ti. ‘‘Sāmi, mā cintayi, karissāmi balikammaṃ, vadehi , kenattho’’ti? ‘‘Appodakamadhupāyasena ca lājapañcamakapupphehi cā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, sāmi, ahaṃ paṭiyādessāmī’’ti sā sabbaṃ balikammaṃ paṭiyādetvā ‘‘ehi, sāmi, gacchāmā’’ti āha. ‘‘Tena hi, bhadde, tava ñātake nivattetvā mahagghāni vatthābharaṇāni gahetvā attānaṃ alaṅkarohi, hasantā kīḷantā sukhaṃ gamissāmā’’ti. Sā tathā akāsi.
女于是起誓:“当筹得赎金赎回主人。”她佩戴所有首饰,思忖盗贼:“何时杀死此人,取走财物,一处酒席尽行贩卖以供食用?”盗贼思:“此乃唯一出路。”弃食卧倒泥地。女前来,问:“主人,汝何病?”盗曰:“我无恙,但父母对此愤怒。”女曰:“无恼。”盗问:“何名?”答:“昨整日被捕服侍盗贼,遵神祇仪式得生,我由神祇之力获此生命,吾以此信念自安。”女曰:“主人勿忧,我当筹赎金,汝告之缘由。”“以蜂蜜饮加五味花草。”“善哉,主人,我许诺筹得赎金。请随我去。”女许诺赎金后言:“彼亲属归还,携万两金银首饰,自饰华美,欢笑游乐,安然快乐。”众皆如是行。
Atha naṃ so pabbatapādaṃ gatakāle āha – ‘‘bhadde, ito paraṃ ubhova janā gamissāma, sesajanaṃ yānakena saddhiṃ nivattāpetvā balikammabhājanaṃ sayaṃ ukkhipitvā gaṇhāhī’’ti. Sā tathā akāsi. Coro taṃ gahetvā corapapātapabbataṃ abhiruhi. Tassa hi ekena passena manussā abhiruhanti, ekaṃ passaṃ chinnapapātaṃ. Pabbatamatthake ṭhitā tena passena core pātenti. Te khaṇḍākhaṇḍaṃ hutvā bhūmiyaṃ patanti. Tasmā ‘‘corapapāto’’ti vuccati. Sā tassa pabbatassa matthake ṭhatvā ‘‘balikammaṃ te, sāmi, karohī’’ti āha. So tuṇhī ahosi. Puna tāya ‘‘kasmā, sāmi, tuṇhībhūtosī’’ti vutte taṃ āha – ‘‘na mayhaṃ balikammenattho, vañcetvā pana taṃ ādāya āgatomhī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā, sāmī’’ti? ‘‘Taṃ māretvā tava ābharaṇāni gahetvā palāyanatthāyā’’ti. Sā maraṇabhayatajjitā āha – ‘‘sāmi, ahañca ābharaṇāni ca tava santakāneva, kasmā evaṃ vadesī’’ti? So, ‘‘mā evaṃ karohī’’ti, punappunaṃ yāciyamānopi ‘‘māremi evā’’ti āha. ‘‘Evaṃ sante kiṃ te mama maraṇena? Imāni ābharaṇāni gahetvā mayhaṃ jīvitaṃ dehi, ito paṭṭhāya maṃ ‘matā’ti dhārehi, dāsī vā te hutvā kammaṃ karissāmī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
贼欲去山脚时语女:“主人,日后俱行,借末乘坐的轻车共往,逃脱后自行筹赎金。”女许诺。盗获赎后攀盗贼山。有人目击人攀登,有人目击盗贼跌落山谷。山中有人目击盗贼堕落,破碎堕地,因此称“盗贼跌落”。女在山顶立言:“主人,当为赎金筹备。”盗静默。女问:“为何静默?”盗曰:“非欲筹赎金,我实因带走赎金而欺骗你。”“何故?”盗曰:“杀之后取财逃跑。”“女因恐死言:“主人,我也在你匣中,何故如此言?”盗曰:“勿如此。”再三请求不杀,誓言不杀。女言:“既然如此,何惧我死?此金赎我生命,若死,此身视如母,担保且为佣人,行此事。”为此而作诗曰——
‘‘Idaṃ suvaṇṇakeyūraṃ, muttā veḷuriyā bahū;
「此黄金项链,珍珠布满,
Sabbaṃ harassu bhaddante, maṃ ca dāsīti sāvayā’’ti. (apa. therī 2.3.27);
世尊,愿一切事物皆归属您,且愿我成为仆人,诚心侍奉。——(比库尼阿婆罗本传 2.3.27)
Taṃ sutvā coro ‘‘evaṃ kate tvaṃ gantvā mātāpitūnaṃ ācikkhissasi, māressāmiyeva, mā tvaṃ bāḷhaṃ paridevasī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
闻听此言,盗贼说:“既已作此行,当往报告父母,誓不令他们伤心痛恨。”于是诵此偈语——
‘‘Mā bāḷhaṃ paridevesi, khippaṃ bandhāhi bhaṇḍikaṃ;
“勿令他们伤心难忍,速将囚笼加锁禁锢;
Na tuyhaṃ jīvitaṃ atthi, sabbaṃ gaṇhāmi bhaṇḍaka’’nti. –
你的生命非我所有,我愿全取囚笼为宝。”
Sā cintesi – ‘‘aho idaṃ kammaṃ bhāriyaṃ. Paññā nāma na pacitvā khādanatthāya katā, atha kho vicāraṇatthāya katā, jānissāmissa kattabba’’nti, atha naṃ āha – ‘‘sāmi, yadā tvaṃ ‘coro’ti gahetvā nīyasi, tadāhaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ ācikkhiṃ, te sahassaṃ vissajjetvā taṃ āharāpetvā gehe kariṃsu. Tato paṭṭhāya ahaṃ tuyhaṃ upakārikā, ajja me sudiṭṭhaṃ katvā attānaṃ vandituṃ dehī’’ti. So ‘‘sādhu, bhadde, sudiṭṭhaṃ katvā vandāhī’’ti vatvā pabbatante aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ sā tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā catūsu ṭhānesu vanditvā, ‘‘sāmi, idaṃ te pacchimadassanaṃ, idāni tuyhaṃ vā mama dassanaṃ, mayhaṃ vā tava dassanaṃ natthī’’ti purato ca pacchato ca āliṅgitvā pamattaṃ hutvā pabbatante ṭhitaṃ piṭṭhipasse ṭhatvā ekena hatthena khandhe gahetvā ekena piṭṭhikacchāya gahetvā pabbatapapāte khipi. So pabbatakucchiyaṃ paṭihato khaṇḍākhaṇḍikaṃ hutvā bhūmiyaṃ pati. Corapapātamatthake adhivatthā devatā tesaṃ dvinnampi kiriyaṃ disvā tassā itthiyā sādhukāraṃ datvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
她思惟道:“此为丈夫之所作业,不是为贪食所生,而是为思维斟酌为之,必当知晓当作之事。”遂对盗贼说:“夫君,尔被捉捉之际,我已告知父母,彼等释尔罪责而迎尔回家。于是我成了你的助力,今日明见此事,故愿奉敬自礼。”盗贼答曰:“善哉!贤人,明见而行礼。”于是于山边立定。继而她以快速绕行三周,四方跪拜,语曰:“夫君,此乃你今昔所见,我与你之见皆在此,惟我与你今无见识。”前后环抱,因疏忽跌倒山边,扶护立定,单手扶肩,一手持护肩布,急遽沿山坡滑落。彼先坠山崖而碎裂而炸裂坠地。天神护持,为二者二神所现神力,赠与女盗贼嘉奖,并作此偈言——
‘‘Na hi sabbesu ṭhānesu, puriso hoti paṇḍito;
“居诸处所,非人皆为智慧显者;
Itthīpi paṇḍitā hoti, tattha tattha vicakkhaṇā’’ti. (apa. therī 2.3.31);
妇女中也有贤士,处处皆是通达明慧者。
Sāpi coraṃ papāte khipitvā cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ gehaṃ gamissāmi, ‘sāmiko te kuhi’nti pucchissanti, sacāhaṃ evaṃ puṭṭhā ‘mārito me’ti vakkhāmi, ‘dubbinīte sahassaṃ datvā taṃ āharāpetvā idāni naṃ māresī’ti maṃ mukhasattīhi vijjhissanti, ‘ābharaṇatthāya so maṃ māretukāmo ahosī’ti vuttepi na saddahissanti, alaṃ me gehenā’’ti tatthevābharaṇāni chaḍḍetvā araññaṃ pavisitvā anupubbena vicarantī ekaṃ paribbājakānaṃ assamaṃ patvā vanditvā ‘‘mayhaṃ, bhante, tumhākaṃ santike pabbajjaṃ dethā’’ti āha. Atha naṃ pabbājesuṃ. Sā pabbajitvāva pucchi – ‘‘bhante, tumhākaṃ pabbajjāya kiṃ uttama’’nti? ‘‘Bhadde, dasasu vā kasiṇesu parikammaṃ katvā jhānaṃ nibbattetabbaṃ , vādasahassaṃ vā uggaṇhitabbaṃ, ayaṃ amhākaṃ pabbajjāya uttamattho’’ti. ‘‘Jhānaṃ tāva nibbattetuṃ ahaṃ na sakkhissāmi, vādasahassaṃ pana uggaṇhissāmi, ayyā’’ti. Atha naṃ te vādasahassaṃ uggaṇhāpetvā ‘‘uggahitaṃ te sippaṃ, idāni tvaṃ jambudīpatale vicaritvā attanā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathetuṃ samatthaṃ olokehī’’ti tassa hatthe jambusākhaṃ datvā uyyojesuṃ – ‘‘gaccha, bhadde, sace koci gihibhūto tayā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathetuṃ sakkoti, tasseva pādaparicārikā bhavāhi, sace pabbajito sakkoti, tassa santike pabbajāhī’’ti.
她也曾偷盗,事成后急速思忖说:『我要回家,主人必将问你在哪里,我必如实回答是玛里多拜托我带来的,我给了那恶妇一千,却没有交还,她们必用猥词侮辱我,说她为首饰故欲害我。』于是放弃戴饰进入林中,渐渐漫行,误入一众游方者中,见一比库,顶礼说:『尊者,愿于你们面前受具足戒。』比库便为她受戒。她受戒后问曰:『尊者,受戒之最高意为何?』尊者答曰:『善哉,应于十种遍修法器中修行,入禅定宁灭,或举起万辩,皆为此戒最高意。』她言:『禅定我恐难成,万辩则可为,尊者。』尊者即教她修习万辩,并予其竹枝,说:『善哉!今汝持此竹枝,于占城洲行走,能自理答辞即为精通。』
Sā nāmena jambuparibbājikā nāma hutvā tato nikkhamitvā diṭṭhe diṭṭhe pañhaṃ pucchantī vicarati. Tāya saddhiṃ kathetuṃ samattho nāma nāhosi. ‘‘Ito jambuparibbājikā āgacchatī’’ti sutvāva manussā palāyanti. Sā gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā bhikkhāya pavisantī gāmadvāre vālukarāsiṃ katvā tattha jambusākhaṃ ṭhapetvā ‘‘mayā saddhiṃ kathetuṃ samattho jambusākhaṃ maddatū’’ti vatvā gāmaṃ pāvisi. Taṃ ṭhānaṃ upasaṅkamituṃ samattho nāma nāhosi. Sāpi milātāya jambusākhāya aññaṃ jambusākhaṃ gaṇhāti, iminā nīhārena vicarantī sāvatthiṃ patvā gāmadvāre vālukarāsiṃ katvā jambusākhaṃ ṭhapetvā vuttanayeneva vatvā bhikkhāya pāvisi. Sambahulā gāmadārakā jambusākhaṃ parivāretvā aṭṭhaṃsu. Tadā sāriputtatthero piṇḍāya caritvā katabhattakicco nagarā nikkhanto te dārake jambusākhaṃ parivāretvā ṭhite disvā ‘‘kiṃ ida’’nti pucchi. Dārakā therassa taṃ pavattiṃ ācikkhiṃsu. ‘‘Tena hi dārakā imaṃ sākhaṃ maddathā’’ti. ‘‘Bhāyāma, bhante’’ti . ‘‘Ahaṃ pañhaṃ kathessāmi, maddatha tumhe’’ti. Te therassa vacanena sañjātussāhā tathā katvā maddantā jambusākhaṃ ukkhipiṃsu. Paribbājikā āgantvā te paribhāsitvā ‘‘tumhehi saddhiṃ mama pañhena kiccaṃ natthi, kasmā me sākhaṃ maddathā’’ti āha. ‘‘Ayyenamhā maddāpitā’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Bhante, tumhehi me sākhā maddāpitā’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhaginī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi mayā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathethā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu kathessāmī’’ti.
她名曰占城游方女,离开后往各处问难,竟无人能与之共辩,闻她来者人皆避走。她入村落乞食,于村门筑沙堆,插竹枝,请愿助己作答,却无人善于应对。她于是取下此竹枝,换一根,继续漫行至沙瓦提,仍作沙堆,插竹枝,依前说法入村乞食。村中孩童群聚围竹枝八十围。时沙利长老牧乞食,完成饭事从城出见围竹枝孩童,问曰:“何物?”孩童们答说:“他们因这竹枝而嬉戏。”长老言:“怖惧,尊者。”又言:“我与汝等等共论难题,助汝等。”孩童群从长老语生勇气,助学竹枝高举。游方女子来质问其意:“尔等共我无事,为何扶我竹枝?”孩童答:“正是因尔共辩。”女子言:“好,我将与汝共论。”
Sā vaḍḍhamānakacchāyāya pañhaṃ pucchituṃ therassa santikaṃ agamāsi, sakalanagaraṃ saṅkhubhi. ‘‘Dvinnaṃ paṇḍitānaṃ kathaṃ suṇissāmā’’ti nāgarā tāya saddhiṃyeva gantvā theraṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Paribbājikā theraṃ āha – ‘‘bhante, pucchāmi te pañha’’nti. ‘‘Puccha, bhaginī’’ti. Sā vādasahassaṃ pucchi, pucchitaṃ pucchitaṃ thero vissajjesi. Atha naṃ thero āha – ‘‘ettakā eva te pañhā, aññepi atthī’’ti? ‘‘Ettakā eva, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Tayā bahū pañhā puṭṭhā, mayampi ekaṃ pucchāma, vissajjissasi no’’ti? ‘‘Jānamānā vissajjissāmi pucchatha, bhante’’ti. Thero ‘‘ekaṃ nāma ki’’nti (khu. pā. 4.1) pañhaṃ pucchi. Sā ‘‘evaṃ nāmesa vissajjetabbo’’ti ajānantī ‘‘kiṃ nāmetaṃ, bhante’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Buddhapañho nāma, bhaginī’’ti. ‘‘Mayhampi taṃ detha, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Sace mādisā bhavissasi, dassāmī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi maṃ pabbājethā’’ti. Thero bhikkhunīnaṃ ācikkhitvā pabbājesi. Sā pabbajitvā laddhūpasampadā kuṇḍalakesittherī nāma hutvā katipāhaccayeneva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
她欲围攻长老所持难题,群从一城众同往长老处,顶礼而坐。游方女言:“尊者,我问难。”长老曰:“请问,姊妹。”她问万言,长老皆答。后长老问:“诸难即此乎?尚有他者?”女曰:“唯此。”长老言:“汝已多问,我亦问一,答后我即释。”她言:“愿闻,尊者。”长老问:“所谓何难?”她不知解,问曰:“何为此难,尊者?”长老曰:“此名为佛难,姊妹。”女言:“愿赐我。”长老曰:“若汝出现,我当示之。”女曰:“正因如此,我受戒。”长老召众比库共戒之。她受戒后,得名为饰环长老尼,较短时间内即得阿拉汉果。
Bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘kuṇḍalakesittheriyā dhammassavanañca bahuṃ natthi, pabbajitakiccañcassā matthakaṃ pattaṃ, ekena kira corena saddhiṃ mahāsaṅgāmaṃ katvā jinitvā āgatā’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, mayā desitadhammaṃ ‘appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti pamāṇaṃ mā gaṇhatha, anatthakaṃ padasatampi seyyo na hoti, dhammapadaṃ pana ekampi seyyova. Avasesacore jinantassa ca jayo nāma na hoti, ajjhattikakilesacore jinantasseva pana jayo nāma hotī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
比库们集会商议:“饰环长老尼佛法宣说不多,戒律工作尚虚,曾与一盗同以大众争胜而得胜而归。”师长至,询问今安,众答说此女名目,并称:“诸比库莫以多寡计量法,不义之语胜于废弃,一句法语高胜诸多废言。胜非征服他盗,而在征服内心秽障。”说毕,继而转述法句诗歌:
§102
102.
第一百零二。
‘‘Yo ca gāthāsataṃ bhāse, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
「若有人诵持一百偈句,却杂以无义之词,
Ekaṃ dhammapadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammati.
不如持一法句,闻之心生安宁。」
§103
103.
第一百零三。
‘‘Yo sahassaṃ sahassena, saṅgāme mānuse jine;
「若有勇士以千倍之力于人间战斗,
Ekañca jeyyamattānaṃ, sa ve saṅgāmajuttamo’’ti.
