13. Lokavaggo · 13. 世间品义注
12. Attavaggo十二、自己品
1. Bodhirājakumāravatthu一、菩提王子事
Attānañceti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā bhesakaḷāvane viharanto bodhirājakumāraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
世尊在修多罗伽罗森林中,为菩提王子开始说法,讲述此法。
So kira pathavītale aññehi pāsādehi asadisarūpaṃ ākāse uppatamānaṃ viya kokanudaṃ nāma pāsādaṃ kāretvā vaḍḍhakiṃ pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ tayā aññatthāpi evarūpo pāsādo katapubbo, udāhu paṭhamasippameva te ida’’nti. ‘‘Paṭhamasippameva, devā’’ti ca vutte cintesi – ‘‘sace ayaṃ aññassapi evarūpaṃ pāsādaṃ karissati, ayaṃ pāsādo anacchariyo bhavissati. Imaṃ mayā māretuṃ vā hatthapāde vāssa chindituṃ akkhīni vā uppāṭetuṃ vaṭṭati, evaṃ aññassa pāsādaṃ na karissatī’’ti. So tamatthaṃ attano piyasahāyakassa sañjīvakaputtassa nāma māṇavakassa kathesi. So cintesi – ‘‘nissaṃsayaṃ esa vaḍḍhakiṃ nāsessati, anaggho sippī, so mayi passante mā nassatu, saññamassa dassāmī’’ti. So taṃ upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘pāsāde te kammaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ, no’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘niṭṭhita’’nti vutte ‘‘rājakumāro taṃ nāsetukāmo attānaṃ rakkheyyāsī’’ti āha . Vaḍḍhakīpi ‘‘bhaddakaṃ te, sāmi, kataṃ mama ārocentena, ahamettha kattabbaṃ jānissāmī’’ti vatvā ‘‘kiṃ, samma, amhākaṃ pāsāde kammaṃ niṭṭhita’’nti rājakumārena puṭṭho ‘‘na tāva, deva, niṭṭhitaṃ, bahu avasiṭṭha’’nti āha. Kiṃ kammaṃ nāma avasiṭṭhanti? Pacchā, deva, ācikkhissāmi, dārūni tāva āharāpethāti. Kiṃ dārūni nāmāti? Nissārāni sukkhadārūni, devāti. So āharāpetvā adāsi. Atha naṃ āha – ‘‘deva, te ito paṭṭhāya mama santikaṃ nāgantabbaṃ. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Sukhumakammaṃ karontassa hi aññehi saddhiṃ sallapantassa me kammavikkhepo hoti, āhāravelāyaṃ pana me bhariyāva āhāraṃ āharissatī’’ti. Rājakumāropi ‘‘sādhū’’ti paṭissuṇi. Sopi ekasmiṃ gabbhe nisīditvā tāni dārūni tacchetvā attano puttadārassa anto nisīdanayoggaṃ garuḷasakuṇaṃ katvā āhāravelāya pana bhariyaṃ āha – ‘‘gehe vijjamānakaṃ sabbaṃ vikkiṇitvā hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ gaṇhāhī’’ti. Rājakumāropi vaḍḍhakissa anikkhamanatthāya gehaṃ parikkhipitvā ārakkhaṃ ṭhapesi. Vaḍḍhakīpi sakuṇassa niṭṭhitakāle ‘‘ajja sabbepi dārake gahetvā āgaccheyyāsī’’ti bhariyaṃ vatvā bhuttapātarāso puttadāraṃ sakuṇassa kucchiyaṃ nisīdāpetvā vātapānena nikkhamitvā palāyi. So tesaṃ, ‘‘deva, vaḍḍhakī palāyatī’’ti kandantānaṃyeva gantvā himavante otaritvā ekaṃ nagaraṃ māpetvā kaṭṭhavāhanarājā nāma jāto.
据说那时,地面上有别处建有宏伟宫殿,在空中出现的如翱翔天鸟般的名为瞿坷奴达的宫殿,王子向长老瓦德迦提问说:‘你的宫殿与其他宫殿为何不同,尤以这第一块瓦特别显著?’瓦德迦提回答说:‘第一块瓦啊,天众称赞它。吾意若有人建造同样的宫殿,我的宫殿将不会稀奇。因为这瓦能杀坏我的人、足、眼,难以被损毁,故没人会建造如它一般的宫殿。’王子遂对其心爱的仆人、名为桑吉瓦之童子表达此意,他思忖:‘无疑此瓦坚固,不可破损。我若看见他,不要令他消失,我将带来影像证实。’他前来近侍,问瓦德迦提:‘宫殿之工程已完成否?’答曰:‘已成,王子,此人欲拆毁,我当护卫。’瓦德迦提说:‘大人,此事因你前来,我知此处应守护。’王子问:‘宫殿工程果成否?’答曰:‘尚未完成,尚有许多未落成。’‘何事尚未完成?’‘良木尚待获取。’‘何为良木?’‘干燥坚硬之木,天众所称。’其后取来赠予。王子说:‘天众,你勿从此处离去。何故?着细微功德,与他人交谈,我有所外散,正是用餐时,我妻将供养食物。’王子称善。彼于一处坐下,削制木材置于儿子脚边,食时向妻嘱咐说:‘家产悉数售尽,金银财宝尽取。’王子为瓦德迦提守护宫殿,彼于守护时,妻言:‘今日悉数将孩子领去。’遂将夫子之幼子置于儿子怀中,以风送离开。彼等哭嚎着,赶往喜马拉雅山,兴建城邑,名为车马王。
Rājakumāropi ‘‘pāsādamahaṃ karissāmī’’ti satthāraṃ nimantetvā pāsāde catujjātiyagandhehi paribhaṇḍikaṃ katvā paṭhamaummārato paṭṭhāya celapaṭikaṃ patthari. So kira aputtako, tasmā ‘‘sacāhaṃ puttaṃ vā dhītaraṃ vā lacchāmi, satthā imaṃ akkamissatī’’ti cintetvā patthari. So satthari āgate satthāraṃ pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā pattaṃ gahetvā ‘‘pavisatha, bhante’’ti āha. Satthā na pāvisi, so dutiyampi tatiyampi yāci. Satthā apavisitvāva ānandattheraṃ olokesi. Thero olokitasaññāyeva vatthānaṃ anakkamanabhāvaṃ ñatvā taṃ ‘‘saṃharatu, rājakumāra, dussāni, na bhagavā celapaṭikaṃ akkamissati, pacchimajanataṃ tathāgato oloketī’’ti dussāni saṃharāpesi. So dussāni saṃharitvā satthāraṃ antonivesanaṃ pavesatvā yāgukhajjakena sammānetvā ekamantaṃ nisinno vanditvā āha – ‘‘bhante, ahaṃ tumhākaṃ upakārako tikkhattuṃ saraṇaṃ gato, kucchigato ca kiramhi ekavāraṃ saraṇaṃ gato, dutiyaṃ taruṇadārakakāle, tatiyaṃ viññubhāvaṃ pattakāle. Tassa me kasmā celapaṭikaṃ na akkamitthā’’ti? ‘‘Kiṃ pana tvaṃ, kumāra, cintetvā celāni attharī’’ti? ‘‘Sace puttaṃ vā dhītaraṃ vā lacchāmi, satthā me celapaṭikaṃ akkamissatī’’ti idaṃ cintetvā, bhanteti. Tenevāhaṃ taṃ na akkaminti. ‘‘Kiṃ panāhaṃ, bhante, puttaṃ vā dhītaraṃ vā neva lacchāmī’’ti? ‘‘Āma, kumārā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’’ti? ‘‘Purimakaattabhāve jāyāya saddhiṃ pamādaṃ āpannattā’’ti. ‘‘Kasmiṃ kāle, bhante’’ti? Athassa satthā atītaṃ āharitvā dassesi –
王子邀召师父言:‘我将建宫。’师父将宫殿以四季花香装饰,设立木板门扇。王子尚无子,思忖:‘若得子或女,师父必为剃度仪式。’他轻轻敲门。师父来,师父向五位护持者礼敬,取门扇说:‘请入,师父。’师父未入,他再三请求。师父入室,注视安那尊者,知其不离开,言:‘收起刀剑,王子,世尊不肯接受门扇,须待后世之如来观察。’师父收刀剑,入主人寝室,以鸡鸣割礼,坐一旁敬礼说:‘师父,我三次皈依,首次童年,第二于青年,第三觉知。为何未接受门扇?’‘王子,尔何念惟门扇有益?’‘我念若得子或女,师父须接受仪式。’师父曰:‘我不接受。’‘师父,我既不得子女,何故?’‘因前世不善,生时迷惑。’‘何时?’师父述说过去。
Atīte kira anekasatā manussā mahatiyā nāvāya samuddaṃ pakkhandiṃsu. Nāvā samuddamajjhe bhijji. Dve jayampatikā ekaṃ phalakaṃ gahetvā antaradīpakaṃ pavisiṃsu, sesā sabbe tattheva mariṃsu. Tasmiṃ kho pana dīpake mahāsakuṇasaṅgho vasati. Te aññaṃ khāditabbakaṃ adisvā chātajjhattā sakuṇaaṇḍāni aṅgāresu pacitvā khādiṃsu, tesu appahontesu sakuṇacchāpe gahetvā khādiṃsu. Evaṃ paṭhamavayepi majjhimavayepi pacchimavayepi khādiṃsuyeva. Ekasmimpi vaye appamādaṃ nāpajjiṃsu, ekopi ca nesaṃ appamādaṃ nāpajji.
