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首页义注经藏义注相应部义注3. 念处相应义注

3. Satipaṭṭhānasaṃyuttaṃ · 3. 念处相应义注

188 段 · CSCD 巴利原典
3. Satipaṭṭhānasaṃyuttaṃ3. 念处相应
1. Ambapālivaggo
一、雨榕章节
1. Ambapālisuttavaṇṇanā1. 安巴巴莉经注释
§367
367. Satipaṭṭhānasaṃyuttassa paṭhame ambapālivaneti ambapāliyā nāma rūpūpajīviniyā ropite ambavane. Taṃ kira tassā uyyānaṃ ahosi. Sā satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā pasannacittā tattha vihāraṃ kāretvā tathāgatassa niyyātesi. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ. Ekāyanvāyanti ekāyano ayaṃ. Tattha ekāyanoti ekamaggo. Maggassa hi –
367. 关于念处相应部第一节雨榕章节,所谓雨榕,是指种植于雨林中的生有形色的生命。那园林即彼园圃。据说,比库们听闻世尊的教导后,内心清净欢喜,便在那里止住,静处修习并护持如来教法。关于此事有言说如下。‘一向行道’者,即一向道路。‘一向’即一条道路。因为道路者——
‘‘Maggo pantho patho pajjo, añjasaṃ vaṭumāyanaṃ;
‘道路即是通道,通往远方的桥梁;舟船为向前渡口;家族为居所或聚集处’。(摘自《小瑜伽经》(cūḷani)释义第101讲)
Nāvā uttarasetū ca, kullo ca bhisi saṅkamo’’ti. (cūḷani. pārāyanatthutigāthāniddeso 101) –
名称众多。这里因其为一途径,故称为一向行道,诸比库应知此即一条道路。此道路之义,不是两条道相对立;道路为何?乃指向涅槃之路、为通向涅槃而设之道。
Bahūni nāmāni. Svāyaṃ idha ayananāmena vutto. Tasmā ekāyanvāyaṃ, bhikkhave, maggoti ettha ekamaggo. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, maggo, na dvedhāpathabhūtoti evamattho daṭṭhabbo. Maggoti kenaṭṭhena maggo? Nibbānagamanaṭṭhena, nibbānatthikehi magganīyaṭṭhena ca.
所谓众生清净,是指欲贪等烦恼污秽、嫉妒、贪欲等杂染污秽遍布心行的众生,得以清净之意。超越忧伤哀痛,是指超脱忧伤与悲苦、予以舍离。灭除痛苦忧愁,是指灭除身苦与心苦,包含身苦苦恼之意,合称两者之灭除。智慧之证得谓之证入,称为圣者八正道,修习获得智慧之义。此处说『证得智慧』,乃指前半部为世俗的念处行道,为修习通向出世间之道。故称『证得智慧』。涅槃真实显现,谓无欲灭除、得涅槃不退转,称为涅槃真证现前,佛所教诫。此道修成,逐步达成涅槃实证。故云『涅槃真实显现』。
Sattānaṃ visuddhiyāti rāgādīhi malehi abhijjhāvisamalobhādīhi ca upakkilesehi saṃkiliṭṭhacittānaṃ sattānaṃ visuddhatthāya. Sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāyāti sokassa ca paridevassa ca samatikkamāya, pahānāyāti attho. Dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāyāti kāyikadukkhassa ca cetasikadomanassassa cāti imesaṃ dvinnaṃ atthaṅgamāya, nirodhāyāti attho. Ñāyassa adhigamāyāti ñāyo vuccati ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, tassa adhigamāya pattiyāti vuttaṃ hoti. Ayañhi pubbabhāge lokiyo satipaṭṭhānamaggo bhāvito lokuttaramaggassa adhigamāya saṃvattati . Tenāha ‘‘ñāyassa adhigamāyā’’ti. Nibbānassa sacchikiriyāyāti taṇhāvānavirahitattā nibbānanti laddhanāmassa amatassa sacchikiriyāya, attapaccakkhāyāti vuttaṃ hoti. Ayañhi maggo bhāvito anupubbena nibbānasacchikiriyaṃ sādheti. Tenāha ‘‘nibbānassa sacchikiriyāyā’’ti.
众生清净者,指的是那些内心因贪欲等秽染、贪求、无厌等染污而污秽的众生,为使这些众生得以清净。越过忧愁与悲悯,谓消除忧愁与悲悯的目的。断除苦恼忧郁,指身体上的苦楚与心识上的忧郁得以灭除。智慧得以掌握,此智慧者,名为圣者的八支圣道,为获得该智慧而证得,是已达成。此当为先前世俗的念处修行之道,次而趋向出世间之道以得成就。故言“智慧得以掌握”。涅槃的证现,意为断绝渴爱之无漏涅槃,是称为无死涅槃的真实证现,亦言因果相应。此路径行成,循序渐进地实现涅槃的证现,故称“涅槃的证现”。
Evaṃ bhagavatā sattahi padehi ekāyanamaggassa vaṇṇo bhāsito, so kasmāti ce? Bhikkhūnaṃ ussāhajananatthaṃ. Vaṇṇabhāsanañhi sutvā te bhikkhū – ‘‘ayaṃ kira maggo hadayasantāpabhūtaṃ sokaṃ, vācāvippalāpabhūtaṃ paridevaṃ, kāyikaasātabhūtaṃ dukkhaṃ, cetasikaasātabhūtaṃ domanassanti cattāro upaddave harati. Visuddhiṃ, ñāyaṃ, nibbānanti tayo visese āvahatī’’ti ussāhajātā imaṃ desanaṃ uggahetabbaṃ pariyāpuṇitabbaṃ, dhāretabbaṃ, imañca maggaṃ bhāvetabbaṃ maññissanti. Iti tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ ussāhajananatthaṃ vaṇṇaṃ abhāsi kambalavāṇijādayo kambalādīnaṃ vaṇṇaṃ viya.
如此,世尊以七言诗句宣说了正一道的殊胜真理,为何如此?是为激发比库们的精进心。比库们闻此真理的宣说,便言:“此道实乃心中煎熬痛苦所起,忧愁所染,身体痛苦所成,心意痛苦所生之苦,受四种患难所困扰。三者使人净化、智慧、涅槃不同凡响。”于是激发精进意念,应当依此教诲,反复思惟,坚定保持,认此正道当修习。故此,为激励比库们努力,此教法色彩犹如粗布商贩等粗糙粗布之色一般。
Yadidanti nipāto, ye imeti ayamassa attho. Cattāroti gaṇanaparicchedo. Tena ‘‘na tato heṭṭhā, na uddha’’nti satipaṭṭhānaparicchedaṃ dīpeti. Satipaṭṭhānāti tayo satipaṭṭhānā satigocaropi, tidhā paṭipannesu sāvakesu satthuno paṭighānunayavītivattatāpi, satipi. ‘‘Catunnaṃ, bhikkhave, satipaṭṭhānānaṃ samudayañca atthaṅgamañca desessāmi taṃ suṇātha. Ko ca, bhikkhave, kāyassa samudayo? Āharasamudayā kāyasamudayo’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 5.408) hi satigocaro satipaṭṭhānanti vutto. Tathā ‘‘kāyo upaṭṭhānaṃ, no sati, sati upaṭṭhānañceva sati cā’’tiādīsupi (paṭi. ma. 2.35). Tassa attho – patiṭṭhāti asminti paṭṭhānaṃ. Kā patiṭṭhāti? Sati. Satiyā paṭṭhānaṃ satipaṭṭhānaṃ. Padhānaṃ ṭhānanti vā paṭṭhānaṃ. Satiyā paṭṭhānaṃ satipaṭṭhānaṃ hatthiṭṭhānaassaṭṭhānādīni viya.
以下所述的章节内容,就是此经文的含义。‘四者’即数量之分类。由此得“非此即彼”之意,折射出念处修习章节的灯塔之义。念处者即是“三念处”:色念处、受念处、心念处,及法念处。于三种念处修习的比库及法师对念处及其性质的深入理解和实践,均称之为念处。又言“身体是所守护者,不是念头,念头才是所守护者”等语,皆出于此义。此处‘守护’意为‘立稳、确立’。身体依念头而立故,念头即是念处。守护,或可理解为立稳、根据之处。念头之守护如同手之支撑或根基。
‘‘Tayo satipaṭṭhānā, yadariyo sevati, yadariyo sevamāno satthā gaṇamanusāsitumarahatī’’ti (ma. ni. 3.311) ettha tidhā paṭipannesu sāvakesu satthuno paṭighānunayavītivattatā satipaṭṭhānanti vuttā. Tassattho – paṭṭhapetabbato paṭṭhānaṃ, pavattayitabbatoti attho. Kena paṭṭhapetabboti? Satiyā. Satiyā paṭṭhānaṃ satipaṭṭhānanti.
“三念处,依其所修持者,受佛及弟子之教导法而得成就”,经文如此宣说。此即阐明念处的实质是由念的立稳推动而成就的。立稳者即‘守护’的意思,亦即动起与维持。何以守护?由于念头故。因念头而得守护,谓之念处。
‘‘Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā bhāvitā bahulīkatā satta bojjhaṅge paripūrentī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.147; saṃ. ni. 5.989) pana satiyeva satipaṭṭhānanti vuttā. Tassattho – patiṭṭhātīti paṭṭhānaṃ, upaṭṭhāti okkanditvā pakkhanditvā pavattatīti attho. Satiyeva paṭṭhānaṃ satipaṭṭhānaṃ. Atha vā saraṇaṭṭhena sati, upaṭṭhānaṭṭhena paṭṭhānaṃ, iti sati ca sā paṭṭhānañcātipi satipaṭṭhānaṃ. Idamidha adhippetaṃ.
“四种念处经过修习与多方培植,则能充满七觉支。”经文如此说。而实际上念处,就是‘守护立稳’,‘守护’乃舍弃并回击,动起实践。正是这种由念头立稳而成的念处。或谓以依止为归所,借守护而立稳,故念头本身也超过‘守护’的范围。此为此处所论重点。
Yadi evaṃ kasmā ‘‘satipaṭṭhānā’’ti bahuvacanaṃ katanti? Satīnaṃ bahuttā. Ārammaṇabhedena hi bahukā satiyo. Atha ‘‘maggo’’ti kasmā ekavacananti? Magganaṭṭhena ekattā. Catassopi hi etā satiyo magganaṭṭhena ekattaṃ gacchanti. Vutañhetaṃ ‘‘maggoti kenaṭṭhena maggo? Nibbānamagganaṭṭhena, nibbānatthikehi magganīyaṭṭhena cā’’ti. Catassopi cetā aparabhāge kāyādīsu ārammaṇesu kiccaṃ sādhayamānā nibbānaṃ gacchanti, ādito paṭṭhāya ca nibbānatthikehi maggiyantīti tasmā catassopi eko maggoti vuttā. Evañca sati vacanānusandhinā sānusandhikāva desanā hoti.
若问为何“念处”用复数?因念头众多、依其不同的对象分别故。复数表诸多念头。又为何“道”用单数?因皆统一于道的立所,也就是修行的整体方位。四种念处皆统一于此一本道故。经文中云:“道为何所依?以涅槃之所依的道为道。”即四念处中于身心境界诸起点皆达至涅槃,初因立定,乃达涅槃道。因而四念处虽多,实则归一为单一正道。由此观念,念字链相承,教义相续,成为圆满的宣说。
Katame cattāroti kathetukamyatāpucchā. Kāyeti rūpakāye. Kāyānupassīti kāyaṃ anupassanasīlo, kāyaṃ vā anupassamāno. Ayañhi bhikkhu imaṃ kāyaṃ aniccānupassanādīnaṃ sattannaṃ anupassanānaṃ vasena aniccato anupassati, no niccato, dukkhato anupassati, no sukhato, anattato anupassati, no attato, nibbindati, no nandati, virajjati, no rajjati, nirodheti, no samudeti, paṭinissajjati, no ādiyati. So taṃ aniccato anupassanto niccasaññaṃ pajahati, dukkhato anupassanto sukhasaññaṃ pajahati , anattato anupassanto attasaññaṃ pajahati, nibbindanto nandiṃ pajahati, virajjanto rāgaṃ pajahati, nirodhento samudayaṃ pajahati, paṭinissajjanto ādānaṃ pajahatīti veditabbo.
“何者为四?”此为问答提起的缘由。‘身’即色身。‘观身’即是身之所观察者。若比库不以‘观身’修习无常等观,而对身不观察,无谓观身、观不观身。彼观察无常等七种诸相,观察无常非永恒,观察苦非甘乐,观察无我非我,有烦乏而非欢喜,断灭而非产生,舍弃而非放逸;如是观身者,发生对无常之观则弃绝常的错见,对苦之观则舍弃乐的错觉,对无我之观则放弃我执,生厌离心,清净离欲,断尽集,舍弃贪著,此应了知。
Viharatīti irīyati. Ātāpīti tīsu bhavesu kilese ātapatīti ātāpo, vīriyassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Ātāpo assa atthīti ātāpī. Sampajānoti sampajaññasaṅkhātena ñāṇena samannāgato. Satimāti kāyapariggāhikāya satiyā samannāgato. Ayaṃ pana yasmā satiyā ārammaṇaṃ pariggahetvā paññāya anupassati. Na hi sativirahitassa anupassanā nāma atthi, tenevāha ‘‘satiñca khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbatthikaṃ vadāmī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.234). Tasmā ettha ‘‘kāye kāyānupassī viharatī’’ti ettāvatā kāyānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānaṃ vuttaṃ hoti. Atha vā yasmā anātāpino antosaṅkhepo antarāyakaro hoti, asampajāno upāyapariggahe anupāyaparivajjane ca sammuyhati, muṭṭhassati upāyāpariccāge anupāyāpariggahe ca asamattho hoti, tenassa taṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ na sampajjati. Tasmā yesaṃ dhammānaṃ ānubhāvena taṃ sampajjati, tesaṃ dassanatthaṃ ‘‘ātāpī sampajāno satimā’’ti idaṃ vuttanti veditabbaṃ.
“Viharatī”者,谓行住也。所谓“ātāpi”,是指在三界生死中烦恼燃烧谓之燃奋,这是勤勉的名称。若有功用则为“ātāpī”,即热诚者。所谓“sampajāno”,是指具有正知正念之智慧;“satimā”是指具备身身了知的念。这里所说因念作为缘起,借智慧而观察,非是无念之观察,故有云:「诸比库,我说念普遍存在。」由此云:「身中行住身观」乃是身观念处的说法。又因无热诚者懈怠内敛阻碍,昏惑不正察方便摄利,舍方便弃正思维,则其业所修之法断灭。故能由诸法之体验而正见,是为“热诚具正知且念者”,当知此义。
Iti kāyānupassanāsatipaṭṭhānaṃ sampayogaṅgañjassa dassetvā idāni pahānaṅgaṃ dassetuṃ vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassanti vuttaṃ. Tattha vineyyāti tadaṅgavinayena vā vikkhambhanavinayena vā vinayitvā. Loketi tasmiṃyeva kāye. Kāyo hi idha lujjanapalujjanaṭṭhena lokoti adhippeto. Yasmā panassa na kāyamatteyeva abhijjhādomanassaṃ pahīyati, vedanādīsupi pahīyati eva. Tasmā ‘‘pañcapi upādānakkhandhā loko’’ti vibhaṅge (vibha. 362) vuttaṃ. Lokasaṅkhātattā vā tesaṃ dhammānaṃ atthuddhāranayenetaṃ vuttaṃ. Yaṃ panāha ‘‘tattha katamo loko, sveva kāyo loko’’ti, ayamevettha attho. Tasmiṃ loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ vineyyāti evaṃ sambandho daṭṭhabbo.
至于身观念处之相应法,既现其为缚累,当现在世断恶使贪忧调伏者,则称“vineyyā”即应弃恶欲亦乐断恶之法。此“世间”正以身为地,即以身为主观对象。身体纵染垢之内外为世间之标。此中欲忧非仅断身,还须断感受等行,故有言“五取蕴为世”,此释其义。所谓“世间”亦由此义显现。彼谓“何为世间?身是世间”,即此所说。于此世间贪忧应断,此为相应之理实见。
Vedanāsūti ettha tisso vedanā, tā ca lokiyā eva, cittampi lokiyaṃ, tathā dhammā. Yathā pana vedanā anupassitabbā, tathā anupassanto esa vedanānupassīti veditabbo. Esa nayo cittadhammesu. Kathañca vedanā anupassitabbāti? Sukhā tāva vedanā dukkhato, dukkhā sallato, adukkhamasukhā aniccato. Yathāha –
所谓受者,此有三种受,且皆属世俗,心亦属世俗,法亦属世俗。如受应当观察,若不观察即为无明不觉,此受应观察理当了知。此法属心法。如何观察受?乐受为苦,苦受为痛,非苦非乐受为无常。如言—
‘‘Yo sukhaṃ dukkhato adda, dukkhamaddakkhi sallato;
“彼乐受是苦受所碍,苦受是痛受所见;
Adukkhamasukhaṃ santaṃ, addakkhi naṃ aniccato;
非苦非乐受安住处,见此受无常体;
Sa ve sammaddaso bhikkhu, upasanto carissatī’’ti.
此乃正见比库,安住成就行持。”
Sabbā eva cetā dukkhātipi anupassitabbā. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘yaṃkiñci vedayitaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ dukkhasminti vadāmī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.259). Sukhadukkhatopi ca anupassitabbā, yathāha – ‘‘sukhā kho, āvuso visākha, vedanā ṭhitisukhā vipariṇāmadukkhā’’ti (ma. ni. 1.465) sabbaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ. Apica aniccādisattaanupassanāvasenapi anupassitabbā.
所有的心识都应该观察苦的生起。经中说:“凡所有感受的,皆是苦。”(增支经 4.259)快乐与痛苦同样不可不察,如经释:“朋友维萨迦,感受中有快乐的存在,但由于变化反而是痛苦。”(中部经 1.465)一切都应详细分析观察。即便是由无常诸法性所生的,不过是未观察完全,仍需观照。
Cittadhammesupi cittaṃ tāva ārammaṇādhipatisahajātabhūmikammavipākakiriyādinānattabhedānaṃ aniccādianupassanānaṃ sarāgādīnañca bhedānaṃ vasena anupassitabbaṃ. Dhammā salakkhaṇasāmaññalakkhaṇānaṃ suññatadhammassa aniccādisattaanupassanānaṃ ‘‘santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ kāmacchanda’’ntiādīnañca pabhedānaṃ vasena anupassitabbā. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva. Ayamettha saṅkhepo, vitthāro pana dīghamajjhimaṭṭhakathāsu (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 2.373 ādayo; ma. ni. aṭṭha. 1.105 ādayo) satipaṭṭhānavaṇṇanāyaṃ vuttanayeneva veditabbo.
对心法亦应观察,即心因识所缘境起、住、坏、灭的分别,感受无常的性质,乃至如贪欲等烦恼的分别变化,也都不能忽视。法身的共相(如三法印)、无我与无常的诸性,及内心的宁静与贪欲分别等,亦须一一观察。此处只是总摄说出,详细解释可见大小中部注疏(中部注释 1.105;增支注释 2.373)中对四念处的阐述,应以此为准。
2. Satisuttavaṇṇanā2. 念经注释
§368
368. Dutiye satoti kāyādianupassanāsatiyā samannāgato. Sampajānoti catusampajaññapaññāya samannāgato. Abhikkante paṭikkanteti ettha abhikkantaṃ vuccati gamanaṃ, paṭikkantaṃ nivattanaṃ, tadubhayampi catūsu iriyāpathesu labbhati. Gamane tāva purato kāyaṃ abhiharanto abhikkamati nāma, paṭinivattanto paṭikkamati nāma. Ṭhānepi ṭhitakova kāyaṃ purato onamanto abhikkamati nāma, pacchato apanāmento paṭikkamati nāma. Nisajjāyapi nisinnakova āsanassa purimaaṅgābhimukho saṃsaranto abhikkamati nāma, pacchimaaṅgappadesaṃ paccāsaṃsaranto paṭikkamati nāma. Nipajjanepi eseva nayo.