胜过他人,已胜多众,此人为众战之最胜。」
Tattha gāthāsatanti yo ca puggalo sataparicchedā bahūpi gāthā bhāseyyāti attho. Anatthapadasaṃhitāti ākāsavaṇṇanādivasena anatthakehi padehi saṃhitā. Dhammapadanti atthasādhakaṃ khandhādipaṭisaṃyuttaṃ, ‘‘cattārimāni paribbājakā dhammapadāni. Katamāni cattāri? Anabhijjhā paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ, abyāpādo paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ, sammāsati paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ , sammāsamādhi paribbājakā dhammapada’’nti (a. ni. 4.30) evaṃ vuttesu catūsu dhammapadesu ekampi dhammapadaṃ seyyo. Yo sahassaṃ sahassenāti yo eko saṅgāmayodho sahassena guṇitaṃ sahassaṃ mānuse ekasmiṃ saṅgāme jineyya, dasamanussasatasahassaṃ jinitvā jayaṃ āhareyya, ayampi saṅgāmajinataṃ uttamo pavaro nāma na hoti. Ekañca jeyyamattānanti yo rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānesu ajjhattikakammaṭṭhānaṃ sammasanto attano lobhādikilesajayena attānaṃ jineyya . Sa ve saṅgāmajuttamoti so saṅgāmajinānaṃ uttamo pavaro saṅgāmasīsayodhoti.
此处所言「百偈」者,指人以重重分节而诵多偈文也。所谓无义之词,乃以虚空、烦恼等无益辞句混杂而成。法句者,即有义理之词,乃汇集诸法如色受想行识等组成,正如经中所述四种游方者之法句:无贪游方者之法句、无嗔游方者之法句、正念游方者之法句与正定游方者之法句(见《增支部》4.30所说)。于是四法句中,有一法句胜胜于他。如所谓「以千乘千」者,是指一人在众多战斗中力倍于千人,胜过了成千上万的人而获胜,即使如此,若非内心胜己、克服自身贪欲,则不为真正的战斗之最胜。又所谓「自胜」者,意指于日夜修习内在功德,于自身贪欲等烦恼中得胜,克己为强,故此人即为最尊贵之战士,名为真正的战斗弟子之最胜者。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
在说法结时,他曾获得许多从初果入流果等果位的利益。
Kuṇḍalakesittherīvatthu tatiyaṃ. · 昆达拉盖西长老尼事 第三
4. Anatthapucchakabrāhmaṇavatthu4. 问非义婆罗门事
Attā haveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto anatthapucchakaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
自他而言,这法说是这样:当世尊住在耶达伽园时,便接近一位不问正法利益的婆罗门而开始讲说。
So kira brāhmaṇo ‘‘kiṃ nu kho sammāsambuddho atthameva jānāti, udāhu anatthampi, pucchissāmi na’’nti satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchi – ‘‘bhante, tumhe atthameva jānātha maññe, no anattha’’nti? ‘‘Atthañcāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, jānāmi anatthañcā’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi me anatthaṃ kathethā’’ti. Athassa satthā imaṃ gāthamāha –
那婆罗门说:“正自觉者难道只知道利益吗?我岂能不问无益之处?”便接近世尊问道:“尊者啊,您唯知利益,而不知无益吗?”世尊答:“婆罗门,我既知利益,也知无益。”婆罗门说:“那么请告诉我无益之处吧。”于是世尊以偈告之——
‘‘Ussūraseyyaṃ ālasyaṃ, caṇḍikkaṃ dīghasoṇḍiyaṃ;
“懒惰如毒蛇,凶猛如箭毛,留须长盼,赖长发髻;
Ekassaddhānagamanaṃ paradārūpasevanaṃ;
唯信一端,游玩他人妻女;
Etaṃ brāhmaṇa sevassu, anatthaṃ te bhavissatī’’ti.
婆罗门啊,这样的生活,你应奉行,这样则必为无益。”
Taṃ sutvā brāhmaṇo sādhukāramadāsi ‘‘sādhu sādhu, gaṇācariya, gaṇajeṭṭhaka, tumhe atthañca jānātha anatthañcā’’ti . ‘‘Evaṃ kho, brāhmaṇa, atthānatthajānanako nāma mayā sadiso natthī’’ti. Athassa satthā ajjhāsayaṃ upadhāretvā, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, kena kammena jīvasī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Jūtakammena, bho gotamā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ pana te jayo hoti parājayo’’ti . ‘‘Jayopi hoti parājayopī’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, appamattako esa, paraṃ jinantassa jayo nāma na seyyo. Yo pana kilesajayena attānaṃ jināti, tassa jayo seyyo. Na hi taṃ jayaṃ koci apajayaṃ kātuṃ sakkotī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
彼时,婆罗门闻听此善行,赞叹道:「善哉善哉,族中长者,族中贤者,你们既知利益亦知无益。」又言:「婆罗门啊,如我所知,没有与你相似,能分别利害者。」于是导师起念,问道:「婆罗门,你因何业而生存?」答言:「大臣啊,果德玛,因众多业力。」再问:「那你的胜利与失败如何?」答言:「既有胜利亦有失败。」导师答说:「婆罗门,最重要的是不懈怠,因为胜利者超越一切。若能战胜烦恼者,其胜利更胜。无人能使此胜利变为失败。」说毕,内心澄明,宣说法义,赞叹如下偈诵—
§104
104.
第一百零四。
‘‘Attā have jitaṃ seyyo, yā cāyaṃ itarā pajā;
自己战胜者最为尊贵,众生中罕有如此者;
Attadantassa posassa, niccaṃ saññatacārino.
克制自心如驯服象,常持节制行谨严。
§105
105.
第一百零五。
‘‘Neva devo na gandhabbo, na māro saha brahmunā;
既非天神亦非乐师,亦非魔王梵天同,
Jitaṃ apajitaṃ kayirā, tathārūpassa jantuno’’ti.
“征服与未征服,应由谁来实行?正如形相具足的众生。”
Tattha haveti nipāto. Jitanti liṅgavipallāso, attano kilesajayena attā jito seyyoti attho. Yā cāyaṃ itarā pajāti yā panāyaṃ avasesā pajā jūtena vā dhanaharaṇena vā saṅgāmena vā balābhibhavena vā jitā bhaveyya, taṃ jinantena yaṃ jitaṃ, na taṃ seyyoti attho. Kasmā pana tadeva jitaṃ seyyo, idaṃ na seyyoti? Yasmā attadantassa…pe… tathārūpassa jantunoti. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yasmā hi yvāyaṃ nikkilesatāya attadanto poso, tassa attadantassa kāyādīhi niccaṃ saññatacārino evarūpassa imehi kāyasaññamādīhi saññatassa jantuno devo vā gandhabbo vā māro vā brahmunā saha uṭṭhahitvā ‘‘ahamassa jitaṃ apajitaṃ karissāmi, maggabhāvanāya pahīne kilese puna uppādessāmī’’ti ghaṭentopi vāyamantopi yathā dhanādīhi parājito pakkhantaro hutvā itarena jitaṃ puna jinanto apajitaṃ kareyya, ‘‘evaṃ apajitaṃ kātuṃ neva sakkuṇeyyā’’ti.
此处“征服”是指词义的变异,意思是借自己克服烦恼而征服自身。若有他人被征服,或为他人余下诸事,被仇敌、劫掠者、伙同者、以强力压制而征服者,此征服者所征服者,不是自己,故不称为征服。为何此自身征服更为优胜?因如自身意志所控制,身等常守自律,以此形相认识之众生,虽有天人、乾闼婆、魔、梵天共起而言:“我将使你征服或未征服,除却烦恼继续修行,我必复兴”,或者虽努力如财物般被打败,随后再征服他人而使之失败,所谓“不可为未征服”之意即是此。此义旨在强调由自身意志和修持,确实征服烦恼和习气,而非他者强力所迫之征服。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
在教化结束之时,有许多听闻者获得了须陀洹果等果位。
Anatthapucchakabrāhmaṇavatthu catutthaṃ. · 问非义婆罗门事 第四
5. Sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇavatthu5. 沙利子长老之舅婆罗门事
Māsemāseti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
所谓“经月讲道”,指世尊在竹林精舍时,为长老沙利弗的舅父婆罗门开始说法。
Thero kira tassa santikaṃ gantvā āha – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho, brāhmaṇa, kiñcideva kusalaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Karomi, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Māse māse sahassapariccāgena dānaṃ dammī’’ti. ‘‘Kassa desī’’ti? ‘‘Nigaṇṭhānaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ patthayanto’’ti? ‘‘Brahmalokaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ pana brahmalokassa ayaṃ maggo’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Ko evamāhā’’ti? ‘‘Ācariyehi me kathitaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘No tvaṃ brahmalokassa maggaṃ jānāsi, nāpi te ācariyā, satthāva eko jānāti, ehi, brāhmaṇa, brahmalokassa te maggaṃ kathāpessāmī’’ti taṃ ādāya satthu santikaṃ netvā, ‘‘bhante, ayaṃ brāhmaṇo evamāhā’’ti, ‘‘taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā sādhu vatassa brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, brāhmaṇā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘āma, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, tayā evaṃ dadamānena vassasataṃ dinnadānatopi muhuttamattaṃ pasannacittena mama sāvakassa olokanaṃ vā kaṭacchubhikkhāmattadānaṃ vā mahapphalatara’’nti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
长老当时便去到他住所说:“婆罗门,你究竟有何善行?”他答道:“尊者,我布施善行。”“你行何布施?”“我每月布施一千的奉献。”“奉献给谁?”“尊者,尼拘陀派。”“他期望何果?”“尊者,欲升天界。”“这往生天道之路可行否?”“嗯,尊者。”“是谁告知你此说?”“尊者,师长告知我。”“然尔,你并不真正了知升天之道,你的师长亦非正师,唯有世尊知此道。婆罗门,且随我往见世尊,我将为你说明升天之路。”遂引居见世尊,说:“尊者,此婆罗门有此疑惑。”世尊询问:“是的,婆罗门们如此说否?”答:“是,尊者。”世尊言:“婆罗门,布施一百年积累所得果报,短时内若以欢喜心布施弟子,取之为施,必为更甚善果。”随后兴味深厚而说法,释此偈言:
§106
106.
‘‘Māse māse sahassena, yo yajetha sataṃ samaṃ;
『每月每月以千为数,若能奉献百份同等者;』
Ekañca bhāvitattānaṃ, muhuttamapi pūjaye;
『或于内心修持培养,对一刻亦予以供养;』
Sāyeva pūjanā seyyo, yañce vassasataṃ huta’’nti.
『如此供养更为上胜,即使只在一年中供养一百个雨季。』
Tattha sahassenāhi sahassapariccāgena. Yo yajetha sataṃ samanti yo vassasataṃ māse māse sahassaṃ pariccajanto lokiyamahājanassa dānaṃ dadeyya, ekañca bhāvitattānanti yo pana ekaṃ sīlādiguṇavisesena vaḍḍhitaattānaṃ heṭṭhimakoṭiyā sotāpannaṃ, uparimakoṭiyā khīṇāsavaṃ gharadvāraṃ sampattaṃ kaṭacchubhikkhādānavasena vā yāpanamattaāhāradānavasena vā thūlasāṭakadānamattena vā pūjeyya. Yaṃ itarena vassasataṃ hutaṃ. Tato sāyeva pūjanā seyyo. Seṭṭho uttamoti atthoti.
『此当以每千为单位,每千捨弃一次者为是。若有人每百次奉献一份,每年雨季期间每月捨弃一千,成为世俗广大民众的布施;又若有人乃以持戒等善法增上自心,彼为初果圣、上果圣、断尽漏圣,获得家门安稳,或以乞食受施维生、或以副食受施维生、或以大衣受施维生而供养之。胜于他方供养百雨季者。故此供养更为上胜,最胜上等之义也。』
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ patto, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
『于教诲终结时,此婆罗门已得初果圣果,且得多种初果圣的果报。』
Sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇavatthu pañcamaṃ. · 沙利子长老之舅婆罗门事 第五
6. Sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyavatthu6. 沙利子长老之甥事
Yoca vassasataṃ jantūti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
『昔者有年六纪乡,自天台山寺院中,于大长老沙利耶尊者胞弟开始宣说此雨季讲法。』
Tampi hi thero upasaṅkamitvā āha – ‘‘kiṃ, brāhmaṇa, kusalaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Māse māse ekaṃ ekaṃ pasuṃ ghātetvā aggiṃ paricarāmī’’ti. ‘‘Kimatthaṃ evaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Brahmalokamaggo kireso’’ti. ‘‘Kenevaṃ kathita’’nti? ‘‘Ācariyehi me, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Neva tvaṃ brahmalokassa maggaṃ jānāsi, nāpi te ācariyā, ehi, satthu santikaṃ gamissāmā’’ti taṃ satthu santikaṃ netvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā ‘‘imassa, bhante, brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti āha. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kirā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘evaṃ, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, vassasatampi evaṃ aggiṃ paricarantassa tava aggipāricariyā mama sāvakassa taṅkhaṇamattaṃ pūjampi na pāpuṇātī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
那位长老近前走来,说:『婆罗门,你造作什么善事?』答曰:『尊者,我每月至少吞杀一只牲畜,焚烧火焰以供养。』『为何如此做?』『为了通达梵天界路。』『这怎么说?』『是我的老师告诉我的。』『你却不知通往梵天界之路,也非你师,而我等往诣世尊处。』既领去世尊所见,启示由来,问曰:『婆罗门,你知道通往梵天界之路否?』世尊答曰:『你所行供养火焰,纵历百年,其火供养不过及我弟子微尘分皈敬』。于是集思广益,说法开示此偈:
§107
107.
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jantu, aggiṃ paricare vane;
『若有人百年中,常于林中供火;
Ekañca bhāvitattānaṃ, muhuttamapi pūjaye;
哪怕仅片刻修,终身供养胜此;
Sāyeva pūjanā seyyo, yañce vassasataṃ huta’’nti.
即时供养远胜,百年供养所及。』
Tattha jantūti sattādhivacanametaṃ. Aggiṃ paricare vaneti nippapañcabhāvapatthanāya vanaṃ pavisitvāpi tattha aggiṃ paricareyya. Sesaṃ purimasadisamevāti.
此中“众生”谓“活物”为泛称。所谓“于林中供养火焰”者,指舍弃纠缠本质,入林所在,则可供养火焰。余意皆同于先所释。
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ pāpuṇi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
说法结束时,那婆罗门得到了叫做入流果的果报,还有许多其他的入流果报也得到了。
Sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyavatthu chaṭṭhaṃ. · 沙利子长老的外甥事,第六。
7. Sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇavatthu七、沙利子长老的友人婆罗门事
Yaṃkiñci yiṭṭhaṃ vāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
某位婆罗门开始讲述这部佛法的教导,正是当时世尊住在竹林精舍,正对长老沙利佛的助手——那位婆罗门——讲说。
Tampi hi thero upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘kiṃ, brāhmaṇa, kiñci kusalaṃ karosī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Yiṭṭhayāgaṃ yajāmī’’ti. ‘‘Tadā kira taṃ yāgaṃ mahāpariccāgena yaja’’nti. Ito paraṃ thero purimanayeneva pucchitvā taṃ satthu santikaṃ netvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā ‘‘imassa, bhante, brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti āha. Satthā, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, evaṃ kirā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘evaṃ, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, tayā saṃvaccharaṃ yiṭṭhayāgaṃ yajantena lokiyamahājanassa dinnadānaṃ pasannacittena mama sāvakānaṃ vandantānaṃ uppannakusalacetanāya catubhāgamattampi na agghatī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
长老随后走近他,问道:“婆罗门,你做过什么善行吗?”他说:“是的,尊者。”“你做了什么呢?”回答说:“我举行供养祭祀。”“那祭祀是用大布施来供养的吗?”长老又继续多方询问,然后引领他前往世尊面前,告诉佛陀此事,说:“尊者,请为这婆罗门指示通往梵天界的道。”世尊问他说:“婆罗门,果真如此吗?”对方答:“确实如此,世尊。”世尊说:“婆罗门,那因你如此清净布施而生起的善心,乃是我的弟子们以欢喜心顶礼的结果,因此你所行的祭祀,即使仅到这四分之一,也不被削减。”说罢,世尊运用此事实来启发教法,宣说此偈——
§108
108.
‘‘Yaṃ kiñci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke,
“世间上所有的祭祀或是供养,无论何时,
Saṃvaccharaṃ yajetha puññapekkho;
应当发自内心地恭敬持续供养福德资粮;
Sabbampi taṃ na catubhāgameti,
『一切皆非四分之一』,
Abhivādanā ujjugatesu seyyo’’ti.
以礼敬行为于圣者为最上。
Tattha yaṃ kiñcīti anavasesapariyādānavacanametaṃ. Yiṭṭhanti yebhuyyena maṅgalakiriyādivasesu dinnadānaṃ. Hutanti abhisaṅkharitvā kataṃ pāhunadānañceva, kammañca phalañca saddahitvā katadānañca. Saṃvaccharaṃ yajethāti ekasaṃvaccharaṃ nirantarameva vuttappakāraṃ dānaṃ sakalacakkavāḷepi lokiyamahājanassa dadeyya. Puññapekkhoti puññaṃ icchanto. Ujjugatesūti heṭṭhimakoṭiyā sotāpannesu uparimakoṭiyā khīṇāsavesu. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ‘‘evarūpesu pasannacittena sarīraṃ onamitvā vandantassa kusalacetanāya yaṃ phalaṃ, tato catubhāgampi sabbaṃ taṃ dānaṃ na agghati, tasmā ujugatesu abhivādanameva seyyo’’ti.