从前有数百人在大船上航海。船沉没于海中。两只巨蛟持着木板入岛,余者悉数死亡。岛上有大群雄鸟。鸟们寻找可食物,以煤火烧烧孵蛋食之,鸟蛋取回后坚实,鸟卵孵化。如此细分为三种范围,初中后三皆食之。有的注意力不集中,有的则注意力集中。
Satthā idaṃ tassa pubbakammaṃ dassetvā ‘‘sace hi tvaṃ, kumāra, tadā ekasmimpi vaye bhariyāya saddhiṃ appamādaṃ āpajjissa, ekasmimpi vaye putto vā dhītā vā uppajjeyya. Sace pana vo ekopi appamatto abhavissa, taṃ paṭicca putto vā dhītā vā uppajjissa. Kumāra, attānañhi piyaṃ maññamānena tīsupi vayesu appamattena attā rakkhitabbo, evaṃ asakkontena ekavayepi rakkhitabboyevā’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
师父述说前事云:“王子,若尔在一处年限内,与妻同得专注,必生子女。若虽有专注,但子女仍将生,若无专注,生子女必然。王子,宜以对己之爱,三种年限均持专注保护自己。故力所不能,则至少保护一阶段。”遂颂曰:
§157
157.
‘‘Attānañce piyaṃ jaññā, rakkheyya naṃ surakkhitaṃ;
“若能自知自己为所爱者,应予守护当作周全保护;
Tiṇṇaṃ aññataraṃ yāmaṃ, paṭijaggeyya paṇḍito’’ti.
于三种不同的时间段中,应自立誓愿善自持戒,如此明达之智者。”
Tattha yāmanti satthā attano dhammissaratāya desanākusalatāya ca idha tiṇṇaṃ vayānaṃ aññataraṃ vayaṃ yāmanti katvā desesi, tasmā evamettha attho veditabbo. Sace attānaṃ piyaṃ jāneyya, rakkheyya naṃ surakkhitanti yathā so surakkhito hoti, evaṃ naṃ rakkheyya. Tattha sace gīhī samāno ‘‘attānaṃ rakkhissāmī’’ti uparipāsādatale susaṃvutaṃ gabbhaṃ pavisitvā sampannārakkho hutvā vasantopi, pabbajito hutvā susaṃvute pihitadvāravātapāne leṇe viharantopi attānaṃ na rakkhatiyeva. Gihī pana samāno yathābalaṃ dānasīlādīni puññāni karonto, pabbajito vā pana vattapaṭivattapariyattimanasikāresu ussukkaṃ āpajjanto attānaṃ rakkhati nāma. Evaṃ tīsu vayesu asakkonto aññatarasmimpi vaye paṇḍitapuriso attānaṃ paṭijaggatiyeva. Sace hi gihibhūto paṭhamavaye khiḍḍāpasutatāya kusalaṃ kātuṃ na sakkoti, majjhimavaye appamattena hutvā kusalaṃ kātabbaṃ. Sace majjhimavaye puttadāraṃ posento kusalaṃ kātuṃ na sakkoti, pacchimavaye kātabbameva. Evampi karontena attā paṭijaggitova hoti. Evaṃ akarontassa pana attā piyo nāma na hoti, apāyaparāyaṇameva naṃ karoti. Sace pana pabbajito paṭhamavaye sajjhāyaṃ karonto dhārento vācento vattapaṭivattaṃ karonto pamādaṃ āpajjati, majjhimavaye appamattena samaṇadhammo kātabbo. Sace paṭhamavaye uggahitapariyattiyā aṭṭhakathaṃ vinicchayaṃ kāraṇākāraṇañca pucchanto majjhimavaye pamādaṃ āpajjati, pacchimavaye appamattena samaṇadhammo kātabboyeva. Evampi karontena attā paṭijaggitova hoti. Evaṃ akarontassa pana attā piyo nāma na hoti, pacchānutāpeneva naṃ tāpetīti.
这里所说的“时间段”者,指世尊为示现自法的增进与善巧,于三种不同年纪中的一种时间段称为‘年’,如此释义宜当体认。若能认知自己为所爱,必能守护周全,正如其所受保护。当某在家人,心存“我当护持自己”之念,怀于心腹,存善护念即便怀胎时亦得保护;即使出家去,隐居于严密门户及岩穴之中,也不能真正护持自己。然若在家之时,虽力有未足,仍作布施戒行等善事;及出家后勤于戒律修持,精进无懈,方能真正护持自己。如此于三种年纪阶段,无法护持自己者,于某一阶段,明智之人亦能护持自身。若为在家人,初年因耍弄戏耍无能修善;中年得精勤努力能修善;晚年则当完成善事。若出家者,初年需勤修安住持戒;中年不可懈怠当修行厌离向道;晚年应证实所修能成行,方得护持自身。如此因由护持使自身为所爱。反之不护此者,则非受所爱者,反成入恶道之因。不然若为出家初年勤修安住持戒,且修诚敬闻法,虽言语往复,尚且肇生疏忽;中年须勤精修苦行;晚年勤修苦行乃为当行。若初年因耍弄戏耍或执著注释义理辩论因果之故而生疏忽,中年当勤修苦行;晚年如是勤心苦行方为当行。由此因缘,能护持者即是所爱。反之不行此者非所爱,只有后悔之感难以消除。
Desanāvasāne bodhirājakumāro sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, sampattaparisāyapi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
于说法结束之时,菩提太子已得须陀洹果,且已成就群贤众、正信佛法说法之士。
Bodhirājakumāravatthu paṭhamaṃ. · 菩提王子事第一。
2. Upanandasakyaputtattheravatthu二、释迦子伍波难德长老事
Attānamevapaṭhamanti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto upanandaṃ sakyaputtaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
述说此法之人,乃世尊于捷林精舍时,于沙利子弟子上难陀处所说。
So kira thero dhammakathaṃ kathetuṃ cheko. Tassa appicchatādipaṭisaṃyuttaṃ dhammakathaṃ sutvā bahū bhikkhu taṃ ticīvarehi pūjetvā dhutaṅgāni samādiyiṃsu. Tehi vissaṭṭhaparikkhāre soyeva gaṇhi. So ekasmiṃ antovasse upakaṭṭhe janapadaṃ agamāsi. Atha naṃ ekasmiṃ vihāre daharasāmaṇerā dhammakathikapemena, ‘‘bhante, idha vassaṃ upethā’’ti vadiṃsu. ‘‘Idha kittakaṃ vassāvāsikaṃ labbhatī’’ti pucchitvā tehi ‘‘ekeko sāṭako’’ti vutte tattha upāhanā ṭhapetvā aññaṃ vihāraṃ agamāsi . Dutiyaṃ vihāraṃ gantvā ‘‘idha kiṃ labbhatī’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘dve sāṭakā’’ti vutte kattarayaṭṭhiṃ ṭhapesi. Tatiyaṃ vihāraṃ gantvā ‘‘idha kiṃ labbhatī’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘tayo sāṭakā’’ti vutte tattha udakatumbaṃ ṭhapesi. Catutthaṃ vihāraṃ gantvā ‘‘idha kiṃ labbhatī’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘cattāro sāṭakā’’ti vutte ‘‘sādhu idha vasissāmī’’ti tattha vassaṃ upagantvā gahaṭṭhānañceva bhikkhūnañca dhammakathaṃ kathesi. Te naṃ bahūhi vatthehi ceva cīvarehi ca pūjesuṃ. So vuṭṭhavasso itaresupi vihāresu sāsanaṃ pesetvā ‘‘mayā parikkhārassa ṭhapitattā vassāvāsikaṃ laddhabbaṃ, taṃ me pahiṇantū’’ti sabbaṃ āharāpetvā yānakaṃ pūretvā pāyāsi.