368. 第二念,即身体等观法具足的念处。具足正念,是指具备四种正知智慧。所谓“前进”是指身体向前行走,“后退”为回转,这二者皆在四种行路中出现。行走时身体向前移动称为“前进”,向后移动称之为“后退”。静止时身体如同立定,面向前方活动称“前进”,转向背后活动称“后退”。坐姿时如同坐定状,身体前部运动称“前进”,后部转动称“后退”。屈膝行为亦同理,此为标准说法。
Sampajānakārī hotīti sampajaññena sabbakiccakārī, sampajaññasseva vā kārī. So hi abhikkantādīsu sampajaññaṃ karoteva, na katthaci sampajaññavirahito hoti.
具足正念者,谓常以正知智慧作一切事,或说为仅以正念作业者。此人于前进等行路之际,总是带着正念施行,绝无离念之时。
Tattha sātthakasampajaññaṃ, sappāyasampajaññaṃ, gocarasampajaññaṃ, asammohasampajaññanti catubbidhaṃ sampajaññaṃ. Tattha abhikkamanacitte uppanne cittavaseneva agantvā ‘‘kiṃ nu me ettha gatena attho atthi, natthī’’ti atthānatthaṃ pariggaṇhitvā atthapariggaṇhanaṃ sātthakasampajaññaṃ. Tattha ca atthoti cetiyadassanabodhidassanasaṅghadassanatheradassanaasubhadassanādivasena dhammato vaḍḍhi . Cetiyaṃ disvāpi hi buddhārammaṇaṃ, saṅghadassanena saṅghārammaṇaṃ pītiṃ uppādetvā tadeva khayato sammasanto arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Mahāvihārasmiñhi dakkhiṇadvāre ṭhatvā mahācetiyaṃ olokentā tiṃsasahassabhikkhū arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu, tathā pacchimadvāre uttaradvāre pācīnadvāre ca, tathā pañhamaṇḍapaṭṭhāne abhayavāpipāḷiyaṃ, thūpārāmadvāre nagarassa dakkhiṇadvāre anurādhavāpipāḷiyaṃ.
正念有四种:利根正念、安乐正念、能知境界正念、无惑正念。前进心起时,心如现前现量者,思维“我于此处所行是否有益?是否无益?”以此判定所行之利害,此为利根正念。对此“有利”,即诸佛圣迹、佛塔场所、僧团圣迹、长老示现、丑陋示现等所生之法益增长。见佛迹即生欢喜,灭时转入正觉阿拉汉果。于大寺南门观大圣塔时,三万贤比库即得阿拉汉果,如是西门、北门、东门皆然。于偏殿、阿毗曇婆利耶及佛塔林门、城南门阿努罗达婆利耶等亦复如是。
Mahāariyavaṃsabhāṇakatthero panāha ‘‘kiṃ tumhe vadatha, mahācetiyassa samantā kucchivedikāya heṭṭhimabhāgato paṭṭhāya paññāyanaṭṭhāne yattha yattha dve pādā sakkā honti samaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ, tattha tattha ekapaduddhāre tiṃsatiṃsa bhikkhusahassāni arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsūti sakkā vatu’’nti . Aparo pana mahāthero āha – ‘‘mahācetiyatale ākiṇṇavālikāya bahutarā bhikkhū arahattaṃ pattā’’ti. There disvā tesaṃ ovāde patiṭṭhāya asubhaṃ disvā tattha paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ uppādetvā tadeva khayato sammasanto arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Tasmā etesaṃ dassanaṃ sātthaṃ. Keci pana – ‘‘āmisatopi vaḍḍhi atthoyeva, taṃ nissāya brahmacariyānuggahāya paṭipannattā’’ti vadanti.
大圣传述比库长老曾说:“诸位说吧,在大圣塔周围围成屋架,打好基石,凡能双脚着地,均可平稳立足处,各处安置可支撑一脚有三万比库成就阿拉汉果。”另一长老说:“圣塔下所建围栏更多,比库成就阿拉汉果者亦众多。”见此言教皆可信。见不净法后,生起初禅乃至于胜果阿拉汉证,由此因缘而得见证果故。故此乃为其教法意义。亦有人言:“利益亦增长,乃依修行持戒而成就。”
Tasmiṃ pana gamane sappāyāsappāyaṃ pariggaṇhitvā sappāyapariggaṇhanaṃ sappāyasampajaññaṃ. Seyyathidaṃ? Cetiyadassanaṃ tāva sātthaṃ. Sace pana cetiyassa mahāpūjāya dasadvādasayojanantare parisā sannipatanti, attano vibhavānurūpā itthiyopi purisāpi alaṅkatapaṭiyattā cittakammarūpakāni viya sañcaranti. Tatra cassa iṭṭhe ārammaṇe lobho, aniṭṭhe paṭigho, asamapekkhane moho uppajjati, kāyasaṃsagge kāyasaṃsaggāpattiṃ āpajjati, jīvitabrahmacariyānaṃ vā antarāyo ca hoti. Evaṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ asappāyaṃ hoti, vuttappakāraantarāyābhāve sappāyaṃ. Saṅghadassanampi sātthaṃ. Sace pana antogāme mahāmaṇḍapaṃ kāretvā sabbarattiṃ dhammassavanaṃ kārentesu manussesu vuttappakāreneva janasannipāto ceva antarāyo ca hoti, evaṃ taṃ ṭhānaṃ asappāyaṃ, antarāyābhāve sappāyaṃ. Mahāparivārānaṃ therānaṃ dassanepi eseva nayo.
这时行住时,承当诸方便与不方便,谓之方便承当智慧。比如说,观礼塔的见解是如此。若是礼塔所在,大众聚集于十至十二由旬之内,男女依自身力势,心神如饰物之形态而游行。其间于心所缘境中爱欲生,非所欲境中恼恨生,不平等观中痴生,生身缠著身缘,因缠著身缘而生身缠著,生命守持正行亦生障碍。如此处非方便,虽无所障碍,乃是已说方便。僧团见此亦是方便。若于室内建大殿,众人欢喜悉皆听法,对人们诚如所说有集会,有障碍,如此则是方便,障碍缺失是方便。尊长大众之见亦同此理。
Asubhadassanampi sātthaṃ. Tadatthadīpanatthañca idaṃ vatthu – eko kira daharabhikkhu sāmaṇeraṃ gahetvā dantakaṭṭhatthāya gato. Sāmaṇero maggā okkamitvā purato gacchanto asubhaṃ disvā paṭhamajjhānaṃ nibbattetvā tadeva pādakaṃ katvā saṅkhāre sammasanto tīṇi phalāni sacchikatvā uparimaggatthāya kammaṭṭhānaṃ pariggahetvā aṭṭhāsi. Daharo taṃ apassanto ‘‘sāmaṇerā’’ti pakkosi . So – ‘‘mayā pabbajitadivasato paṭṭhāya bhikkhunā saddhiṃ dve kathā nāma na kathitapubbā, aññasmimpi divase uparivisesaṃ nibbattessāmī’’ti cintetvā ‘‘kiṃ, bhante,’’ti paṭivacanaṃ adāsi. ‘‘Ehī’’ti vutte ekavacaneneva āgantvā – ‘‘bhante, iminā tāva maggena gantvā mayā ṭhitokāse muhuttaṃ puratthābhimukhā hutvā olokethā’’ti āha. So tathā katvā tena pattavisesameva pāpuṇi. Evaṃ ekaṃ asubhaṃ dvinnaṃ janānaṃ atthāya jātaṃ. Evaṃ sātthampi panetaṃ purisassa mātugāmāsubhaṃ asappāyaṃ, mātugāmassa ca purisāsubhaṃ, sabhāgameva sappāyanti evaṃ sappāyapariggaṇhanaṃ sappāyasampajaññaṃ.
恶相见亦是方便。其义明说如下——有一少年比库沙玛内拉,携带牙刷而去,经路途时,见丑陋之相,初禅便入,止足赞叹修行,证三果,获精进道场,于是耽住。少年见之堪称『沙玛内拉』,便呼告曰:“吾出家之日未与比库说两语,愿于别日亲逢时得更别住禅定。”思此后答曰:“请至,愿在此道,吾当坐于汝立方前观察。”如是行,即得殊特。于是此丑相为二人利益而生。此亦是方便,男子为母族之恶相非便利,母族亦为男子之恶相,议论中即是方便,方便承当智慧。
Evaṃ pariggahitasātthasappāyassa pana aṭṭhatiṃsakammaṭṭhānesu attano cittarucikaṃ kammaṭṭhānasaṅkhātaṃ gocaraṃ uggahetvā bhikkhācāragocare taṃ gahetvāva gamanaṃ gocarasampajaññaṃ nāma.
如是承当之方便,于三十八种修行上,取自身喜悦之称作修行境地,于比库生活境界而以此为凭,谓之行住知境界。
Tassāvibhāvatthaṃ idaṃ catukkaṃ veditabbaṃ – idhekacco bhikkhu harati na paccāharati, ekacco paccāharati na harati, ekacco pana neva harati na paccāharati, ekacco harati ca paccāharati ca.
其不分别处应知四种——一者有比库取用而不还,一者还而不取,一者既不取亦不还,一者既取亦还。
Tattha yo bhikkhu divasaṃ caṅkamena nisajjāya ca āvaraṇīyehi dhammehi cittaṃ parisodhetvā tathā rattiyā paṭhamaṃ yāmaṃ majjhimayāme seyyaṃ kappetvā, pacchimayāmepi nisajjācaṅkamehi vītināmetvā, pageva cetiyaṅgaṇabodhiyaṅgaṇavattaṃ katvā bodhirukkhe udakaṃ āsiñcitvā pānīyaṃ paribhojanīyaṃ paccupaṭṭhapetvā ācariyupajjhāyavattādīni samādāya vattati. So sarīraparikammaṃ katvā senāsanaṃ pavisitvā dve tayo pallaṅke usumaṃ gāhāpento kammaṭṭhānamanuyuñjitvā bhikkhācāravelāya uṭṭhahitvā kammaṭṭhānasīseneva pattacīvaramādāya senāsanato nikkhamitvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikarontova cetiyaṅgaṇaṃ gantvā sace buddhānussatikammaṭṭhānaṃ hoti, taṃ avissajjetvāva cetiyaṅgaṇaṃ pavisati. Aññaṃ ce kammaṭṭhānaṃ hoti, sopānapādamūle ṭhatvā hatthena gahitabhaṇḍaṃ viya taṃ ṭhapetvā buddhārammaṇaṃ pītiṃ gahetvā cetiyaṅgaṇaṃ āruyha mahantaṃ cetiyaṃ ce, tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā catūsu ṭhānesu vanditabbaṃ, khuddakaṃ ce, tatheva padakkhiṇaṃ katvā aṭṭhasu ṭhānesu vanditabbaṃ. Cetiyaṃ vanditvā bodhiyaṅgaṇaṃ pattenāpi buddhassa bhagavato sammukhā viya nipaccakāraṃ dassetvā bodhi vanditabbā. So evaṃ cetiyañca bodhiñca vanditvā paṭisāmitaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā paṭisāmitabhaṇḍakaṃ hatthena gaṇhanto viya nikkhittakammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā gāmasamīpe kammaṭṭhānasīseneva cīvaraṃ pārupitvā gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisati.
其中若比库白昼行住,净心离障碍法,夜宿时第一更中与中更之间安卧,中更与末更之间亦安卧,昨夜皈依圣迹、佛塔及菩提树僧地,汲水沐浴,备饮食物,取承教导师长弟子生活须具之物。身体净洁,入睡安卧于垫,修持行住时间起身入座,念住修行境,着衣持钵出寝所。思惟修行地,若是忆佛修行地,则不离开而入其内。若是他修行地,则立于阶下,以手如持钵器置之,心怀佛迹欢喜,绕三匝佛塔。大佛塔绕三匝敬礼四处,小佛绕三匝敬礼八处。供养佛塔与菩提树,犹如佛前崇敬般端正供养。如此礼敬塔及菩提树后,往相应止住所,持杖执卷,取出住宿处修行地,至乡村乞食。
Atha naṃ manussā disvā ‘‘ayyo no āgato’’ti paccuggantvā pattaṃ gahetvā āsanasālāya vā gehe vā nisīdāpetvā yāguṃ datvā yāva bhattaṃ na niṭṭhāti, tāva pāde dhovitvā makkhetvā purato nisīditvā pañhaṃ vā pucchanti, dhammaṃ vā sotukāmā honti. Sacepi na kathāpenti, janasaṅgahaṇatthaṃ dhammakathā nāma kātabbāyevāti aṭṭhakathācariyā vadanti. Dhammakathā hi kammaṭṭhānavinimuttā nāma natthi, tasmā kammaṭṭhānasīseneva dhammaṃ kathetvā kammaṭṭhānasīseneva āhāraṃ paribhuñjitvā anumodanaṃ katvā nivattiyamānehipi manussehi anugatova gāmato nikkhamitvā tattha te nivattetvā maggaṃ paṭipajjati.
时有人见之,迎接而言:“师来矣。”迎请入座于讲堂或室内,布施饭食,至满饭饭止,乃洗足,擘鞋,坐于前面,问答问题,乃解法闻教。若不说法,谓之虽有僧众而无说法,可见此说为重要。因出离修行地无他法可言,故以修行之地讲法,持修行之器具,受食供养,欢喜祝赞。住处离去时如有所随,从乡村出发四处修道。
Atha naṃ puretaraṃ nikkhamitvā bahigāme katabhattakiccā sāmaṇeradaharabhikkhū disvā paccuggantvā pattacīvaramassa gaṇhanti. Porāṇakabhikkhū kira na ‘‘amhākaṃ upajjhāyo ācariyo’’ti mukhaṃ oloketvā vattaṃ karonti, sampattaparicchedeneva karonti. Te taṃ pucchanti – ‘‘bhante, ete manussā tumhākaṃ kiṃ honti, mātipakkhato sambandhā pitipakkhato’’ti? Kiṃ disvā pucchathāti? Tumhesu etesaṃ pemaṃ bahumānanti. ‘‘Āvuso, yaṃ mātāpitūhipi dukkarataraṃ, taṃ ete amhākaṃ karonti, pattacīvarampi no etesaṃ santakameva, etesaṃ ānubhāvena neva bhaye bhayaṃ, na chātake chātakaṃ jānāma, edisā nāma amhākaṃ upakārino natthī’’ti tesaṃ guṇe kathayanto gacchati. Ayaṃ vuccati harati na paccāharatīti.
当时他从住处出离,外出乡间,见到从比库尼阶入学的沙玛内拉和比库们已经返回,便接过缁衣。年长比库们见他们,一般只是望着说:“这是我们的僧长师长”,只做简单的问候,正是有何现状的宣说。他们问:“尊者,这些人在人间与你们有何关系?是母亲一方还是父亲一方的?”看见他们后便会这样问。你们对他们有深厚的爱敬。说:“朋友啊,这些人即使比亲父母还难得,他们对我们所做的,也甚为难得,缁衣并非仅止于穿着,是他们的体会使然,他们并无惧怕,如同我们不是认识杜鹃鸟的杜鹃,这些人便是我们无所依靠的帮助者。”他们赞美着其优点,然后离去。这叫做“带去而不取回”。
Yassa pana pageva vuttappakāraṃ vattapaṭipattiṃ karontassa kammajatejo pajjalati, anupādiṇṇakaṃ muñcitvā upādiṇṇakaṃ gaṇhāti, sarīrato sedā muccanti, kammaṭṭhānavīthiṃ nārohati, so pageva pattacīvaramādāya vegasāva cetiyaṃ vanditvā gorūpānaṃ nikkhamanavelāyameva gāmaṃ yāgubhikkhāya pavisitvā yāguṃ labhitvā āsanasālaṃ gantvā pivati. Athassa dvittikkhattuṃ ajjhoharaṇamatteneva kammajatejo upādiṇṇakaṃ muñcitvā anupādiṇṇakaṃ gaṇhāti, ghaṭasatena nhāto viya tejodhātupariḷāhanibbānaṃ patvā kammaṭṭhānasīsena yāguṃ paribhuñjitvā pattañca mukhañca dhovitvā antarābhatte kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikatvā avasesaṭṭhāne piṇḍāya caritvā kammaṭṭhānasīsena āhāraṃ paribhuñjitvā tato paṭṭhāya poṅkhānupoṅkhaṃ upaṭṭhahamānaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvāva āgacchati. Ayaṃ vuccati paccāharati na haratīti. Edisā ca bhikkhū yāguṃ pivitvā vipassanaṃ ārabhitvā buddhasāsane arahattaṃ pattā nāma gaṇanapathaṃ vītivattā. Sīhaḷadīpeyeva tesu tesu gāmesu āsanasālāyaṃ na taṃ āsanamatthi, yattha yāguṃ pivitvā arahattaṃ pattā bhikkhū natthīti.
若有人刚才用过的做法得以持续,他的业力之火便会燃起,放下不应放的,接收应放的,身体上轻安而解脱,没有偏离业处的轨道,他便抓起缁衣,轻快迅疾地朝佛塔顶礼,正赶上牛车出门进村乞食,得到乞食后进入安座室饮用所取之水。第二次乞食时,依然如此,以业力支配,放下应放,接收不应放,像用水瓢洗净,净灭心火,入灭般涅槃,疲劳消除;用业处主位享用乞食,洗净缁衣和面貌,调整中食,专注业处,最后以业处主位享用食物,然后换上缁衣,携持扇子,出来前往业处。此谓“取回而不带去”。如此,这些比库饮食后开始正观修习,于佛法中证得阿拉汉果,历代传诵此法。在锡兰岛诸村的安座室,未得阿拉汉的比库饮食后无此安座。
Yo pana pamādavihārī hoti nikkhittadhuro, sabbavattāni bhinditvā pañcavidhacetovinibandhabaddhacitto viharanto ‘‘kammaṭṭhānaṃ nāma atthī’’tipi saññaṃ akatvā gāmaṃ piṇḍāya pavisitvā ananulomikena gihisaṃsaggena saṃsaṭṭho caritvā ca bhuñjitvā ca tuccho nikkhamati. Ayaṃ vuccati neva harati na paccāharatīti.
若有人疏忽行为,懈怠落后,打破所有戒律,心被五类出家约束束缚,却不承认“业处存在”的正确观念,进入村中化缘,随波逐流,与俗众混杂,行动饮食皆空虚,他便叫做“不带去也不取回”。
Yo panāyaṃ harati ca paccāharati cāti vutto, so gatapaccāgatikavattavasena veditabbo. Attakāmā hi kulaputtā sāsane pabbajitvā dasapi vīsampi tiṃsampi cattālīsampi paññāsampi satampi ekato vasantā katikavattaṃ katvā viharanti ‘‘āvuso, tumhe na iṇaṭṭā, na bhayaṭṭā, na jīvikāpakatā pabbajitā, dukkhā muccitukāmā panettha pabbajitā, tasmā gamane uppannakilesaṃ gamaneyeva niggaṇhatha, ṭhāne, nisajjāya, sayane uppannakilesaṃ sayaneyeva niggaṇhathā’’ti. Te evaṃ katikavattaṃ katvā bhikkhācāraṃ gacchantā aḍḍhausabhausabhaaḍḍhagāvutagāvutantaresu pāsāṇā honti, tāya saññāya kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikarontāva gacchanti. Sace kassaci gamane kileso uppajjati, tattheva naṃ niggaṇhāti. Tathā asakkonto tiṭṭhati. Athassa pacchato āgacchantopi tiṭṭhati, so ‘‘ayaṃ bhikkhu tuyhaṃ uppannavitakkaṃ jānāti, ananucchavikaṃ te eta’’nti attānaṃ paṭicodetvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā tattheva ariyabhūmiṃ okkamati, tathā asakkonto nisīdatīti so eva nayo. Ariyabhūmiṃ okkamituṃ asakkontopi, taṃ kilesaṃ vikkhambhetvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikarontova gacchati, na kammaṭṭhānavippayuttena cittena pādaṃ uddharati. Uddharati ce, paṭinivattitvā purimapadesaṃyeva eti ālindakavāsī mahāphussadevatthero viya.