此处所说『一切诸法』,其实是不完备的称谓。因在加行诸吉祥行为等善德上施与者,施与后作了净供养,乃至施与业果皆宣说;且作持戒承诺,持续恒久而宣说此施,施献于普及诸世界广大众生。因乐欲功德故,有意欲得善果。所谓于此最上者,是指位居下限千万分之一之须陀洹果位,上限千万分之一之阿那含果位,及已断诸染污者。文中所说是:『由此等诸善,净心恭敬身体,具善意欲者,其所得之果乃至四分之一之一切善果皆不减损,故于此层次中,礼敬行为为上。』
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ patto, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
说法终时,此婆罗门已获须陀洹果,且他亦曾得许多须陀洹果等。
Sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇavatthu sattamaṃ. · 沙利子长老的友人婆罗门事,第七。
8. Āyuvaḍḍhanakumāravatthu八、增寿童子事
Abhivādanasīlissāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā dīghalaṅghikaṃ nissāya araññakuṭiyaṃ viharanto dīghāyukumāraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
所谓以礼敬为行为,是指法师依据广义义理,于深林小屋中安住,开始与年幼比库长老传授此佛法教诲。
Dīghalaṅghikanagaravāsino kira dve brāhmaṇā bāhirakapabbajjaṃ pabbajitvā aṭṭhacattālīsa vassāni tapacaraṇaṃ kariṃsu. Tesu eko ‘‘paveṇi me nassissati, vibbhamissāmī’’ti cintetvā attanā kataṃ tapaṃ paresaṃ vikkiṇitvā gosatena ceva kahāpaṇasatena ca saddhiṃ bhariyaṃ labhitvā kuṭumbaṃ saṇṭhapesi. Athassa bhariyā puttaṃ vijāyi. Itaro panassa sahāyako pavāsaṃ gantvā punadeva taṃ nagaraṃ paccāgami. So tassa āgatabhāvaṃ sutvā puttadāraṃ ādāya sahāyakassa dassanatthāya agamāsi. Gantvā puttaṃ mātu hatthe datvā sayaṃ tāva vandi, mātāpi puttaṃ pitu hatthe datvā vandi. So ‘‘dīghāyukā hothā’’ti āha, putte pana vandāpite tuṇhī ahosi. Atha naṃ ‘‘kasmā, bhante, amhehi vandite ‘dīghāyukā hothā’ti vatvā imassa vandanakāle kiñci na vadethā’’ti āha. ‘‘Imasseko antarāyo atthi, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kittakaṃ jīvissati, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Sattāhaṃ, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Paṭibāhanakāraṇaṃ atthi, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Nāhaṃ paṭibāhanakāraṇaṃ jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Ko pana jāneyya, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Samaṇo gotamo jāneyya, tassa santikaṃ gantvā pucchāhī’’ti. ‘‘Tattha gacchanto tapaparihānito bhāyāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sace te puttasineho atthi, tapaparihāniṃ acintetvā tassa santikaṃ gantvā pucchāhī’’ti.
据说深广村落居民中,两婆罗门弃俗出家,苦修四十八年。其一忧虑曰:“我的生活必将尽灭,况且贫穷也将至。”遂出以己苦行,买卖他法,兼以一百铜币辅得妻子,维系家业。其妻诞子后,一伴侣去远居,又重返村落。知晓其归来,带子供助手观望。至回返时,亲自持子致敬,妻亦将子供持于夫手,双敬致礼。彼说:“宜得长命。”子女互致礼却沉默无语。后问:“尊者,为何在我等敬礼时不言有益长命之语?”答曰:“婆罗门,此间确有障碍。”曰:“友人将活多久?”答:“七周。”问:“其障为何?”答:“我不知有何障碍。”问:“谁能知?”答:“是沙门果德玛,请前往问其近事。”曰:“我恐弃苦行致障碍临身。”答曰:“若疼爱子女者,应不顾苦行,前往问之。”
So satthu santikaṃ gantvā sayaṃ tāva vandi. Satthā ‘‘dīghāyuko hohī’’ti āha, pajāpatiyā vandanakālepi tassā tatheva vatvā puttassa vandāpanakāle tuṇhī ahosi. So purimanayeneva satthāraṃ pucchi, satthāpi tatheva byākāsi. So kira brāhmaṇo sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ apaṭivijjhitvāva attano mantaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇena saṃsandesi, paṭibāhanūpāyaṃ pana na jānāti. Brāhmaṇo satthāraṃ pucchi – ‘‘atthi pana, bhante, paṭibāhanūpāyo’’ti? ‘‘Bhaveyya, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ bhaveyyā’’ti? ‘‘Sace tvaṃ attano gehadvāre maṇḍapaṃ kāretvā tassa majjhe pīṭhikaṃ kāretvā taṃ parikkhipanto aṭṭha vā soḷasa vā āsanāni paññāpetvā tesu mama sāvake nisīdāpetvā sattāhaṃ nirantaraṃ parittaṃ kātuṃ sakkuṇeyyāsi, evamassa antarāyo nasseyyā’’ti. ‘‘Bho gotama, mayā maṇḍapādīni sakkā kātuṃ, tumhākaṃ pana sāvake kathaṃ lacchāmī’’ti? ‘‘Tayā ettake kate ahaṃ mama sāvake pahiṇissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, bho gotamā’’ti so attano gehadvāre sabbaṃ kiccaṃ niṭṭhāpetvā satthu santikaṃ agamāsi. Satthā bhikkhū pahiṇi, te gantvā tattha nisīdiṃsu, dārakampi pīṭhikāyaṃ nipajjāpesuṃ, bhikkhū sattarattindivaṃ nirantaraṃ parittaṃ bhaṇiṃsu, sattame divase sāyaṃ satthā āgacchi. Tasmiṃ āgate sabbacakkavāḷadevatā sannipatiṃsu. Eko pana avaruddhako nāma yakkho dvādasa saṃvaccharāni vessavaṇaṃ upaṭṭhahitvā tassa santikā varaṃ labhanto ‘‘ito sattame divase imaṃ dārakaṃ gaṇheyyāsī’’ti labhi. Tasmā sopi āgantvā aṭṭhāsi.
那人到达佛陀面前,当时便礼敬佛陀。佛陀说:“愿寿命长久。”当时在婆伽婆的敬礼时候,佛陀亦作此应答,但在恭敬其子时则默然无言。那人于是问佛陀:佛陀也同样回答。那婆罗门自称虽然通晓一切智慧,本身的心念却未得真正的智慧相应,故不知如何修习除障法门。婆罗门便问佛陀:“尊者!是否有除障之法?”佛陀答言:“有的,婆罗门。”婆罗门再问:“是什么法?”佛陀答说:“如果你于自宅门前建造一座覆蓬厅堂,中间制一座座位架,摆设八或十六个座席,安置我的弟子具足于上,七天之内不断为他们诵经防护,那个障碍就会消除。”婆罗门说:“尊敬的果德玛,我能建造堂庑,但你弟子们将如何取得恩泽呢?”佛陀答言:“你造如此阵势,我会护持我的弟子。”婆罗门说:“善哉,尊者果德玛!”于是他安顿一切在家事务,前往佛陀处。佛陀及比库们前往那里,并共坐。孩子们则伏在座位架下。比库们连续七天不断诵经。第七天下午佛陀回来了。此时诸天悉皆集聚于空中。唯名为遮拦者的夜叉守护,掌管十二年期,恭敬守候于佛前,获得优越的祝福,说道:“从今第七日此童子当被收摄。”这遮拦者随后来也一同站立。
Satthari pana tattha gate mahesakkhāsu devatāsu sannipatitāsu appesakkhā devatā osakkitvā osakkitvā okāsaṃ alabhamānā dvādasa yojanāni paṭikkamiṃsu. Avaruddhakopi tatheva paṭikkami, satthāpi sabbarattiṃ parittamakāsi. Sattāhe vītivatte avaruddhako dārakaṃ na labhi. Aṭṭhame pana divase aruṇe uggatamatte dārakaṃ ānetvā satthāraṃ vandāpesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘dīghāyuko hohī’’ti āha. ‘‘Kīvaciraṃ pana, bho gotama, dārako ṭhassatī’’ti? ‘‘Vīsavassasataṃ, brāhmaṇā’’ti. Athassa ‘‘āyuvaḍḍhanakumāro’’ti nāmaṃ kariṃsu. So vuddhimanvāya pañcahi upāsakasatehi parivuto vicari. Athekadivasaṃ dhammasabhāyaṃ bhikkhū kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘passathāvuso, āyuvaḍḍhanakumārena kira sattame divase maritabbaṃ abhavissa, so idāni vīsavassasataṭṭhāyī hutvā pañcahi upāsakasatehi parivuto vicarati, atthi maññe imesaṃ sattānaṃ āyuvaḍḍhanakāraṇa’’nti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, na kevalaṃ āyuvaḍḍhanameva, ime pana sattā guṇavante vandantā abhivādentā catūhi kāraṇehi vaḍḍhanti, parissayato muccanti, yāvatāyukameva tiṭṭhantī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
佛陀巡访诸天集会时,出席的有摩诃萨迦诸天。小萨迦天王们被佛的祝福感动,随着时间增长,皆不离佛而去,迅速退避十二由旬之外。那遮拦者亦同样退避。佛陀不断诵经守护那孩子。七日后遮拦者未能捕获此童子。第八天清晨,他带来鸟雀众,献礼佛陀。佛陀祝愿:“愿寿命长久。”那婆罗门问:“尊者果德玛,这孩子将长寿多久?”佛答:“二十世纪,婆罗门。”那人又赐名“寿增童子”。他与五百位优良信士为伴,在某日于法会中,众比库议论:“朋友,寿增童子必死于第七日,但今已二十世纪,是寿增的原因。”佛陀来到询问:“诸比库们,现在为何聚集讨论?”众答:“得悉寿增童子。”佛言:“诸比库们,不仅仅是寿增童子,众生因四种缘故增长、美好而受人敬重、礼拜,若能防护谨慎,则可长存寿命。”随后展开开示,吟诵偈言——
§109
109.
‘‘Abhivādanasīlissa , niccaṃ vuḍḍhāpacāyino;
“持敬礼德者,恒常受长养;
Cattāro dhammā vaḍḍhanti, āyu vaṇṇo sukhaṃ bala’’nti.
四圣法增益,寿命、色、乐、力。”
Tattha abhivādanasīlissāti vandanasīlissa, abhiṇhaṃ vandanakiccapasutassāti attho. Vuḍḍhāpacāyinoti gihissa vā tadahupabbajite daharasāmaṇerepi, pabbajitassa vā pana pabbajjāya vā upasampadāya vā vuḍḍhatare guṇavuḍḍhe apacāyamānassa, abhivādanena vā niccaṃ pūjentassāti attho. Cattāro dhammā vaḍḍhantīti āyumhi vaḍḍhamāne yattakaṃ kālaṃ taṃ vaḍḍhati, tattakaṃ itarepi vaḍḍhantiyeva. Yena hi paññāsavassaāyusaṃvattanikaṃ kusalaṃ kataṃ, pañcavīsativassakāle cassa jīvitantarāyo uppajjeyya, so abhivādanasīlatāya paṭippassambhati, so yāvatāyukameva tiṭṭhati, vaṇṇādayopissa āyunāva saddhiṃ vaḍḍhanti. Ito uttaripi eseva nayo. Anantarāyena pavattassāyuno vaḍḍhanaṃ nāma natthi.
此处“持敬礼德”即持有受礼敬之德行,恒常得以增长滋养。所谓“长养”意指家中或出家诸沙玛内拉已受过沙弥戒,或已受具足戒、上座尼等中,依其戒行上得增长德行,常受礼敬。四圣法增长,谓寿命增长,身体清秀,安乐健强,精神力兴盛。因习持此德,抵御五种烦恼,生命得以增益,寿命增长。以上谓相续增长,外与寿命、色等俱增,无生灭间断。惟此法无障碍恒续增长,障碍一消即长无缺。
Desanāvasāne āyuvaḍḍhanakumāro pañcahi upāsakasatehi saddhiṃ sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
教诲结束时,有一位年少的寿命增长者与五位近事男众一道,在获得初果的基础上安住;此外还有许多人亦获得了初果及以上的果位。
Āyuvaḍḍhanakumāravatthu aṭṭhamaṃ. · 增寿童子事,第八。
9. Saṃkiccasāmaṇeravatthu九、桑吉差沙玛内拉事
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto saṃkiccasāmaṇeraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
当时,这位教师住在揭德林中,生活达到百岁,开始以狭小的沙玛内拉身份讲授此法。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kira tiṃsamattā kulaputtā satthu dhammakathaṃ sutvā sāsane uraṃ datvā pabbajiṃsu. Te upasampadāya pañcavassā hutvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā ganthadhuraṃ vipassanādhuranti dve dhurānīti sutvā ‘‘mayaṃ mahallakakāle pabbajitā’’ti ganthadhure ussāhaṃ akatvā vipassanādhuraṃ pūretukāmā yāva arahattā kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathāpetvā, ‘‘bhante, ekaṃ araññāyatanaṃ gamissāmā’’ti satthāraṃ āpucchiṃsu. Satthā ‘‘kataraṃ ṭhānaṃ gamissathā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘asukaṃ nāmā’’ti vutte ‘‘tattha tesaṃ ekaṃ vighāsādaṃ nissāya bhayaṃ uppajjissati, tañca pana saṃkiccasāmaṇere gate vūpasamissati, atha nesaṃ pabbajitakiccaṃ pāripūriṃ gamissatī’’ti aññāsi.
据说,在沙瓦提有大约三十位俱生族子,在聆听导师的法说后,放下家业而于教法中出家。他们受具足戒五年后,面见导师,说法文库与观行文库各修一部,诚言‘我们童年时便出家’,但不曾鼓起勤力,愿完成观行文库,于是继续述说禅修法门,恳请说道‘尊者,我们去一处森林静所吧’。导师问‘去哪里?’答曰‘名为阿苏卡’,导师说‘那里有一处陨落树阴,会生恐怖,但若诸位赴阿苏卡,狭小沙玛内拉则能安定下来,而他们的出家修行必能完善’。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇero nāma sāriputtattherassa sāmaṇero sattavassiko jātiyā. Tassa kira mātā sāvatthiyaṃ aḍḍhakulassa dhītā. Sā tasmiṃ kucchigate ekena byādhinā taṅkhaṇaññeva kālamakāsi. Tassā jhāpiyamānāya ṭhapetvā gabbhamaṃsaṃ sesaṃ jhāyi. Athassā gabbhamaṃsaṃ citakato otāretvā dvīsu tīsu ṭhānesu sūlehi vijjhiṃsu. Sūlakoṭi dārakassa akkhikoṭiṃ pahari. Evaṃ gabbhamaṃsaṃ vijjhitvā aṅgārarāsimhi khipitvā aṅgāreheva paṭicchādetvā pakkamiṃsu. Gabbhamaṃsaṃ jhāyi, aṅgāramatthake pana suvaṇṇabimbasadiso dārako padumagabbhe nipanno viya ahosi. Pacchimabhavikassa sattassa hi sinerunā otthariyamānassapi arahattaṃ appatvā jīvitakkhayo nāma natthi. Punadivase ‘‘citakaṃ nibbāpessāmā’’ti āgatā tathānipannaṃ dārakaṃ disvā acchariyabbhutacittajātā ‘‘kathañhi nāma ettakesu dārūsu khīyamānesu sakalasarīre jhāpiyamāne dārako na jhāyi, kiṃ nu kho bhavissatī’’ti dārakaṃ ādāya antogāmaṃ gantvā nemittake pucchiṃsu. Nemittakā ‘‘sace ayaṃ dārako agāraṃ ajjhāvassissati, yāva sattamā kulaparivaṭṭā ñātakā duggatā bhavissanti? Sace pabbajissati, pañcahi samaṇasatehi parivuto vicarissatī’’ti āhaṃsu. Tassa saṅkunā akkhikoṭiyā bhinnattā saṃkiccanti nāmaṃ kariṃsu. So aparena samayena saṃkiccoti paññāyi. Atha naṃ ñātakā ‘‘hotu, vaḍḍhitakāle amhākaṃ ayyassa sāriputtassa santike pabbājessāmā’’ti posiṃsu. So sattavassikakāle ‘‘tava mātukucchiyaṃ vasanakāle mātā te kālamakāsi, tassā sarīre jhāpiyamānepi tvaṃ na jhāyī’’ti kumārakānaṃ kathaṃ sutvā ‘‘ahaṃ kira evarūpā bhayā mutto, kiṃ me gharāvāsena, pabbajissāmī’’ti ñātakānaṃ ārocesi. Te ‘‘sādhu, tātā’’ti sāriputtattherassa santikaṃ netvā, ‘‘bhante, imaṃ pabbājethā’’ti adaṃsu. Thero tacapañcakakammaṭṭhānaṃ datvā pabbājesi. So khuraggeyeva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Ayaṃ saṃkiccasāmaṇero nāma.