彼长老似乎意欲讲述佛法。诸众比库闻其以少欲等相应之法说,当尊敬以三衣清洁服饰,修持苦行,莅于其中。这是证审理考察后所依止。后来某年,彼比库到一村庄。之后某精舍中,年轻沙玛内拉因怀念法师,说“尊者,今年难不难?”问及应答:“此处得一分乞食地。”众相继问,“有几个乞食地?”答“一个”后,便移居彼处。次至第二精舍,问“此处得何?”答“两分乞食地”,便于彼施设三十座。再至第三精舍,问得三座乞食地后,安设水池。至第四精舍,问得四座乞食地,乃得安住于此,夏安居时,为在家住持及比库说法。众以众多袈裟及衣物恭敬供养。此后又至他精舍宣扬佛法,偕同诸众谓“因我设立之聚落得夏安居,愿彼共护之”,搬运所有具足施舍,备满车马,安然居住。
Athekasmiṃ vihāre dve daharabhikkhū dve sāṭake ekañca kambalaṃ labhitvā ‘‘tuyhaṃ sāṭakā hontu, mayhaṃ kambalo’’ti bhājetuṃ asakkontā maggasamīpe nisīditvā vivadanti. Te taṃ theraṃ āgacchantaṃ disvā, ‘‘bhante, tumhe no bhājetvā dethā’’ti vadiṃsu. Tumheyeva bhājethāti. Na sakkoma, bhante, tumheyeva no bhājetvā dethāti. Tena hi mama vacane ṭhassathāti. Āma, ṭhassāmāti. ‘‘Tena hi sādhū’’ti tesaṃ dve sāṭake datvā ‘‘ayaṃ dhammakathaṃ kathentānaṃ amhākaṃ pārupanāraho’’ti mahagghaṃ kambalaṃ ādāya pakkāmi. Daharabhikkhū vippaṭisārino hutvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā tamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘na, bhikkhave, idāneva tumhākaṃ santakaṃ gahetvā tumhe vippaṭisārino karoti, pubbepi akāsiyevā’’ti vatvā atītaṃ āhari –
在某一僧舍中,有两位年轻比库和两床毯子,他们得到一床毯子后,便说:“这两床给你们,毯子给我。”他们无法分开,就坐在道路旁争论。看见那位长老来,他们说:“长老,这毯子你们不要分给我们。”意思是说,“你们自己分吧。”又说:“长老,我们不能接受你们不分给我们。”因为我说了“你们就这么做吧”,他们答道:“好,我们遵从。”于是他们把两床毯子给了他们,带着大毯子离开了。那两位年轻比库虽未欢喜,但去了佛所说事情的原因。佛告诫道:“比库们,现在你们中的护持者将你们悔过,使你们不欢喜,这样的事以前也做过。”然后引述过去事例。
Atītasmiṃ anutīracārī ca gambhīracārī cāti dve uddā mahantaṃ rohitamacchaṃ labhitvā ‘‘mayhaṃ sīsaṃ hotu, tava naṅguṭṭha’’nti vivādāpannā bhājetuṃ asakkontā ekaṃ siṅgālaṃ disvā āhaṃsu – ‘‘mātula, imaṃ no bhājetvā dehī’’ti. Ahaṃ raññā vinicchayaṭṭhāne ṭhapito, tattha ciraṃ nisīditvā jaṅghavihāratthāya āgatomhi, idāni me okāso natthīti. Mātula, mā evaṃ karotha, bhājetvā eva no dethāti. Mama vacane ṭhassathāti. Ṭhassāma, mātulāti. ‘‘Tena hi sādhū’’ti so sīsaṃ chinditvā ekamante akāsi, naṅguṭṭhaṃ ekamante. Katvā ca pana, ‘‘tātā, yena vo anutīre caritaṃ, so naṅguṭṭhaṃ gaṇhātu. Yena gambhīre caritaṃ, tassa sīsaṃ hotu. Ayaṃ pana majjhimo khaṇḍo mama vinicchayadhamme ṭhitassa bhavissatī’’ti te saññāpento –
过去有一次,有两位不悔过且行为深重的比库,拿到一条大红鱼,争执不能分开,用手势指着一只豺狼说:“亲属,把这不要分开的给我们。”我曾被派驻王宫审判处,长期停留在那里休养腿,现在我没有机会了。亲属,不要这样做,必须分给我们。我们言语坚定,他们也肯。于是他割下头颅放在一边,分开鱼尾放一边,并说:“父亲,为了你们不悔过的行为,鱼尾归你们,行为深重的头颅归你们。这是中品章,将在我的审判法中出现。”这是他们的声明。
‘‘Anutīracāri naṅguṭṭhaṃ, sīsaṃ gambhīracārino;
“不悔过的为鱼尾,行为深重者为头颅;
Accāyaṃ majjhimo khaṇḍo, dhammaṭṭhassa bhavissatī’’ti. (jā. 1.7.33) –
这是中品章,将成为审判法。”(《相应部》1.7.33)
Imaṃ gāthaṃ vatvā majjhimakhaṇḍaṃ ādāya pakkāmi. Tepi vippaṭisārino taṃ oloketvā aṭṭhaṃsu.
说完此偈,我拿起中品章离开。两位不欢喜者观看后同意。
Satthā imaṃ atītaṃ dassetvā ‘‘evamesa atītepi tumhe vippaṭisārino akāsiyevā’’ti te bhikkhū saññāpetvā upanandaṃ garahanto, ‘‘bhikkhave , paraṃ ovadantena nāma paṭhamameva attā patirūpe patiṭṭhāpetabbo’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
佛示现过往后说:“你们即使在过去,也是这样地受到悔过,不欢喜。”比库们承认,责难乌波难陀,佛说:“比库们,以后要由正教导第一次确立自己形象。”随即宣说此偈。
§158
158.
‘‘Attānameva paṭhamaṃ, patirūpe nivesaye;
『自己身心为首,在守护所安置;
Athaññamanusāseyya, na kilisseyya paṇḍito’’ti.
然后随顺他人,不令智者犯戒。』
Tattha patirūpe nivesayeti anucchavike guṇe patiṭṭhāpeyya. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yo appicchatādiguṇehi vā ariyavaṃsapaṭipadādīhi vā paraṃ anusāsitukāmo, so attānameva paṭhamaṃ tasmiṃ guṇe patiṭṭhāpeyya. Evaṃ patiṭṭhāpetvā athaññaṃ tehi guṇehi anusāseyya. Attānañhi tattha anivesetvā kevalaṃ parameva anusāsamāno parato nindaṃ labhitvā kilissati nāma, tattha attānaṃ nivesetvā anusāsamāno parato pasaṃsaṃ labhati, tasmā na kilissati nāma. Evaṃ karonto paṇḍito na kilisseyyāti.
这里所说的『在守护所安置』,意指在附次的德行上立定根基。教诲说:若有修习圣门法门诸善行法者,无论由渴爱甚微等德行,或由出离圣行诸德行,若欲约束他人,必须先于自己身上立定此德。由此立定后,顺乎他善德而教化他人。若不先自行立定,而专以规劝他人者,终将招致他方指责,造作玷污;反之,先自行立定修持而教导他人,则获大众赞许,不致玷污。作如是事者乃智者,必不犯戒。
Desanāvasāne te bhikkhū sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahiṃsu, mahājanassāpi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
说法结束时,众比库皆已证得须陀洹果证,并且大众也承认此为真实佛法教诲。
Upanandasakyaputtattheravatthu dutiyaṃ. · 释迦子伍波难德长老事第二。
3. Padhānikatissattheravatthu三、精勤帝沙长老事
Attānañceti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto padhānikatissattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
『自己身心』,是指当时在祇树给孤独园安居,住持法座的长老跋陀尼迦尊者开始如此宣说这部法教。
So kira satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā pañcasate bhikkhū ādāya araññe vassaṃ upagantvā, ‘‘āvuso, dharamānakassa buddhassa santike vo kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahitaṃ, appamattāva samaṇadhammaṃ karothā’’ti ovaditvā sayaṃ gantvā nipajjitvā supati. Te bhikkhū paṭhamayāme caṅkamitvā majjhimayāme vihāraṃ pavisanti. So niddāyitvā pabuddhakāle tesaṃ santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ tumhe ‘nipajjitvā niddāyissāmā’ti āgatā, sīghaṃ nikkhamitvā samaṇadhammaṃ karothā’’ti vatvā sayaṃ gantvā tatheva supati. Itare majjhimayāme bahi caṅkamitvā pacchimayāme vihāraṃ pavisanti. So punapi pabujjhitvā tesaṃ santikaṃ gantvā te vihārā nīharitvā sayaṃ puna gantvā tatheva supati. Tasmiṃ niccakālaṃ evaṃ karonte te bhikkhū sajjhāyaṃ vā kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā manasikātuṃ nāsakkhiṃsu, cittaṃ aññathattaṃ agamāsi. Te ‘‘amhākaṃ ācariyo ativiya āraddhavīriyo, pariggaṇhissāma na’’nti pariggaṇhantā tassa kiriyaṃ disvā ‘‘naṭṭhamhā, āvuso, ācariyo no tuccharavaṃ ravatī’’ti vadiṃsu. Tesaṃ ativiya niddāya kilamantānaṃ ekabhikkhupi visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ nāsakkhi. Te vuṭṭhavassā satthu santikaṃ gantvā satthārā katapaṭisanthārā ‘‘kiṃ, bhikkhave, appamattā hutvā samaṇadhammaṃ karitthā’’ti pucchitā tamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘na, bhikkhave, idāneva, pubbepesa tumhākaṃ antarāyamakāsiyevā’’ti vatvā tehi yācito –
于是,众比库带着修行对象来到世尊面前,共有五百人,入林中安居一季。他们说:『尊者,在世尊面前,你们已具摄修行对象,应当精进守护僧法。』世尊听后,自行退去,坐下安睡。比库们第一更时外出托钵,第二更时入中间的住所,第三更时入住内室。世尊睡醒时,前往他们所处之处,说:『尔等为何说“睡下后亦当起睡”的?当速出行,精进修行僧法。』说毕,世尊自去,重新安坐而睡。其他人在中更时外出托钵,西更时入住住所。世尊复起,前来他们住所,说:比库们移去住宿,世尊再去坐下安睡。如此往复,长时间他们都这样行持,比库们无法专注于禅修对象,心意生起别样念头。他们心想:『我们的导师精进过甚,不能承受。』见导师如此行持,便说:『尊者,无须担忧,我们导师并未发出过粗恶之声。』由于他们极度困倦,未能产生任何特别表现。数季雨安居后,众比库再至世尊前,世尊与他们问答:『比库们,你们是否以精进修行僧法?』他们回答:『佛陀,现在我们因先前不能修行,心生障碍。』世尊告诫后,接受他们的请教——
‘‘Amātāpitarasaṃvaḍḍho, anācerakule vasaṃ;
『我是父母所养,居住在无所依止之家;
Nāyaṃ kālaṃ akālaṃ vā, abhijānāti kukkuṭo’’ti. (jā. 1.1.119) –
既无出时,亦无入时,阔达如公鸡般了解时刻。』(劝修本事经 1.1.119)——
Imaṃ akālarāvikukkuṭajātakaṃ vitthāretvā kathesi. ‘‘Tadā hi so kukkuṭo ayaṃ padhānikatissatthero ahosi, ime pañca satā bhikkhū te māṇavā ahesuṃ, disāpāmokkho ācariyo ahamevā’’ti satthā imaṃ jātakaṃ vitthāretvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, paraṃ ovadantena nāma attā sudanto kātabbo. Evaṃ ovadanto hi sudanto hutvā dameti nāmā’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
佛陀详细讲说这出不聚时光鸡的本事:彼时那只公鸡是长者之先驱,五百名比库是那些学童们,我就是日光明亮的导师。佛陀讲完此本事,告诫众比库说:『比库们,今后听从劝诫者,即是自己修正行为的人。这样劝诫的人正如佛陀修戒而成佛一样。』于是说出以下偈语——
§159
159.