“取去也取回”的人,须依其前后行为而知。出家者本为断除烦恼而出家的,有时苦欲断除,故须于行脚时观察生起的烦恼,立刻斩断,不使滋长。他们在止息烦恼时,就坐下静止;当有人过去时,他们仍坐立不动,内心告诉自己:“此比库知你内心的起念,并非随意。”增加了正观力,即使不能深入圣境,也会镇静坐定。不过,欲达圣境不能入者,虽生烦恼肆意,但只专注业处去除烦恼,不任意举起动乱心,如若举起,便选择回到先前状态,如同被抓住的猎人。
So kira ekūnavīsati vassāni gatapaccāgatikavattaṃ pūrento eva vihāsi. Manussāpi sudaṃ antarāmagge kasantā ca vapantā ca maddantā ca kammāni ca karontā theraṃ tathā gacchantaṃ disvā – ‘‘ayaṃ thero punappunaṃ nivattitvā gacchati, kiṃ nu kho maggamūḷho, udāhu kiñci pamuṭṭho’’ti samullapanti. So taṃ anādiyitvā kammaṭṭhānayuttacitteneva samaṇadhammaṃ karonto vīsativassabbhantare arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Arahattappattadivase cassa caṅkamanakoṭiyaṃ adhivatthā devatā aṅgulīhi dīpaṃ ujjāletvā aṭṭhāsi. Cattāropi mahārājāno sakko ca devānamindo brahmā ca sahampati upaṭṭhānaṃ āgamaṃsu. Tañca obhāsaṃ disvā vanavāsīmahātissatthero taṃ dutiyadivase pucchi – ‘‘rattibhāge āyasmato santike obhāso ahosi, kiṃ so obhāso’’ti? Thero vikkhepaṃ karonto ‘‘obhāso nāma dīpobhāsopi hoti, maṇiobhāsopī’’ti evamādimāha. Tato ‘‘paṭicchādetha tumhe’’ti nibaddho āmāti paṭijānitvā ārocesi.
这人过去常修行止斋精进,居住时人等见他进出村落,便误以为他反复无常,言语说:“此长老是迷路的,定然糊涂。”他却不理会,心专注于业处,二十多年间终于得证阿拉汉果。在阿拉汉证果日,上升天宫灯火照明,八位大王和萨咖天帝、梵天等众神前来供养。次日,丛林中的长者询问此光是什么?长者答曰:“这光是灯火之光,也包括宝光。”并邀请众人目睹此异象,约定不揭破真相。
Kāḷavallimaṇḍapavāsīmahānāgatthero viya ca. Sopi kira gatapaccāgatikavattaṃ pūrento paṭhamaṃ tāva ‘‘bhagavato mahāpadhānaṃ pūjessāmī’’ti satta vassāni ṭhānacaṅkamameva adhiṭṭhāsi. Puna soḷasa vassāni gatapaccāgatikavattaṃ pūretvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So kammaṭṭhānayutteneva cittena pādaṃ uddharanto vippayuttena uddhaṭe paṭinivattanto gāmasamīpaṃ gantvā ‘‘gāvī nu pabbajito nū’’ti āsaṅkanīyapadese ṭhatvā cīvaraṃ pārupitvā kacchakarakato udakena pattaṃ dhovitvā udakagaṇḍūsaṃ karoti. Kiṃ kāraṇā? ‘‘Mā me bhikkhaṃ dātuṃ vā vandituṃ vā āgate manusse ‘dīghāyukā hothā’ti vacanamattenāpi kammaṭṭhānavikkhepo ahosī’’ti ‘‘ajja, bhante, katimī’’ti divasaṃ vā bhikkhugaṇanaṃ vā pañhaṃ vā pucchito pana udakaṃ gilitvā āroceti. Sace divasādipucchakā na honti, nikkhamanavelāyaṃ gāmadvāre niṭṭhubhitvā yāti.
如同居于黑檀木亭的久远长老,也经历多年行止相似的苦修,最初七年在一处朝圣,后十六年完成苦行,最终觉悟为阿拉汉。他专心于业处,举脚不随意回转,行走至村边,心中生疑忌,担忧村中今来人们可能说:“此僧不长寿。”他也因一句话扰乱了业处。后来问起修行日数或比库数目时,他因饮水而答话,若没有此问,便在出门之际就默默离开村口。
Kalambatitthavihāre vassūpagatā paññāsa bhikkhū viya ca. Te kira āsāḷhipuṇṇamiyaṃ katikavattaṃ akaṃsu – ‘‘arahattaṃ apatvā aññamaññaṃ nālapissāmā’’ti. Gāmañca piṇḍāya pavisantā udakagaṇḍūsaṃ katvā pavisiṃsu. Divasādīsu pucchitesu vuttanayeneva paṭipajjiṃsu. Tattha manussā niṭṭhubhanaṃ disvā jāniṃsu – ‘‘ajjeko āgato, ajja dve’’ti. Evañca cintesuṃ – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho ete amheheva saddhiṃ na sallapanti, udāhu aññamaññampi. Yadi aññamaññaṃ na sallapanti, addhā vivādajātā bhavissanti. Etha ne aññamaññaṃ khamāpessāmā’’ti sabbe vihāraṃ gantvā paññāsāya bhikkhūsu dvepi bhikkhū ekokāse nāddasaṃsu. Tato yo tesu cakkhumā puriso, so āha – ‘‘na bho kalahakārakānaṃ okāso īdiso hoti, susammaṭṭhaṃ cetiyaṅgaṇaṃ bodhiyaṅgaṇaṃ, sunikkhittā sammajjaniyo, supaṭṭhitaṃ pānīyaṃ paribhojanīya’’nti . Te tatova nivattā. Tepi bhikkhū antotemāseyeva arahattaṃ patvā mahāpavāraṇāyaṃ visuddhipavāraṇaṃ pavāresuṃ.
在迦兰伽提村的禅林中,约有五十比库在此住宿。他们彼此约定,于阿舍利满月时节行木杖转动仪式,宣称“未证阿拉汉果,不彼此嘲笑”。他们每天入村乞食,身带水囊入村乞食。每日被问讯时,依照往常回答。村人见此情形,便知他们为外来者,便相告说:“昨天来了一人,今天来了两人”。村人心想:“这些比库们果真不彼此闲谈,甚至互不交谈。若不交谈,难免生起争执。不如彼此容忍吧。”于是村中所有僧房,五十比库分成两群各住一处。其间一位有慧眼者言:“这里不是争吵之所,此处乃供奉安静庄严场所,即圣物之地。正当敬重且安住饮食。”众比库因言而止争,三人中也有比库即于当月内证得阿拉汉果,且于大般涅槃节发清净之请安戒言。
Evaṃ kāḷavallimaṇḍapavāsī mahānāgatthero viya, kalambatitthavihāre vassūpagatā bhikkhū viya ca kammaṭṭhānayutteneva cittena pādaṃ uddharanto gāmasamīpaṃ gantvā udakagaṇḍūsaṃ katvā vīthiyo sallakkhetvā yattha surāsoṇḍadhuttādayo kalahakārakā caṇḍahatthiassādayo vā natthi, taṃ vīthiṃ paṭipajjati. Tattha ca piṇḍāya caramāno na turitaturito viya javena gacchati. Na hi javena piṇḍapātikadhutaṅgaṃ nāma kiñci atthi. Visamabhūmibhāgapattaṃ pana udakasakaṭaṃ viya niccalo hutvā gacchati. Anugharaṃ paviṭṭho ca dātukāmaṃ vā adātukāmaṃ vā sallakkhetuṃ tadanurūpaṃ kālaṃ āgamento bhikkhaṃ gahetvā antogāme vā bahigāme vā vihārameva vā āgantvā yathāphāsuke patirūpe okāse nisīditvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikaronto āhāre paṭikūlasaññaṃ upaṭṭhapetvā akkhabbhañjanavaṇalepanaputtamaṃsūpamāvasena paccavekkhanto aṭṭhaṅgasamannāgataṃ āhāraṃ āhāreti, neva davāya na madāya na maṇḍanāya na vibhūsanāya…pe… bhuttāvī ca udakakiccaṃ katvā muhuttaṃ bhattakilamathaṃ paṭipassambhetvā yathā purebhattaṃ , evaṃ pacchābhattaṃ purimayāmaṃ pacchimayāmañca kammaṭṭhānameva manasikaroti. Ayaṃ vuccati harati ca paccāharati cāti.
如同大长老魔罗迦利之于迦兰伽提村禅林,长住并精进修行,如是众多比库以心专注、足精进,常行至村落附近,带着水囊乞食。行路路径选无酒馆、卖妓之所,亦无争斗或恶象之地,彼处路段安静。乞食时并非匆忙,亦非疾走,因为快走无法完成乞食任务。行走路面若似水塘泥泞不稳,则缓步而行。乞食僧人到村落乞食或收受施主礼物,皆择适时出入村庄或静处,在所在安坐,专心修行。饮食简朴,仅食于八正道八支所摄之供养食,不为节庆、不为欢宴、不为装饰。食毕即从事饮水事宜,稍歇后,安静如先饭时。饭前饭后,心念不离修行法门。此即谓“取”和“舍”。
Imaṃ pana haraṇapaccāharaṇasaṅkhātaṃ gatapaccāgatikavattaṃ pūrento yadi upanissayasampanno hoti, paṭhamavaye eva arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. No ce paṭhamavaye pāpuṇāti, atha majjhimavaye pāpuṇāti. No ce majjhimavaye pāpuṇāti, atha pacchimavaye pāpuṇāti, no ce pacchimavaye pāpuṇāti, atha maraṇasamaye. No ce maraṇasamaye pāpuṇāti, atha devaputto hutvā. No ce devaputto hutvā pāpuṇāti, anuppanne buddhe nibbatto paccekabodhiṃ sacchikaroti. No ce paccekabodhiṃ sacchikaroti, atha buddhānaṃ sammukhībhāve khippābhiñño vā hoti, seyyathāpi thero bāhiyo dārucīriyo mahāpañño vā, seyyathāpi thero sāriputto, mahiddhiko vā, seyyathāpi thero mahāmoggallāno, dhutavādo vā, seyyathāpi thero mahākassapo, dibbacakkhuko vā, seyyathāpi thero anuruddho, vinayadharo vā, seyyathāpi thero upāli, dhammakathiko vā, seyyathāpi thero puṇṇo mantāṇiputto, āraññiko vā, seyyathāpi thero revato, bahussuto vā, seyyathāpi thero ānando, sikkhākāmo vā, seyyathāpi thero rāhulo buddhaputtoti. Iti imasmiṃ catukke yvāyaṃ harati paccāharati ca, tassa gocarasampajaññaṃ sikhāpattaṃ hoti.
若此取舍之事,乃由依止充分,顺利圆满,则首次即能证阿拉汉果。若非首次,则次阶段得;若非次阶段,则第三阶段得;若非第三阶段,则于临命终时得。若临命终时仍未得,则转生为天子。若转天亦未证得,乃于无佛时代证得辟支佛果。若未证辟支佛,则于遇佛时得速得神通与智慧,如同外向长老巴卢奇利耶乃大慧者,或沙利子大神通者,摩嘎剌那大辩才者,咖萨巴天眼者,阿努儒达律法持者,伍巴离讲法者,普奴曼提尼子野外游行者,雷瓦多多学者,阿难渴学者,或拉胡达佛子等众多长老。故于此四阶段中修持取舍者,必有意识之专注护持与习得。
Abhikkamādīsu pana asammuyhanaṃ asammohasampajaññaṃ. Taṃ evaṃ veditabbaṃ – idha bhikkhu abhikkamanto vā paṭikkamanto vā yathā andhaputhujjanā abhikkamādīsu – ‘‘attā abhikkamati, attanā abhikkamo nibbattito’’ti vā ‘‘ahaṃ abhikkamāmi, mayā abhikkamo nibbattito’’ti vā sammuyhanti, tathā asammuyhanto abhikkamāmīti citte uppajjamāne teneva cittena saddhiṃ cittasamuṭṭhānā vāyodhātu viññattiṃ janayamānā uppajjati, iti cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāravasena ayaṃ kāyasammato aṭṭhisaṅghāṭo abhikkamati. Tassevaṃ abhikkamato ekekapāduddharaṇe pathavīdhātu āpodhātūti dve dhātuyo omattā honti mandā, itarā dve adhimattā honti balavatiyo, tathā atiharaṇavītiharaṇesu, vossajjane tejodhātu vāyodhātūti dve dhātuyo omattā honti mandā, itarā dve adhimattā honti balavatiyo, tathā sannikkhepanasannirumbhanesu.
于行走等诸根初发起时,若不专一觉知,而糊涂失明,即于心生起迷惑,无知而堕落。应知若比库或行或退,生起如盲人般无明之相,心生妄念:“我正在行走,行走已成”。或:“吾行走,我已行走毕”等误认,心而不知实相。此时由心念串联起的诸多随行心或相应心,即形成内心上的混乱波动,如此身体行为之障碍即行走。此行走分为上下两足支撑之土元素与水元素为主弱势互相调节,而其他二元素相对强健。诸如过度取法、弃法、放任、调禁等行为亦是,如火元素与风元素在此相依,一强一弱相互制约。于聚集、合和、冲击等行持中如是。
Tattha uddharaṇe pavattā rūpārūpadhammā atiharaṇaṃ na pāpuṇanti, tathā atiharaṇe pavattā vītiharaṇaṃ, vītiharaṇe pavattā vossajjanaṃ, vossajjane pavattā sannikkhepanaṃ, sannikkhepane pavattā sannirumbhanaṃ na pāpuṇanti, tattha tattheva pabbapabbaṃ sandhisandhi odhiodhi hutvā tattakapāle pakkhittatilāni viya taṭataṭāyantā bhijjanti. Tattha ko eko abhikkamati, kassa vā ekassa abhikkamanaṃ? Paramatthato hi dhātūnaṃyeva gamanaṃ, dhātūnaṃ ṭhānaṃ, dhātūnaṃ nisajjā, dhātūnaṃ sayanaṃ. Tasmiṃ tasmiñhi koṭṭhāse saddhiṃ rūpena –
于此行走开始时,色法与非色法不能够彼此过分夺取;过度夺取则转为放弃,放弃则转为震动,震动则转为冲击,冲击则转为合和,且合和不会使两者过度夺取。诸法此时彼此连结、交错混杂,如同被狂风吹动之沙堆堆积。谁于此时算作行走?或此一行为属于谁?从究竟来说,法界之流转,法界之所在,法界之止息,法界之安住。于其中何处,有法界合和之形?
‘‘Aññaṃ uppajjate cittaṃ, aññaṃ cittaṃ nirujjhati;
“一心生起,另一心灭去;
Avīcimanusambandho, nadīsotova vattatī’’ti. –
与无间地狱无关,犹如河流与河口相接而运行。
Evaṃ abhikkamādīsu asammuyhanaṃ asammohasampajaññaṃ nāmāti.
此谓于诸起始之事无迷惑、无颠倒,具正觉察之名。
Niṭṭhito ‘‘abhikkante paṭikkante sampajānakārī hotī’’tipadassa attho.
已终止者,意指‘于最后时刻回转正念之行’。
Ālokitevilokiteti ettha pana ālokitaṃ nāma purato pekkhanaṃ, vilokitaṃ nāma anudisāpekkhanaṃ. Aññānipi heṭṭhā upari pacchato anupekkhanavasena olokitaullokitāpalokitāni nāma honti. Tāni idha na gahitāni, sāruppavasena pana imāneva dve gahitāni. Iminā vā mukhena sabbānipi tāni gahitānevāti.
“明察”与“观察”二词,此处“明察”指面向前方之观察,“观察”指注视周边各方向。此外还有上下前后等层次,随着观察对象的变化分别称为远观、中观及近观。此处未尽录诸多层次,仅以两个词简表诸多观察之类,意云这一点,如用口言能全摄一切观察。
Tattha ‘‘ālokessāmī’’ti citte uppanne cittavaseneva anoloketvā atthapariggaṇhanaṃ sātthakasampajaññaṃ. Taṃ āyasmantaṃ nandaṃ kāyasakkhiṃ katvā veditabbaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā –
因缘有云:“ālokessāmī”者,即心起时,心现如一体,圣意摄受其义,以此法击者,尊者难陀说,如实知之,为身证者。
‘‘Sace, bhikkhave, nandassa puratthimā disā āloketabbā hoti, sabbaṃ cetasā samannāharitvā nando puratthimaṃ disaṃ āloketi ‘evaṃ me puratthimaṃ disaṃ ālokayato nābhijjhādomanassā pāpakā akusalā dhammā anvāsavissantī’ti. Itiha tattha sampajāno hoti. Sace, bhikkhave, nandassa pacchimā disā, uttarā disā, dakkhiṇā disā, uddhaṃ, adho, anudisā āloketabbā hoti, sabbaṃ cetasā samannāharitvā nando anudisaṃ āloketi ‘evaṃ me anudisaṃ ālokayato’…pe… sampajāno hotī’’ti (a. ni. 8.9).
佛言:“比库们,若难陀应视东方,则当心中具足一切,难陀观东方时念:‘我观东方,无贪无嗔,恶不善法不染着’;斯时即为正觉。若难陀应视西方、北方、南方,或上、下、诸他方,则当具足一切心识,难陀视向彼方,念言:‘我观此方…’亦是正觉。”(文中引《增支部》8.9)
Apica idhāpi pubbe vuttacetiyadassanādivaseneva sātthakatā ca sappāyatā ca veditabbā. Kammaṭṭhānassa pana avijahanameva gocarasampajaññaṃ, tasmā khandhadhātuāyatanakammaṭṭhānikehi attano kamaṭṭhānavaseneva kasiṇādikammaṭṭhānikehi vā pana kammaṭṭhānasīseneva ālokanavilokanaṃ kātabbaṃ.
此外,此处亦应当了解如前所说关于圣迹示现等如实启示的内容,且应知其详尽完备。至于业处的领悟,却仅是对所作所为的对象的认知,故应以自身的业处为标准,从诸蕴、界、处等业处诸法出发,正如对光明遍处法门的观照,应作类似的观察与察看。
‘‘Abbhantare attā nāma āloketā vā viloketā vā natthi, ‘ālokessāmī’ti pana citte uppajjamāne teneva cittena saddhiṃ cittasamuṭṭhānā vāyodhātu viññattiṃ janayamānā uppajjati. Iti cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāravasena heṭṭhimaṃ akkhidalaṃ adho sīdati, uparimaṃ uddhaṃ laṅgheti, koci yantakena vivaranto nāma natthi, tato cakkhuviññāṇaṃ dassanakiccaṃ sādhentaṃ uppajjatī’’ti evaṃ pajānanaṃ panettha asammohasampajaññaṃ nāma.
『在内里,自我既非照者,亦非所照,而当念「我将照见」时,心念随即生起,与此同时,心所种类之一的意气流转,又称识的变化,便会起现。正因为心的作用与意气流转的变化,前面这膜眼睑向下闭合,后面则向上越越,无所空隙,因而眼识得以产生,并完成视见的工作』,此种理解即谓此处所说的不迷惑的正知。
Apica mūlapariññāāgantukatāvakālikabhāvavasenapettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ. Mūlapariññāvasena tāva –
此外,此处还应知根本认识所产生的当时状态,即此处所称的不迷惑的正知者。根本认识即如是——
‘‘Bhavaṅgāvajjanañceva, dassanaṃ sampaṭicchanaṃ;
『生心作用的现起,见到了完全的显现;
Santīraṇaṃ voṭṭhabbanaṃ, javanaṃ bhavati sattamaṃ’’.