所谓‘狭小沙玛内拉’,即是沙利长老的沙玛内拉,年七十。其母亲住于沙瓦提的阿尔家族,曾于家中小房患有重病。她因病情严重,切除剩余胎肉。她切除后,于两个三处用钉刺穿刺小腹。钉子刺伤了婴孩眼睛。婴孩宫中胎肉遭破坏,陷入炭灰中,似落于荷花胎中的孩子。尽管身染朱红且被火焰围困,孩童得免涅槃,因其寿命还未届终。后来一天,众人商议‘我们令这剪除胎肉的婴孩熄灭吧’。他们见到已发生的婴孩,心生奇异,议论道‘眼睛受损如此严重,而全身被割,孩子竟未灭亡,会发生何事?’遂带婴孩前往内宅,问望者。望者回答‘若此婴孩留在家中,直至七代亲属死亡,则必将成难处,若出家,则会与五人出家的沙玛内拉相会’。因婴孩眼睛红肿破裂,称其为“狭小”,遂名为‘狭小沙玛内拉’。后来亲属曰‘好,在你成长之时,我们要在沙利长老面前让他出家’。沙玛内拉听闻幼时母亲患病割胎残肉时,心中忧惧,思忖‘我若仅留家中,将如何?不如出家’。亲属遂迎其往见沙利长老,劝说‘尊者,请为这孩子出家’。长老便授予五种修习法门,使其出家。该沙玛内拉随即与养剑者实践辨智,成就阿拉汉果。这就是所谓‘狭小沙玛内拉’。
Satthā ‘‘etasmiṃ gate taṃ bhayaṃ vūpasamissati, atha nesaṃ pabbajitakiccaṃ pāripūriṃ gamissatī’’ti ñatvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ jeṭṭhabhātikaṃ sāriputtattheraṃ oloketvā gacchathā’’ti āha. Te ‘‘sādhū’’ti vatvā therassa santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ, āvuso’’ti vutte mayaṃ satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā araññaṃ pavisitukāmā hutvā āpucchimhā, atha no satthā evamāha – ‘‘tumhākaṃ jeṭṭhabhātikaṃ oloketvā gacchathā’’ti? ‘‘Tenamhā idhāgatā’’ti. Thero ‘‘satthārā ime ekaṃ kāraṇaṃ disvā idha pahitā bhavissanti, kiṃ nu kho eta’’nti āvajjento tamatthaṃ ñatvā āha – ‘‘atthi pana vo, āvuso, sāmaṇero’’ti? ‘‘Natthi, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Sace natthi, imaṃ saṃkiccasāmaṇeraṃ gahetvā gacchathā’’ti. ‘‘Alaṃ, āvuso, sāmaṇeraṃ nissāya no palibodho bhavissati, kiṃ araññe vasantānaṃ sāmaṇerenā’’ti? ‘‘Nāvuso , imaṃ nissāya tumhākaṃ palibodho, apica kho pana tumhe nissāya imassa palibodho bhavissati. Satthāpi tumhe mama santikaṃ pahiṇanto tumhehi saddhiṃ sāmaṇerassa pahiṇanaṃ paccāsīsanto pahiṇi, imaṃ gahetvā gacchathā’’ti. Te ‘‘sādhū’’ti adhivāsetvā sāmaṇerena saddhiṃ ekatiṃsa janā theraṃ apaloketvā vihārā nikkhamma cārikaṃ carantā vīsayojanasatamatthake ekaṃ sahassakulaṃ gāmaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu.
导师说‘今后彼处恐惧会消退,随后可完善出家功德’。知此,导师告诫众人‘比库们,你们去观望年长的沙利长老弟子’。众答‘善’,往见长老,且问曰‘朋友,此间是否宜取法修行?’导师曰‘已至此处’。长老续言,‘弟子们,这里显示一事,将成有益,究竟为何?’问众‘你们中可有沙玛内拉?’‘无’,众应。导师曰‘既无彼者,若携带“狭小沙玛内拉”同行,可使彼内悟觉醒。值此丛林居住的沙玛内拉,使你们渐次领悟。导师自己也将离我而往,与诸沙玛内拉一同放行,你们应与此人同行’。众答‘善’,遂与沙玛内拉一同往见三十一位长老,离开寺院,巡行地方,达一千户村庄。
Manussā te disvā pasannacittā sakkaccaṃ parivisitvā, ‘‘bhante, kattha gamissathā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘yathāphāsukaṭṭhānaṃ, āvuso’’ti vutte pādamūle nipajjitvā ‘‘mayaṃ, bhante, ayyesu imaṃ ṭhānaṃ nissāya antovassaṃ vasantesu pañcasīlaṃ samādāya uposathakammaṃ karissāmā’’ti yāciṃsu. Therā adhivāsesuṃ. Atha nesaṃ manussā rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānacaṅkamanapaṇṇasālāyo saṃvidahitvā ‘‘ajja mayaṃ, sve maya’’nti ussāhappattā upaṭṭhānamakaṃsu. Therā vassūpanāyikadivase katikavattaṃ kariṃsu, ‘‘āvuso, amhehi dharamānakabuddhassa santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahitaṃ, na kho pana sakkā aññatra paṭipattisampadāya buddhe ārādhetuṃ, amhākañca apāyadvārāni vivaṭāneva, tasmā aññatra pāto bhikkhācāravelaṃ, sāyaṃ therūpaṭṭhānavelañca sesakāle dve ekaṭṭhāne na bhavissāma, yassa aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, tena ghaṇḍiyā pahaṭāya tassa santikaṃ gantvā bhesajjaṃ karissāma, ito aññasmiṃ rattibhāge vā divasabhāge vā appamattā kammaṭṭhānamanuyuñjissāmā’’ti.
人们见他们,心生欢喜,便围绕问‘尊者们,今当往何处?’长老答‘正赴望所处之处,朋友们’,随即跪拜足下,辞曰‘尊者,我们愿依此处,依内僧众持五戒,诵守斋戒仪式’。长老批准。后人由夜至昼设帐躺卧‘今日即为我等’欢喜侍奉。长老于雨季安居日前忙碌安排,曰‘朋友们,我们既已执持法门于觉者面前,却未能除非行,故除夕至僧聚时我等不能常常同住,若得病痛发作,将由侍者取药对应,而依次轮班于昼夜间勤修法门’。
Tesu evaṃ katikaṃ katvā viharantesu eko duggatapuriso dhītaraṃ upanissāya jīvanto tasmiṃ ṭhāne dubbhikkhe uppanne aparaṃ dhītaraṃ upanissāya jīvitukāmo maggaṃ paṭipajji. Therāpi gāme piṇḍāya caritvā vasanaṭṭhānaṃ āgacchantā antarāmagge ekissā nadiyā nhatvā vālukapuline nisīditvā bhattakiccaṃ kariṃsu. Tasmiṃ khaṇe so puriso taṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ therā ‘‘kahaṃ gacchasī’’ti pucchiṃsu. So tamatthaṃ ārocesi. Therā tasmiṃ kāruññaṃ uppādetvā, ‘‘upāsaka, ativiya chātosi, gaccha, paṇṇaṃ āhara, ekamekaṃ te bhattapiṇḍaṃ dassāmā’’ti vatvā tena paṇṇe āhaṭe attanā attanā bhuñjananiyāmeneva sūpabyañjanehi sannahitvā ekamekaṃ piṇḍaṃ adaṃsu. Etadeva kira vattaṃ, yaṃ bhojanakāle āgatassa bhattaṃ dadamānena bhikkhunā aggabhattaṃ adatvā attanā bhuñjananiyāmeneva thokaṃ vā bahuṃ vā dātabbaṃ. Tasmā tepi tathā adaṃsu. So katabhattakicco there vanditvā pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, ayyā, kenaci nimantitā’’ti? ‘‘Natthi, upāsaka, nimantanaṃ, manussā devasikaṃ evarūpameva āhāraṃ dentī’’ti. So cintesi – ‘‘mayaṃ niccakālaṃ uṭṭhāya samuṭṭhāya kammaṃ karontāpi evarūpaṃ āhāraṃ laddhuṃ na sakkoma, kiṃ me aññattha gatena, imesaṃ santikeyeva jīvissāmī’’ti. Atha ne āha – ‘‘ahaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ katvā ayyānaṃ santike vasituṃ icchāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, upāsakā’’ti. So tehi saddhiṃ tesaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā sādhukaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ karonto bhikkhū ativiya ārādhetvā dvemāsaccayena dhītaraṃ daṭṭhukāmo hutvā ‘‘sace, ayye, āpucchissāmi, na maṃ vissajjissanti, anāpucchā gamissāmī’’ti tesaṃ anācikkhitvāva nikkhami. Ettakameva kirassa oḷārikaṃ khalitaṃ ahosi, yaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ anārocetvā pakkāmi.
这时,在那些正在作当天份的人中,有一个恶行之人,他依靠哥哥而活着。活在那个地方时,因饥饿困苦,另一个弟弟怀着求生的心,修行正道。长老们也在村中乞食,回来住处的路上,在一条河水洗浴,坐在沙洲上,做饮食工作。那时,那人到那地方,独自一人站立。长老们问他:“你要往哪里去?”他说明了目的。长老们生起慈悲,说:“居士,你饥饿太甚,去吧,拿些饭食,我们一一给你饭。”说毕,就把饭装入汤汤饭羹中,一一分给他。这确是平时发生的事:饭食时间,来者取食而不将长老所食最好的饭给他,却把自己的汤羹或剩饭多量施与他。因此他们也这样给予他。他完成饮食工作后,向长老们顶礼并问:“尊者,夫人由谁差遣?”“没有,居士,没有差遣,是人类和天众给与这样的食物。”他心想:“我们虽常起身离开,做各种工作,也得不到这样的食物,我该去别处吗?就在这里边生活吧。”于是他说:“我过去常作当天份的人,现在愿意住在尊者们附近。”长老们赞叹说:“好啊,居士。”他与他们同往住处,勤勤恳恳作当天份。因强烈渴求,经过两个月,想见哥哥,就说:“夫人,若我问他,他不会抛弃我吗?我将不问而去。”无通知即离开。差不多那时,他藏有一根金杖,长老们未曾见过,他便带着离开。
Tassa pana gamanamagge ekā aṭavī atthi. Tattha pañcasatānaṃ corānaṃ ‘‘yo imaṃ aṭaviṃ pavisati, taṃ māretvā tassa maṃsalohitena tuyhaṃ balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti devatāya āyācanaṃ katvā vasantānaṃ sattamo divaso hoti. Tasmā sattame divase corajeṭṭhako rukkhaṃ āruyha olokento taṃ āgacchantaṃ disvā corānaṃ saññamadāsi. Te tassa aṭavimajjhaṃ paviṭṭhabhāvaṃ ñatvā parikkhipitvā taṃ gaṇhitvā gāḷhabandhanaṃ katvā araṇisahitena aggiṃ nibbattetvā dārūni saṅkaḍḍhitvā mahantaṃ aggikkhandhaṃ katvā sūlāni tacchiṃsu. So tesaṃ taṃ kiriyaṃ disvā, ‘‘sāmi, imasmiṃ ṭhāne neva sūkarā, na migādayo dissanti, kiṃ kāraṇā idaṃ karothā’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Taṃ māretvā tava maṃsalohitena devatāya balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti. So maraṇabhayatajjito bhikkhūnaṃ taṃ upakāraṃ acintetvā kevalaṃ attano jīvitameva rakkhamāno evamāha – ‘‘sāmi, ahaṃ vighāsādo, ucchiṭṭhabhattaṃ bhuñjitvā vaḍḍhito, vighāsādo nāma kāḷakaṇṇiko, ayyā pana yato tato nikkhamitvā pabbajitāpi khattiyāva, asukasmiṃ ṭhāne ekatiṃsa bhikkhū vasanti, te māretvā balikammaṃ karotha, ativiya vo devatā tussissatī’’ti. Taṃ sutvā corā ‘‘bhaddakaṃ esa vadeti, kiṃ iminā kāḷakaṇṇinā, khattiye māretvā balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti cintetvā ‘‘ehi, nesaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ dassehī’’ti tameva maggadesakaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā vihāramajjhe bhikkhū adisvā ‘‘kahaṃ bhikkhū’’ti naṃ pucchiṃsu. So dve māse vasitattā tesaṃ katikavattaṃ jānanto evamāha – ‘‘attano divāṭṭhānarattiṭṭhānesu nisinnā, etaṃ ghaṇḍiṃ paharatha, ghaṇḍisaddena sannipatissantī’’ti. Corajeṭṭhako ghaṇḍiṃ pahari.
他前行的路上,有一片林地。住有五百强盗。强盗立下誓言:“谁入此林,我们杀他,用他的血肉,事奉天神。”正值七天后。强盗首领攀树观望,见到行人后许诺强盗们。强盗们见那人进入林中,扑捉他,绑缚他,用森林之物点燃火堆,堆成大火团,插上刀矛。他们见此事,对他说:“主人,这里无猪鹿,何必做此事?”他说:“杀他,用他的血肉事奉天神。”众人因惧怕死亡,想到保护自己性命,仅想到利于比库,便说:“主人,我是惹祸鬼,曾吃下杀生饭而长大,是名恶人。夫人们及出家者如贵族般,有三十一位比库居此地。请杀了他们,事奉天神,天神必喜。”强盗听后心想:“此话甚善,杀那恶人,杀贵族,再祭天神。”心念后,指引强盗至该处集居。比库们不问何处来人,两个月安住时,知晓其作当天分之事,心里说:“白天黑夜坐着,就敲击那大鼓,鼓声相和。”强盗首领敲鼓。
Bhikkhū ghaṇḍisaddaṃ sutvā ‘‘akāle ghaṇḍi pahaṭā, kassaci aphāsukaṃ bhavissatī’’ti āgantvā vihāramajjhe paṭipāṭiyā paññattesu pāsāṇaphalakesu nisīdiṃsu. Saṅghatthero core oloketvā pucchi – ‘‘upāsakā kenāyaṃ ghaṇḍi pahaṭā’’ti? Corajeṭṭhako āha – ‘‘mayā, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’’ti? ‘‘Amhehi aṭavidevatāya āyācitaṃ atthi, tassā balikammakaraṇatthāya ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ gahetvā gamissāmā’’ti. Taṃ sutvā mahāthero bhikkhū āha – ‘‘āvuso, bhātikānaṃ uppannakiccaṃ nāma jeṭṭhabhātikena nittharitabbaṃ, ahaṃ attano jīvitaṃ tumhākaṃ pariccajitvā imehi saddhiṃ gamissāmi, mā sabbesaṃ antarāyo hotu, appamattā samaṇadhammaṃ karothā’’ti. Anuthero āha – ‘‘bhante, jeṭṭhabhātu kiccaṃ nāma kaniṭṭhassa bhāro, ahaṃ gamissāmi, tumhe appamattā hothā’’ti. Iminā upāyena ‘‘ahameva ahamevā’’ti vatvā paṭipāṭiyā tiṃsapi janā uṭṭhahiṃsu, evaṃ te neva ekissā mātuyā puttā, na ekassa pituno, nāpi vītarāgā, atha ca pana avasesānaṃ atthāya paṭipāṭiyā jīvitaṃ pariccajiṃsu. Tesu ekopi ‘‘tvaṃ yāhī’’ti vattuṃ samattho nāma nāhosi.
比库闻鼓声,说:“不合时宜敲鼓,谁会听不从?”走来,坐在僧房,用石盘做座位。僧首察看强盗,问:“居士,谁在敲鼓?”强盗首领答:“我,尊者。”问其因由:“为求林神赐福,为酬谢天神,打算抓一位比库。”诸长老比库说:“朋友,修兄弟之事,应由年长执事,我以命换你的护持,与你同去,不要制造一切阻碍,要严谨修持圣行。”次长老说:“尊者,长兄负责,年少承担,我来去,你们当谨慎。”如此安排后,三十余人起身,不相违抗,无一为母子,无一是父子,亦无亲情,依次奉献性命。若叫某人去,没有能做到的。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇero tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā, ‘‘bhante, tumhe tiṭṭhatha , ahaṃ tumhākaṃ jīvitaṃ pariccajitvā gamissāmī’’ti āha. Te āhaṃsu – ‘‘āvuso, mayaṃ sabbe ekato māriyamānāpi taṃ ekakaṃ na vissajjessāmā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā, bhante’’ti? ‘‘‘Āvuso, tvaṃ dhammasenāpatisāriputtattherassa sāmaṇero, sace taṃ vissajjessāma, sāmaṇeraṃ me ādāya gantvā corānaṃ niyyādiṃsū’ti thero no garahissati, taṃ nindaṃ nittharituṃ na sakkhissāma, tena taṃ na vissajjessāmā’’ti. ‘‘Bhante, sammāsambuddho tumhe mama upajjhāyassa santikaṃ pahiṇantopi, mama upajjhāyo maṃ tumhehi saddhiṃ pahiṇantopi idameva kāraṇaṃ disvā pahiṇi, tiṭṭhatha tumhe, ahameva gamissāmī’’ti so tiṃsa bhikkhū vanditvā ‘‘sace, bhante, me doso atthi, khamathā’’ti vatvā nikkhami. Tadā bhikkhūnaṃ mahāsaṃvego uppajji, akkhīni assupuṇṇāni hadayamaṃsaṃ pavedhi. Mahāthero core āha – ‘‘upāsakā ayaṃ daharako tumhe aggiṃ karonte, sūlāni tacchante, paṇṇāni attharante disvā bhāyissati, imaṃ ekamante ṭhapetvā tāni kiccāni kareyyāthā’’ti. Corā sāmaṇeraṃ ādāya gantvā ekamante ṭhapetvā sabbakiccāni kariṃsu.