‘‘Attānañce tathā kayirā, yathāññamanusāsati;
『若能如是自修,随顺他人教诲;'}
Sudanto vata dametha, attā hi kira duddamo’’ti.
Sudanto确实应该获得驯服,因为他自己显然是难以驯服的。
Tassattho – yo hi bhikkhu ‘‘paṭhamayāmādīsu caṅkamitabba’’nti vatvā paraṃ ovadati, sayaṃ caṅkamanādīni adhiṭṭhahanto attānañce tathā kayirā, yathāññamanusāsati, evaṃ sante sudanto vata damethāti yena guṇena paraṃ anusāsati, tena attanā sudanto hutvā dameyya. Attā hi kira duddamoti ayañhi attā nāma duddamo. Tasmā yathā so sudanto hoti, tathā dametabboti.
接着说,有一位比库在初次的戒律等方面应当谨慎遵守后,劝导他人,而他自己却违背所劝诫的规矩,任意妄为,如同众所遵循的训诫一般。如此情形下,那人虽然会劝诫别人,但自己并不驯服。因他自己确实是难以驯服的,故应当如同Sudanto般被驯服。也就是说,此人本身难以驯服,因此类比之下,既然他如Sudanto那样,那么他也应当受到驯服。
Desanāvasāne pañca satāpi te bhikkhū arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsūti.
说法结束时,那五位比库都已圆满证得阿拉汉果。
Padhānikatissattheravatthu tatiyaṃ. · 精进者帝须长老的故事第三。
4. Kumārakassapamātutherīvatthu四、童子咖萨巴之母长老尼的故事
Attāhi attano nāthoti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kumārakassapattherassa mātaraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
“自当自为自身主”这句话,是当时常住祇树给孤独园的尊者枯摩罗迦尊者对其母亲讲法时说道。
Sā kira rājagahanagare seṭṭhidhītā viññutaṃ pattakālato paṭṭhāya pabbajjaṃ yāci. Atha sā punappunaṃ yācamānāpi mātāpitūnaṃ santikā pabbajjaṃ alabhitvā vayappattā patikulaṃ gantvā patidevatā hutvā agāraṃ ajjhāvasi. Athassā na cirasseva kucchismiṃ gabbho patiṭṭhahi. Sā gabbhassa patiṭṭhitabhāvaṃ ajānitvāva sāmikaṃ ārādhetvā pabbajjaṃ yāci. Atha naṃ so mahantena sakkārena bhikkhunupassayaṃ netvā ajānanto devadattapakkhikānaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ santike pabbājesi. Aparena samayena bhikkhuniyo tassā gabbhinibhāvaṃ ñatvā tāhi ‘‘kiṃ ida’’nti vuttā nāhaṃ, ayye, jānāmi ‘‘kimetaṃ’’, sīlaṃ vata me arogamevāti. Bhikkhuniyo taṃ devadattassa santikaṃ netvā ‘‘ayaṃ bhikkhunī saddhāpabbajitā, imissā mayaṃ gabbhassa patiṭṭhitabhāvaṃ jānāma, kālaṃ na jānāma, kiṃ dāni karomā’’ti pucchiṃsu. Devadatto ‘‘mā mayhaṃ ovādakārikānaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ ayaso uppajjatū’’ti ettakameva cintetvā ‘‘uppabbājetha na’’nti āha. Taṃ sutvā sā daharā mā maṃ, ayye, nāsetha, nāhaṃ devadattaṃ uddissa pabbajitā, etha, maṃ satthu santikaṃ jetavanaṃ nethāti. Tā taṃ ādāya jetavanaṃ gantvā satthu ārocesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘tassā gihikāle gabbho patiṭṭhito’’ti jānantopi paravādamocanatthaṃ rājānaṃ pasenadikosalaṃ mahāanāthapiṇḍikaṃ cūḷaanāthapiṇḍikaṃ visākhāupāsikaṃ aññāni ca mahākulāni pakkosāpetvā upālittheraṃ āṇāpesi – ‘‘gaccha, imissā daharāya bhikkhuniyā catuparisamajjhe kammaṃ parisodhehī’’ti. Thero rañño purato visākhaṃ pakkosāpetvā taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ paṭicchāpesi. Sā sāṇipākāraṃ parikkhipāpetvā antosāṇiyaṃ tassā hatthapādanābhiudarapariyosānāni oloketvā māsadivase samānetvā ‘‘gihibhāve imāya gabbho laddho’’ti ñatvā therassa tamatthaṃ ārocesi. Athassā thero parisamajjhe parisuddhabhāvaṃ patiṭṭhāpesi. Sā aparena samayena padumuttarabuddhassa pādamūle patthitapatthanaṃ mahānubhāvaṃ puttaṃ vijāyi.
她确实是王舍城最尊贵的一位富家女,自出家之时即领会了戒戒义。后来她再三请求出家,却因父母阻止而未获准许,因而感到厌离年老而到他处成了护法神,离家隐居。后来她不知自己已怀有身孕,却心生信心,向丈夫请求出家;丈夫未觉察其孕,便带她到尊者迦叶的引导下,请求比库尼们为她剃度。事后,比库尼们知其怀孕,便向她言说:“夫人,这是什么情况?”她回答:“尊者,我知道自己只是在身未净之时持戒罢了。”比库尼们带她到迭瓦达德尊者处,询问以后该怎么办。迭瓦达德心念一切戒律比库尼皆为成熟,不应因此影响其出家,遂建议她可出家。她听后答道:“少年人啊,勿杀我,我已向迭瓦达德国师请辞,愿住在尊者所在的祇树给孤独园。”于是她获带至祇树给孤独园,向世尊报告此事。世尊知道孕胎已安住,便为保露圣法,派遣王舍城王势那、给孤独长老、小给孤独长老、维萨卡居士等众多高贵族人保护,命上座比库奉旨对这位年轻比库尼四众中清理其戒律事务。尊者见家中孕育胎儿已有稳固迹象,也确立了清净的戒体。后来,她生下了大具足智慧的子嗣,便是后来莲花生佛那样的大觉者。
Athekadivasaṃ rājā bhikkhunupassayasamīpena gacchanto dārakasaddaṃ sutvā ‘‘kiṃ ida’’nti pucchitvā, ‘‘deva, ekissā bhikkhuniyā putto jāto, tassesa saddo’’ti vutte taṃ kumāraṃ attano gharaṃ netvā dhātīnaṃ adāsi. Nāmaggahaṇadivase cassa kassapoti nāmaṃ katvā kumāraparihārena vaḍḍhitattā kumārakassapoti sañjāniṃsu. So kīḷāmaṇḍale dārake paharitvā ‘‘nimmātāpitikenamhā pahaṭā’’ti vutte rājānaṃ upasaṅkamitvā, ‘‘deva, maṃ ‘nimmātāpitiko’ti vadanti, mātaraṃ me ācikkhathā’’ti pucchitvā raññā dhātiyo dassetvā ‘‘imā te mātaro’’ti vutte ‘‘na ettikā me mātaro, ekāya me mātarā bhavitabbaṃ, taṃ me ācikkhathā’’ti āha. Rājā ‘‘na sakkā imaṃ vañcetu’’nti cintetvā, tāta, tava mātā bhikkhunī, tvaṃ mayā bhikkhunupassayā ānītoti. So tāvatakeneva samuppannasaṃvego hutvā, ‘‘tāta, pabbājetha ma’’nti āha. Rājā ‘‘sādhu, tātā’’ti taṃ mahantena sakkārena satthu santike pabbājesi. So laddhūpasampado kumārakassapattheroti paññāyi. So satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā araññaṃ pavisitvā vāyamitvā visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ asakkonto ‘‘puna kammaṭṭhānaṃ visesetvā gahessāmī’’ti satthu santikaṃ gantvā andhavane vihāsi.