转入通达,于义理上获得理解,惟有第七重流转。』
Tattha bhavaṅgaṃ upapattibhavassa aṅgakiccaṃ sādhayamānaṃ pavattati, taṃ āvaṭṭetvā kiriyamanodhātu āvajjanakiccaṃ sādhayamānā, tannirodhā cakkhuviññāṇaṃ dassanakiccaṃ sādhayamānaṃ, tannirodhā vipākamanodhātu sampaṭicchanakiccaṃ sādhayamānā, tannirodhā vipākamanoviññāṇadhātu santīraṇakiccaṃ sādhayamānā, tannirodhā kiriyamanoviññāṇadhātu voṭṭhabbanakiccaṃ sādhayamānā, tannirodhā sattakkhattuṃ javanaṃ javati. Tattha paṭhamajavanepi ‘‘ayaṃ itthī, ayaṃ puriso’’ti rajjanadussanamuyhanavasena ālokitavilokitaṃ na hoti, dutiyajavanepi…pe… sattamajavanepi. Etesu pana yuddhamaṇḍale yodhesu viya heṭṭhupariyavasena bhijjitvā patitesu ‘‘ayaṃ itthī, ayaṃ puriso’’ti rajjanādivasena ālokitavilokitaṃ hoti. Evaṃ tāvettha mūlapariññāvasena asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
其间生心发挥觉发触法的作用而发生,依其转动而作意,意又止息,遂完成觉发之工作;其次觉发停止,眼识成就见相的因缘;眼识停止,果识成就了得相的因缘;果识停止,非识界成就通达的因缘;非识停止,生起心所完成注视的因缘;非识停止,生起七十次的持续流转。此中最初流转,未达「此女,此男」之边界的直接观察与认知;第二重流转……以此类推直至第七重流转。于彼等流转中,如同激烈战斗场上的士兵,在下方环绕包围,受伤倒地时,仍旧以「此女,此男」诸边界音声为标的而予以看视。依此根本认识,应当了解为不迷惑的正知。
Cakkhudvāre pana rūpe āpāthamāgate bhavaṅgacalanato uddhaṃ sakakiccanipphādanavasena āvajjanādīsu uppajjitvā niruddhesu avasāne javanaṃ uppajjati, taṃ pubbe uppannānaṃ āvajjanādīnaṃ gehabhūte cakkhudvāre āgantukapuriso viya hoti. Tassa yathā paragehe kiñci yācituṃ paviṭṭhassa āgantukapurisassa gehasāmikesu tuṇhīmāsinesu āṇākaraṇaṃ na yuttaṃ, evaṃ āvajjanādīnaṃ gehabhūte cakkhudvāre āvajjanādīsupi arajjantesu adussantesu amuyhantesu ca rajjanadussanamuyhanaṃ ayuttanti evaṃ āgantukabhāvavasena asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
当色入于眼门时,由于生起身心活动的无常流转,随之欲念等烦恼意趣也随缘而生起并在缘灭时消散,随后便产生推动的作用,就像外来的客人进入家门一样。在这已成家的内眼门上,诸欲念虽生,却不能停留于不正当、不善、不清净的事物上,必然避开抵触它们。如此,作为进来的外来客,这类欲念在眼门生起时不应贪恋、憎恶、迷失或迷醉,应断除烦恼恶法,保持清明正念,不被其所惑,得以觉知。
Yāni panetāni cakkhudvāre voṭṭhabbanapariyosānāni cittāni uppajjanti, tāni saddhiṃ sampayuttadhammehi tattha tattheva bhijjanti, aññamaññaṃ na passanti, ittarāni tāvakālikāni honti. Tattha yathā ekasmiṃ ghare sabbesu mānusakesu matesu avasesassa ekassa taṅkhaṇaṃyeva maraṇadhammassa na yuttā naccagītādīsu abhirati nāma, evameva ekadvāre sasampayuttesu āvajjanādīsu tattha tattheva matesu avasesassa taṅkhaṇaṃyeva maraṇadhammassa javanassāpi rajjanadussanamuyhanavasena abhirati nāma na yuttāti evaṃ tāvakālikabhāvavasena asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
眼门中所生的各种心色,乃是与相应心法相应而现,彼此不相见、不了解,也有彼此间的时间先后差异。譬如同一屋中所有人,在临终时刻不适合沉迷于歌舞等乐事,诸欲念与其相应的心法亦如是,在眼门内相应生起的诸欲念心,临终时亦不适合因烦恼、不正欲乐而执着,此即须觉知不被迷惑的理。
Apica khandhāyatanadhātupaccayapaccavekkhaṇavasenapetaṃ veditabbaṃ. Ettha hi cakkhu ceva rūpā ca rūpakkhandho, dassanaṃ viññāṇakkhandho, taṃsampayuttā vedanā vedanākkhandho, saññā saññākkhandho, phassādikā saṅkhārā saṅkhārakkhandho, evametesaṃ pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ samavāye ālokanavilokanaṃ paññāyati. Tattha ko eko āloketi, ko viloketi? Tathā cakkhu cakkhāyatanaṃ, rūpaṃ rūpāyatanaṃ, dassanaṃ manāyatanaṃ, vedanādayo sampayuttadhammā dhammāyatanaṃ, evametesaṃ catunnaṃ āyatanānaṃ samavāye ālokanavilokanaṃ paññāyati. Tattha ko eko āloketi, ko viloketi? Tathā cakkhu cakkhudhātu, rūpaṃ rūpadhātu, dassanaṃ cakkhuviññāṇadhātu, taṃsampayuttā vedanādayo dhammā dhammadhātu, evametesaṃ catunnaṃ dhātūnaṃ samavāye ālokanavilokanaṃ paññāyati. Tattha ko eko āloketi, ko viloketi? Tathā cakkhu nissayapaccayo, rūpaṃ ārammaṇapaccayo, āvajjanaṃ anantarasamanantarūpanissayanatthivigatapaccayo, āloko upanissayapaccayo, vedanādayo sahajātapaccayo. Evametesaṃ paccayānaṃ samavāye ālokanavilokanaṃ paññāyati. Tattha ko eko āloketi, ko viloketīti evamettha khandhāyatanadhātupaccayapaccavekkhaṇavasenapi asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
还应觉知五蕴、六入、十八界以及缘起关系的分别观察。其中眼与色为色蕴,见为识蕴,对色的觉知与心相关,感受属受蕴,想分别属想蕴,诸行如缘触等属行蕴。五蕴之结合称为“观察光见”的慧,谁为光?谁为见?眼为眼根,色为色法,识为眼识,受想行为为心法,这四根法结合为“观察光见”的慧。谁为光?谁为见?眼根为因,色为缘,生起觉知为果,光依果而生。受等为共生因,因缘合和现观察智慧。此基理亦适用五蕴、六入、十八界相关义理,须觉察无迷惑之正知。
Samiñjite pasāriteti pabbānaṃ samiñjanapasāraṇe. Tattha cittavaseneva samiñjanapasāraṇaṃ akatvā hatthapādānaṃ samiñjanapasāraṇapaccayā atthānatthaṃ pariggaṇhitvā atthapariggaṇhanaṃ sātthakasampajaññaṃ. Tattha hatthapāde aticiraṃ samiñjitvā vā pasāretvā vā ṭhitassa khaṇe khaṇe vedanā uppajjanti, cittaṃ ekaggaṃ na labhati, kammaṭṭhānaṃ paripatati, visesaṃ nādhigacchati. Kāle samiñjantassa kāle pasārentassa pana tā vedanā nuppajjanti, cittaṃ ekaggaṃ hoti, kammaṭṭhānaṃ phātiṃ gacchati, visesamadhigacchatīti evaṃ atthānatthapariggaṇhanaṃ veditabbaṃ.
“收敛展开”为收摄摊开之意。此处由心之作意调摄展开,关联手足收敛与摊开的缘起,整体含摄了对象的契合,构成契合知觉。在手足久处于收敛或展开状态下,时刻会产生感觉,影响心不专注、散乱,修行不利。相反在适当时机收敛与展开间转换,则感觉不生,心得专注,修行得殊胜成就,此理为契合与不契合理解之核心。
Atthe pana satipi sappāyāsappāyaṃ pariggaṇhitvā sappāyapariggaṇhanaṃ sappāyasampajaññaṃ. Tatrāyaṃ nayo – mahācetiyaṅgaṇe kira daharabhikkhū sajjhāyaṃ gaṇhanti. Tesaṃ piṭṭhipasse daharabhikkhuniyo dhammaṃ suṇanti. Tattheko daharo hatthaṃ pasārento kāyasaṃsaggaṃ patvā teneva kāraṇena gihī jāto. Aparo bhikkhu pādaṃ pasārento aggimhi pasāresi, aṭṭhiṃ āhacca pādo jhāyi. Aparo vammike pasāresi, so āsīvisena daṭṭho. Aparo cīvarakuṭidaṇḍake pasāresi, taṃ maṇisappo ḍaṃsi. Tasmā evarūpe asappāye apasāretvā sappāye pasāretabbaṃ. Idamettha sappāyasampajaññaṃ.
应数三种契合妥当与不妥的情况,称为「妥合正知」。比如说,在大寺院院场中,年轻比库们受教宣说之时,彼比库尼众听法。有一小沙门伸手摊开躯体沾污着妇人,因这行为是凡夫所为;另一比库伸脚到火前,令骨头灼痛;第三伸手置于衣钵柄上,却被虫叮。故此,非宜在不妥时摊开身体,理应在妥时摊开。此即妥合正知的意义。
Gocarasampajaññaṃ pana mahātheravatthunā dīpetabbaṃ – mahāthero kira divāṭṭhāne nisinno antevāsikehi saddhiṃ kathayamāno sahasā hatthaṃ samiñjitvā puna yathāṭhāne ṭhapetvā saṇikaṃ samiñjesi. Taṃ antevāsikā pucchiṃsu – ‘‘kasmā, bhante, sahasā hatthaṃ samiñjitvā puna yathāṭhāne ṭhapetvā saṇikaṃ samiñjitthā’’ti. Yato paṭṭhāyāhaṃ, āvuso, kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasikātuṃ āraddho, na me kammaṭṭhānaṃ muñcitvā hattho samiñjitapubbo, idāni pana tumhehi saddhiṃ kathayamānena kammaṭṭhānaṃ muñcitvā samiñjito, tasmā puna yathāṭhāne ṭhapetvā samiñjesinti. Sādhu, bhante, bhikkhunā nāma evarūpena bhavitabbanti. Evametthāpi kammaṭṭhānāvijahanameva gocarasampajaññanti veditabbaṃ.
关于境界契合理解,应由长老经示。例如有长老白天坐于静室与侍者话,突然收敛手臂再放开,然后反复作此动作。侍者问他为何如此,长老答曰:“因专注于修行法之缘起,尚未达到解脱之境,故反复收敛再放,有此观照。”由此可知,境界契合理解即对应于专注于修行法的真实觉察与行住坐卧中习惯的正智。
Abbhantare attā nāma koci samiñjanto vā pasārento vā natthi, vuttappakāracittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphārena pana suttākaḍḍhanavasena dāruyantassa hatthapādalaḷanaṃ viya samiñjanapasāraṇaṃ hotīti parijānanaṃ panettha asammohasampajaññanti veditabbaṃ.
内里没有所谓自我固定存在,无论是收敛还是扩散皆无。借由所说之事功用与心业作用等元素的散布与变化,则如被束缚的树木摇动其手足般,收敛与扩散之相随之产生,正因此故,有此理解。这里所谓的不迷惑之正智应当认知。
Saṅghāṭipattacīvaradhāraṇeti ettha saṅghāṭicīvarānaṃ nivāsanapārupanavasena, pattassa bhikkhāpaṭiggahaṇādivasena paribhogo dhāraṇaṃ nāma. Tattha saṅghāṭicīvaradhāraṇe tāva nivāsetvā pārupitvā ca piṇḍāya carato āmisalābho, ‘‘sītassa paṭighātāyā’’tiādinā nayena bhagavatā vuttappakāroyeva ca attho attho nāma. Tassa vasena sātthakasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
关于披肩袈裟的佩带,这里指的是披肩袈裟的穿戴遮盖身体和裹缚领受布施等用途,被称为披肩袈裟的佩持。披肩袈裟的佩戴时常以遮盖身体、包裹臂膀的方式进行,同时也作为行脚托钵之具。以世尊所说之法即诸多用途、妨碍寒冷等因缘而成的说法而言,有其特定意义。应当证知此衣退去之正智。
Uṇhapakatikassa pana dubbalassa ca cīvaraṃ sukhumaṃ sappāyaṃ, sītālukassa ghanaṃ dupaṭṭaṃ. Viparītaṃ asappāyaṃ. Yassa kassaci jiṇṇaṃ asappāyameva. Aggaḷādidānena hissa taṃ palibodhakaraṃ hoti. Tathā paṭṭuṇṇadukūlādibhedaṃ lobhanīyacīvaraṃ. Tādisañhi araññe ekakassa nivāsantarāyakaraṃ , jīvitantarāyakarañcāpi hoti. Nippariyāyena pana yaṃ nimittakammādimicchājīvavasena uppannaṃ, yañcassa sevamānassa akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti , taṃ asappāyaṃ. Viparītaṃ sappāyaṃ, tassa vasenettha sappāyasampajaññaṃ, kammaṭṭhānāvijahanavaseneva ca gocarasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
对于热天及寒冷等恶劣环境中的袈裟,温暖轻柔适用称为方便;寒冷时厚实密织的袈裟为合宜。相反,不方便即不足用的衣物。譬如某人的旧袈裟已经不适用。用粗布制作的衣物能使其意识到不适感。此为诱惑之衣,因其缺点会引起贪爱,犹如森林中单处居住为阻碍,甚至危害生命。更广义上,此由不善生活方式或因缘所起的种种恶因,而恶法增长善法减少的,即所谓“不方便”,反之则是方便。依此应证方便服用之正智,以及对应业处无明等境界之观察正智。
Abbhantare attā nāma koci cīvaraṃ pārupanto natthi, vuttappakāracittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva pana cīvarapārupanaṃ hoti. Tattha cīvarampi acetanaṃ, kāyopi acetano. Cīvaraṃ na jānāti ‘‘mayā kāyo pārupito’’ti. Kāyopi na jānāti ‘‘ahaṃ cīvarena pārupito’’ti. Dhātuyova dhātusamūhaṃ paṭicchādenti paṭapilotikāya potthakarūpapaṭicchādane viya. Tasmā neva sundaraṃ cīvaraṃ labhitvā somanassaṃ kātabbaṃ, na asundaraṃ labhitvā domanassaṃ. Nāgavammikacetiyarukkhādīsu hi keci mālāgandhadhūmavatthādīhi sakkāraṃ karonti, keci gūthamuttakaddamadaṇḍasatthapahārādīhi asakkāraṃ. Na tehi nāgavammikarukkhādayo somanassaṃ vā karonti domanassaṃ vā. Evamevaṃ neva sundaraṃ cīvaraṃ labhitvā somanassaṃ kātabbaṃ, na asundaraṃ labhitvā domanassanti evaṃ pavattapaṭisaṅkhānavasenettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
内里没有所谓自我披着袈裟,无论是包裹披写袈裟衣身,皆是因心识身所变化之因素。袈裟是无自性的,身体也是无自性的。身不自知“我被袈裟覆盖”,袈裟不自知“我被身体覆盖”,如同众多元素遮蔽众元素,如织物遮盖织物。故无论得到美好衣服时应起愉悦,无论得不到丑恶衣服时不应生忧。譬如某些地方如纳伽瓦米伽等圣地,有以花环、香气、烟熏等供养,另外有用阔篚、木棒、鞭子等处罚。此等供养及处罚物并非因使心生喜或忧而施。故此得美衣无喜,不得丑衣无忧,依此正念回忆,不迷惑之正智当证知。
Pattadhāraṇepi pattaṃ sahasāva aggahetvā – ‘‘imaṃ gahetvā piṇḍāya caramāno bhikkhaṃ labhissāmī’’ti evaṃ pattaggahaṇapaccayā paṭilabhitabbaatthavasena sātthakasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ. Kisadubbalasarīrassa pana garupatto asappāyo. Yassa kassaci catupañcagaṇṭhikāhato dubbisodhanīyo asappāyova. Duddhotapatto hi na vaṭṭati, taṃ dhovantasseva cassa palibodho hoti. Maṇivaṇṇapatto pana lobhanīyo cīvare vuttanayeneva asappāyo. Nimittakammādivasena laddho, pana yañcassa sevamānassa akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, ayaṃ ekantaasappāyova. Viparīto sappāyo. Tassa vasenettha sappāyasampajaññaṃ, kammaṭṭhānāvijahanavaseneva ca gocarasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
突然持取衣服时——以“拿着此衣行脚得到布施”为条件而获得时,亦应证此缘起之正智。某些身弱之人衣服粗糙不便用。譬如有的人因断棉织成粗重之衣不适用;粗糙污秽之衣不可穿,需清洗才行,故其意识能觉察细微脏污。珠玉色泽衣物为诱惑衣,容易贪著。由起因缘等获得的衣服,若服侍者的恶法增长善法减少,则属于完全不方便;反之则是方便。依此应证方便之正智及对应业处无明观察之正智。
Abbhantare attā nāma koci pattaṃ gaṇhanto natthi, vuttappakāracittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva pattaggahaṇaṃ nāma hoti. Tattha pattopi acetano, hatthāpi acetanā. Patto na jānāti ‘‘ahaṃ hatthehi gahito’’ti. Hatthāpi na jānanti ‘‘patto amhehi gahito’’ti. Dhātuyova dhātusamūhaṃ gaṇhanti, saṇḍāsena aggivaṇṇapattaggahaṇe viyāti evaṃ pavattapaṭisaṅkhānavasenettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
内里没有所谓自我持有衣物,无论有无拿衣物皆因业力心作用而成衣物持有。衣物本身无自性,手亦无自性。衣物不知“我被手握”,手不知“衣在我中被握”,如同元素覆盖元素,因相堆积产生握持之相。依此回忆不迷惑之正智应当证知。
Apica yathā chinnahatthapāde vaṇamukhehi paggharitapubbalohitakimikule nīlamakkhikasamparikiṇṇe anāthasālāya anāthamanusse disvā dayālukā purisā tesaṃ vaṇapaṭṭacoḷakāni ceva kapālādīhi bhesajjāni ca upanāmenti. Tattha coḷakānipi kesañci saṇhāni, kesañci thūlāni pāpuṇanti, bhesajjakapālānipi kesañci susaṇṭhānāni, kesañci dussaṇṭhānāni pāpuṇanti, na te tattha sumanā vā dummanā vā honti. Vaṇapaṭicchādanamatteneva hi coḷakena bhesajjapaṭiggahamatteneva ca kapālakena tesaṃ attho. Evameva yo bhikkhu vaṇacoḷakaṃ viya cīvaraṃ, bhesajjakapālakaṃ viya ca pattaṃ, kapāle bhesajjamiva ca patte laddhabhikkhaṃ sallakkheti. Ayaṃ saṅghāṭipattacīvaradhāraṇe asammohasampajaññena uttamasampajānakārīti veditabbo.