出家学童听闻此事,说:“尊者,你们留下,我以命陪伴你们去。”他们说:“朋友,即使大家联合,不会放弃任何一人。”问其因由:“朋友,你是法军司令沙利弗多尊者之学童,若放弃他,尊者会不悦,不能容忍,故不放弃他。”他说:“正觉者,就算你们放弃我的导师,导师放弃我与你们同去,也因这个原因,留下,你们站着,我去。”三十比库顶礼他说:“尊者,若我有过错,请赦免我。”于是出发。比库们心情激动,眼泪盈眶,心中悲痛。长老对强盗说:“居士,这孩子点火,刺杀,掠夺着刀矛和财物,看见必恐惧。你把他安置在一处,让他做事罢。”强盗带着学童,安置一处,办理一切事宜。
Kiccapariyosāne corajeṭṭhako asiṃ abbāhitvā sāmaṇeraṃ upasaṅkami. Sāmaṇero nisīdamāno jhānaṃ samāpajjitvāva nisīdi. Corajeṭṭhako asiṃ parivattetvā sāmaṇerassa khandhe pātesi, asi namitvā dhārāya dhāraṃ pahari, so ‘‘na sammā pahari’’nti maññamāno puna taṃ ujukaṃ katvā pahari. Asi tālapaṇṇaṃ viya veṭhayamāno tharumūlaṃ agamāsi. Sāmaṇerañhi tasmiṃ kāle sinerunā avattharantopi māretuṃ samattho nāma natthi, pageva asinā. Taṃ pāṭihāriyaṃ disvā corajeṭṭhako cintesi – ‘‘pubbe me asi silāthambhaṃ vā khadirakhāṇuṃ vā kaḷīraṃ viya chindati, idāni ekavāraṃ nami, ekavāraṃ tālapattaveṭhako viya jāto. Ayaṃ nāma asi acetanā hutvāpi imassa guṇaṃ jānāti, ahaṃ sacetanopi na jānāmī’’ti. So asiṃ bhūmiyaṃ khipitvā tassa pādamūle urena nipajjitvā, ‘‘bhante, mayaṃ dhanakāraṇā aṭaviṃ paviṭṭhāmhā, amhe dūratova disvā sahassamattāpi manussā pavedhanti, dve tisso kathā kathetuṃ na sakkonti. Tava pana santāsamattampi natthi, ukkāmukhe suvaṇṇaṃ viya supupphitakaṇikāraṃ viya ca te mukhaṃ virocati, kiṃ nu kho kāraṇa’’nti pucchanto imaṃ gāthamāha –
办完事务,强盗首领挥舞刀剑走近学童。学童坐下即入禅定。首领挥剑抵着他的肩膀,剑触压他,学童以为“此剑未合身”,再用力戳刺。剑如镰刀附带把柄,砍断树根。学童此刻即使手持矛也不能杀死他,只有剑能。见此奇异,强盗首领心想:“之前我的剑常砍断石柱或树骨,现在一次鞠躬,一次如镰刀,剑无意识却能显示此威力,我虽有心无法知晓。”他将剑掷于地,贴近其足根,用长枪刺。他说:“居士,我们因财富入林,人们遥望千里送信,不能讲两三言。你虽无忧,却因口如金,脸如盛开的金花,何以致此?”他以偈颂回复:
‘‘Tassa te natthi bhītattaṃ, bhiyyo vaṇṇo pasīdati;
“你无须害怕,颜色愈加鲜明;
Kasmā na paridevesi, evarūpe mahabbhaye’’ti. (theragā. 706);
何故不忧虑,如此大恐怖?
Sāmaṇero jhānā vuṭṭhāya tassa dhammaṃ desento, ‘‘āvuso gāmaṇi, khīṇāsavassa attabhāvo nāma sīse ṭhapitabhāro viya hoti, so tasmiṃ bhijjante vā nassante vā tussateva, na bhāyatī’’ti vatvā imā gāthā abhāsi –
一比库从禅定起身,为世人说法云:“朋友行者,断尽染污的自性,犹如头上的负担,虽在其中湿润或干裂,皆不动摇忧惧。”说此偈语曰——
‘‘Natthi cetasikaṃ dukkhaṃ, anapekkhassa gāmaṇi;
“无有心意之苦,朋友行者毫不挂怀;
Atikkantā bhayā sabbe, khīṇasaṃyojanassa ve.
一切恐惧皆已超越,断尽缠缚之羁绊;
‘‘Khīṇāya bhavanettiyā, diṭṭhe dhamme yathātathe;
断除存在之意,见法真实如是;
Na bhayaṃ maraṇe hoti, bhāranikkhepane yathā’’ti. (theragā. 707-708);
死中无恐怖,犹如去除负担。”
So tassa kathaṃ sutvā pañca corasatāni oloketvā āha – ‘‘tumhe kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tumhe pana, sāmī’’ti. ‘‘Mama tāva, bho, ‘evarūpaṃ pāṭihāriyaṃ disvā agāramajjhe kammaṃ natthi, ayyassa santike pabbajissāmī’ti. Mayampi tatheva karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, tātā’’ti tato pañcasatāpi corā sāmaṇeraṃ vanditvā pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu . So tesaṃ asidhārāhi eva kese ceva vatthadasā ca chinditvā tambamattikāya rajitvā tāni kāsāyāni acchādāpetvā dasasu sīlesu patiṭṭhāpetvā te ādāya gacchanto cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ there adisvāva gamissāmi, te samaṇadhammaṃ kātuṃ na sakkhissanti. Corānañhi maṃ gahetvā nikkhantakālato paṭṭhāya tesu ekopi assūni sandhāretuṃ nāsakkhi, ‘mārito nu kho sāmaṇero, no’ti cintentānaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ abhimukhaṃ na bhavissati, tasmā disvāva ne gamissāmī’’ti. So pañcasatabhikkhuparivāro tattha gantvā attano dassanena paṭiladdhaassāsehi tehi ‘‘kiṃ, sappurisa, saṃkicca, laddhaṃ te jīvita’’nti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante, ime maṃ māretukāmā hutvā māretuṃ asakkontā mama guṇe pasīditvā dhammaṃ sutvā pabbajitā, ahaṃ ‘tumhe disvāva gamissāmī’ti āgato, appamattā samaṇadhammaṃ karotha, ahaṃ satthu santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti te bhikkhū vanditvā itare ādāya upajjhāyassa santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ saṃkicca, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Therena ‘‘gaccha saṃkicca, satthāraṃ passāhī’’ti vutte, ‘‘sādhū’’ti theraṃ vanditvā te ādāya satthu santikaṃ gantvā satthārāpi ‘‘kiṃ saṃkicca, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ corakammaṃ katvā dussīle patiṭṭhāya vassasataṃ jīvanato idāni sīle patiṭṭhāya ekadivasampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
彼时,世尊听闻此事后,巡视了五百盗贼,便告诫他们说:『你们将作何所为?』他们回答:『愿行持以敬侍您,尊者。』世尊接着表示:『我尚且因见此等奇异之事,于宅中无有作恶,必当出家依止尊者。你们亦当如此行。』他们说:『善哉,父亲!』于是这五百盗贼乃对比库沙玛内拉顶礼,请求圣出家。世尊当时以锋利刀刃剪除其发,剃去其须,涂布泥土,将其覆以赭色衣袍,令其受持十戒,并令其得以立戒品。带着他们前往途中,世尊心中思忖:『我将前往贤者处,因为他们未能胜任修习沙门法。他们在盗贼之故灭命之际,无一能护佑亲人,亦不堪护其亲属,故我目睹此情形,必当前往贤者处。』与五百比库一同到达后,因其圣迹表现获得人们奉承,众人曰:『贤者,您为善男子,虽历劫难行,却获得此生命。』比库答言:『是的,尊者。彼等因希望杀我而不能,见我功德而信解法义,故来此恭敬出家。我将谨守法,去依止佛所住之处。』比库们受礼后,携诸弟子觉察导师之所在,问曰:『贤者,何以得至此处?』答曰:『是的,尊者。』遂述此经过。长老谆谆告诫曰:『去吧,贤者,见示导师。』比库等礼敬长老,携同行前往导师处。导师亦问曰:『贤者,何以来此处?』答曰:『是的,尊者。』遂述此经过。导师说:『诸比库!尔等于作恶却不守戒而生百年,不如守戒修习禅那而活一日之生命为胜。』说已,导师依次演说,末竟五百比库于判别中得阿拉汉果,得大众的信受,宣讲真实法义。
§110
110.
一百一十。
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, dussīlo asamāhito;
『或者生百年,不守戒,心不专注;
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, sīlavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
一日生命为胜,持戒禅定者乎。』
Tattha dussīloti nissīlo. Sīlavantassāti dussīlassa vassasataṃ jīvanato sīlavantassa dvīhi jhānehi jhāyino ekadivasampi ekamuhuttampi jīvitaṃ seyyo, uttamanti attho.
此处“不守戒”者,无戒也。持戒者为生百年于不守戒者中,是持二禅定之持戒者生一日一时生命为上,为最佳之义。
Desanāvasāne te pañcasatāpi bhikkhū saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu, sampattamahājanassāpi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
说法结束时,彼时五百比库同住,皆于判别中得阿拉汉果,亦为大众所信服,法义真实起显。
Aparena samayena saṃkicco upasampadaṃ labhitvā dasavasso hutvā sāmaṇeraṃ gaṇhi. So pana tasseva bhāgineyyo adhimuttasāmaṇero nāma. Atha naṃ thero paripuṇṇavassakāle āmantetvā ‘‘upasampadaṃ te karissāmi, gaccha, ñātakānaṃ santike vassaparimāṇaṃ pucchitvā ehī’’ti uyyojesi. So mātāpitūnaṃ santikaṃ gacchanto antarāmagge pañcasatehi corehi balikammatthāya māriyamāno tesaṃ dhammaṃ desetvā pasannacittehi tehi ‘‘na te imasmiṃ ṭhāne amhākaṃ atthibhāvo kassaci ārocetabbo’’ti vissaṭṭho paṭipathe mātāpitaro āgacchante disvā tameva maggaṃ paṭipajjantānampi tesaṃ saccamanurakkhanto nārocesi. Tesaṃ corehi viheṭhiyamānānaṃ ‘‘tvampi corehi saddhiṃ ekato hutvā maññe, amhākaṃ nārocesī’’ti paridevantānaṃ saddaṃ sutvā te mātāpitūnampi anārocitabhāvaṃ ñatvā pasannacittā pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu. Sopi saṃkiccasāmaṇero viya te sabbe pabbājetvā upajjhāyassa santikaṃ ānetvā tena satthu santikaṃ pesito gantvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti vutte purimanayeneva anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imameva gāthamāha –
不久之后,萨迦即位,经过十年,接受了比库戒,成为沙玛内拉。那个时候,他乃是他的亲兄弟,被尊为出家守戒的沙玛内拉。后来,这位长老到达了寿命圆满之时,邀请他并说:“我要为你行比库戒,去吧,到你亲戚处询问其在夏安居时长的情况后回来。”他在前往父母所在的途中,遇见了五百名盗贼。这些盗贼因抢劫而堕陷魔道,他便为他们说明佛法。那些盗贼心怀清净,说:“在此处,没有我们利益相关之人应当揭发。”那些父母听闻后,安然无恙地返回。见到那些正在为盗贼讨应受之罚而烦恼的人们,也以慈心对待,未向父母告发,遂且清净心地请求受具足戒。那个被尊者也如同这位简洁的沙玛内拉一样,都受了戒,带到导师面前。由导师转告世尊,并向世尊报告了此事。世尊说:“诸比库,如是,如是。”并询问,获允后遂按前例,即起唱诵此偈:
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, dussīlo asamāhito;
“凡活百岁者,其行不正不专;
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, sīlavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
一生为上者,乃是持戒禅定者。”
Idampi adhimuttasāmaṇeravatthu vuttanayamevāti.
此偈即是指上述这位沙玛内拉之事的陈说而已。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇeravatthu navamaṃ. · 散吉咖沙玛内拉的故事,第九。
10. Khāṇukoṇḍaññattheravatthu十、桩子孔丹尼亚长老的故事
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto khāṇukoṇḍaññattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
那活百岁的者,是在竹林精舍禅师阇那尊者处住持法教期间,开示此教义。
So kira thero satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā araññe viharanto arahattaṃ patvā ‘‘satthu ārocessāmī’’ti tato āgacchanto antarāmagge kilanto maggā okkamma ekasmiṃ piṭṭhipāsāṇe nisinno jhānaṃ samāpajji. Athekaṃ gāmaṃ vilumpitvā pañcasatā corā attano balānurūpena bhaṇḍikaṃ bandhitvā sīsenādāya gacchantā dūraṃ gantvā kilantarūpā ‘‘dūraṃ āgatāmha, imasmiṃ piṭṭhipāsāṇe vissamissāmā’’ti maggā okkamma piṭṭhipāsāṇassa santikaṃ gantvā theraṃ disvāpi ‘‘khāṇuko aya’’nti saññino ahesuṃ. Atheko coro therassa sīse bhaṇḍikaṃ ṭhapesi, aparopi taṃ nissāya bhaṇḍikaṃ ṭhapesi. Evaṃ pañcasatāpi corā pañcahi bhaṇḍikasatehi theraṃ parikkhipitvā sayampi nisinnā niddāyitvā aruṇuggamanakāle pabujjhitvā attano attano bhaṇḍikaṃ gaṇhantā theraṃ disvā ‘‘amanusso’’ti saññāya palāyituṃ ārabhiṃsu. Atha ne thero āha – ‘‘mā bhāyittha upāsakā, pabbajito aha’’nti. Te therassa pādamūle nipajjitvā ‘‘khamatha, bhante, mayaṃ khāṇukasaññino ahumhā’’ti theraṃ khamāpetvā corajeṭṭhakena ‘‘ahaṃ ayyassa santike pabbajissāmī’’ti vutte sesā ‘‘mayampi pabbajissāmā’’ti vatvā sabbepi ekacchandā hutvā theraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu. Thero saṃkiccasāmaṇero viya sabbepi te pabbājesi. Tato paṭṭhāya khāṇukoṇḍaññoti paññāyi. So tehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ satthu santikaṃ gantvā satthārā ‘‘kiṃ, koṇḍañña, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante, na no aññassa evarūpo ānubhāvo diṭṭhapubbo, tenamhā pabbajitā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, evarūpe duppaññakamme patiṭṭhāya vassasataṃ jīvanato idāni vo paññāsampadāya vattamānānaṃ ekāhampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
据传此尊者于世尊面前承接修行业处。于深林中修行期间,证得阿拉汉果,谓“欲去将赴世尊所处。”于是他前往荒野,遭遇盗贼五百,因自身实力将盗贼缚缚成囚,绑于头部后远离居处。盗贼形貌憔悴,一边走一边说:“遥远来了,我们将在此石处,遇盗贼们。”他们来到石处,见到尊者时,心念称“此即阇那。”其中一盗贼将囚绑放在尊者头上,另一个盗贼就依赖此囚绑。诸盗贼中五百皆被绑缚于五个囚绑中,尊者自己亦在座上睡觉,天明时起身,各自取回囚绑,见尊者,念觉“非人”,遂起意逃走。尊者告诫曰:“勿恐惧,是出家者。”盗贼们跪伏于尊者足下说:“宽恕我们,尊者,我们认得此阇那。”盗贼首领言:“我将受教于尊者。”其余也说:“我亦将受教。”遂皆一心一意,请求尊者受戒,皆受戒。尊者如同那简洁沙玛内拉一般,皆受戒。由此尊者显示智慧。与诸比库共往世尊处,世尊问曰:“阇那,终生享有何果?”即揭示其修行果证。世尊说:“如是,如是,诸比库。”答曰:“是,世尊,无他人能得此样殊胜果报。诸比库,凭此殊胜难得之法,活百之后,持戒禅定者,一生为上。”世尊随即唱诵此偈,进行总结教化——
§111
111.
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, duppañño asamāhito;
『若有人寿命百年,愚痴心不定,』
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, paññavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
『一日生存胜过,智慧者的禅定修习。』
Tattha duppañño nippañño. Paññavantassāti sappaññassa. Sesaṃ purimasadisamevāti.