某日,王从比库难舍聚处经过,闻孩童哭声,便询问“这是何物?”被告知“这是某位比库尼所生之子”。王将孩童带回王宫,供养其父母。在孩子受名礼时,起名为咖萨巴,因其成长如孩童般活泼。此子在游戏场所受伤时,王亲近并问道:“为何称我为‘娜摩他毕堤科’呢?母亲是如此教导我。”王后示现其母亲形象,道“她不是你的亲生母亲,你应以一位他人为母,由她悉心照料。”王思虑此话不可欺骗,便告知该比库尼:“你是我的比库尼护持者,现在由我引领你。”当即心境大震,遂向父王请求出家。王欢喜答应,施以长寿。该子获受具足戒律后,被尊称为尊者枯摩罗迦。后来他在世尊面前修习法门,虽屡试禅定而难达深通,便暂时离开到荒野,努力修行,期望造就殊胜成就。过后再回世尊面前追求禅定功夫。
Atha naṃ kassapabuddhakāle ekato samaṇadhammaṃ katvā anāgāmiphalaṃ patvā brahmaloke nibbattabhikkhu brahmalokato āgantvā pannarasa pañhe pucchitvā ‘‘ime pañhe ṭhapetvā satthāraṃ añño byākātuṃ samattho nāma natthi, gaccha, satthu santike imesaṃ atthaṃ uggaṇhā’’ti uyyojesi. So tathā katvā pañhavissajjanāvasāne arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tassa pana nikkhantadivasato paṭṭhāya dvādasa vassāni mātubhikkhuniyā akkhīhi assūni pavattiṃsu. Sā puttaviyogadukkhitā assutinteneva mukhena bhikkhāya caramānā antaravīthiyaṃ theraṃ disvāva, ‘‘putta , puttā’’ti viravantī taṃ gaṇhituṃ upadhāvamānā parivattitvā pati. Sā thanehi khīraṃ muñcantehi uṭṭhahitvā allacīvarā gantvā theraṃ gaṇhi. So cintesi – ‘‘sacāyaṃ mama santikā madhuravacanaṃ labhissati, vinassissati. Thaddhameva katvā imāya saddhiṃ sallapissāmī’’ti. Atha naṃ āha – ‘‘kiṃ karontī vicarasi, sinehamattampi chindituṃ na sakkosī’’ti. Sā ‘‘aho kakkhaḷā therassa kathā’’ti cintetvā ‘‘kiṃ vadesi, tātā’’ti vatvā punapi tena tatheva vuttā cintesi – ‘‘ahaṃ imassa kāraṇā dvādasa vassāni assūni sandhāretuṃ na sakkomi, ayaṃ panevaṃ thaddhahadayo, kiṃ me iminā’’ti puttasinehaṃ chinditvā taṃdivasameva arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
当时在咖萨巴佛成道期间,于一处作了沙门法,证得无来果,生于梵天界的比库,前来拜访后,提出十五个问题询问说:『若以此十五问设立,没有他人能为师再作解释,汝当前去,亲近世尊,详问其义。』他依教而行,在解答问题结束后证得阿拉汉果。至于他出家那一天起过了十二年,受母比库尼目睹他流泪。那位因失子之苦心情凄惶的母比库尼,以难闻之语对行持托钵外出乞食的长老说话,看见他常来常去,她一边叫唤『子啊,你的儿子』一边妨碍欲去,转身归去。在那里她让奶酪和牛奶枯干,又带几件衣服出去,欲去接他。长老心念说:『今我近在咫尺必将听到其柔和之言,然而终必消失。既然如此,我不与她分别谈话。』随后对她说:『你在做什么,连丝毫的爱惜也割舍不了吗?』她想:『唉,长老的言辞多坚硬啊。』又复说:『你说什么,母亲?』并复重复刚才所说,思惟:『我因缘故受苦十二年,不能忍受母亲的泪水。此人意志坚决,我为何于他作何妄想?』由割舍对儿子的爱执,恰在这十二年中证得阿拉汉果。
Aparena samayena dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘āvuso, devadattena evaṃ upanissayasampanno kumārakassapo ca therī ca nāsitā, satthā pana tesaṃ patiṭṭhā jāto, aho buddhā nāma lokānukampakā’’ti . Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte ‘‘na, bhikkhave, idāneva ahaṃ imesaṃ paccayo patiṭṭhā jāto, pubbepi nesaṃ ahaṃ patiṭṭhā ahosiṃyevā’’ti vatvā –
后来有一次,佛法大会上议论世尊的起源,说:『诸位,天人迦楼罗族的天子Devadatta虽具缘起,长老与那位比尼俱已去世,惟世尊已生起道场立基,啊,佛者,悉忧众生者也。』世尊进入大会,问比库们『诸比库,尔等已有所坐于此听讲乎?』回答说:『尊者世尊,今正是我等所缘立基之时,彼以前我亦曾拥有道场。』
‘‘Nigrodhameva seveyya, na sākhamupasaṃvase;
『犹如无花果树,莫与枝叶联结,』
Nigrodhasmiṃ mataṃ seyyo, yañce sākhasmi jīvita’’nti. (jā. 1.1.12; 1.10.81) –
『犹如无花果树之中,最宜奉事者,便是其干枝』(此语出自《本生经》1.1.12和1.10.81)。
Imaṃ nigrodhajātakaṃ vitthārena kathetvā ‘‘tadā sākhamigo devadatto ahosi, parisāpissa devadattaparisā, vārappattā migadhenu therī ahosi, putto kumārakassapo, gabbhinīmigiyā jīvitaṃ pariccajitvā gato nigrodhamigarājā pana ahamevā’’ti jātakaṃ samodhānetvā puttasinehaṃ chinditvā theriyā attanāva attano patiṭṭhānakatabhāvaṃ pakāsento, ‘‘bhikkhave, yasmā parassa attani ṭhitena saggaparāyaṇena vā maggaparāyaṇena vā bhavituṃ na sakkā, tasmā attāva attano nātho, paro kiṃ karissatī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
详细地阐述这《无花果树本生经》时,谓当年Devadatta似无花果树干,群天Devadatta众悉临,山鹿比尼则似无花果树林,子即长老咖萨巴,割舍胎中所系,舍弃俗世生活,奔赴无花果树林为王。由此本生经体现因斩断对儿子的爱,长老比尼自证自立之义,曰:『比库们,有时彼人仅凭在他者的境遇,不论归往天界或觉路,皆难成就;故宜自为自己之主,旁人又将如何可为?』由此说出此偈:
§160
160.
‘‘Attā hi attano nātho, ko hi nātho paro siyā;
『自他者者非也,谁为他者可有?』
Attanā hi sudantena, nāthaṃ labhati dullabha’’nti.
『唯有自身勤修,方得难得他者。』
Tattha nāthoti patiṭṭhā. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yasmā attani ṭhitena attasampannena kusalaṃ katvā saggaṃ vā pāpuṇituṃ, maggaṃ vā bhāvetuṃ, phalaṃ vā sacchikātuṃ sakkā . Tasmā hi attāva attano patiṭṭhā hoti, paro ko nāma kassa patiṭṭhā siyā. Attanā eva hi sudantena nibbisevanena arahattaphalasaṅkhātaṃ dullabhaṃ nāthaṃ labhati. Arahattañhi sandhāya idha ‘‘nāthaṃ labhati dullabha’’nti vuttaṃ.
此中『他者』谓稳固。此言意指:因有于自身立足,且能自具功德,修行善法,得生天界,或能修习道果,实现圣果,故此自为自身坚固;他者焉能为其坚固?唯有自身勤奋不懈,断除烦恼,方得称为难得之坚固果——阿拉汉果位。正以此故,论曰『难得他者』者,指守行为于阿拉汉果的坚固。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
说法终结时,多人已获初果等诸圣果。
Kumārakassapamātutherīvatthu catutthaṃ. · 童子咖萨巴之母长老尼的故事第四。
5. Mahākālaupāsakavatthu五、大咖拉近事男的故事
Attanā hi kataṃ pāpanti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto ekaṃ mahākālaṃ nāma sotāpannaupāsakaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
此为恶业:一时,世尊住于竹林精舍,曾有一名为大时者之初果居士,起意讲述此法。
So kira māsassa aṭṭhadivasesu uposathiko hutvā vihāre sabbarattiṃ dhammakathaṃ suṇāti. Atha rattiṃ corā ekasmiṃ gehe sandhiṃ chinditvā bhaṇḍakaṃ gahetvā lohabhājanasaddena pabuddhehi sāmikehi anubaddhā gahitabhaṇḍaṃ chaḍḍetvā palāyiṃsu. Sāmikāpi te anubandhiṃsuyeva, te disā pakkhandiṃsu. Eko pana vihāramaggaṃ gahetvā mahākālassa rattiṃ dhammakathaṃ sutvā pātova pokkharaṇitīre mukhaṃ dhovantassa purato bhaṇḍikaṃ chaḍḍetvā palāyi. Core anubandhitvā āgatamanussā bhaṇḍikaṃ disvā ‘‘tvaṃ no gehasandhiṃ chinditvā bhaṇḍikaṃ haritvā dhammaṃ suṇanto viya vicarasī’’ti taṃ gahetvā pothetvā māretvā chaḍḍetvā agamiṃsu. Atha naṃ pātova pānīyaghaṭaṃ ādāya gatā daharasāmaṇerā disvā ‘‘vihāre dhammakathaṃ sutvā sayitaupāsako ayuttaṃ maraṇaṃ labhatī’’ti vatvā satthu ārocesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘āma, bhikkhave, imasmiṃ attabhāve kālena appatirūpaṃ maraṇaṃ laddhaṃ, pubbe katakammassa pana tena yuttameva laddha’’nti vatvā tehi yācito tassa pubbakammaṃ kathesi –
彼居士乃持斋八日,夜晚常听法语。然夜中贼徒入一户,割断门锁,施行盗窃,携带器物,以敲打铁器声惊动僧侣,众僧以戒律将其捕获,而贼徒逃逸。贼匪复入舍路,夜中听法者退却至池畔,洗面时,舍内器物被盗。此时贼徒随行人至,见桌上器物,疑言『汝非割门掠器,听法者乎?』遂夺物藏匿而逃。后贼徒携水瓶离去,幼年沙玛内见之,言『听法者卧舍得无时异死?』即呈报世尊。世尊言:『善哉比库,此人身中有时异死,然乃因先行业业力所致。』随即于众乞其先业因缘,详为说之。
Atīte kira bārāṇasirañño vijite ekassa paccantagāmassa aṭavimukhe corā paharanti. Rājā aṭavimukhe ekaṃ rājabhaṭaṃ ṭhapesi, so bhatiṃ gahetvā manusse orato pāraṃ neti, pārato oraṃ āneti. Atheko manusso abhirūpaṃ attano bhariyaṃ cūḷayānakaṃ āropetvā taṃ ṭhānaṃ agamāsi. Rājabhaṭo taṃ itthiṃ disvāva sañjātasineho tena ‘‘aṭaviṃ no , sāmi, atikkāmehī’’ti vuttepi ‘‘idāni vikālo, pātova atikkāmessāmī’’ti āha. So sakālo, sāmi, idāneva no nehīti. Nivatta, bho, amhākaṃyeva gehe āhāro ca nivāso ca bhavissatīti. So neva nivattituṃ icchi. Itaro purisānaṃ saññaṃ datvā yānakaṃ nivattāpetvā anicchantasseva dvārakoṭṭhake nivāsaṃ datvā āhāraṃ paṭiyādāpesi. Tassa pana gehe ekaṃ maṇiratanaṃ atthi. So taṃ tassa yānakantare pakkhipāpetvā paccūsakāle corānaṃ paviṭṭhasaddaṃ kāresi. Athassa purisā ‘‘maṇiratanaṃ, sāmi, corehi haṭa’’nti ārocesuṃ. So gāmadvāresu ārakkhaṃ ṭhapetvā ‘‘antogāmato nikkhamante vicinathā’’ti āha. Itaropi pātova yānakaṃ yojetvā pāyāsi. Athassa yānakaṃ sodhentā attanā ṭhapitaṃ maṇiratanaṃ disvā santajjetvā ‘‘tvaṃ maṇiṃ gahetvā palāyasī’’ti pothetvā ‘‘gahito no, sāmi, coro’’ti gāmabhojakassa dassesuṃ. So ‘‘bhatakassa vata me gehe nivāsaṃ datvā bhattaṃ dinnaṃ, maṇiṃ gahetvā gato, gaṇhatha naṃ pāpapurisa’’nti pothāpetvā māretvā chaḍḍāpesi. Idaṃ tassa pubbakammaṃ. So tato cuto avīcimhi nibbattitvā tattha dīgharattaṃ paccitvā vipākāvasesena attabhāvasate tatheva pothito maraṇaṃ pāpuṇi.