正如手脚被截断的人们,因四肢及身体伤处受损,在密布苍蓝蜂毒的森林之中,被弃养孤儿院的孤儿被人们怜悯,便用森林中的药草与草叶为他们敷贴,并且用头骨等器具作为药物敷具。在此,草叶上的有些毛发较短,有些毛发较长,头骨等药物敷具有些是保养完善的,有些则是破损不良的,但对此并无喜恶之分。使用仅仅以草叶为覆盖,或仅以头骨作为药物盛器,其意义即在此。正如比库以森林草叶一般袈裟,以药物敷具一般布单,以及头骨一般盛器,接受布施的僧物饮食,此即在持守桑哈提(集体袈裟)时,以不迷惑之正知,成就最高正知,应当了知。
Asitādīsu asiteti piṇḍapātabhojane. Pīteti yāguādipāne. Khāyiteti piṭṭhakhajjakādikhādane. Sāyiteti madhuphāṇitādisāyane. Tattha ‘‘neva davāyā’’tiādinā nayena vutto aṭṭhavidhopi attho attho nāma, tassa vasena sātthakasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
于吃喝而言:以�灰色等污秽为乞食用餐;以黄色之酒等为饮用;以腐败之鱼虾等为食用;以蜜酒等为寝息用饮。此中诸处‘不可给予’等八种否定句,藉此可知意指八类不同义理,应当凭借词义理解准确含义。
Lūkhapaṇītatittamadhurādīsu pana yena bhojanena yassa aphāsu hoti, taṃ tassa asappāyaṃ. Yaṃ pana nimittakammādivasena paṭiladdhaṃ, yañcassa bhuñjato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, taṃ ekantaasappāyameva. Viparītaṃ sappāyaṃ. Tassa vasenettha sappāyasampajaññaṃ, kammaṭṭhānāvijahanavaseneva ca gocarasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
对腐溃恶臭、腥臭苦辣甘等不良不洁食物,只要使得食用者未感适意者,即属于恶不善。凡依缘由行为等所得食物,若食之则令不善法增长、善法消减,此种食为绝对不善;反之,为善。由此应了知善恶辨别;还当了知所用业处而行等意识境界之正知。
Abbhantare attā nāma koci bhuñjako natthi, vuttappakāracittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva pattapaṭiggahaṇaṃ nāma hoti, cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva hatthassa patte otāraṇaṃ nāma hoti, cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva ālopakaraṇaṃ ālopuddharaṇaṃ mukhavivaraṇañca hoti. Na koci kuñcikāya na yantakena hanukaṭṭhīni vivarati, cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva ālopassa mukhe ṭhapanaṃ uparidantānaṃ musalakiccasādhanaṃ heṭṭhādantānaṃ udukkhalakiccasādhanaṃ jivhāya hatthakiccasādhanañca hoti. Iti naṃ tattha aggajivhāya tanukakheḷo, mūlajivhāya bahalakheḷo makkheti. Taṃ heṭṭhādantaudukkhale jivhāhatthaparivattitaṃ kheḷaudakatemitaṃ uparidantamusalasañcuṇṇitaṃ koci kaṭacchunā vā dabbiyā vā anto pavesento nāma natthi, vāyodhātuyāva pavisati. Paviṭṭhaṃ paviṭṭhaṃ koci palālasantharaṃ katvā dhārento nāma natthi, vāyodhātuvaseneva tiṭṭhati. Ṭhitaṃ ṭhitaṃ koci uddhanaṃ katvā aggiṃ jāletvā pacanto nāma natthi, tejodhātuyāva paccati. Pakkaṃ pakkaṃ koci daṇḍakena vā yaṭṭhiyā vā bahi nīharako nāma natthi, vāyodhātuyeva nīharati. Iti vāyodhātu atiharati ca vītiharati ca dhāreti ca parivatteti ca sañcuṇṇeti ca visoseti ca nīharati ca; pathavīdhātu dhāreti ca parivatteti ca sañcuṇṇeti ca visoseti ca; āpodhātu sineheti ca allattañca anupāleti; tejodhātu antopaviṭṭhaṃ paripāceti; ākāsadhātu añjaso hoti; viññāṇadhātu tattha tattha sammāpayogamanvāya ābhujatīti evaṃ pavattapaṭisaṅkhānavasenettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
人体内部没有独立的食者,所谓‘接受食物’者,仅是意念心行作用、风之流动等生理变化而已。意识心行作用及风摊铺于手掌如叶脉之中,故称为‘接受食物’。意识心行作用及风无破裂创伤之痛感,非以掘拙等造成关节裂开为状。意识心行作用与风在嘴唇之内,存在上齿与下齿用以咀嚼磨碎及舌头手部用以搅动工作的辅助器官。如此,上下齿间切断舌根等称下舌根小动,下舌根称多重小动,牙齿称为唇。舌头下部及手部移动等小动作,没有刀剑或砍刀入侵,风界之流动设施亦如此。无论是否有口腔裂口,无人用拂净等工具保持清洁,风界之流仍保持其存在。无论是否用火燃烧食物,无人炊火烧煮,火界温煦亦常如是。无论是否用棍棒或鞭子驱赶,风界之气相亦恒常支配。风界能驱赶、阻拦、拿持、转动、缠绕、磨损、敲击、驱逐,一如地界能承载、转运、缠绕、磨耗、敲击一般;水界可溶解并漫布,火界能以温热灼烧完全,空界为通达通透,识界令诸界依次生起并相应毁坏。由此应以无染无失迷惑之正知,了知此理。
Apica gamanato, pariyesanato, paribhogato, āsayato, nidhānato, aparipakkato, paripakkato, phalato, nissandato, sammakkhanatoti evaṃ dasavidhaṃ paṭikūlabhāvaṃ paccavekkhaṇatopettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ. Vitthārakathā panettha visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.294 ādayo) āhārapaṭikūlasaññāniddesato gahetabbā.
此外,行走、查访、游玩、起心、用力、未成熟、成熟、结果、依止以及面对等共十种不善之境,连同对其观察分析时,也当以无迷惑之正知相应认识。对这些内容的详细阐释,应参见《清净道》第1卷294页有关饮食不善观念之记载。
Uccārapassāvakammeti uccārassa ca passāvassa ca karaṇe. Tattha pattakāle uccārapassāvaṃ akarontassa sakalasarīrato sedā muccanti, akkhīni bhamanti, cittaṃ na ekaggaṃ hoti, aññe ca rogā uppajjanti. Karontassa pana sabbaṃ taṃ na hotīti ayamettha attho. Tassa vasena sātthakasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ. Aṭṭhāne uccārapassāvaṃ karontassa pana āpatti hoti, ayaso vaḍḍhati, jīvitantarāyopi hoti. Patirūpe ṭhāne karontassa sabbaṃ taṃ na hotīti idamettha sappāyaṃ. Tassa vasena sappāyasampajaññaṃ, kammaṭṭhānāvijahanavasena ca gocarasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
所谓发语喉音,即指发声之器官。若无发语喉音作用时,身体诸部位昏沉隐没,眼睛不转动,心不一境,种种疾病随之生起。若一切皆无发语喉音之行为,则此意即是。依此理,必须知晓此为正确词义。发语喉音作用于不恰当场所,则生铁锈,损害生命等害。若作用于相反之处,则不一定出现此意,为善义。由此应观知正邪二义。作用于此处之行为,如发语喉音破坏,应以不迷惑之正知,并结合业力及修行处所之不迷惑正知,相应认识。
Abbhantare attā nāma koci uccārapassāvakammaṃ karonto natthi, cittakiriyavāyodhātuvipphāreneva pana uccārapassāvakammaṃ hoti. Yathā pana pakke gaṇḍe gaṇḍabhedena pubbalohitaṃ akāmatāya nikkhamati, yathā ca atibharitā udakabhājanā udakaṃ akāmatāya nikkhamati, evaṃ pakkāsayamuttavatthīsu sannicitā uccārapassāvā vāyuvegasamuppīḷitā akāmatāyapi nikkhamanti. So panāyaṃ evaṃ nikkhamanto uccārapassāvo neva tassa bhikkhuno attano hoti na parassa, kevalaṃ sarīranissandova hoti. Yathā kiṃ? Yathā udakatumbato purāṇaudakaṃ chaḍḍentassa neva taṃ attano hoti na paresaṃ, kevalaṃ paṭijagganamattameva hoti. Evaṃ pavattapaṭisaṅkhānavasenettha asammohasampajaññaṃ veditabbaṃ.
内在称为我者,没有任何发语与观照的行为。然而,心识活动之风微妙变化,却确有发语与观照的行为。譬如熟透的果核因果核的破裂,自然而然不由意愿地流出鲜红的汁液;又如盛满的水器因重力作用,自然地水流溢出不由心意。又如熟透的果实壳中水气被风力压力推动,不由主观意志自然流出果汁。由此可知,离开肉体的气息流动亦是自然而然,不属于比库自己,也非他物,惟依身体现象而成。何以故?如人欲丢弃老水器中的旧水,旧水并非该人所有,仅仅是舍弃罢了。故依止此过程应悟无迷惑之正知。
Gatādīsu gateti gamane. Ṭhiteti ṭhāne. Nisinneti nisajjāya. Sutteti sayane. Jāgarite ti jāgaraṇe. Bhāsiteti kathane. Tuṇhībhāveti akathane. Ettha ca yo ciraṃ gantvā vā caṅkamitvā vā aparabhāge ṭhito iti paṭisañcikkhati ‘‘caṅkamanakāle pavattā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti, ayaṃ gate sampajānakārī nāma.
过去事等谓之往行。止于一处谓之驻止。坐于座位谓之安坐。卧于床上谓之卧息。醒时谓之觉醒。说话谓之言说。不说谓之静默。在此若数天行走或盘旋后,断定‘行走时身心现象于此受阻止’,此即为往时正念。
Yo sajjhāyaṃ vā karonto pañhaṃ vā vissajjento kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā manasikaronto ciraṃ ṭhatvā aparabhāge nisinno iti paṭisañcikkhati ‘‘ṭhitakāle pavattā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti, ayaṃ ṭhite sampajānakārī nāma.
若人在觉察或放下疑惑,或专注修习法门后久立,断定‘站立时身心现象于此受阻’,此即为立时正念。
Yo sajjhāyādikaraṇavaseneva ciraṃ nisīditvā aparabhāge nipanno iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘‘nisinnakāle pavattā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti, ayaṃ nisinne sampajānakārī nāma.
若人专注觉察依止而久坐,断定‘坐时身心现象于此受阻’,此即为坐时正念。
Yo pana nipannakova sajjhāyaṃ karonto kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā manasikaronto niddaṃ okkamitvā aparabhāge uṭṭhāya iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘‘sayanakāle pavattā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti, ayaṃ sutte ca jāgarite ca sampajānakārī nāma. Kiriyamayacittānañhi appavattaṃ suttaṃ nāma, pavattaṃ jāgaritaṃ nāmāti.
若人正如是在觉察,行持法门时打盹,醒来后于旁处起身,断定‘卧息时身心现象于此受阻’,此即卧时及醒时正念。内心行动不散乱者称为息时,觉知行动者称为起时。
Yo pana bhāsamāno – ‘‘ayaṃ saddo nāma oṭṭhe ca paṭicca dante ca jivhañca tāluñca paṭicca cittassa ca tadanurūpaṃ payogaṃ paṭicca jāyatī’’ti sato sampajāno bhāsati, ciraṃ vā pana kālaṃ sajjhāyaṃ katvā dhammaṃ vā kathetvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā parivattetvā pañhaṃ vā vissajjetvā aparabhāge tuṇhībhūto iti paṭisañcikkhati ‘‘bhāsitakāle uppannā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti ayaṃ bhāsite sampajānakārī nāma.
若人言说时觉知:“此声音缘于口腔、牙齿、舌头缘及心意之配合而生”,久持觉察或述说法义,回向修习法门,放下疑惑,断定“说话时身心现象于此受阻”,此即为言时正念。
Yo tuṇhībhūto ciraṃ dhammaṃ vā kammaṭṭhānaṃ vā manasikatvā aparabhāge iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘‘tuṇhībhūtakāle pavattā rūpārūpadhammā ettheva niruddhā’’ti. Upādārūpapavattiyā sati bhāsati nāma, asati tuṇhī bhavati nāmāti, ayaṃ tuṇhībhāve sampajānakārī nāmāti. Evamettha asammohasampajaññaṃ tassa vasena sampajānakāritā veditabbā. Imasmiṃ sutte satipaṭṭhānamissakasampajaññaṃ pubbabhāgaṃ kathitaṃ.
若有修行者身心寂静已久,专注于法门或修习业处,心中回忆反思时,念曰:“寂静阶段时,诸色诸无色法皆在此处断尽。”这里所说“有执着之色法流转时”,即觉知存在,反之“无执着时则为寂静”,谓此寂静状态为觉知作用。如此则应了知此处“无迷有觉”正知是由此系而生。在本经中,对念处观法中五境正知的先导部分已作详述。
3. Bhikkhusuttavaṇṇanā3. 比库经注释
§369
369. Tatiye evameva panidhekacceti so kira bhikkhu kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathāpetvā ito cito ca āhiṇḍati, kāyavivekaṃ nānuyuñjati. Tena naṃ bhagavā niggaṇhanto evamāha. Tasmāti yasmā saṃkhittena desanaṃ yācasi, tasmā. Diṭṭhīti kammassakatādiṭṭhi.
句第三有云:某比库说,修业处而心自四散,未入身离之慧。对此,世尊制止告诫。由此明白,当简要宣说此法门时应斟酌用辞,故名“见”,即指业力缠执及见解种类。
4. Sālasuttavaṇṇanā4. 萨拉经注释
§370
370. Catutthe dhammavinayoti dhammoti vā vinayoti vā ubhayametaṃ satthusāsanasseva nāmaṃ. Samādapetabbāti gaṇhāpetabbā. Ekodibhūtāti khaṇikasamādhinā ekaggabhūtā. Samāhitā ekaggacittāti upacārappanāvasena sammā ṭhapitacittā ca ekaggacittā ca. Imasmiṃ sutte navakabhikkhūhi ceva khīṇāsavehi ca bhāvitasatipaṭṭhānā pubbabhāgā, sattahi sekhehi bhāvitā missakā.
第三七〇句,四论中提及“法律”,或法或律,皆指佛陀教法。所谓应专注,即宜把握持守。所谓“制一心”,即以短时禅定使心专一。所谓“专心定”,指近于成就定心行,是已正立之心也是集中之心。于本经中,新比库与已断惑比库共修行念处观法前段,其中七种习气以其三为习除境。
6. Sakuṇagghisuttavaṇṇanā6. 鹰经注释
§372
372. Chaṭṭhe sakuṇagghīti sakuṇaṃ hanatīti sakuṇagghi, senassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Sahasā ajjhapattāti lobhasāhasena pattā. Alakkhikāti nissirikā. Appapuññāti parittapuññā. Sacejja mayanti sace ajja mayaṃ. Naṅgalakaṭṭhakaraṇanti naṅgalena kasikaraṇaṃ, adhunā kaṭṭhaṃ khettaṭṭhānanti attho. Leḍḍuṭṭhānanti leḍḍūnaṃ ṭhānaṃ. Saṃvadamānāti sammā vadamānā, attano balassa suṭṭhu vaṇṇaṃ vadamānāti attho. Mahantaṃ leḍḍuṃ abhiruhitvāti uddhanasaṇṭhānena ṭhitesu tīsu leḍḍūsu ‘‘ito sene āgacchante ito nikkhamissāmi, ito āgacchante ito’’ti sallakkhetvā tesu ekaṃ leḍḍuṃ abhiruhitvā aṭṭhāsi avadamāno. Sannayhāti khurappaṃ sannayhamāno viya sannayhitvā suṭṭhu ṭhapetvā. Bahuāgato kho myāyanti ‘‘mayhaṃ atthāya ayaṃ bahutaṃ ṭhānaṃ āgato, appaṃ avasiṭṭhaṃ, idāni maṃ gaṇhissatī’’ti ñatvā dāruguḷo viya vinivattitvā tasseva leḍḍussa antare paccupādi, paṭipanno paviṭṭhoti attho. Uraṃ paccatāḷesīti ‘‘ekappahāreneva lāpassa sīsaṃ chinditvā gahessāmī’’ti pakkhandattā vegaṃ sandhāretuṃ asakkonto tasmiṃ leḍḍusmiṃ uraṃ patāḷesi. Tāvadevassa hadayamaṃsaṃ phāliyittha. Atha lāpo ‘‘diṭṭhā vata sattuno piṭṭhī’’ti haṭṭhatuṭṭho tassa hadaye aparāparaṃ caṅkami.
第三七二句,“杀雀火”意谓雀鸟受伤而死,属军方用语。突击抢夺意为因贪欲而快速夺取。无遮破损意谓木材腐朽。少福意指微薄功德。若此众生他人亦如此,我今日也是如此。镰刀割草意指用镰刀割草,古意为用木材割庄稼。蜂巢位置意指蜂巢所在。辩论中指正述,自己实力准确表达。爬上高蜂巢者,拄着棍子站立于高蜂巢上,若有敌方来袭,则说“我从此处进去,从此处出,又从此处进去”等语,且逐个蜂巢攀登。拿锄头就像拿锄子打击。此处众多蜂巢时称众,心念“此地已有许多蜂巢,我所剩不多,现将收取”。蜂囊似木蜜涎逆转流出意义。胸部刺破意指用力刺破胸膛。此时蜂巢心脏肉被破坏。随后蜂囊欲举“七只苍蝇”,腿脚踢打其心,令人搅扰焦躁。
7. Makkaṭasuttavaṇṇanā七、《猕猴经》注释
§373
373. Sattame duggāti duggamā. Cārīti sañcāro. Lepaṃ oḍḍentīti vaṭarukkhakhīrādīhi yojetvā lepaṃ karonti, taṃ makkaṭānaṃ dhuvagamanaṭṭhānanti sallakkhetvā rukkhasākhādīsu ṭhapenti. Pañcoḍḍitoti pañcasu ṭhānesu kājadaṇḍakaṃ pavesetvā gahetabbā kājasikkā viya oḍḍito. Thunaṃ setīti thunanto sayati.
第三七三句,“艰难”意为难行之事。迁行意谓四方往来。涂抹意指用葡萄藤等物制膏涂抹。此乃猿猴通行之法,俗名澳然行于树枝。五处涂抹意为在五处涂上膏药如枯叶粘附等。插杖意谓五处插置棍棒代替入门的标志。厚毯意谓铺设厚重褥垫。
8. Sūdasuttavaṇṇanā八、《厨师经》注释
§374
374. Aṭṭhame sūdoti bhattakārako. Nānaccayehīti nānācayehi, nānāvidhehīti attho. Ayameva vā pāṭho. Ambilaggehīti ambilakoṭṭhāsehi. Eseva nayo sabbattha. Abhiharatīti gahaṇatthāya hatthaṃ pasāreti. Bahuṃ gaṇhātīti ekaggahaṇena bahuṃ gaṇhantopi punappunaṃ gaṇhantopi bahuṃ gaṇhateva. Abhihārānanti sataṃ vā sahassaṃ vā ukkhipitvā abhihaṭānaṃ dāyānaṃ. Upakkilesāti pañca nīvaraṇā. Nimittaṃ na uggaṇhātīti ‘‘imaṃ me kammaṭṭhānaṃ anulomaṃ vā gotrabhuṃ vā āhacca ṭhita’’nti na jānāti, attano cittassa nimittaṃ gaṇhituṃ na sakkoti. Imasmiṃ sutte pubbabhāgavipassanā satipaṭṭhānāva kathitā.
第三七四句,“喂饭者”意指食物供应者。多处地意即多种仓库。多种类意指多品类。此为原文版本。以葡萄藤束捆为意。此法遍及四处。为开启箱门伸手取物。多次抓取意谓一次专心持取,连续多次抓取也被视作多取。此谓射杀数十或数百,所引义为杀害或毗输。烦恼谓五种盖障。未识别因缘意指未能知晓“以此修习法门顺应本性或本族”,不能识别心因所缘。于本经中,已说明念处观法之先导部分。
9. Gilānasuttavaṇṇanā九、《病者经》注释
§375
375. Navame beḷuvagāmaketi vesāliyā samīpe evaṃnāmako pādagāmo atthi, tasmiṃ. Yathāmittantiādīsu mittāti mittāva. Sandiṭṭhāti tattha tattha saṅgamma diṭṭhamattā nātidaḷhamittā . Sambhattāti suṭṭhu bhattā sinehavanto daḷhamittā. Yesaṃ yattha yattha evarūpā bhikkhū atthi, te tattha tattha vassaṃ upethāti attho. Kasmā evamāha? Tesaṃ phāsuvihāratthāya. Tesaṃ kira beḷuvagāmake senāsanaṃ nappahoti, bhikkhāpi mandā. Samantā vesāliyā pana bahūni senāsanāni, bhikkhāpi sulabhā. Tasmā evamāha.