其中愚痴者即无明者,智慧者为具足智慧者。余者仍如前文所说。
Desanāvasāne pañcasatāpi te bhikkhū saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Sampattamahājanassāpi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
于说法终结之际,五百比库与他们同具正断,证得阿拉汉果。以知众生广大,此法说真实有效。
Khāṇukoṇḍaññattheravatthu dasamaṃ. · 桩子孔丹尼亚长老的故事,第十。
11. Sappadāsattheravatthu十一、萨巴达萨长老的故事
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto sappadāsattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
若有人寿命百年,世尊曾在耶达伐那精舍,宣说如是法,起始于祇树长老。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kireko kulaputto satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā pabbajitvā laddhūpasampado aparena samayena ukkaṇṭhitvā ‘‘mādisassa kulaputtassa gihibhāvo nāma ayutto, pabbajjāya ṭhatvā maraṇamhi me seyyo’’ti cintetvā attano maraṇūpāyaṃ cintento vicarati. Athekadivasaṃ pātova katabhattakiccā bhikkhū vihāraṃ gantvā aggisālāya sappaṃ disvā taṃ ekasmiṃ kuṭe pakkhipitvā kuṭaṃ pidahitvā ādāya vihārā nikkhamiṃsu. Ukkaṇṭhitabhikkhupi bhattakiccaṃ katvā āgacchanto te bhikkhū disvā ‘‘kiṃ idaṃ, āvuso’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘sappo, āvuso’’ti vutte iminā ‘‘kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Chaḍḍessāma na’’nti. Tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā ‘‘iminā attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpetvā marissāmī’’ti ‘‘āharatha, ahaṃ taṃ chaḍḍessāmī’’ti tesaṃ hatthato kuṭaṃ gahetvā ekasmiṃ ṭhāne nisinno tena sappena attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpeti, sappo ḍaṃsituṃ na icchati. So kuṭe hatthaṃ otāretvā ito cito ca āloleti, ghorasappassa mukhaṃ vivaritvā aṅguliṃ pakkhipati, neva naṃ sappo ḍaṃsi. So ‘‘nāyaṃ āsīviso, gharasappo eso’’ti taṃ pahāya vihāraṃ agamāsi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū ‘‘chaḍḍito te, āvuso, sappo’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Na so, āvuso, ghorasappo, gharasappo eso’’ti. ‘‘Ghorasappoyevāvuso, mahantaṃ phaṇaṃ katvā susuyanto dukkhena amhehi gahito, kiṃ kāraṇā evaṃ tvaṃ vadesī’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Ahaṃ, āvuso, tena attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpentopi mukhe aṅguliṃ pakkhipentopi taṃ ḍaṃsāpetuṃ nāsakkhi’’nti. Taṃ sutvā bhikkhū tuṇhī ahesuṃ.
在沙瓦提,某个出身贵族家庭的青年,听闻世尊的教法开示后进行了出家,得到了深厚的戒法果位。但过了一段时间,他心中生起了烦恼,想道:“贫穷的贵族子弟果然不宜在家住世,既然已出家,死时更为适宜。”于是心念死亡方式,反复思维琢磨着。一日饭后事务完毕,他前往僧房,看到火炉旁放着一条蛇,将其捡起抛在一间小屋中,随即关门,拿起火炉离开僧房。这时,心中烦恼的这名比库做完饭务回来,见到这些比库们便问:“这是什么,朋友?”众人答:“是一条蛇,朋友。”他说:“你打算怎么办?”答曰:“我们打算放开它。”众人听后说:“这家伙咬了我们便死去吧。”“好,你放开它吧。”于是有人拿起火炉坐在一处,用蛇恐吓自己,但蛇不愿咬他。他将手伸入屋内,来回挥动,揭开这条猛蛇的口,伸指入蛇口,但蛇仍不咬他。那人说:“这不是恶蛇,而是家蛇。”于是弃蛇离开僧房。诸比库说:“你的蛇已放开了,朋友。”他说:“不,这不是,是恶蛇,是家蛇。”众人说:“恶蛇啊,朋友,张大巨口,伸出舌头,给我们造成痛苦,何故你如此说?”他答:“即便我咬了自己甚至伸指入其口,它都不能咬。”诸比库闻之沉默无言。
Athekadivasaṃ nhāpito dve tayo khure ādāya vihāraṃ gantvā ekaṃ bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapetvā ekena bhikkhūnaṃ kese ohāreti. So bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapitaṃ khuraṃ gahetvā ‘‘iminā gīvaṃ chinditvā marissāmī’’ti ekasmiṃ rukkhe gīvaṃ upanidhāya khuradhāraṃ galanāḷiyaṃ katvā ṭhito upasampadāmāḷato paṭṭhāya attano sīlaṃ āvajjento vimalacandamaṇḍalaṃ viya sudhotamaṇikhandhamiva ca nimmalaṃ sīlaṃ addasa. Tassa taṃ olokentassa sakalasarīraṃ pharantī pīti uppajji. So pītiṃ vikkhambhetvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhento saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ patvā khuraṃ ādāya vihāramajjhaṃ pāvisi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū ‘‘kahaṃ gatosi, āvuso’’ti pucchiṃsu. ‘‘‘Iminā khurena galanāḷiṃ chinditvā marissāmī’ti gatomhi , āvuso’’ti. Atha ‘‘kasmā na matosī’’ti? Idānimhi satthaṃ āharituṃ abhabbo jāto. Ahañhi ‘‘iminā khurena galanāḷiṃ chindissāmī’’ti ñāṇakhurena sabbakilese chindinti. Bhikkhū ‘‘ayaṃ abhūtena aññaṃ byākarotī’’ti bhagavato ārocesuṃ. Bhagavā tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā āha – ‘‘na, bhikkhave, khīṇāsavā nāma sahatthā attānaṃ jīvitā voropentī’’ti. Bhante, tumhe imaṃ ‘‘khīṇāsavo’’ti vadatha, evaṃ arahattūpanissayasampanno panāyaṃ kasmā ukkaṇṭhati, kimassa arahattūpanissayakāraṇaṃ ‘‘kasmā so sappo etaṃ na ḍaṃsatī’’ti? ‘‘Bhikkhave, so tāva sappo imassa ito tatiye attabhāve dāso ahosi, so attano sāmikassa sarīraṃ ḍaṃsituṃ na visahatī’’ti. Evaṃ tāva nesaṃ satthā ekaṃ kāraṇaṃ ācikkhi. Tato paṭṭhāya ca so bhikkhu sappadāso nāma jāto.
一日,有人带着两三柄砍柴斧,来到僧房,立一块木头,待一名比库剃发。他拿起斧头说:“我将用此斧剖颈而死。”在一棵树旁,用斧头施刀割断咽喉,斧刃锋利如骨刀,完成后回到众僧旁,整顿仪容,正如晶莹剔透的明珠镶嵌出尘的戒律一般纯净。他注视自身躯体,欢喜满溢。放开喜悦,增长观照,达到了辩才智慧的阿拉汉果,于是拿斧头进入僧房。众僧问:“朋友,你到哪里去?”他说:“我将用此斧剖颈而死,朋友。”众问:“为何不愿活?”他说:“今世无缘恭敬世尊,我今断此生故出此语。”众人闻之,以为是魔使唆,向世尊报告。世尊听后告诫说:“诸比库,已断所有烦恼者必自持护命。”世尊又说:“诸比库,他曾是这第三世身为此蛇的奴仆,他不忍伤害主人之身。”如是,世尊指示众比库一事因由。那后,这位比库成了名为“蛇奴”的别名。
Kassapasammāsambuddhakāle kireko kulaputto satthu dhammakathaṃ sutvā uppannasaṃvego pabbajitvā laddhūpasampado aparena samayena anabhiratiyā uppannāya ekassa sahāyakassa bhikkhuno ārocesi. So tassa abhiṇhaṃ gihibhāve ādīnavaṃ kathesi. Taṃ sutvā itaro sāsane abhiramitvā pubbe anabhiratakāle malaggahite samaṇaparikkhāre ekasmiṃ soṇḍitīre nimmale karonto nisīdi. Sahāyakopissa santikeyeva nisinno. Atha naṃ so evamāha – ‘‘ahaṃ, āvuso, uppabbajanto ime parikkhāre tuyhaṃ dātukāmo ahosi’’nti. So lobhaṃ uppādetvā cintesi – ‘‘iminā mayhaṃ pabbajitena vā uppabbajitena vā ko attho, idāni parikkhāre gaṇhissāmī’’ti. So tato paṭṭhāya ‘‘kiṃ dānāvuso, amhākaṃ jīvitena, ye mayaṃ kapālahatthā parakulesu bhikkhāya carāma, puttadārehi saddhiṃ ālāpasallāpaṃ na karomā’’tiādīni vadanto gihibhāvassa guṇaṃ kathesi. So tassa kathaṃ sutvā puna ukkaṇṭhito hutvā cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ mayā ‘ukkaṇṭhitomhī’ti vutte paṭhamaṃ gihibhāve ādīnavaṃ kathetvā idāni abhiṇhaṃ guṇaṃ katheti, ‘kiṃ nu kho kāraṇa’’’nti cintento ‘‘imesu samaṇaparikkhāresu lobhenā’’ti ñatvā sayameva attano cittaṃ nivattesi. Evamassa kassapasammāsambuddhakāle ekassa bhikkhuno ukkaṇṭhāpitattā idāni anabhirati uppannā. Yo pana teneva tadā vīsati vassasahassāni samaṇadhammo kato, svassa etarahi arahattūpanissayo jātoti.
咖萨巴世尊时代,有个贵族子弟听闻世尊佛法,心生于出家。得果位后,生出不喜,向一位同伴比库诉说。那比库在家中讲述世间的危险和凶险。听后,他心中不欢,一度坐于河边观察。与同伴比库同坐。忽然他对同伴说:“朋友,我欲出家,请将此林地授与我。”同伴心生贪欲,念:“他出家与我无异,也要占有此园林。”遂说:“我们不应与乡村人闲谈,我们于这里清净修行,与你同住,绝不谈论妻子儿女等家务事。”听后,他心生不悦,暗自思量:“我先时说你出家心中有忧恼,今反言无忧,何故如此?”于是了解其中因缘,心念转,称此世间的游方生活状态实有所惑。自此,有一比库生出烦恼。然彼经年累月经行修习此出世法,现已成就阿拉汉依止。
Imamatthaṃ te bhikkhū bhagavato santikā sutvā uttariṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘bhante, ayaṃ kira bhikkhu khuradhāraṃ galanāḷiyaṃ katvā ṭhitova arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, uppajjissati nu kho ettakena khaṇena arahattamaggo’’ti. ‘‘Āma, bhikkhave, āraddhavīriyassa bhikkhuno pādaṃ ukkhipitvā bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapentassa pāde bhūmiyaṃ asampatteyeva arahattamaggo uppajjati. Kusītassa puggalassa hi vassasataṃ jīvanato āraddhavīriyassa khaṇamattampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
诸比库问世尊:“世尊,此人用斧头割断咽喉而立,便可获阿拉汉果证,不久将届阿拉汉道果否?”世尊答:“是的,诸比库,勤奋勇猛比库持足立地,立下一块木头,是阿拉汉道的基础。懒惰之人即使活一百年,也无如勤奋人数瞬间生命宝贵。”于是世尊吟诵此偈:
§112
112.
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, kusīto hīnavīriyo;
“那长活百年者,懒怠且无精进;
Ekāhaṃ jīvikaṃ seyyo, vīriyamārabhato daḷha’’nti.
有人说:一日之中,生活精进是最胜的,因为发起精勤的力量坚固。
Tattha kusītoti kāmavitakkādīhi tīhi vitakkehi vītināmento puggalo. Hīnavīriyoti nibbīriyo. Vīriyamārabhato daḷhanti duvidhajjhānanibbattanasamatthaṃ thiraṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhantassa. Sesaṃ purimasadisameva.
所谓懈怠者,谓断除三种以欲念等起的分别思维的人。所谓精进薄弱者,就是消退的精进。发起精勤之力坚固者,是指能够生起双重禅定的坚定精勤者。剩余的,依前文相同。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
於说法者结速,得很多初果入流果等圣果。
Sappadāsattheravatthu ekādasamaṃ. · 萨巴达萨长老的故事,第十一。
12. Paṭācārātherīvatthu十二、巴嗒遮拉长老尼的故事
Yo ca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto paṭācāraṃ theriṃ ārabbha kathesi.
有一人活了百年,住在揭迦罗园听法,泛谈一名长老女人。
Sā kira sāvatthiyaṃ cattālīsakoṭivibhavassa seṭṭhino dhītā ahosi abhirūpā. Taṃ soḷasavassuddesikakāle sattabhūmikassa pāsādassa uparimatale rakkhantā vasāpesuṃ. Evaṃ santepi sā ekena attano cūḷūpaṭṭhākena saddhiṃ vippaṭipajji . Athassā mātāpitaro samajātikakule ekassa kumārassa paṭissuṇitvā vivāhadivasaṃ ṭhapesuṃ. Tasmiṃ upakaṭṭhe sā taṃ cūḷūpaṭṭhākaṃ āha – ‘‘maṃ kira asukakulassa nāma dassanti, mayi patikulaṃ gate mama paṇṇākāraṃ gahetvā āgatopi tattha pavesanaṃ na labhissasi, sace te mayi sineho atthi, idāneva maṃ gahetvā yena vā tena vā palāyassū’’ti. ‘‘So sādhu, bhadde’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi ahaṃ sve pātova nagaradvārassa asukaṭṭhāne nāma ṭhassāmi, tvaṃ ekena upāyena nikkhamitvā tattha āgaccheyyāsī’’ti vatvā dutiyadivase saṅketaṭṭhāne aṭṭhāsi. Sāpi pātova kiliṭṭhaṃ vatthaṃ nivāsetvā kese vikkiritvā kuṇḍakena sarīraṃ makkhitvā kuṭaṃ ādāya dāsīhi saddhiṃ gacchantī viya gharā nikkhamitvā taṃ ṭhānaṃ agamāsi. So taṃ ādāya dūraṃ gantvā ekasmiṃ gāme nivāsaṃ kappetvā araññe khettaṃ kasitvā dārupaṇṇādīni āharati. Itarā kuṭena udakaṃ āharitvā sahatthā koṭṭanapacanādīni karontī attano pāpassa phalaṃ anubhoti. Athassā kucchiyaṃ gabbho patiṭṭhāsi. Sā paripuṇṇagabbhā ‘‘idha me koci upakārako natthi, mātāpitaro nāma puttesu muduhadayā honti, tesaṃ santikaṃ maṃ nehi, tattha me gabbhavuṭṭhānaṃ bhavissatī’’ti sāmikaṃ yāci. So ‘‘kiṃ, bhadde, kathesi, maṃ disvā tava mātāpitaro vividhā kammakāraṇā kareyyuṃ, na sakkā mayā tattha gantu’’nti paṭikkhipi. Sā punappunaṃ yācitvāpi gamanaṃ alabhamānā tassa araññaṃ gatakāle paṭivissake āmantetvā ‘‘sace so āgantvā maṃ apassanto ‘kahaṃ gatā’ti pucchissati, mama attano kulagharaṃ gatabhāvaṃ ācikkheyyāthā’’ti vatvā gehadvāraṃ pidahitvā pakkāmi. Sopi āgantvā taṃ apassanto paṭivissake pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā ‘‘nivattessāmi na’’nti anubandhitvā taṃ disvā nānappakāraṃ yāciyamānopi nivattetuṃ nāsakkhi. Athassā ekasmiṃ ṭhāne kammajavātā caliṃsu. Sā ekaṃ gacchantaraṃ pavisitvā, ‘‘sāmi, kammajavātā me calitā’’ti vatvā bhūmiyaṃ nipajjitvā samparivattamānā kicchena dārakaṃ vijāyitvā ‘‘yassatthāyāhaṃ kulagharaṃ gaccheyyaṃ, so attho nipphanno’’ti punadeva tena saddhiṃ gehaṃ āgantvā vāsaṃ kappesi.
她是沙瓦提城四千四百万富豪之家之女,美丽端庄。在十六年传法期间,守护住于七层楼殿上。虽如此,她独以小房作依托,隐秘务静。她的父母得知同族中一男童时,择吉日为其订婚。她在一旁对那婢女说:“人甚称我为病家女,若我遭抛弃,彼将虽来亦不得入内。若你对我有情,即刻带我逃离此地。”婢女答应说:“善哉,有情。”她说:“我正居病家门外之处,你须设法离开,迂回入来。”次日她守在约定地点。她脱去污衣,披散头发,涂污身体,持伞外出,若是离家似者入所。她携伞远行,在一村落定居,开荒种田,采集树叶等。她用另一屋取水,时作砍薪烹食,受恶报感。后来她怀孕满期,向丈夫祈请:“此处无人助我,父母对儿子较为慈爱,愿让我近他们处,此为我孕起之处。”他答:“夫人,你说什么?我若被你父母见,定遭多事,故我不宜前往。”她屡次乞求,他却不许。后来她到荒野时,被邀请返家。她心想:“若他来见我,却问‘汝往何处’,我当告知已往父母家。”她闭门出行,他来见她,问明情况,知晓事由,不准她回去。她因遭不准,内心痛苦。忽遭风吹动屋舍,她坠地,痛苦哀惧,心念“我应返家,事已无望”。遂与他再入家中,居住下来。
Tassā aparena samayena puna gabbho patiṭṭhahi. Sā paripuṇṇagabbhā hutvā purimanayeneva sāmikaṃ yācitvā gamanaṃ alabhamānā puttaṃ aṅkenādāya tatheva pakkamitvā tena anubandhitvā ‘‘tiṭṭhāhī’’ti vutte nivattituṃ na icchi. Atha nesaṃ gacchantānaṃ mahā akālamegho udapādi samantā vijjulatāhi ādittaṃ viya meghatthanitehi, bhijjamānaṃ viya udakadhārānipātanirantaraṃ nabhaṃ ahosi. Tasmiṃ khaṇe tassā kammajavātā caliṃsu. Sā sāmikaṃ āmantetvā, ‘‘sāmi, kammajavātā me calitā, na sakkomi sandhāretuṃ, anovassakaṭṭhānaṃ me jānāhī’’ti āha. So hatthagatāya vāsiyā ito cito ca upadhārento ekasmiṃ vammikamatthake jātaṃ gumbaṃ disvā chindituṃ ārabhi. Atha naṃ vammikato nikkhamitvā ghoraviso āsīviso ḍaṃsi. Taṅkhaṇaññevassa sarīraṃ antosamuṭṭhitāhi aggijālāhi ḍayhamānaṃ viya nīlavaṇṇaṃ hutvā tattheva pati. Itarāpi mahādukkhaṃ anubhavamānā tassa āgamanaṃ olokentīpi taṃ adisvāva aparampi puttaṃ vijāyi. Dve dārakā vātavuṭṭhivegaṃ asahamānā mahāviravaṃ viravanti. Sā ubhopi te urantare katvā dvīhi jaṇṇukehi ceva hatthehi ca bhūmiyaṃ uppīḷetvā tathā ṭhitāva rattiṃ vītināmesi. Sakalasarīraṃ nillohitaṃ viya paṇḍupalāsavaṇṇaṃ ahosi. Sā uṭṭhite aruṇe maṃsapesivaṇṇaṃ ekaṃ puttaṃ aṅkenādāya itaraṃ aṅguliyā gahetvā ‘‘ehi, tāta, pitā te ito gato’’ti vatvā sāmikassa gatamaggena gacchantī taṃ vammikamatthake kālaṃ katvā patitaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ thaddhasarīraṃ disvā ‘‘maṃ nissāya mama sāmiko panthe mato’’ti rodantī paridevantī pāyāsi.