昔者,巴拉那西的王室贵族在西部郊外村庄的森林边缘,时有盗贼作恶。国王派遣一位王室侍从驻守该林缘,侍从握持火把,引领人们从村外穿越林地,往返护送。曾有一人,带着其美貌妻子朱拉央迦,乘坐车马来此地。他的妻子被那侍从见到,当即生起爱意,便对他说:“主人,此林边我们常来,你应多通过此路。”侍从称:“此刻天气昏暗,待天明我们必会途经。”这位人则答:“主人,今日我便不回去了,我们在此地便有食宿。”其人不欲归家,向其他男众表示其意愿,将车马停放寄居于村庄院门内,领受供给。其家中有一颗宝石,彼人将它藏入车辕旁。稍后夜间,盗贼出没时发出入林声。那人闻声,以言告曰:“主人,宝石被盗贼抢去。”侍从即布防村门,嘱咐“当有人从村内出入时请察看。”其他人亦协助轮流守护车马。盗贼搜查车马时,见已置放之宝石,顿时愤怒,称该物是“盗贼夺取之物”。彼人反言:“是仆人为主人安排住宿和供养,宝石实为我带走,勿被恶人夺去。”遂将盗贼杀死,弃尸去。此即彼前世所作恶业。后该人堕入无间地狱,中受苦报,历经长久,因果未尽,终获死亡。
Evaṃ satthā mahākālassa pubbakammaṃ dassetvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, evaṃ ime satte attanā katapāpakammameva catūsu apāyesu abhimatthatī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
于是,佛陀示现彼世者前世恶业,告诫比库们说:“比库们,诸众生因自作恶业,遂在四重苦中受报,此理不虚。”继而宣说偈言:
§161
161.
一六一偈。
‘‘Attanā hi kataṃ pāpaṃ, attajaṃ attasambhavaṃ;
“由自作恶业,因自所生起,
Abhimatthati dummedhaṃ, vajiraṃvasmamayaṃ maṇi’’nti.
愚痴迷惑缠缚,如坚铁成尘宝。”
Tattha vajiraṃvasmamayaṃ maṇinti vajiraṃva asmamayaṃ maṇiṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yathā pāsāṇamayaṃ pāsāṇasambhavaṃ vajiraṃ tameva asmamayaṃ maṇiṃ attano uṭṭhānaṭṭhānasaṅkhātaṃ pāsāṇamaṇiṃ khāditvā chiddaṃ chiddaṃ khaṇḍaṃ khaṇḍaṃ katvā aparibhogaṃ karoti, evameva attanā kataṃ attani jātaṃ attasambhavaṃ pāpaṃ dummedhaṃ nippaññaṃ puggalaṃ catūsu apāyesu abhimatthati kantati viddhaṃsetīti.
其中“坚铁成尘宝”者,意谓坚铁所化成之宝石。其义如是解说:犹如石头生石宝,坚铁亦化为宝石。此宝石即是,因个人于自身产生、由自身业力所生之恶业,愚痴懈怠之心,犹如坚铁变宝石般,断裂破碎,片段残缺,终不能利用。由此愚昧愚痴之人,贪染诸恶,执著害身之法,因而堕入四重苦果,对其来说如复裂碎之坚铁宝石,徒然痛苦难耐。
Desanāvasāne sampattabhikkhū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
在讲说结束时,具足戒律的比库们必得初果听着莲花果等诸果报。
Mahākālaupāsakavatthu pañcamaṃ. · 大咖拉近事男的故事第五。
6. Devadattavatthu六、迭瓦达德的故事
Yassaaccantadussīlyanti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto devadattaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
对于那极其恶劣品行的,世尊在竹林精舍住处,针对迭瓦达德发表了这部法教。
Ekasmiñhi divase bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘āvuso, devadatto dussīlo pāpadhammo dussīlyakāraṇena vaḍḍhitāya taṇhāya ajātasattuṃ saṅgaṇhitvā mahantaṃ lābhasakkāraṃ nibbattetvā ajātasattuṃ pituvadhe samādapetvā tena saddhiṃ ekato hutvā nānappakārena tathāgatassa vadhāya parisakkatī’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte ‘‘na, bhikkhave, idāneva, pubbepi devadatto nānappakārena mayhaṃ vadhāya parisakkatī’’ti vatvā kuruṅgamigajātakādīni (jā. 1.2.111-2) kathetvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, accantadussīlapuggalaṃ nāma dussīlyakāraṇā uppannā taṇhā māluvā viya sālaṃ pariyonandhitvā sambhañjamānā nirayādīsu pakkhipatī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthāmāha –
一日,有比库们就法会的归集议事,说道:『尊者们,迭瓦达德秉持恶劣之品行,因恶行起因所增长的渴爱,怀抱对未生怨的敌意,断绝伟大的利益敬奉,陷入未生怨杀父的罪业,与其同伙合谋,合而为一,以各种方策图谋如来被杀的阴谋。』世尊来到,问道:『比库们,现在你们就此事聚集谈论吗?』答道:『世尊,这回事的主角不正是迭瓦达德,早先即以各种方式图谋杀害我。』于是,世尊说起象鹿本生等故事(《象鹿经》1.2.111-2),又说:『比库们,这极其恶劣品行之人,因恶行起因成长的渴爱,像榕树环绕沙树林般,紧缠缚缚,终将堕入地狱诸苦。』之后,世尊吟诵此偈:
§162
162.
‘‘Yassa accantadussīlyaṃ, māluvā sālamivotthataṃ;
「若有极其恶劣行者,如榕根缠绕沙树林,
Karoti so tathattānaṃ, yathā naṃ icchatī diso’’ti.
实做妥当之事,天方不喜其生。」
Tattha accantadussīlyanti ekantadussīlabhāvo. Gihī vā jātito paṭṭhāya dasa akusalakammapathe karonto, pabbajito vā upasampannadivasato paṭṭhāya garukāpattiṃ āpajjamāno accantadussīlo nāma. Idha pana yo dvīsu tīsu attabhāvesu dussīlo, etassa gatiyā āgataṃ dussīlabhāvaṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ. Dussīlabhāvoti cettha dussīlassa cha dvārāni nissāya uppannā taṇhā veditabbā. Māluvā sālamivotthatanti yassa puggalassa taṃ taṇhāsaṅkhātaṃ dussīlyaṃ yathā nāma māluvā sālaṃ ottharantī deve vassante pattehi udakaṃ sampaṭicchitvā sambhañjanavasena sabbatthakameva pariyonandhati, evaṃ attabhāvaṃ otthataṃ pariyonandhitvā ṭhitaṃ. So māluvāya sambhañjitvā bhūmiyaṃ pātiyamāno rukkho viya tāya dussīlyasaṅkhātāya taṇhāya sambhañjitvā apāyesu pātiyamāno, yathā naṃ anatthakāmo diso icchati, tathā attānaṃ karoti nāmāti attho.