贝卢伽马村位于韦萨利附近,此处有一名为“如此”的小村庄。其意谓如是:在“朋友”一词中指朋友,在“所见”一词中表示亲眼目睹且非虚假之义,在“相宜”一词中则指行为端正食宿合宜且情感恰当的朋友。凡在何处有此类比库,彼处即有雨季及安住之义。为什么如此说?是为了他们能安居乐业。因为他们在贝卢伽马村无供僧所处的营舍,比库们生活贫乏。而在韦萨利各处则有许多营舍,比库们得以方便安住。故此如是言。
Atha kasmā ‘‘yathāsukhaṃ gacchathā’’ti na vissajjesi? Tesaṃ anukampāya. Evaṃ kirassa ahosi – ‘‘ahaṃ dasamāsamattaṃ ṭhatvā parinibbāyissāmi. Sace ime dūraṃ gacchissanti, maṃ parinibbānakāle daṭṭhuṃ na sakkhissanti. Atha nesaṃ ‘satthā parinibbāyanto amhākaṃ satimattampi na adāsi. Sace jāneyyāma, na evaṃ dūre vaseyyāmā’ti vippaṭisāro bhaveyya. Vesāliyā samantā pana vassaṃ vasantā māsassa aṭṭha vāre āgantvā dhammaṃ suṇissanti, sugatovādaṃ labhissantī’’ti na vissajjesi.
那么为何世尊不准许他们“随意行走”?这是出于对他们的慈悲。世尊如此告知说:“我将在十日内入灭。如果他们离得太远,入灭时便无法见到我。到时他们会心生逆难:“师世尊入灭,而我们连稍许陪伴之机也无”。韦萨利四处,雨季时他们会定期回来听法,得闻世尊纯正教诲。”故此不允许他们随意散去。
Kharoti pharuso. Ābādhoti visabhāgarogo. Bāḷhāti balavatiyo. Māraṇantikāti maraṇantaṃ maraṇasantikaṃ pāpanasamatthā. Sato sampajāno adhivāsesīti satiṃ sūpaṭṭhitaṃ katvā ñāṇena paricchinditvā adhivāsesi. Avihaññamānoti vedanānuvattanavasena aparāparaṃ parivattanaṃ akaronto apīḷiyamāno adukkhiyamāno ca adhivāsesi. Anāmantetvāti ajānāpetvā. Anapaloketvāti ajānāpetvāva ovādānusāsaniṃ adatvāti vuttaṃ hoti. Vīriyenāti pubbabhāgavīriyena ceva phalasamāpattivīriyena ca. Paṭipaṇāmetvāti vikkhambhetvā. Jīvitasaṅkhāranti ettha jīvitampi jīvitasaṅkhāro. Yena jīvitaṃ saṅkharīyati chijjamānaṃ ghaṭetvā ṭhapīyati, so phalasamāpattidhammopi jīvitasaṅkhāro. So idha adhippeto. Adhiṭṭhāyāti adhiṭṭhahitvā pavattetvā jīvitaṭhapanasamatthaṃ phalasamāpattiṃ samāpajjeyyanti ayamettha saṅkhepattho.
“坚硬”是指粗鲁;“病患”是指各种不洁之病;“强健”是指有力者;“临终”是指临近死亡,恶者的终极时刻。至于“正念正知牢固保持”,即是将正念立起,深入观察,而后用智慧把持正念。至于“不理会”,即无知无觉,继续重复受苦的循环,沉溺其中,不安乐却又无自觉地承担。无知不觉即是不知不察。对戒律迷忘不守亦属无知无察。至于精进,是包括前期的努力和果报达到时的努力。修行过程中的挣扎称为“行进”,生命持续依赖身心因缘的生灭,造作并维持此生命过程乃果报生起的生命造作。在此为主导力量。以坚定持守,将生命持续及果报实现维持下去,其名为“生起”。此义此处乃论述之所起。
Kiṃ pana bhagavā ito pubbe phalasamāpattiṃ na samāpajjatīti? Samāpajjati. Sā pana khaṇikasamāpatti. Khaṇikasamāpatti ca antosamāpattiyaṃyeva vedanaṃ vikkhambheti, samāpattito vuṭṭhitamattassa kaṭṭhapātena vā kaṭhalapātena vā chinnasevālo viya udakaṃ, puna sarīraṃ vedanā ajjhottharati. Yā pana rūpasattakaṃ arūpasattakañca niggumbaṃ nijjaṭaṃ katvā mahāvipassanāvasena samāpannā samāpatti , sā suṭṭhu vikkhambheti. Yathā nāma purisena pokkharaṇiṃ ogāhetvā hatthehi ca pādehi ca suṭṭhu apabyuḷhasevālo cirena udakaṃ ottharati, evameva tato vuṭṭhitassa cirena vedanā uppajjati. Iti bhagavā taṃdivasaṃ mahābodhipallaṅke abhinavaṃ vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapento viya rūpasattakaṃ arūpasattakañca niggumbaṃ nijjaṭaṃ katvā cuddasahākārehi sannetvā mahāvipassanāya vedanaṃ vikkhambhetvā ‘‘dasamāse mā uppajjitthā’’ti samāpattiṃ samāpajji, samāpattivikkhambhitā vedanā dasa māse na uppajjiyeva.
那为何世尊以往不曾达成果报生起呢?世尊确实达到,那是刹那间的生起果报。刹那生起之果报,可视为内在生起的痛苦情境,它如被切断的竹管或甘蔗裂片般,痛苦断而复续,身痛随之反复出现在刹那间。世尊以身色世间各种境相放弃,置入静室安住,采用大观智慧入证此生起果报。犹如人以手足拍打池水,水波荡漾生起久而不灭,道理相同。于是世尊在菩提树下创新观照方法,入定结合大观智,以减少痛苦的起灭,断绝十个月的烦恼波动,体现刹那生起但痛苦不复生的境界。
Gilānā vuṭṭhitoti gilāno hutvā puna vuṭṭhito. Madhurakajāto viyāti sañjātagarubhāvo sañjātathaddhabhāvo sūle uttāsitapuriso viya. Na pakkhāyantīti na pakāsanti, nānākārato na upaṭṭhahanti. Dhammāpi maṃ nappaṭibhantīti satipaṭṭhānadhammā mayhaṃ pākaṭā na hontīti dīpeti. Tantidhammā pana therassa suppaguṇā. Na udāharatīti pacchimaovādaṃ na deti, taṃ sandhāya vadati.
“发作”指病势复发;“由甜生苦”意谓疾病难治,有严重性质,如同刺痛的箭伤之人。未发作时不显现,且无固定方向和模式,病痛虽起却不稳定。佛陀的法教清晰显现,避除疑惑障碍。这两种性质是比库的优良本质。佛陀并不以此作为一般论述的例子,而特别为此情况作说明。
Anantaraṃ abāhiranti dhammavasena vā puggalavasena vā ubhayaṃ akatvā. ‘‘Ettakaṃ dhammaṃ parassa na desessāmī’’ti hi cintento dhammaṃ abbhantaraṃ karoti nāma, ‘‘ettakaṃ parassa desessāmī’’ti cintento bāhiraṃ karoti nāma. ‘‘Imassa puggalassa desessāmī’’ti cintento pana puggalaṃ abbhantaraṃ karoti nāma, ‘‘imassa na desessāmī’’ti cintento puggalaṃ bāhiraṃ karoti nāma. Evaṃ akatvā desitoti attho. Ācariyamuṭṭhīti yathā bāhirakānaṃ ācariyamuṭṭhi nāma hoti, daharakāle kassaci akathetvā pacchimakāle maraṇamañce nipannā piyamanāpassa antevāsikassa kathenti, evaṃ tathāgatassa ‘‘idaṃ mahallakakāle pacchimaṭhāne kathessāmī’’ti muṭṭhiṃ katvā pariharitvā ṭhapitaṃ kiñci natthīti dasseti.
接着讲述佛陀教法的隐显:当心意不在外,亦不在内,则示意“不对外宣说此法”,这是内转;如思惟“应向外人宣说此法”,则为外转;思惟“当对该人法说法”,内心转向该人;思惟“不当对该人说法”,则将法转出该人。由此不做而仍说法,是指法的内转外转。如老师于外界的内止,则年轻时未广说,晚年临终前对亲近弟子讲授,示现临终时必有言说,盖法虽暂舍置但未泯灭。
Ahaṃ bhikkhusaṅghanti ahameva bhikkhusaṅghaṃ pariharissāmīti vā, mamuddesikoti ahaṃ uddisitabbaṭṭhena uddeso assāti mamuddesiko, mameva uddissitvā maṃ paccāsīsamāno bhikkhusaṅgho hotu mama accayena mā vā ahosi, yaṃ vā taṃ vā hotūti iti vā pana yassa assāti attho. Na evaṃ hotīti bodhipallaṅkeyeva issāmaccherānaṃ vigatattā evaṃ na hoti. Sa kinti so kiṃ. Āsītikoti asītisaṃvacchariko, idaṃ pacchimavayaṃ anuppattabhāvadīpanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Veṭhamissakenāti bāhabandhacakkabandhādinā paṭisaṅkharaṇena veṭhamissakena. Maññeti jarasakaṭaṃ viya veṭhamissakena maññe yāpeti, arahattaphalaveṭhanena catuiriyāpathakappanaṃ tathāgatassa hotīti dasseti.
我所称的比库僧团,是指我亲自护持的那一比库僧团。所谓“我意欲者”,是指我根据应当被指定的所在所指明的意志。比库僧团因缘于我而依止我而得以成立,愿该僧团不因我灭而断绝,亦不致由何者或何者成就。如此说义旨并非如此,正如菩提树枝头的苍鹰自然离去或不离去,这仍有其真理。那究竟是什么?所谓“阿斯蒂”,是指“有迹可循”,此语为说明西方涅槃无有所生之义而设。所谓“鞭打猎人”,是指以绳索捆绑臂膀与胯部等之束缚者。人们比喻此束缚如老虎之爪牙,恶虎之钳,是称其能束缚、能摧折者。通过阿拉汉果的感得,四神足的现起,显示此喻义成立。
Idāni tamatthaṃ pakāsento yasmiṃ ānanda samayetiādimāha. Tattha sabbanimittānanti rūpanimittādīnaṃ. Ekaccānaṃ vedanānanti lokiyānaṃ vedanānaṃ. Tasmātihānandāti yasmā iminā phalasamāpattivihārena phāsu hoti, tasmā tumhepi tadatthāya evaṃ viharathāti dasseti. Attadīpāti mahāsamuddagatā dīpaṃ viya attānaṃ dīpaṃ patiṭṭhaṃ katvā viharatha. Attasaraṇāti attagatikāva hotha, mā aññagatikā. Dhammadīpadhammasaraṇapadesupi eseva nayo. Ettha ca dhammoti navavidho lokuttaradhammo veditabbo. Tamataggeti tamaagge, majjhe ta-kāro padasandhivasena vutto. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ime aggatamāti tamataggāti . Evaṃ sabbaṃ tamasotaṃ chinditvā ativiya agge uttamabhāve ete, ānanda, mama bhikkhū bhavissanti, tesaṃ agge bhavissanti. Ye keci sikkhākāmā, sabbesaṃ tesaṃ catusatipaṭṭhānagocarāva bhikkhū agge bhavissantīti arahattanikūṭena desanaṃ gaṇhīti.
现在说明旨意所在,论及阿难等诸人相现时。此处所谓“一切因缘”,是指诸色之条件等。所谓“某一诸感受”,乃世俗世间的感受。因由此果位之成就而得轻安,故告诫你们诸位亦应于此义境中如是修行。所谓“自灯”,喻如大海中灯塔,确保自身安住、坚定而不动摇。所谓“自所依”,即成为自己归宿,不依赖他处。此灯与依归喻指法灯与法归,即真实之法。此处“法”是二种:一是超世间法,九种种类,须了知体。所谓“同位者”是指同法之层面,“中间者”是以连词表达。此言乃表明“此即该说之最上位”。故去断烦扰般涂黑暗,如此极高上乘境界,阿难,此时我的弟子众将成就,且于其前列为先。有诸修学志愿者,凡所有者,皆于四念处境中得以成就,故经以阿拉汉群集之义说。
10. Bhikkhunupassayasuttavaṇṇanā十、《比库尼住处经》注释
§376
376. Dasame tenupasaṅkamīti tasmiṃ upassaye kammaṭṭhānakammikā bhikkhuniyo atthi, tāsaṃ ussukkāpetvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathessāmīti upasaṅkami. Uḷāraṃ pubbenāparaṃ visesanti pubbavisesato aparaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ. Tattha mahābhūtapariggaho pubbaviseso, upādārūpapariggaho aparaviseso nāma. Tathā sakalarūpapariggaho pubbaviseso, arūpapariggaho aparaviseso nāma. Rūpārūpapariggaho pubbaviseso, paccayapariggaho aparaviseso nāma sappaccayanāmarūpadassanaṃ pubbaviseso, tilakkhaṇāropanaṃ aparaviseso nāma. Evaṃ pubbenāparaṃ uḷāravisesaṃ jānātīti attho.
第三百七十六条。所谓第十,谓诸当下至之(tenupasaṅkanti)状态。在此止息处,有专事之女比库尼,前来请求,欲述说修行法门,便进来。前后犹如互有差别,前者显现于先,后者显现于后。所谓“大元素收集”是前现相,谓执持恒常形体之法;“依附形体收集”是后现相,谓依止诸色不变之执着。如此,全体形体收集是前现相,无形收集是后现相。所谓“色对色收集”为前现相,“条件收集”为后现相。前现相是名为相依条件之名色之显现,后现相是三相之加持。由此得知此乃前与后、上下之别,称为“淳熟差别”。
Kāyārammaṇoti yaṃ kāyaṃ anupassati, tameva ārammaṇaṃ katvā uppajjati kilesapariḷāho. Bahiddhā vā cittaṃ vikkhipatīti bahiddhā vā puthuttārammaṇe cittuppādo vikkhipati. Kismiñcideva pasādanīye nimitte cittaṃ paṇidahitabbanti evaṃ kilesapariḷāhe ca līnatte ca bahiddhāvikkhepe ca uppanne kilesānurañjitena na vattitabbaṃ, kismiñcideva pasādanīye pasādāvahe buddhādīsu aññatarasmiṃ ṭhāne kammaṭṭhānacittaṃ ṭhapetabbaṃ. Cittaṃ samādhiyatīti ārammaṇe sammā ādhiyati suṭṭhu ṭhapitaṃ ṭhapiyati. Paṭisaṃharāmīti pasādanīyaṭṭhānato paṭisaṃharāmi, mūlakammaṭṭhānābhimukhaṃyeva naṃ karomīti attho. So paṭisaṃharati cevāti mūlakammaṭṭhānābhimukhañca peseti. Na ca vitakketi na ca vicāretīti kilesavitakkaṃ na vitakketi, kilesavicāraṃ na vicāreti. Avitakkomhi avicāroti kilesavitakkavicārehi avitakkāvicāro. Ajjhattaṃ satimā sukhamasmīti gocarajjhatte pavattāya satiyā ‘‘satimāhamasmi sukhito cā’’ti pajānāti.
所谓身缘,是指不留意身体者,亦即该缘成自身咸集烦恼。内心或外表散乱,或外现放逸心生兴起。于某个可调伏处,心须被调伏,因此于烦恼缠绕度柔弱放逸之时,既不应生烦恼追随亦不可随意放逸心绪。于某一安定处,则应将心安住于如佛及诸圣主之处所修行法门。所谓心得调伏,是指正依缘起,心得如法持守,安心稳定。所谓心内收摄者,是指调伏安定心,于根本业处转摄其心,而不动摇。所言非思维,非推察,意指非烦恼思维非烦恼推察。所谓无思无虑,即烦恼之思虑相互无对待。因心内常守念令心安适,能了知“我是具念,不苦不乐”之现前境。
Evaṃ kho, ānanda, paṇidhāya bhāvanā hotīti evaṃ, ānanda, ṭhapetvā bhāvanā hoti. Imassa hi bhikkhuno yathā nāma purisassa mahantaṃ ucchubhāraṃ ukkhipitvā yantasālaṃ nentassa kilantakilantakāle bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapetvā ucchukhaṇḍaṃ khāditvā puna ukkhipitvā gamanaṃ hoti; evameva arahattaṃ pāpuṇituṃ uggahitakammaṭṭhānassa kāyapariḷāhādīsu uppannesu taṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ ṭhapetvā buddhaguṇādianussaraṇena cittaṃ pasādetvā kammaniyaṃ katvā bhāvanā pavattā, tasmā ‘‘paṇidhāya bhāvanā hotī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tassa pana purisassa ucchubhāraṃ yantasālaṃ netvā pīḷetvā rasapānaṃ viya imassa bhikkhuno kammaṭṭhānaṃ matthakaṃ pāpetvā arahattaṃ pattassa phalasamāpattisukhānubhavanaṃ veditabbaṃ.
因此,阿难,当立愿而修习者,即此修习。此处比喻如那男子负担沉重扛抬苦难,如意形状之棒连连敲打其足,行进而不止;若以气力遍布心境,持念佛法,令心欢喜安适,遂发修学,称为立愿修习。男子以沉重负担负行、承受脚之痛苦,水饮如同苦难伴随。此为比喻当比库以身心之苦,依佛之德熏修自心,修成阿拉汉道果之喜乐。
Bahiddhāti mūlakammaṭṭhānaṃ pahāya bahi aññasmiṃ ārammaṇe. Appaṇidhāyāti aṭṭhapetvā. Atha pacchā pure asaṃkhittaṃ vimuttaṃ appaṇihitanti pajānātīti ettha kammaṭṭhānavasena vā sarīravasena vā desanāvasena vā attho veditabbo.
所谓外缘,是指舍弃根本修法,转向外在所缘处。所谓立愿,谓设立确实而坚定。之后方知昔日未经约束之自由为未曾立愿。于此,依修法、身法、说法,三者意涵须当了知。
Tattha kammaṭṭhāne tāva kammaṭṭhānassa abhiniveso pure nāma, arahattaṃ pacchā nāma. Tattha yo bhikkhu mūlakammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā kilesapariḷāhassa vā līnattassa vā bahiddhāvikkhepassa vā uppajjituṃ okāsaṃ adento sudantagoṇe yojetvā sārento viya caturassacchidde sutacchitaṃ caturassaghaṭikaṃ pakkhipanto viya vipassanaṃ paṭṭhapetvā atiṭṭhanto alagganto arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, so puresaṅkhātassa kammaṭṭhānābhinivesassa pacchāsaṅkhātassa arahattassa ca vasena pacchā pure asaṃkhittaṃ vimuttaṃ appaṇihitanti pajānāti nāma.
于此,所说的“修习处”之前名为“业修处”,之后名为“阿拉汉果”。其中,若有比库取根本所修习处,依止正随忧或懈怠或内外散乱起时机,于坚硬细密之网织者,如承接诸网格般建立正念观察,勤谨不断、前行不退,便得阿拉汉果。此人对前称之业修处之迷恋,以及其后之阿拉汉果的住持,自知为在前后两者之间,故谓“虽未湮灭于先,然已自由无执”,显现明了实相。
Sarīre pana pādaṅgulīnaṃ aggapabbāni pure nāma, sīsakaṭāhaṃ pacchā nāma. Tattha yo bhikkhu pādaṅgulīnaṃ aggapabbaaṭṭhikesu abhinivisitvā byābhaṅgiyā yavakalāpaṃ mocento viya vaṇṇasaṇṭhānadisokāsaparicchedavasena aṭṭhīni pariggaṇhanto antarā kilesapariḷāhādīnaṃ uppattiṃ vāretvā yāva sīsakaṭāhā bhāvanaṃ pāpeti, so puresaṅkhātānaṃ aggapādaṅgulipabbānaṃ pacchāsaṅkhātassa sīsakaṭāhassa ca vasena pacchā pure asaṃkhittaṃ vimuttaṃ appaṇihitanti pajānāti nāma.