不久她再次怀孕满期,遂依前夫乞请。其携小儿放置项先行,夫呼之“止步”,不愿回去。正当他们行时,忽有无时云大雾四起,电闪如烧天,雨打如倾,忽遭狂风吹动屋舍。他召唤夫曰:“风已摇动,吾不能支撑,我知雨处。”他赴屋内,发现屋梁被白蚁蛀空,遂欲砍断。此时白蚁飞出,四处毒物叮咬,烧灼其体,现青紫之色,顿倒地上。旁人也见此极苦,他之来临,见此忽生另一子。两儿忍受风暴之苦,极其孤寂。她在河边挖坑陷地,用两膝与手捣击土壤,守夜不眠。身色似未熟果实之灰白。晨起时,她携一儿,捉住另一儿指,言“来,孩子,父亲已去此处”。随夫之路行,见倒地之青紫尸体,念道“我依赖此夫已故”,哭泣哀悼离别。
Sā sakalarattiṃ devena vuṭṭhattā aciravatiṃ nadiṃ jaṇṇuppamāṇena kaṭippamāṇena thanappamāṇena udakena paripuṇṇaṃ disvā attano mandabuddhitāya dvīhi dārakehi saddhiṃ udakaṃ otarituṃ avisahantī jeṭṭhaputtaṃ orimatīre ṭhapetvā itaraṃ ādāya paratīraṃ gantvā sākhābhaṅgaṃ attharitvā nipajjāpetvā ‘‘itarassa santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti bālaputtakaṃ pahāya tarituṃ asakkontī punappunaṃ nivattitvā olokayamānā pāyāsi. Athassā nadīmajjhaṃ gatakāle eko seno taṃ kumāraṃ disvā ‘‘maṃsapesī’’ti saññāya ākāsato bhassi. Sā taṃ puttassatthāya bhassantaṃ disvā ubho hatthe ukkhipitvā ‘‘sūsū’’ti tikkhattuṃ mahāsaddaṃ nicchāresi. Seno dūrabhāvena taṃ asutvāva kumārakaṃ gahetvā vehāsaṃ uppatitvā gato. Orimatīre ṭhitaputto mātaraṃ nadīmajjhe ubho hatthe ukkhipitvā mahāsaddaṃ nicchārayamānaṃ disvā ‘‘maṃ pakkosatī’’ti saññāya vegena udake pati. Itissā bālaputtaṃ seno hari, jeṭṭhaputto udakena vūḷho.
那女人由于被诸天所喜悦,起身后见一条河水不久即流淌,水量充盈如池,长度如臂的大小,她因自己愚钝的智慧,连同两个幼童一同,不肯渡水,遂于江边将年长的儿子放置,自己携另一儿子渡过对岸。因折断树枝作桥桥墩,将其安置,亲自涉水渡往对岸,断路折枝以便于行,且卧身沉入水里,边行边返回,观看水流。彼时,一军见此幼童,心生“是肉食者”之看法,由空中以石击。那女见其儿受击,双手举起共撞击,发出尖锐大声呼喊“呜苏呜苏”。军人听声从远方赶来,没有听清,遂将幼童带走,风起波起而去。那儿子立于渡口岸边,见母亲双手举起击水,发出巨大声响,被认作“肉食者”,迅速潜入水中归去。年长儿子为军人所夺,幼子漂浮于水中,不复见。
Sā ‘‘eko me putto senena gahito, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe me pati mato’’ti rodantī paridevantī gacchamānā sāvatthito āgacchantaṃ ekaṃ purisaṃ disvā pucchi – ‘‘kattha vāsikosi, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Sāvatthivāsikomhi, ammā’’ti. ‘‘Sāvatthinagare asukavīthiyaṃ evarūpaṃ asukakulaṃ nāma atthi, jānāsi, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Jānāmi, amma, taṃ pana mā pucchi, sace aññaṃ jānāsi pucchā’’ti. ‘‘Aññena me kammaṃ natthi, tadeva pucchāmi, tātā’’ti. ‘‘Amma, tvaṃ attano anācikkhituṃ na desi, ajja te sabbarattiṃ devo vassanto diṭṭho’’ti. ‘‘Diṭṭho me, tāta, mayhameveso sabbarattiṃ vuṭṭho, na aññassa. Mayhaṃ pana vuṭṭhakāraṇaṃ pacchā te kathessāmi, etasmiṃ tāva me seṭṭhigehe pavattiṃ kathehī’’ti. ‘‘Amma, ajja rattiṃ seṭṭhiñca seṭṭhibhariyañca seṭṭhiputtañcāti tayopi jane avattharamānaṃ gehaṃ pati, te ekacitakasmiṃ jhāyanti. Esa dhūmo paññāyati, ammā’’ti. Sā tasmiṃ khaṇe nivatthavatthaṃ patamānaṃ na sañjāni, ummattikabhāvaṃ patvā yathājātāva rodantī paridevantī –
她哭泣悲伤,说:“我的一个儿子被军队夺去,一个儿子漂浮于水,我依靠在路上。”她行至舍卫城,见一男子便问:“你住何处,父亲?”男子答:“我住舍卫,母亲。”她又问:“舍卫城中有名为不良街的地段吗,你知道吗,父亲?”“知道,母亲,若你知道别的可以问。”男答:“我没有别的事,只问此。”女说:“我劝你不要自伤心念,今晚诸天将亲临见,你已见过。”男子答:“是呀,父亲,我此处居住的为诸天居住地,无他人。我随后会诉说我到此的缘由,现住于贵族府第。”女说:“今晚商人、商妻及商子等人都归家的路上,有些人在沉思。那里有烟火燃烧,母亲。”女当时跌坐下来,不觉察,陷入狂乱状,悲哭哀伤——
‘‘Ubho puttā kālakatā, panthe mayhaṃ patī mato;
“双儿俱殇,我唯一依靠之依托;
Mātā pitā ca bhātā ca, ekacitamhi ḍayhare’’ti. (apa. therī 2.2.498) –
母父兄皆同死于一处。”(此为《长老阿婆断尼》注,第二章第二节第498句)
Vilapantī paribbhami. Manussā taṃ disvā ‘‘ummattikā ummattikā’’ti kacavaraṃ gahetvā paṃsuṃ gahetvā matthake okirantā leḍḍūhi paharanti. Satthā jetavanamahāvihāre aṭṭhaparisamajjhe nisīditvā dhammaṃ desento taṃ āgacchamānaṃ addasa kappasatasahassaṃ pūritapāramiṃ abhinīhārasampannaṃ.
她哭泣徘徊。见者称其为“狂狂”,拾砂投入其发髻,用泥块击之,又用臭气打骂。佛陀端坐在揭树林大寺,八众齐集中,宣说法;见她而知其累世修满十方善德,具足庄严。
Sā kira padumuttarabuddhakāle padumuttarasatthārā ekaṃ vinayadharattheriṃ bāhāya gahetvā nandanavane ṭhapentaṃ viya etadaggaṭṭhāne ṭhapiyamānaṃ disvā ‘‘ahampi tumhādisassa buddhassa santike vinayadharattherīnaṃ aggaṭṭhānaṃ labheyya’’nti adhikāraṃ katvā patthanaṃ ṭhapesi. Padumuttarabuddho anāgataṃsañāṇaṃ pattharitvā patthanāya samijjhanabhāvaṃ ñatvā ‘‘anāgate gotamabuddhassa nāma sāsane ayaṃ paṭācārā nāmena vinayadharattherīnaṃ aggā bhavissatī’’ti byākāsi. Taṃ evaṃ patthitapatthanaṃ abhinīhārasampannaṃ satthā dūratova āgacchantiṃ disvā ‘‘imissā ṭhapetvā maṃ añño avassayo bhavituṃ samattho nāma natthī’’ti cintetvā taṃ yathā vihārābhimukhaṃ āgacchati, evaṃ akāsi. Parisā taṃ disvāva ‘‘imissā ummattikāya ito āgantuṃ mā daditthā’’ti āha. Satthā ‘‘apetha, mā naṃ vārayitthā’’ti vatvā avidūraṭṭhānaṃ āgatakāle ‘‘satiṃ paṭilabha bhaginī’’ti āha. Sā taṃ khaṇaṃyeva buddhānubhāvena satiṃ paṭilabhi. Tasmiṃkāle nivatthavatthassa patitabhāvaṃ sallakkhetvā hirottappaṃ paccupaṭṭhāpetvā ukkuṭikaṃ nisīdi. Athassā eko puriso uttarasāṭakaṃ khipi. Sā taṃ nivāsetvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā suvaṇṇavaṇṇesu pādesu pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā, ‘‘bhante, avassayo me hotha, patiṭṭhā me hotha. Ekañhi me puttaṃ seno gaṇhi, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe me pati mato, mātāpitaro ceva me bhātā ca gehena avatthaṭā ekacitakasmiṃ jhāyantī’’ti.
据说此女在莲师时代,莲师弟子之一,抚肩携抱一位持律长老,置于花园之中,似于这尊远方供奉的佛像旁设坛立柱。莲师知未来,将出现一名名“跋阇罗”持律长老的法派,此女立下此坛为符号。佛陀知未来发生的情况,见此坛,心知“未来世间有此名为跋阇罗持律长老合聚,法派将兴”,于是离此远地,向住处行去,作此情形。比库众见她,即劝“不愿狂妇往此处来”,佛陀答曰“不阻止她”。她来时佛陀曰“姐姐,持忆”,她当即因佛加持而心念明净。随后她跌坐,遮盖羞耻及恭敬,坐于石块上。忽有男子快步而来,她收容之;男子靠近佛陀,五足跪拜,尊敬地说:“尊者,愿我得依止,立业有成。有两个儿子被军队夺去,一个漂浮于水路,我依靠在路上,父母及兄弟与我同病楚思。”
Satthā tassā vacanaṃ sutvā ‘‘paṭācāre, mā cintayi, tava tāṇaṃ saraṇaṃ avassayo bhavituṃ samatthasseva santikaṃ āgatāsi. Yathā hi tava idāni eko puttako senena gahito, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe pati mato, mātāpitaro ceva bhātā ca gehena avatthaṭā; evameva imasmiṃ saṃsāre puttādīnaṃ matakāle tava rodantiyā paggharitaassu catunnaṃ mahāsamuddānaṃ udakato bahutara’’nti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
师听闻其言,告诫曰:「于依怙处,勿生忧虑。你的依怙及所依止,必定能成为你的依凭,你已至近侍之所。譬如你如今有一幼子,遭军队掳掠,有一老翁陷于水中,陷于路途,父母及兄弟远离家园,然则在这轮回中,如今于儿女亡故之时,你应抱持四大海水所聚重重哀伤。」说毕而作此偈言:
‘‘Catūsu samuddesu jalaṃ parittakaṃ,
「四海之中水众多,
Tato bahuṃ assujalaṃ anappakaṃ;
更有浑浊不适饮;
Dukkhena phuṭṭhassa narassa socanā,
受苦人类遭所触,心生忧伤何由起?
Kiṃ kāraṇā amma tuvaṃ pamajjasī’’ti.
为何母亲你竟昧心?」
Evaṃ satthari anamataggapariyāyaṃ kathente tassa sarīre soko tanuttaṃ agamāsi. Atha naṃ tanubhūtasokaṃ ñatvā puna satthā āmantetvā ‘‘paṭācāre puttādayo nāma paralokaṃ gacchantassa tāṇaṃ vā leṇaṃ vā saraṇaṃ vā bhavituṃ na sakkonti, tasmā vijjamānāpi te na santiyeva, paṇḍitena pana sīlaṃ visodhetvā attano nibbānagāmimaggaṃ khippameva sodhetuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti vatvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
师如此作无上无尽之教诲,令身内忧愁消弭。及其不识自身已解忧苦,复劝之曰:「依怙诸如子女者,往彼他世无依无凭,故即使现存,亦非永常。贤圣当净除以正戒,令自速证涅槃归途。」说毕而宣说法义,作此偈持续言:
‘‘Na santi puttā tāṇāya, na pitā nāpi bandhavā;
“子女并非依赖金钱,父亲亲属亦非倚靠金钱;
Antakenādhipannassa, natthi ñātīsu tāṇatā. (dha. pa. 288; apa. therī 2.2.501);
对穷困无依赖者来说,亲族间无依赖可言。”(此句出自《法句经·巴提》288;《长阿婆罗婆多经·比库尼传》2.2.501)
‘‘Etamatthavassaṃ ñatvā, paṇḍito sīlasaṃvuto;
“深知此义、身心净洁的智者,
Nibbānagamanaṃ maggaṃ, khippameva visodhaye’’ti. (dha. pa. 289);
能速证通向涅槃之道,迅速地将烦恼清净净尽。”(此句出自《法句经·巴提》289)
Desanāvasāne paṭācārā mahāpathaviyaṃ paṃsuparimāṇe kilese jhāpetvā sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti. Sā pana sotāpannā hutvā satthāraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci. Satthā taṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ santikaṃ pahiṇitvā pabbājesi. Sā laddhūpasampadā paṭitācārattā paṭācārātveva paññāyi. Sā ekadivasaṃ kuṭena udakaṃ ādāya pāde dhovantī udakaṃ āsiñci, taṃ thokaṃ gantvā pacchijji. Dutiyavāre āsittaṃ tato dūrataraṃ agamāsi. Tatiyavāre āsittaṃ tatopi dūrataranti. Sā tadeva ārammaṇaṃ gahetvā tayo vaye paricchinditvā ‘‘mayā paṭhamaṃ āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya ime sattā paṭhamavayepi maranti, tato dūrataraṃ gataṃ dutiyavāre āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya majjhimavayepi maranti, tatopi dūrataraṃ gataṃ tatiyavāre āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya pacchimavayepi marantiyevā’’ti cintesi. Satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā tassā sammukhe ṭhatvā kathento viya ‘‘evametaṃ paṭācāre, pañcannampi khandhānaṃ udayabbayaṃ apassantassa vassasataṃ jīvanato tesaṃ udayabbayaṃ passantassa ekāhampi ekakkhaṇampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento gāthamāha –
宣说结束时,波刹迦罗比库尼在广大土地黄沙中,净除烦恼,证得初果。她又获得诸多阿拉汉果等圣果。成为初果比库尼后,她求世尊受具足比库尼戒。世尊教诲后,收纳她为比库尼。她因曾作比库尼而得授戒。《比库尼戒仪》中称之为授戒净具足。她一日手持水器,自取水洗足,又将污水净除后退离;第二次涂水后又远行;第三次淋水亦此般远离。她以此为喻思惟:“我初涂足之水犹如众生初死;其水流远犹如第二次涂足水中间死者;再远涂足水即后死者。”世尊端坐净香亭,灯光照明,为她而立,教诲说:“此为比库尼戒律。五蕴生灭不见之人,虽活百年,生灭苦苦;见之人,哪怕一瞬,即为生命上乘。”随即演说教义并作偈曰——
§113
113.
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ udayabbayaṃ;
“那个活了一百年的人,不见生灭变化;
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato udayabbaya’’nti.
一天的生命更好,见得生灭变化。”
Tattha apassaṃ udayabbayanti pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ pañcavīsatiyā lakkhaṇehi udayañca vayañca apassanto. Passato udayabbayanti tesaṃ udayañca vayañca passantassa. Itarassa jīvanato ekāhampi jīvitaṃ seyyoti.
这里“不见生灭变化”者,是指五蕴中二十五种标相之生起和灭尽未见者;“见得生灭变化”者,是指见得这些生起和灭尽者;“其他人于生命”,即使一天生命也好,都以为更好。
Desanāvasāne paṭācārā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
宣说终了后,随侍比库得证阿拉汉果。
Paṭācārātherīvatthu dvādasamaṃ. · 帕嗒遮拉长老尼事第十二。
13. Kisāgotamīvatthu十三、基萨果德弥事
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kisāgotamiṃ ārabbha kathesi.