这里所谓『极其恶劣的品性』,是指『专且极其恶劣的品性状态』。无论是俗家出身者若专心守护自他不侵犯的戒,则在十种不善业的路径上作业,或是出家后在受具足戒当天开始,却获得重罪,便称为极其恶劣。这里又说,对于两个或三个自性中有恶劣一面的,如果其恶劣性质生起,应当认知为恶劣品性。所谓恶劣品性,是指依靠恶劣的六道门起的渴爱。譬如枯朽苦枝,这渴爱称为恶劣品性。就如枯树枝断开时,天人用雨水润泽它,欢喜如同器皿得到滋养,枯枝因此被润泽而固定不动。那人依此枯枝而立,如树般被渴爱捆缚,依附于无益之处,按理没有利于自身的意愿,反而按自己的愿望行事,即是此义。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
讲法结束时,说有许多人获得了初果等果位。
Devadattavatthu chaṭṭhaṃ. · 迭瓦达德事第六。
7. Saṅghabhedaparisakkanavatthu7. 僧团破裂预备事
Sukarānīti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto saṅghabhedaparisakkanaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
所谓苏加罗,是指当时世尊住在韦陆提山林,着手说法劝诫破坏僧团的事。
Ekadivasañhi devadatto saṅghabhedāya parisakkanto āyasmantaṃ ānandaṃ piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā attano adhippāyaṃ ārocesi. Taṃ sutvā thero satthu santikaṃ gantvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘idhāhaṃ, bhante, pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā pattacīvaramādāya rājagahaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisiṃ. Addasā kho maṃ, bhante, devadatto rājagahe piṇḍāya carantaṃ. Disvā yenāhaṃ tenupasaṅkami, upasaṅkamitvā maṃ etadavoca – ‘ajjatagge dānāhaṃ, āvuso ānanda, aññatreva bhagavatā aññatra bhikkhusaṅghena uposathaṃ karissāmi saṅghakammañcā’ti. Ajja bhagavā devadatto saṅghaṃ bhindissati, uposathañca karissati saṅghakammāni cā’’ti. Evaṃ vutte satthā –
一日清晨,天人称作德瓦达多者,因破坏僧团而生疑惑,见尊者阿难行乞,便向他告知自己的计划。听到此话,长老前往世尊处,说:『尊者,我今早起床,披袈裟前往王舍城乞食时,见德瓦达多也在乞食。我见到他后,他对我说:“我今天将行布施,阿难,你此外除了世尊与比库僧团,不与他人共行伍波萨他戒。”并说今日世尊将破僧团,行使僧伽法事。』世尊听闻后说:
‘‘Sukaraṃ sādhunā sādhu, sādhu pāpena dukkaraṃ;
『“乞丐要么乞得好,要么乞得坏;作恶的人是困难的;
Pāpaṃ pāpena sukaraṃ, pāpamariyehi dukkara’’nti. (udā. 48) –
恶难克服,恶的根源极难去除。”』(《乌达那经》48经)
Imaṃ udānaṃ udānetvā, ‘‘ānanda, attano ahitakammaṃ nāma sukaraṃ, hitakammameva dukkara’’nti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
说过这首偈颂之后,告诫阿难曰:『自己对自己有害的业,称为难行;只有对自己有利的业,才称为难行。』
§163
163.
‘‘Sukarāni asādhūni, attano ahitāni ca;
『难行者,非善者,自己有害者;
Yaṃ ve hitañca sādhuñca, taṃ ve paramadukkara’’nti.
而利行且善者,那反而极为难行。』
Tassattho – yāni kammāni asādhūni sāvajjāni apāyasaṃvattanikattāyeva attano ahitāni ca honti, tāni sukarāni. Yaṃ pana sugatisaṃvattanikattā attano hitañca anavajjatthena sādhuñca sugatisaṃvattanikañceva nibbānasaṃvattanikañca kammaṃ, taṃ pācīnaninnāya gaṅgāya ubbattetvā pacchāmukhakaraṇaṃ viya atidukkaranti.
因为如此,所谓不善恶业,及重罪,都是对自己有害的难行之业。反之,若是有利于如来教法,且无过失且善良的、对如来教法以及涅槃法皆有利之业;此业如倒流入恒河逆水而上,反做背水之势,非常难行。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
于法句结束之际,称赞多位得流果等圣果者。
Saṅghabhedaparisakkanavatthu sattamaṃ. · 僧团破裂预备事第七。
8. Kālattheravatthu8. 咖喇长老事
Yosāsananti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kālattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
在杰塔旺林中,师长开始讲述这部佛法开示,他是当时的尊长长老。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kirekā itthī mātuṭṭhāne ṭhatvā taṃ theraṃ upaṭṭhahi. Tassā paṭivissakagehe manussā satthu santike dhammaṃ sutvā āgantvā ‘‘aho buddhā nāma acchariyā, aho dhammadesanā madhurā’’ti pasaṃsanti. Sā itthī tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā, ‘‘bhante, ahampi satthu dhammadesanaṃ sotukāmā’’ti tassa ārocesi. So ‘‘tattha mā gamī’’ti taṃ nivāresi. Sā punadivase punadivasepīti yāvatatiyaṃ tena nivāriyamānāpi sotukāmāva ahosi. Kasmā so panetaṃ nivāresīti? Evaṃ kirassa ahosi – ‘‘satthu santike dhammaṃ sutvā mayi bhijjissatī’’ti. Sā ekadivasaṃ pātova bhuttapātarāsā uposathaṃ samādiyitvā, ‘‘amma, sādhukaṃ ayyaṃ pariviseyyāsī’’ti dhītaraṃ āṇāpetvā vihāraṃ agamāsi. Dhītāpissā taṃ bhikkhuṃ āgatakāle parivisitvā ‘‘kuhiṃ mahāupāsikā’’ti vuttā ‘‘dhammassavanāya vihāraṃ gatā’’ti āha. So taṃ sutvāva kucchiyaṃ uṭṭhitena ḍāhena santappamāno ‘‘idāni sā mayi bhinnā’’ti vegena gantvā satthu santike dhammaṃ suṇamānaṃ disvā satthāraṃ āha, ‘‘bhante, ayaṃ itthī dandhā sukhumaṃ dhammakathaṃ na jānāti, imissā khandhādipaṭisaṃyuttaṃ sukhumaṃ dhammakathaṃ akathetvā dānakathaṃ vā sīlakathaṃ vā kathetuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. Satthā tassajjhāsayaṃ viditvā ‘‘tvaṃ duppañño pāpikaṃ diṭṭhiṃ nissāya buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ paṭikkosasi. Attaghātāyeva vāyamasī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
当时在舍卫城,有一位妇人立于母亲的丧所近旁侍奉那尊长长老。她坐在他的接待屋里,众人听闻世尊面前的佛法,纷纷称赞道:“啊,佛陀的法义真是奇妙,佛法教理甜美!”这妇人听闻他们的话语,便对尊长言道:“尊者,我也愿意听师长的佛法开示。”尊长劝止她说:“那里你不要去。”她日复一日心志强烈,即使遭劝阻,仍生起渴欲听闻的心。为何尊长要劝止?原因是尊长心知:“在世尊面前听法,她迟早会动心。”某日,她吃斋饭后,过了戒日,叩拜年长者妹子说:“阿母,善哉!这位尊者将前来访客。”她便到寺院去。尊长的妹子迎来此比库,问道:“伟大的在家居士究竟去了何处?”答曰:“去听法了。”比库听闻此言,恼怒得用鞭子打人,以怒语说道:“如今她让我破戒了!”便急速去尊者座前听法。世尊见状,对尊长说:“尊者,这妇女无知愚昧,怀有恶见,违背了如来正法。她正行自害生命之事。”随即为师长作此偈言说——
§164
164.
‘‘Yo sāsanaṃ arahataṃ, ariyānaṃ dhammajīvinaṃ;
‘‘那破坏阿拉汉教法的人,
Paṭikkosati dummedho, diṭṭhiṃ nissāya pāpikaṃ;
因怨恨,基于邪见,愚昧而作恶,
Phalāni kaṭṭhakasseva, attaghātāya phallatī’’ti.