至于身上脚趾前端之关节,之前名为“关节”,之后名为“顶骨缝”。其中,有比库止于脚趾前端诸关节,解脱于分离之碎谷,如除去污垢之断绝忧恼等烦恼,于骨算数内护持,断绝烦恼等之生起,且修习至顶骨缝而得成就,则知对先前之关节及后称之顶骨缝,皆不执着无碍,谓为随顺净解脱。
Desanāyapi dvattiṃsākāradesanāya kesā pure nāma, matthaluṅgaṃ pacchā nāma. Tattha yo bhikkhu kesesu abhinivisitvā vaṇṇasaṇṭhānadisokāsavasena kesādayo pariggaṇhanto antarā kilesapariḷāhādīnaṃ uppattiṃ vāretvā yāva matthaluṅgā bhāvanaṃ pāpeti. So puresaṅkhātānaṃ kesānaṃ pacchāsaṅkhātassa matthaluṅgassa ca vasena pacchā pure asaṃkhittaṃ vimuttaṃ appaṇihitanti pajānāti nāma.
闻说教法者中,头发前缘,之前名为“发际”,之后名为“发根”。其中,有比库止于头发前缘,护念于色相不净等,遍数头发之间,断绝烦恼及其生起,修习至发根而证得成就,则知对前称头发及后称发根,皆无著无碍,自在解脱。
Evaṃ kho, ānanda, appaṇidhāya bhāvanā hotīti evaṃ, ānanda, aṭṭhapetvā bhāvanā hoti. Imassa hi bhikkhuno yathā nāma purisassa guḷabhāraṃ labhitvā attano gāmaṃ atiharantassa antarā aṭṭhapetvāva uccaṅge pakkhittāni guḷakhaṇḍādīni khādanīyāni khādantassa attano gāmeyeva otaraṇaṃ hoti, evameva arahattaṃ pāpuṇituṃ āraddhabhāvanassa kāyapariḷāhādīnaṃ uppattiṃ vāretvā kammaṭṭhānabhāvanā pavattā, tasmā ‘‘appaṇidhāya bhāvanā’’ti vuttā. Tassa pana purisassa taṃ guḷabhāraṃ attano gāmaṃ netvā ñātīhi saddhiṃ paribhogo viya imassa bhikkhuno kammaṭṭhānaṃ matthakaṃ pāpetvā arahattaṃ pattassa phalasamāpattisukhānubhavanaṃ veditabbaṃ. Imasmiṃ sutte pubbabhāgavipassanā kathitā. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānamevāti.
如是,阿难,所谓无执着而修习,正是如此,阿难,谓为细密而练习。譬如此比库,如获获重麦谷半担般,越村越远,置于肩膀上,播撒粮食,渐成粮仓。阿拉汉果亦如是,修习者于初起身体疲劳等障碍破除后,正念观修便起,是故称为“无执着修习”。彼比库譬如有人将半担麦托村中亲友同乐,亦应获证阿拉汉果所带来之功德快乐。此处根本经中已详说前段观慧。结尾处皆举重言。
Ambapālivaggo paṭhamo. · 庵婆巴利品第一。
2. Nālandavaggo
第二章 那兰陀篇
2. Nālandasuttavaṇṇanā二、《那烂陀经》注释
§378
378. Dutiyavaggassa dutiye nālandāyanti nālandāti evaṃnāmake nagare, taṃ nagaraṃ gocaragāmaṃ katvā. Pāvārikambavaneti dussapāvārikaseṭṭhino ambavane. Taṃ kira tassa uyyānaṃ ahosi. So bhagavato dhammadesanaṃ sutvā bhagavati pasanno tasmiṃ uyyāne kuṭileṇamaṇḍapādipaṭimaṇḍitaṃ bhagavato vihāraṃ katvā niyyātesi. So vihāro jīvakambavanaṃ viya pāvārikambavanantveva saṅkhaṃ gato. Tasmiṃ pāvārikambavane viharatīti attho.
第378则 第二章中之第二则 在名为“那兰陀”的城中,传说名为“那兰陀”,此城曾为牛马出没村庄。传说“帕瓦利坎巴”是恶名著称富户之名,传说其园林即为此园。世尊听闻法音,心生欢喜,于此园中筑建斜顶寺寮,置灯台及灯盏,建为世尊住处。此寺寮乃于“基瓦坎巴园”及“帕瓦利坎巴园”之间而造,故称语义为帕瓦利坎巴园中所住处。
Evaṃpasannoti evaṃ uppannasaddho, evaṃ saddahāmīti attho. Bhiyyobhiññataroti bhiyyataro abhiññāto bhiyyatarābhiyyo vā, uttaritarañāṇoti attho. Sambodhiyanti sabbaññutaññāṇe arahattamaggañāṇe vā arahattamaggeneva hi buddhaguṇā nippadesā gahitā honti, dvepi aggasāvakā arahattamaggeneva sāvakapāramīñāṇaṃ paṭilabhanti, paccekabuddhā paccekabodhiñāṇaṃ, buddhā sabbaññutaññāṇañceva sakale ca buddhaguṇe. Sabbampi nesaṃ arahattamaggeneva ijjhati. Tasmā arahattamaggañāṇaṃ sambodhi nāma hoti. Tena uttaritaro ca bhagavatā natthi. Tenāha ‘‘bhagavatā bhiyyobhiññataro, yadidaṃ sambodhiya’’nti.
“如是信乐”者,谓如是生起信心,如是信敬之意。所谓“更上智慧”者,或更为人所知,或更为别人所认识,或更智慧超越彼此,皆称“更上智慧”。所谓“觉知”者,则是世尊以无上全知全觉之智慧通达阿拉汉道之智慧。世尊教法之德,正如阿拉汉道智慧境地,乃真理的至高表达。两种主要弟子亦分别获得阿拉汉道智慧:在家众智获见沙门果德,独觉者证得独觉之智慧,佛陀则具备无所不知全智。诸位皆依阿拉汉道智慧而成就。是故,谓阿拉汉道智慧即为正觉智慧。世尊无有超越者,是故说“世尊乃智慧最上,故称为正觉”也。
Uḷārāti seṭṭhā. Ayañhi uḷārasaddo ‘‘uḷārāni khādanīyāni khādantī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.366) madhure āgacchati. ‘‘Uḷārāya khalu bhavaṃ vacchāyano samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ pasaṃsāya pasaṃsatī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.288) seṭṭhe. ‘‘Appamāṇo uḷāro obhāso’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.32; ma. ni. 3.201) vipule. Svāyamidha seṭṭhe āgato. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘uḷārāti seṭṭhā’’ti. Āsabhīti usabhassa vācāsadisī acalā asampavedhī. Ekaṃso gahitoti anussavena vā ācariyaparamparāya vā itikirāya vā piṭakasampadānena vā ākāraparivitakkena vā diṭṭhinijjhānakkhantiyā vā takkahetu vā nayahetu vā akathetvā paccakkhato ñāṇena paṭivijjhitvā viya ekaṃso gahito, sanniṭṭhānakathāva kathitāti attho. Sīhanādoti seṭṭhanādo, vane unnādayantena sīhena viya uttamanādo naditoti attho.
“优乐”意即尊胜。此“优乐”一词,源自《中部·念经》云:“优乐者,谓所食之物。”又《中部·念语》称赞“优乐,即尊胜者。”《长部·念经》多处称之为广大庄严者。此处即谓尊胜者来也。又有“阿萨波”者,乃牛之异名,谓言语坚固不可破。尊胜一义,乃指受教传统传绎相承,或传依师资世系,或经律典成就,或由于修学决断而知见清净,或因理智、品格、理由与方绪相合,圆满而不缺失,如此集成一处成一体,谓之“尊胜”。“狮吼”者,则谓如狮子般发出最高声威,像森林中咆哮的狮王叫声,是最佳且响彻众林之鸣也。
Kiṃnu te sāriputtāti imaṃ desanaṃ kasmā ārabhi? Anuyogadāpanatthaṃ. Ekacco hi sīhanādaṃ naditvā attano sīhanāde anuyogaṃ dātuṃ na sakkoti, nighaṃsanaṃ na khamati, silese patitamakkaṭo viya hoti. Yathā dhamamānaṃ aparisuddhaṃ lohaṃ jhāyitvā aṅgāro hoti, evaṃ jhāmaṅgāro viya hoti. Eko sīhanāde anuyogaṃ dāpiyamāno dātuṃ sakkoti, nighaṃsanaṃ khamati , dhamamānaṃ niddosajātarūpaṃ viya adhikataraṃ sobhati, tādiso thero. Tena naṃ bhagavā ‘‘anuyogakkhamo aya’’nti ñatvā sīhanāde anuyogadāpanatthaṃ imaṃ desanaṃ ārabhi.
“那你,沙利耶,何故而宣说此法?”问以为启发。实因规范之旨在于传达教理,犹如有人吹狮吼声,然不能以自己声威传递教法,不能阻止敌对,如铁未净时遇火燃烧,生火花般燃起烦恼。只有能以自己狮吼之威传法者,能够调伏敌对,教法如净铁愈燃愈明,此乃长老所具德。于是世尊称此人“能令教法坚固”,即因此故以狮吼之喻启示此教法。
Tattha sabbe teti sabbe te tayā. Evaṃsīlāti maggasīlena phalasīlena lokiyalokuttarasīlena evaṃsīlā. Evaṃdhammāti ettha samādhipakkhā dhammā adhippetā, maggasamādhinā phalasamādhinā lokiyalokuttarena samādhinā evaṃsamādhīti attho. Evaṃpaññāti maggapaññādivaseneva evaṃpaññā. Evaṃvihārinoti ettha pana heṭṭhā samādhipakkhānaṃ dhammānaṃ gahitattā vihāro gahitopi puna kasmā gahitameva gaṇhatīti ce. Therena idaṃ gahitameva. Idañhi nirodhasamāpattidīpanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Tasmā evaṃ nirodhasamāpattivihārino te bhagavanto ahesunti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.
“尊胜”乃最高。在此,尊胜意指修行道之具德,果德,世间及出世间之品德皆为尊胜。 “如是法”指禅定等修法。禅定分道禅、果禅,世俗及出世间禅定皆称作“如是禅定”。“如是慧”专指道慧及智慧之总和。这里“如是修行”谓由持守下方禅定之行为称修行,持守与专持殊异,持者当识其义。长老修行此法,旨在示现涅槃寂灭之生起。故学涅槃之修行者即是世尊。此理当如是理解。
Evaṃvimuttāti ettha vikkhambhanavimutti, tadaṅgavimutti, samucchedavimutti, paṭipassaddhivimutti, nissaraṇavimuttīti pañcavidhā vimutti. Tattha aṭṭha samāpattiyo sayaṃ vikkhambhitehi nīvaraṇādīhi vimuttattā vikkhambhanavimuttīti saṅkhaṃ gacchanti. Aniccānupassanādikā satta anupassanā sayaṃ tassa tassa paccanīkavasena pariccattāhi niccasaññādīhi vimuttattā tadaṅgavimuttīti saṅkhaṃ gacchanti. Cattāro ariyamaggā sayaṃ samucchinnehi kilesehi vimuttattā samucchedavimuttīti saṅkhaṃ gacchanti. Cattāri sāmaññaphalāni maggānubhāvena kilesānaṃ paṭipassaddhante uppannattā paṭipassaddhivimuttīti saṅkhaṃ gacchanti. Nibbānaṃ sabbakilesehi nissaṭattā apagatattā dūre ṭhitattā nissaraṇavimuttīti saṅkhaṃ gataṃ. Iti imāsaṃ pañcannaṃ vimuttīnaṃ vasena evaṃ vimuttāti ettha attho daṭṭhabbo.
“如是解脱”者,指五种解脱:游离烦恼之解脱,断除世间解脱,断灭烦恼之解脱,修行心境安稳之解脱,及离脱束缚之解脱。八种禅定境界中,因烦恼诸扰染断除而游离之谓游离解脱。因无常观等七种观境令瞋恚等尘埃消退而得之谓断除解脱。四圣道断除四结使烦恼尽绝者谓灭尽解脱。四禅果之功德于烦恼观察令烦恼生起时断则为修行心境安稳之解脱。涅槃远离一切烦恼,清净安立者谓离脱解脱。以此五解脱为本义,如是谓“如是解脱”。
Kiṃpana te sāriputta ye te bhavissantīti atītā tāva niruddhā apaṇṇattikabhāvaṃ gatā dīpasikhā viya nibbutā, evaṃ niruddhe apaṇṇattikabhāvaṃ gate tvaṃ kathaṃ jānissasi, anāgatabuddhānaṃ pana guṇā kiṃ tayā attano cittena paricchinditvā viditāti pucchanto evamāha.
“那你,沙利耶啊,那今昔当有之人,若昔日之人已定断而证无退转境,如灭灯火般涅槃。既然如此若处此已断无退转境,尔当何以识知?若问未来佛人之德何在,他人问及,则如此答云。”
Kiṃ pana tyāhaṃ sāriputta etarahīti anāgatāpi buddhā ajātā anibbattā anuppannā, te kathaṃ jānissasi. Tesañhi jānanaṃ apade ākāse padadassanaṃ viya hoti. Idāni mayā saddhiṃ ekavihāre vasasi, ekato bhikkhāya carasi, dhammadesanākāle dakkhiṇapasse nisīdasi, kiṃ pana mayhaṃ guṇā attano cetasā paricchinditvā viditā tayāti anuyuñjanto evamāha. Thero pana pucchitapucchite ‘‘no hetaṃ bhante’’ti paṭikkhipati.
复次,沙利子,于未来世中佛陀尚未出世、未曾生成、未曾得成道者,你将如何知晓呢?对此知见,恰似高空中降下的光明现象一般显现。如今我与你同住一所僧院,你从一侧行持比库戒律,法义宣说时坐于南面。复次,你经过自心审察,深入明了我之品德,乃遵从而说此言。长老在反复询问中,却反驳曰:“尊者,此非事实。”
Therassa ca viditampi atthi, aviditampi. Kiṃ so attano viditaṭṭhāne paṭikkhepaṃ karoti, aviditaṭṭhāneti? Viditaṭṭhāne na karoti, aviditaṭṭhāneyeva karoti. Thero kira anuyoge āraddhe evaṃ aññāsi ‘‘nāyaṃ anuyogo sāvakapāramīñāṇe, sabbaññutaññāṇe pana ayaṃ anuyogo’’ti attano sāvakapāramīñāṇe paṭikkhepaṃ akatvāva aviditaṭṭhāne sabbaññutaññāṇe paṭikkhepaṃ karoti. Tena idampi dīpeti – bhagavā mayhaṃ atītānāgatapaccuppannānaṃ buddhānaṃ sīlasamādhipaññāvimuttikāraṇajānanasamatthaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ natthīti.
长老所知有已知者与未知者。彼为何在自己已知处不予反对,却在未知处反对?在已知处决不反对,于未知处反对如是。该长老已起修行相续,内心明了:“此般相续非通向弟子波罗蜜智的相续,然是通向一切智慧知相续。”于是他不在弟子波罗蜜智处反对,而在未知在一切智慧智处反对。因此此言亦显现——世尊让我知晓,昔过去未来现前之佛,因行持清净戒律、禅定、智慧、解脱,故成就一切智慧,且无一切智慧之外。
Etthāti etesu atītādibhedesu buddhesu. Atha kiñcarahīti atha kasmā evaṃ ñāṇe asati tayā evaṃ kathitanti vadati. Dhammanvayoti dhammassa paccakkhato ñāṇassa anuyogaṃ anugantvā uppannaṃ anumānañāṇaṃ nayaggāho vidito, sāvakapāramīñāṇe ṭhatvāva iminā ākārena jānāmi bhagavāti vadati. Therassa hi nayaggāho appamāṇo apariyanto. Yathā ca sabbaññutaññāṇassa pamāṇaṃ vā pariyanto vā natthi, evaṃ dhammasenāpatino nayaggāhassa. Tena so – ‘‘iminā evaṃvidho iminā evaṃvidho, iminā anuttaro iminā anuttaro satthā’’ti jānāti. Therassa hi nayaggāho sabbaññutaññāṇagatiko eva.
此处“此语”谓于诸往世佛中如是之判断。至于“复何谓耶”,为何说如此无明中尚存智慧?是因为依教法条理之知,依顺法理先后所起推断智慧,建立凭据;立于弟子波罗蜜智之后,以此标志显现“此即世尊”之识。彼长老之凭据是无量无尽的。如同一切智慧无际无量,此便是诸法军师领袖之凭据。因此他知:“此凭据如是,如是,不可超越,是无上导师。”彼长老所依凭据唯入一切智慧之境。
Idāni taṃ nayaggāhaṃ pākaṭaṃ kātuṃ upamaṃ dassento seyyathāpi bhantetiādimāha. Tattha yasmā majjhimadese nagarassa uddhāpapākārādīni thirāni vā hontu dubbalāni vā, sabbaso vā pana mā hontu, corānaṃ āsaṅkā na hoti. Tasmā taṃ aggahetvā paccantimaṃ nagaranti āha. Daḷhuddhāpanti thiramūlapākāraṃ. Daḷhapākāratoraṇanti thirapākārañceva thirapiṭṭhasaṅghāṭañca. Ekadvāranti kasmā āha? Bahudvāre hi nagare bahūhi paṇḍitadovārikehi bhavitabbaṃ, ekadvāreva eko vaṭṭati. Therassa ca paññāya sadiso añño natthi, tasmā attano paṇḍitabhāvassa opammatthaṃ ekaṃyeva dovārikaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘ekadvāra’’nti āha.
如今彼欲明示此凭据之明显,举例如同尊者云:在城市中心,城门坚固有护墙;护墙或巍峨坚牢,或柔弱不坚;绝非所有门皆坚固,乃以防盗贼未生猜疑,因此称其为后门。所谓牢固护墙,是稳定根基防护之护壁。所谓坚固门廊,是坚防护墙与防护门卫围绕之结构。为何称一个门为“单门”?因城市需多门,多贤士亦当设多门,唯彼门胜出独具一格。长老智慧无二,故以显其贤达自持,故称单门。
Paṇḍitoti paṇḍiccena samannāgato. Byattoti veyyattiyena samannāgato visadañāṇo. Medhāvīti ṭhānuppattikapaññāsaṅkhātāya medhāya samannāgato. Anupariyāyapathanti anupariyāyanāmakaṃ pākāramaggaṃ. Pākārasandhinti dvinnaṃ iṭṭhakānaṃ apagataṭṭhānaṃ. Pākāravivaranti pākārassa chinnaṭṭhānaṃ. Cetaso upakkileseti pañcanīvaraṇā cittaṃ upakkilissanti kiliṭṭhaṃ karonti upatāpenti viheṭhenti, tasmā ‘‘cetaso upakkilesā’’ti vuccanti. Paññāya dubbalīkaraṇeti nīvaraṇā uppajjamānā anuppannāya paññāya uppajjituṃ na denti, tasmā ‘‘paññāya dubbalīkaraṇā’’ti vuccanti. Supatiṭṭhitacittāti catūsu satipaṭṭhānesu suṭṭhu ṭhapitacittā hutvā. Satta bojjhaṅge yathābhūtanti satta bojjhaṅge yathāsabhāvena bhāvetvā. Anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhinti arahattaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ paṭivijjhiṃsūti dasseti.