有一人活了一百年,这时佛陀在捷林精舍讲法,启示给吉萨娑多母。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kirekassa seṭṭhissa gehe cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ aṅgārā eva hutvā aṭṭhāsi. Seṭṭhi taṃ disvā uppannasoko āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji. Tasseko sahāyako gehaṃ gantvā, ‘‘samma, kasmā socasī’’ti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā, ‘‘samma, mā soci, ahaṃ ekaṃ upāyaṃ jānāmi, taṃ karohī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karomi, sammā’’ti? Attano āpaṇe kilañjaṃ pasāretvā tattha te aṅgāre rāsiṃ katvā vikkiṇanto viya nisīda, āgatāgatesu manussesu ye evaṃ vadanti – ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ pana aṅgāre vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti. Te vadeyyāsi – ‘‘attano santakaṃ avikkiṇanto kiṃ karomī’’ti? Yo pana taṃ evaṃ vadati ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ pana hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti. Taṃ vadeyyāsi ‘‘kahaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇa’’nti. ‘‘Ida’’nti ca vutte ‘‘āhara, tāva na’’nti hatthehi paṭiccheyyāsi. Evaṃ dinnaṃ tava hatthe hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ bhavissati. Sā pana sace kumārikā hoti, tava gehe puttassa naṃ āharitvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ tassā niyyādetvā tāya dinnaṃ valañjeyyāsi. Sace kumārako hoti, tava gehe vayappattaṃ dhītaraṃ tassa datvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ niyyādetvā tena dinnaṃ valañjeyyāsīti. So ‘‘bhaddako upāyo’’ti attano āpaṇe aṅgāre rāsiṃ katvā vikkiṇanto viya nisīdi. Ye pana naṃ evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, kiṃ pana tvaṃ aṅgāre vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti? Tesaṃ ‘‘attano santakaṃ avikkiṇanto kiṃ karomī’’ti paṭivacanaṃ adāsi. Athekā gotamī nāma kumārikā kisasarīratāya kisāgotamīti paññāyamānā parijiṇṇakulassa dhītā attano ekena kiccena āpaṇadvāraṃ gantvā taṃ seṭṭhiṃ disvā evamāha – ‘‘kiṃ, tāta, sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti? ‘‘Kahaṃ, amma, hiraññasuvaṇṇa’’nti ? ‘‘Nanu ‘tvaṃ tadeva gahetvā nisinnosī’ti, āhara, tāva naṃ, ammā’’ti. Sā hatthapūraṃ gahetvā tassa hatthesu ṭhapesi, taṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇameva ahosi.
在舍卫城,有一世尊门徒富豪家中失火,四亿钱财烧成灰烬。富豪见此生巨大忧伤,停止进食,卧床不起。一个帮工入家,问他:“善哉,何以忧愁?”听闻此事说:“善哉,勿忧,我有一法,可为子计。”富豪问:“何法?”他说自己将手掌伸开,在掌上铸起火炭堆,好似卖火炭坐着。旁人常说:“别人卖草席、布料、蜜和灯油,你却卖火炭坐着。”富豪问:“你若不卖自己之火炭,打算如何?”答曰:“别人卖草席、布料、蜜和灯油,你则卖金珠宝坐着。”富豪问:“何处有宝?”答曰:“这里。”说时,他拿食物于手,作揖呈于富豪。如此之物,若女儿尚幼,将送支属以四亿钱财;若是儿子,将把年长女儿许配,给四亿财,令女儿受赠守护。富豪谓:“此法佳妙。”他将手掌之火炭堆起,如卖火炭般坐着。那些人对他说:“别人卖布料、蜜和灯油,你却卖火炭坐着?”他答曰:“不卖自己之火炭,打算做何?”此时,一名名为吉萨娑多母的少女,已知自己逝世父亲为富豪之女,独自一人前往富豪家门,见到富豪说:“尊者,别人卖草席、布料、蜜和灯油,你却卖金珠宝坐着。”问:“何处有金珠宝?”答:“正是这里。”富豪伸手接受,手中即为金珠宝。
Atha naṃ seṭṭhi ‘‘kataraṃ te, amma, geha’’nti pucchitvā ‘‘asukaṃ nāmā’’ti vutte tassā assāmikabhāvaṃ ñatvā dhanaṃ paṭisāmetvā taṃ attano puttassa ānetvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ paṭicchāpesi. Sabbaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇameva ahosi. Tassā aparena samayena gabbho patiṭṭhahi. Sā dasamāsaccayena puttaṃ vijāyi. So padasā gamanakāle kālamakāsi. Sā adiṭṭhapubbamaraṇatāya taṃ jhāpetuṃ nīharante vāretvā ‘‘puttassa me bhesajjaṃ pucchissāmī’’ti matakaḷevaraṃ aṅkenādāya ‘‘api nu me puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānāthā’’ti pucchantī gharapaṭipāṭiyā vicarati. Atha naṃ manussā, ‘‘amma, tvaṃ ummattikā jātā, matakaputtassa bhesajjaṃ pucchantī vicarasī’’ti vadanti. Sā ‘‘avassaṃ mama puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānanakaṃ labhissāmī’’ti maññamānā vicarati. Atha naṃ eko paṇḍitapuriso disvā, ‘‘ayaṃ mama dhītā paṭhamaṃ puttakaṃ vijātā bhavissati adiṭṭhapubbamaraṇā, mayā imissā avassayena bhavituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti cintetvā āha – ‘‘amma, ahaṃ bhesajjaṃ na jānāmi, bhesajjajānanakaṃ pana jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Ko jānāti, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Satthā, amma, jānāti, gaccha, taṃ pucchāhī’’ti. Sā ‘‘gamissāmi, tāta, pucchissāmi, tātā’’ti vatvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ ṭhitā pucchi – ‘‘tumhe kira me puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānātha, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Āma, jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti? ‘‘Accharaggahaṇamatte siddhatthake laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. ‘‘Labhissāmi, bhante’’. ‘‘Kassa pana gehe laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti? ‘‘Yassa gehe putto vā dhītā vā na koci matapubbo’’ti. Sā ‘‘sādhu, bhante’’ti satthāraṃ vanditvā mataputtakaṃ aṅkenādāya antogāmaṃ pavisitvā paṭhamagehassa dvāre ṭhatvā ‘‘atthi nu kho imasmiṃ gehe siddhatthako, puttassa kira me bhesajjaṃ eta’’nti vatvā ‘‘atthī’’ti vutte tena hi dethāti. Tehi āharitvā siddhatthakesu diyyamānesu ‘‘imasmiṃ gehe putto vā dhītā vā matapubbo koci natthi, ammā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘kiṃ vadesi, amma? Jīvamānā hi katipayā, matakā eva bahukā’’ti vutte ‘‘tena hi gaṇhatha vo siddhatthake, netaṃ mama puttassa bhesajja’’nti paṭiadāsi.
后来有一位富商,问其母亲:“母亲,你家中是谁?”听说她名叫阿素迦,认识到那家是她的亲戚后,便取走财富,带回自己儿子那里。交付了四十亿财富,全是黄金与纯金。此时她怀孕安顿,十个月后生下一子。那孩子生下后在期满时外出求药。由于预先知晓将有早死之相,便去除并阻止此事,心意定下“我要为儿子寻药”而起念,心神不宁地按家规四处走动。人们说:“母亲,你已发疯,竟周旋于为怀胎之子求医。”她以为:“我必定获得为子治病之药。”后来有一智者见她,谓曰:“这将是我女儿的头一个子儿,必定早死,我因此必得履行此责任。”接着说:“母亲,我虽不知药方,却知医药之人。”她问:“谁知?”答曰:“世尊知道,去问他吧。”她说:“我去问,乞父。”于是往见世尊,顶礼后立旁,问:“尊者,你可知我子之药?”答曰:“是的,我知之。”问:“应当得到何药?”答曰:“必得琉璃般若丸,方可成功。”她说:“我必得之,尊者。”问:“这药需谁家持有?”答曰:“家中若无子嗣,无女嗣者。”她顶礼尊者,带着儿子进去,把婴儿放在首座房门口,说:“这家可有琉璃般若丸,是我儿之药否?”说:“有。”于是以药呈现。她问:“这家无子无女否,母亲?”答:“没有。”她说:“请收下此药,不是我子之药。”
Sā iminā nīyāmena ādito paṭṭhāya naṃ pucchantī vicari. Sā ekagehepi siddhatthake agahetvā sāyanhasamaye cintesi – ‘‘aho bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ, ahaṃ ‘mameva putto mato’ti saññamakāsiṃ, sakalagāmepi pana jīvantehi matakāva bahutarā’’ti. Tassā evaṃ cintayamānāya puttasinehaṃ mudukahadayaṃ thaddhabhāvaṃ agamāsi. Sā puttaṃ araññe chaḍḍetvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘laddhā te ekaccharamattā siddhatthakā’’ti āha. ‘‘Na laddhā, bhante, sakalagāme jīvantehi matakāva bahutarā’’ti. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘tvaṃ ‘mameva putto mato’ti sallakkhesi, dhuvadhammo esa sattānaṃ. Maccurājā hi sabbasatte aparipuṇṇajjhāsaye eva mahogho viya parikaḍḍhamānoyeva apāyasamudde pakkhipatī’’ti vatvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
她随带此药起身,边走边盘算。后来带药去一户有药的人家,傍晚时分思虑:‘嘎事多啊,我虽认定“此子是我子”,但村里活着的母亲却多得多。’她如此思索,其母爱之情柔软沉静,放下孩子去森林,至世尊近前顶礼后静坐。世尊说:“你得到琉璃般若丸了吗?”她答:“未得,尊者。全村活着的母亲都多。”世尊说:“你虽认定‘此子专属’,此乃众生极恶之执。人生死王如洪水一般,卷入无尽苦海。”说完教诲,并唱诵偈语:
‘‘Taṃ puttapasusammattaṃ, byāsattamanasaṃ naraṃ;
“对此儿女疯狂、失心的人,
Suttaṃ gāmaṃ mahoghova, maccu ādāya gacchatī’’ti. (dha. pa. 287);
仿佛洪水一般疾速入死。”(《法句经》287偈)
Gāthāpariyosāne kisāgotamī sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
偈语结束时,果德弥得证初果,许多其他人亦得初果果报。
Sā pana satthāraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci, satthā taṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ santikaṃ pesetvā pabbājesi. Sā laddhūpasampadā kisāgotamī therīti paññāyi. Sā ekadivasaṃ uposathāgāre vāraṃ patvā dīpaṃ jāletvā nisinnā dīpajālā uppajjantiyo ca bhijjantiyo ca disvā ‘‘evameva ime sattā uppajjanti ceva nirujjhanti ca, nibbānappattā eva na paññāyantī’’ti ārammaṇaṃ aggahesi. Satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā tassā sammukhe nisīditvā kathento viya ‘‘evameva, gotami, ime sattā dīpajālā viya uppajjanti ceva nirujjhanti ca, nibbānappattā eva na paññāyanti, evaṃ nibbānaṃ apassantānaṃ vassasataṃ jīvanato nibbānaṃ passantassa khaṇamattampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
她向世尊请出家,世尊派比库尼教导她,她获得比库尼戒名为“果德弥长老”。一天她守比库尼戒,在守日晚上持灯坐禅,见诸生命如灯火般生灭,便起此念:“生命如灯火一般,有生有灭,涅槃寂灭者难得见证。”世尊如坐香气亭中,安静稳重,在她面前讲说:“果德弥,如此众生如灯火般生灭,有生有灭,但涅槃的到达者甚少。涅槃未见者虽长寿百年,亦不及涅槃者片刻生命之幸福。”说完偈语继续开示教法:
§114
114.
一百一十四。
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ amataṃ padaṃ;
‘‘若有人活一百岁,却未见不死的境界;
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato amataṃ pada’’nti.
一天的生命胜过百年活着,因见到了不死的境地”云。
Tattha amataṃ padanti maraṇavirahitakoṭṭhāsaṃ, amatamahānibbānanti attho. Sesaṃ purimasadisameva.
其中所谓不死的境界,是指断除了死者的束缚,是大涅槃之义。此义乃指先前所述不变法。
Desanāvasāne kisāgotamī yathānisinnāva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahatte patiṭṭhahīti.
法讲终结时,迦萨伽托米与同坐比库尼,从正断中证得阿拉汉果。
Kisāgotamīvatthu terasamaṃ. · 基萨果德弥事第十三。
14. Bahuputtikattherīvatthu十四、多子长老尼事
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto bahuputtikaṃ theriṃ ārabbha kathesi.
若有人活一百岁,在竹林精舍住持的导师,针对众多比库尼,开始阐述此法。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kirekasmiṃ kule satta puttā satta ca dhītaro ahesuṃ. Te sabbepi vayappattā gehe patiṭṭhahitvā attano dhammatāya sukhappattā ahesuṃ. Tesaṃ aparena samayena pitā kālamakāsi. Mahāupāsikā sāmike naṭṭhepi na tāva kuṭumbaṃ vibhajati. Atha naṃ puttā āhaṃsu – ‘‘amma, amhākaṃ pitari naṭṭhe tuyhaṃ ko attho kuṭumbena, kiṃ mayaṃ taṃ upaṭṭhātuṃ na sakkomā’’ti. Sā tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā tuṇhī hutvā punappunaṃ tehi vuccamānā ‘‘puttā maṃ paṭijaggissanti, kiṃ me visuṃ kuṭumbenā’’ti sabbaṃ sāpateyyaṃ majjhe bhinditvā adāsi. Atha naṃ katipāhaccayena jeṭṭhaputtassa bhariyā ‘‘aho amhākaṃ, ayyā, ‘jeṭṭhaputto me’ti dve koṭṭhāse datvā viya imameva gehaṃ āgacchatī’’ti āha. Sesaputtānaṃ bhariyāpi evameva vadiṃsu. Jeṭṭhadhītaraṃ ādiṃ katvā tāsaṃ gehaṃ gatakālepi naṃ evameva vadiṃsu. Sā avamānappattā hutvā ‘‘kiṃ imesaṃ santike vuṭṭhena, bhikkhunī hutvā jīvissāmī’’ti bhikkhunīupassayaṃ gantvā pabbajjaṃ yāci. Tā naṃ pabbājesuṃ. Sā laddhūpasampadā hutvā bahuputtikattherīti paññāyi. Sā ‘‘ahaṃ mahallakakāle pabbajitā, appamattāya me bhavitabba’’nti bhikkhunīnaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ karontī ‘‘sabbarattiṃ samaṇadhammaṃ karissāmī’’ti heṭṭhāpāsāde ekaṃ thambhaṃ hatthena gahetvā taṃ āviñchamānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti, caṅkamamānāpi ‘‘andhakāraṭṭhāne me rukkhe vā katthaci vā sīsaṃ paṭihaññeyyā’’ti taṃ rukkhaṃ hatthena gahetvā taṃ āviñchamānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti, ‘‘satthārā desitadhammameva karissāmī’’ti dhammaṃ āvajjetvā dhammaṃ anussaramānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti. Atha satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā sammukhe nisinno viya tāya saddhiṃ kathento ‘‘bahuputtike mayā desitaṃ dhammaṃ anāvajjentassa apassantassa vassasataṃ jīvanato mayā desitaṃ dhammaṃ passantassa muhuttampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
据说沙瓦提某族中有七男七女。他们全都长大成人,安居家中,凭自身善法获得安乐。此时其父年迈上寿,大家庭中的慈母虽年老仍未舍家。后来其子们说:“母亲,我们父亲年迈,您一个人在家何用?我们无法照顾父亲。”她听后心静了,反复对他们说:“诸子将赡养我,我为何对家无挂虑?”遂将家产分割给他们。过不多久,长子之妻说:“啊,夫人,长子是我的丈夫,就好像把两个房舍合为一体,这座家就是他来了。”其他儿媳也如此言说。长女们分家离去时,也如此言说。她受辱后心生不安说:“在这些人前面还活着有辱,何况出家为比库尼呢?”遂往比库尼道场乞求出家。众比库尼不予批准。后她得以具足戒,并被尊称为多子长者女。她言:“我幼年时出家,须谨慎做好本份。”常言行婉转,立于礼堂一柱,手握柱身轻拂,经行时说:“愿我于黑暗之地根本、树下或任何地方,头颅得以安眠。”她抓着树枝轻拂,行持比库尼法门,说:“愿依师所说法行。”宣说佛法,念诵佛讲,多子长者女坐佛所庙堂如光明普照,面对他谈论:“多子长者女是我所教法,若不听从,活百年无福,听从者,得享一时安乐”,说完,作法说教,念诵佛法,宣讲佛法。她讲此偈曰——
§115
115.
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ dhammamuttamaṃ;
“一若存活百年,却不能见最高法;
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato dhammamuttama’’nti.
不如一日生命,见得最高法。”
Tattha dhammamuttamanti navavidhaṃ lokuttaradhammaṃ. So hi uttamo dhammo nāma. Yo hi taṃ na passati, tassa vassasatampi jīvanato taṃ dhammaṃ passantassa paṭivijjhantassa ekāhampi ekakkhaṇampi jīvitaṃ seyyoti.
此处最高法指九种出世法。所谓最佳法者,若不见此法,虽活百年而不见闻此法者,一刻都不能说福乐长久。
Gāthāpariyosāne bahuputtikattherī saha paṭisambhidāhi arahatte patiṭṭhahīti.
偈末乃多子长者女与比库尼众以证阿拉汉果。
Bahuputtikattherīvatthu cuddasamaṃ. · 多子长老尼事第十四。
Sahassavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 《千品》注释终了。
Aṭṭhamo vaggo. · 第八品。
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa · 礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者
Khuddakanikāye · 小部
Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā · 法句经注疏
(Dutiyo bhāgo)
(第二分部)