其所行果实,如魔刺般痛苦,
Tassattho – yo dummedho puggalo attano sakkārahānibhayena pāpikaṃ diṭṭhiṃ nissāya ‘‘dhammaṃ vā sossāma, dānaṃ vā dassāmā’’ti vadante paṭikkosanto arahataṃ ariyānaṃ dhammajīvinaṃ buddhānaṃ sāsanaṃ paṭikkosati, tassa taṃ paṭikkosanaṃ sā ca pāpikā diṭṭhi veḷusaṅkhātassa kaṭṭhakassa phalāni viya hoti. Tasmā yathā kaṭṭhako phalāni gaṇhanto attaghātāya phallati, attano ghātatthameva phalati, evaṃ sopi attaghātāya phallatīti. Vuttampi cetaṃ –
其意为——愚蠢之人,因害怕自己所赞护的恶见,而言“我们既接受法,也由布施而起”,却反对阿拉汉、圣者、以戒法为命的佛陀教法,因而其反对如同无数剥落的树皮果实。正如采果者拾取果实所致自我损害,最终反受其害;同理,自我毁坏亦带来自我痛苦。经典中亦有言——
‘‘Phalaṃ ve kadaliṃ hanti, phalaṃ veḷuṃ phalaṃ naḷaṃ;
“果实伤害芭蕉,果实害麥杆;
Sakkāro kāpurisaṃ hanti, gabbho assatariṃ yathā’’ti. (cūḷava. 335; a. ni. 4.68);
尊敬者伤害人,胎儿如同三年之久。”(小法句经335;增支部4.68)
Desanāvasāne upāsikā sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, sampattaparisāyapi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
讲经结束时,居士坚立于初果之位,伴随众圣弟子,确实宣说法义。
Kālattheravatthu aṭṭhamaṃ. · 咖喇长老事第八。
9. Cūḷakālaupāsakavatthu9. 朱腊咖喇近事男事
Attanāhi katanti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto cūḷakālaṃ upāsakaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
这段法义由讲法者在揭德林中,对早年时的居士开示。
Ekadivasañhi mahākālavatthusmiṃ vuttanayeneva umaṅgacorā sāmikehi anubaddhā rattiṃ vihāre dhammakathaṃ sutvā pātova vihārā nikkhamitvā sāvatthiṃ āgacchantassa tassa upāsakassa purato bhaṇḍikaṃ chaḍḍetvā palāyiṃsu. Manussā taṃ disvā ‘‘ayaṃ rattiṃ corakammaṃ katvā dhammaṃ suṇanto viya carati, gaṇhatha na’’nti taṃ pothayiṃsu. Kumbhadāsiyo udakatitthaṃ gacchamānā taṃ disvā ‘‘apetha, sāmi, nāyaṃ evarūpaṃ karotī’’ti taṃ mocesuṃ. So vihāraṃ gantvā, ‘‘bhante, ahamhi manussehi nāsito, kumbhadāsiyo me nissāya jīvitaṃ laddha’’nti bhikkhūnaṃ ārocesi. Bhikkhū tathāgatassa tamatthaṃ ārocesuṃ. Satthā tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, cūḷakālaupāsako kumbhadāsiyo ceva nissāya, attano ca akaraṇabhāvena jīvitaṃ labhi. Ime hi nāma sattā attanā pāpakammaṃ katvā nirayādīsu attanāva kilissanti, kusalaṃ katvā pana sugatiñceva nibbānañca gacchantā attanāva visujjhantī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
一日,大盗同伙于大树下,同宿一室,听讲法后深感不安,遂赶走那居士。众人见其所作,谓“此人夜间行窃,却听佛法”,欲捕拿之。水手们见此,告诫说“师傅,此人不作此等事”。居士至僧院,告和尚“因人类弃我,定居水手处得生计”。比库们闻其意,佛告比库们:“比库们,晚年居士与水手相依为命,且因不作恶事而得生。众生因自身恶业,堕地狱等苦,然行善者能往安乐净土,涅槃中自净己身。”时世尊以此偈颂告诫众生——
§165
165.
‘‘Attanā hi kataṃ pāpaṃ, attanā saṃkilissati;
『由自己所作之恶业,自己必受其污染;
Attanā akataṃ pāpaṃ, attanāva visujjhati;
由自己所不作之恶业,自己必得其清净;
Suddhī asuddhi paccattaṃ, nāñño aññaṃ visodhaye’’ti.
净与不净,因自己而有,别人不能替他净化。』
Tassattho – yena attanā akusalakammaṃ kataṃ hoti, so catūsu apāyesu dukkhaṃ anubhavanto attanāva saṃkilissati. Yena pana attanā akataṃ pāpaṃ, so sugatiñceva nibbānañca gacchanto attanāva visujjhati. Kusalakammasaṅkhātā suddhi akusalakammasaṅkhātā ca asuddhi paccattaṃ kārakasattānaṃ attaniyeva vipaccati. Añño puggalo aññaṃ puggalaṃ na visodhaye neva visodheti, na kilesetīti vuttaṃ hoti.
其义是——凡是自己所造的恶业,既经历四恶趣之苦时,必由自己受其污染;反之,自己未造恶业者,若至善道或涅槃,亦凭自己得清净。善业所成就的净洁,恶业所表的不净,皆是在自己所行之中各自发生。别人不能替他人清净或改变其污染,亦无法除灭其烦恼,这是所说之义。
Desanāvasāne cūḷakālo sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, sampattaparisāyapi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
开示终结时,正值小劫,得流果者立定,随众善法会亦是正法宣说之时也。
Cūḷakālaupāsakavatthu navamaṃ. · 朱腊咖喇近事男事·第九
10. Attadatthattheravatthu10. 阿德达德长老事
Attadatthanti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto attadatthattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
谓所谓真实意,即世尊在揭德林安住时,以真实义长老为起始,开说此法教义。
Satthārā hi parinibbānakāle, ‘‘bhikkhave, ahaṃ ito catumāsaccayena parinibbāyissāmī’’ti vutte uppannasaṃvegā sattasatā puthujjanā bhikkhū satthu santikaṃ avijahitvā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho, āvuso, karissāmā’’ti sammantayamānā vicaranti. Attadatthatthero pana cintesi – ‘‘satthā kira catumāsaccayena parinibbāyissati, ahañcamhi avītarāgo, satthari dharamāneyeva arahattatthāya vāyamissāmī’’ti. So bhikkhūnaṃ santikaṃ na gacchati. Atha naṃ bhikkhū ‘‘kasmā, āvuso, tvaṃ neva amhākaṃ santikaṃ āgacchasi, na kiñci mantesī’’ti vatvā satthu santikaṃ netvā ‘‘ayaṃ, bhante, evaṃ nāma karotī’’ti ārocayiṃsu. So satthārāpi ‘‘kasmā evaṃ karosī’’ti vutte ‘‘tumhe kira, bhante, catumāsaccayena parinibbāyissatha, ahaṃ tumhesu dharantesuyeva arahattappattiyā vāyamissāmī’’ti. Satthā tassa sādhukāraṃ datvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, yassa mayi sineho atthi, tena attadatthena viya bhavituṃ vaṭṭati. Na hi gandhādīhi pūjentā maṃ pūjenti, dhammānudhammapaṭipattiyā pana maṃ pūjenti. Tasmā aññenapi attadatthasadiseneva bhavitabba’’nti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
世尊于般涅槃之时曾说:“比库啊,我当于此四月期满时般涅槃。”其声闻佛弟子,数以百计,闻已如闻急事,绕佛左右离去,心中思惟:“好友们,我们今后应当如何是好?”真实义长老则深思:“世尊当于此四月期满般涅槃,而我无贪爱仍自精进,当与世尊一体,努力成就阿拉汉果。”于是此长老不往比库众所在。比库众就彼说:“为何尊者不与我们一起,而不告知任何原由,且不来我们中间?”彼即入世尊所在处对世尊言说:“世尊,此长老如此为之。”世尊则问彼:“为何长老行如此?”比库众答曰:“世尊,彼因闻世尊将于此四月期满般涅槃,我将以持守者之志努力成就阿拉汉。”世尊于是肯定其行为,告众曰:“比库们,凡我所亲爱者,当以自利益如法待之。非以香气等外物奉敬我,乃以法与依法之行奉敬我。由是故他人亦应如是以自利益待之。”于是说此偈曰——
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166.
‘‘Attadatthaṃ paratthena, bahunāpi na hāpaye;
“自益之法不应以他益摧毁,
Attadatthamabhiññāya, sadatthapasuto siyā’’ti.
明知自益者,终当恒修持。”
Tassattho – gihibhūtā tāva kākaṇikamattampi attano atthaṃ sahassamattenāpi parassa atthena na hāpaye. Kākaṇikamattenāpi hissa attadatthova khādanīyaṃ vā bhojanīyaṃ vā nipphādeyya, na parattho. Idaṃ pana evaṃ akathetvā kammaṭṭhānasīsena kathitaṃ, tasmā ‘‘attadatthaṃ na hāpemī’’ti bhikkhunā nāma saṅghassa uppannaṃ cetiyapaṭisaṅkharaṇādikiccaṃ vā upajjhāyādivattaṃ vā na hāpetabbaṃ. Ābhisamācārikavattañhi pūrentoyeva ariyaphalādīni sacchikaroti, tasmā ayampi attadatthova. Yo pana accāraddhavipassako ‘‘ajja vā suve vā’’ti paṭivedhaṃ patthayamāno vicarati, tena upajjhāyavattādīnipi hāpetvā attano kiccameva kātabbaṃ. Evarūpañhi attadatthamabhiññāya ‘‘ayaṃ me attano attho’’ti sallakkhetvā , sadatthapasuto siyāti tasmiṃ sake atthe uyyuttapayutto bhaveyyāti.
其义曰——即使转为在家人,亦当如雀以极微小利养自身之半千分之一,永不可因他人之利而损己利。以雀之极小利益尚不可耗损,何况自利益乎?若有人不作此道,未能生起此正勤,则虽称自利益,亦为妄言。比库若依师长教法讲述此义,悉能成就圣果,如是者亦是真实利益。反观有慧者,常辨“此乃我益”,时常识此标识,自无妄言,终当恒修此法,以成至善益。
Desanāvasāne so thero arahatte patiṭṭhahi, sampattabhikkhūnampi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
教诲结束时,该长老已证得阿拉汉果,且已建立其果位。真实教法的宣说,亦为修得具足的比库们所称受。
Attadatthattheravatthu dasamaṃ. · 阿德达德长老事·第十
Attavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 自品释义已毕
Dvādasamo vaggo. · 第十二品