贤达者谓具智慧。通达者谓具广识明辨。聪慧者谓有处所生起智慧。至于复绕道路,谓号为复绕环路之护城道路。护城环路连接二处,即为两城墙之间通途。护城环路谓护城破断之处。心污染者谓五盖能污染、玷污心,使心不净,致作恶行而扰乱,故称“心污染”。智慧败坏者谓盖起时,使智慧未生起或不能生起,故称“智慧败坏”。坚立之心谓于四念处中清净安住,七觉支正依次修习等。无上正觉谓如来、阿拉汉、具足一切智慧之觉。
Apicettha satipaṭṭhānāti vipassanā, bojjhaṅgā maggo, anuttarasammāsambodhi arahattaṃ. Satipaṭṭhānāti vā vipassanā, bojjhaṅgāmissakā, sammāsambodhi arahattameva. Dīghabhāṇakamahāsīvatthero panāha ‘‘satipaṭṭhāne vipassanaṃ gahetvā bojjhaṅge maggo ca sabbaññutaññāṇañcāti gahite sundaro pañho bhaveyya, na panevaṃ gahita’’nti. Iti thero sabbabuddhānaṃ nīvaraṇappahāne satipaṭṭhānabhāvanāya sambodhiyañca majjhe bhinnasuvaṇṇarajatānaṃ viya nānattābhāvaṃ dasseti.
此处说四念处,即是观、觉支之道,能通入无上正觉阿拉汉果。四念处即是观法、觉支诸法,乃成无上正觉与阿拉汉果。长老大师大舍摩多言:“依四念处修习观法,兼具觉支妙义,即能通达一切智慧。”长老示现一切佛门除烦恼障碍之由,缘念处修法之修行,犹黄金与白银殊异光芒其间明白无二。
Idha ṭhatvā upamā saṃsandetabbā – āyasmā hi sāriputto paccantanagaraṃ dassesi, pākāraṃ dassesi, anupariyāyapathaṃ dassesi, dvāraṃ dassesi, paṇḍitadovārikaṃ dassesi, nagaraṃ pavisanakanikkhamanake oḷārike pāṇe dassesi, dovārikassa tesaṃ pāṇānaṃ pākaṭabhāvaṃ dassesi. Tattha kiṃ kena sadisanti ce? Nagaraṃ viya hi nibbānaṃ, pākāro viya sīlaṃ, anupariyāyapatho viya hirī, dvāraṃ viya ariyamaggo, paṇḍitadovāriko viya dhammasenāpati, nagaraṃ pavisanakanikkhamanakā oḷārikapāṇā viya atītānāgatapaccuppannā buddhā, dovārikassa tesaṃ pāṇānaṃ pākaṭabhāvo viya āyasmato sāriputtassa atītānāgatapaccuppannānaṃ buddhānaṃ sīlasamathādīhi pākaṭabhāvo. Ettāvatā therena bhagavato – ‘‘evamahaṃ sāvakapāramīñāṇe ṭhatvā dhammanvayena nayaggāhena jānāmī’’ti attano sīhanādassa anuyogo dinno hoti.
在此应当立定比喻加以说明——因为具寿沙利子曾经显现过近城,显现城墙,显现环绕之道,显现门户,显现为智者门卫者,显现出进入城内与出城的门槛,以及门卫者手中五道之明显特质。对此何以比拟?城邑正如涅槃,城墙如戒律,环绕之道如羞耻心,门户如圣道,智者门卫如法军统领,进入城内与出城的门槛正如过去、未来与现在显现的佛,门卫者手中五道之明显特质正如具寿沙利子对应过去、未来与现在显现诸佛所具足的戒定等明显特征。到此为止,长老、世尊弟子,谓:“我凭仗如是弟子波罗蜜智慧,依据此法相续因缘加以引领,已洞悉通达。”因此当授予他狮子吼讲说的资格。
Tasmāti yasmā ‘‘na kho metaṃ, bhante, atītānāgatapaccuppannesu arahantesu sammāsambuddhesu cetopariyañāṇaṃ atthi, apica dhammanvayo vidito’’ti vadati, tasmā. Abhikkhaṇaṃ bhāseyyāsīti punappunaṃ bhāseyyāsi, ‘‘pubbaṇhe me kathita’’nti mā majjhanhikādīsu na kathayittha, ‘‘ajja vā me kathita’’nti mā paradivasādīsu na kathayitthāti attho. Sā pahīyissatīti ‘‘sāriputtasadisopi nāma ñāṇajavanasampanno sāvako buddhānaṃ cittācāraṃ jānituṃ na sakkoti, evaṃ appameyyā tathāgatā’’ti cintentānaṃ yā tathāgate kaṅkhā vā vimati vā, sā pahīyissatīti.
所以说:既然有人言:“尊者,这过去、未来与现在显现的阿拉汉、正觉者并无心意透彻智慧,且已知法之相续”,因此我反复讲说,“我已于清晨时分宣说,勿于午后诸时讲说”,“今日我已开示,勿于日暮以后复述”,此语即是此意。因而放弃此念说:“即使如沙利子般具智慧觉悟的弟子,实亦无法洞察佛的心行,正如诸多如来无以广泛知阅。”存有此种对如来的疑虑与迷惑,故当舍弃此言。
3. Cundasuttavaṇṇanā三、《准德经》注释
§379
379. Tatiye magadhesūti evaṃnāmake janapade. Nālakagāmaketi rājagahassa avidūre attano kulasantake evaṃnāmake gāme. Cundo samaṇuddesoti ayaṃ thero dhammasenāpatissa kaniṭṭhabhātiko, taṃ bhikkhū anupasampannakāle ‘‘cundo samaṇuddeso’’ti samudācaritvā therakālepi tatheva samudācariṃsu. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘cundo samaṇuddeso’’ti. Upaṭṭhāko hotīti mukhodakadantakaṭṭhadānena ceva pariveṇasammajjana-piṭṭhiparikammakaraṇa-pattacīvaraggahaṇena ca upaṭṭhānakaro hoti. Parinibbāyīti anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā parinibbuto. Katarasmiṃ kāleti? Bhagavato parinibbānasaṃvacchare.
三百七十九。所谓第三摩揭陀国,名曰如是的民众聚居地。所谓那落迦村,即离王舍城不远,为其本族社群所在之村落。尊者准陀,贤者之意,此长老曾为法军统领之最小弟,诸比库未能亲近时,闻其名号称“准陀禅师”,老年时仍如前般闻名。因此有记载称“准陀禅师”。其侍者由日常供养牙齿洁白、斧头柄赠与、围坐依赖茅舍、缝制袈裟等事宜而担任。所谓般涅槃,指无余依止涅槃法界而涅槃。询问“何时?”为世尊涅槃之时也。
Tatrāyaṃ anupubbikathā – bhagavā kira vutthavasso veḷuvagāmakā nikkhamitvā ‘‘sāvatthiṃ gamissāmī’’ti āgatamaggeneva paṭinivattanto anupubbena sāvatthiṃ patvā jetavanaṃ pāvisi. Dhammasenāpati bhagavato vattaṃ dassetvā divāṭṭhānaṃ gato, so tattha antevāsikesu vattaṃ dassetvā paṭikkantesu divāṭṭhānaṃ sammajjitvā cammakhaṇḍaṃ paññāpetvā pāde pakkhāletvā pallaṅkaṃ ābhujitvā phalasamāpattiṃ pāvisi. Athassa yathā paricchedena tato vuṭṭhitassa ayaṃ parivitakko udapādi ‘‘buddhā nu kho paṭhamaṃ parinibbāyanti, udāhu aggasāvakāti, tato ‘‘aggasāvakā paṭhama’’nti ñatvā attano āyusaṅkhāraṃ olokesi. So ‘‘sattāhameva me āyusaṅkhārā pavattissantī’’ti ñatvā ‘‘kattha parinibbāyissāmī’’ti cintesi.
此处有所谓的渐次说法——世尊据说当年自逾越塔城出发,迦卢伐村外,随即返向往沙瓦提。渐次入沙瓦提而至揭德林。法军统领导世尊行程,白昼住宿于园中终点处,结束时在住处演示步行法,整顿白昼行处,擦洗足部,整顿床榻,入寂获得果报。此后,法军统领凭其所受教义,思及已讲法之章节,生起疑虑:“佛陀果真为首首次涅槃者?第一弟子又是谁?”遂观其自寿数,知自身寿命还剩七天,进而思量:“我将于何处涅槃?”
Tato ‘‘rāhulo tāvatiṃsesu parinibbuto, aññāsikoṇḍaññatthero chaddantadahe, ahaṃ kattha parinibbāyissāmī’’ti punappunaṃ cintento mātaraṃ ārabbha satiṃ uppādesi – ‘‘mayhaṃ mātā sattannaṃ arahantānaṃ mātā hutvāpi buddhadhammasaṅghesu appasannā, atthi nu kho tassā upanissayo, natthi nu kho’’ti. Sotāpattimaggassa upanissayaṃ disvā ‘‘kassa desanāya abhisamayo bhavissatī’’ti olokento ‘‘mameva dhammadesanāya bhavissati, na aññassa. Sace kho panāhaṃ appossukko bhaveyyaṃ, bhavissanti me vattāro – ‘‘sāriputtatthero avasesajanānampi avassayo hoti. Tathā hissa samacittasuttantadesanādivase (a. ni. 2.33-37) koṭisatasahassadevatā arahattaṃ pattā, tayo magge paṭividdhadevatānaṃ gaṇanā natthi, aññesu ca ṭhānesu anekā abhisamayā dissanti, there ca cittaṃ pasādetvā sagge nibbattāneva asīti kulasahassāni, so dāni sakamātumicchādassanamattampi harituṃ nāsakkhī’’ti. Tasmā mātaraṃ micchādassanā mocetvā jātovarakeyeva parinibbāyissāmī’’ti sanniṭṭhānaṃ katvā ‘‘ajjeva bhagavantaṃ anujānāpetvā nikkhamissāmī’’ti cundattheraṃ āmantesi – ‘‘āvuso, cunda, amhākaṃ pañcasatāya bhikkhuparisāya saññaṃ dehi. ‘Gaṇhathāvuso pattacīvarāni, dhammasenāpati nālakagāmaṃ gantukāmo’’’ti. Thero tathā akāsi.
于是再三思念“罗睺罗涅槃于三十六岁,另一长老车盗火烧,吾当何处涅槃?”继而担忧母亲,乃七名阿拉汉母亲之一,虽身为佛法僧团成员,却心不安详,思惟何为所依,何为非所依。见得须陀洹果道依止,思虑“谁人所教?今后谁人传法?”观望之中,认定“唯有我将受教无他人。若我早逝,必致法脉断绝——尊者沙利子虽即将涅槃,却有众多随众,不少神祇曾得菩提阿拉汉,三乘皆获正觉护持,非他处所及。彼人亦将得天上逍遥之享,不容我稍起魔念影响。”于是,为解除母亲之误解,要于出生之处涅槃。遂向准陀长老示以计划:“朋友,准陀,为我们五百比库者所共识,准陀愿携袈裟前往那落迦村。”长老乃如是行事。
Bhikkhū senāsanaṃ saṃsāmetvā pattacīvaramādāya therassa santikaṃ agamaṃsu. Thero senāsanaṃ saṃsāmetvā divāṭṭhānaṃ sammajjitvā divāṭṭhānadvāre ṭhatvā divāṭṭhānaṃ oloketvā ‘‘idaṃ dāni pacchimadassanaṃ, puna āgamanaṃ natthī’’ti pañcasatabhikkhūhi parivuto bhagavantaṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā bhagavantaṃ etadavoca ‘‘anujānātu me bhante bhagavā, anujānātu sugato. Parinibbānakālo me, ossaṭṭho me āyusaṅkhāro’’ti. Buddhā pana yasmā ‘‘parinibbāhī’’ti vutte maraṇavaṇṇaṃ saṃvaṇṇentīti, ‘‘mā parinibbāhī’’ti vutte vaṭṭassa guṇaṃ kathentīti micchādiṭṭhikā dosaṃ āropessanti, tasmā tadubhayampi na vadanti. Tena naṃ bhagavā – ‘‘kattha parinibbāyissasi sāriputtā’’ti vatvā – ‘‘atthi, bhante, magadhesu nālakagāme jātovarako, tatthāhaṃ parinibbāyissāmī’’ti vutte – ‘‘yassa dāni tvaṃ, sāriputta, kālaṃ maññasi, idāni pana te jeṭṭhakaniṭṭhabhātikānaṃ tādisassa bhikkhuno dassanaṃ dullabhaṃ bhavissati, desehi nesaṃ dhamma’’nti āha.
比库们集会整理驻所,取袈裟而前往长老处。长老亦整理驻所,整顿白昼行处,在白昼行门前立站,观视白昼行处,说:“此处今为西观处,复无返入。”被五百比库包围,近佛而来,礼敬佛,恳请佛许诺:“愿尊者许可,我当时至涅槃,寿命剩余不多。”因世尊言“涅槃即灭亡”,故人或误解为“非灭亡”,以谬见加害佛教真理,故佛不作此两义之分别。又因故,佛问沙利子:“尔将于何处涅槃?”答曰:“尊者,摩揭陀国那落迦村,吾将于彼涅槃。”佛告曰:“尔今所思之时,长老中最年长最幼辈弟子听闻之法,将为罕见之法,于此处所无此法。”
Thero – ‘‘satthā mayhaṃ iddhivikubbanapubbaṅgamaṃ dhammadesanaṃ paccāsīsatī’’ti ñatvā bhagavantaṃ vanditvā tālappamāṇaṃ ākāsaṃ abbhuggantvā oruyha dasabalassa pāde vandi, puna dvitālappamāṇaṃ abbhuggantvā oruyha dasabalassa pāde vandi, etenupāyena sattatālappamāṇaṃ abbhuggantvā anekāni pāṭihāriyasatāni dassento dhammakathaṃ ārabhi. Dissamānenapi kāyena katheti, adissamānenapi. Uparimena vā heṭṭhimena vā upaḍḍhakāyena katheti adissamānenapi dissamānenapi, kālena candavaṇṇaṃ dasseti, kālena sūriyavaṇṇaṃ, kālena pabbatavaṇṇaṃ, kālena samuddavaṇṇaṃ, kālena cakkavattirājā hoti, kālena vessavaṇamahārājā, kālena sakko devarājā, kālena mahābrahmāti evaṃ anekāni pāṭihāriyasatāni dassento dhammakathaṃ kathesi. Sakalanagaraṃ sannipati. Thero oruyha dasabalassa pāde vanditvā aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ satthā āha – ‘‘ko nāmo ayaṃ sāriputta dhammapariyāyo’’ti. Sīhavikīḷito nāma, bhanteti. Taggha, sāriputta, sīhavikīḷito taggha, sāriputta, sīhavikīḷitoti.
长老曾言:「『教主在我之前已讲授神通广大、功德始终周备的佛法』。」闻此,长老顶礼世尊,伸展手掌向空中高举,然后跪伏于世尊脚下礼拜;复次,伸展双手掌向空中高举,跪伏于世尊脚下礼拜。以此方法,举起七层手掌高,展示百般奇妙神通,开始宣说佛法。即使末见,亦以身姿宣说;即使有见亦然。以上下长短、变幻身体说教,亦显现无常之相,时现月色,时现日光,时现山色,时现海色,时为世界统治者,时为大梵王,时为萨咖天帝,时现大神梵天,如此百般神奇显现说法。众人汇聚城中。长老跪于世尊脚下礼拜,后站立。世尊问曰:「此沙利子所释者,为何名?」答:「名为狮戏。」世尊复言:「善哉,沙利子!此即狮戏。」沙利子复三称此名。
Thero alattakavaṇṇe hatthe pasāretvā satthu suvaṇṇakacchapasadise pāde gopphakesu gahetvā – ‘‘bhante, imesaṃ pādānaṃ vandanatthāya kappasatasahassādhikaṃ asaṅkhyeyyaṃ pāramiyo pūritā, so me manoratho matthakaṃ patto, ito dāni paṭṭhāya paṭisandhivasena na puna ekaṭṭhāne sannipāto samāgamo atthi, chinno esa vissāso, anekehi buddhasatasahassehi paviṭṭhaṃ ajaraṃ amaraṃ khemaṃ sukhaṃ sītalaṃ abhayaṃ nibbānapuraṃ pavisissāmi, sace me kiñci kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā na rocetha, khamatha taṃ bhagavā, gamanakālo mayha’’nti. Khamāmi te, sāriputta, na kho pana te kiñci kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā mayhaṃ aruccanakaṃ atthi, yassa dāni tvaṃ, sāriputta, kālaṃ maññasīti.
长老摊开手掌,承接世尊脚,如黄金甲壳,恭敬握持,言:「尊者,以此脚为礼,历经千百千万劫无量之波罗蜜已具足,我意所欲已证得,如今断除后世起会合的因缘,没有分散之忧,深信不疑,未来必能进入无老、无死、安全、安乐、清凉、无畏、涅槃之境。若我身语有所不悦,容我请罪,世尊,请允予我离去之时。」世尊答曰:「沙利子,我原谅你,但你身语皆无违碍,不曾使我不悦,时刻请自量度。」
Iti bhagavatā anuññātasamanantaraṃ satthu pāde vanditvā uṭṭhitamatte āyasmante sāriputte sinerucakkavāḷahimavantaparibhaṇḍapabbate dhārayamānāpi – ‘‘ajja imaṃ guṇarāsiṃ dhāretuṃ na sakkomī’’ti vadantī viya ekappahāreneva viravamānā mahāpathavī yāva udakapariyantā akampi, ākāse devadundubhiyo phaliṃsu, mahāmegho uṭṭhahitvā pokkharavassaṃ vassi.
于是,世尊恩许,长老跪起,立于雪山之顶,言:「今日无力承担此重宝。」即使断其半脚,天地依然巍峨,穿云天鼓响彻,乌云升起雨洒池塘。
Satthā – ‘‘dhammasenāpatiṃ paṭipādessāmī’’ti dhammāsanā vuṭṭhāya gandhakuṭiabhimukho gantvā maṇiphalake aṭṭhāsi. Thero tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā catūsu ṭhānesu vanditvā – ‘‘bhagavā ito kappasatasahassādhikassa asaṅkhyeyyassa upari anomadassīsammāsambuddhassa pādamūle nipajjitvā tumhākaṃ dassanaṃ patthesiṃ, sā me patthanā samiddhā, diṭṭhā tumhe, taṃ paṭhamadassanaṃ, idaṃ pacchimadassanaṃ. Puna tumhākaṃ dassanaṃ natthī’’ti vatvā dasanakhasamodhānasamujjalaṃ añjaliṃ paggayha yāva dassanavisayā abhimukhova paṭikkamitvā vanditvā pakkāmi. Puna mahāpathavī dhāretuṃ asakkontī udakapariyantaṃ katvā akampi.
世尊起立说:「将领军官法当宣说。」告辞法座,前往香亭,立于玛尼宝石板上。长老绕三匝礼拜四方,说:「世尊降临于此,历经千百千万劫之无量佛足下,我已得初次之见,此为复次之见。此后无他显示。」随即合掌,起身向佛对诸法目致敬并告辞。山河坚固依旧,天地如故雨水丰沛。
Bhagavā parivāretvā ṭhite bhikkhū āha – ‘‘anugacchatha, bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ jeṭṭhabhātika’’nti. Tasmiṃ khaṇe catassopi parisā sammāsambuddhaṃ ekakaṃyeva jetavane ohāya niravasesā nikkhamiṃsu. Sāvatthinagaravāsinopi – ‘‘sāriputtatthero kira sammāsambuddhaṃ āpucchitvā parinibbāyitukāmo nikkhanto, passissāma na’’nti nagaradvārāni nirokāsāni karontā nikkhamitvā gandhamālādihatthā kese vikiritvā – ‘‘idāni mayaṃ kahaṃ mahāpañño nisinno, kahaṃ dhammasenāpati nisinno’’ti pucchantā – ‘‘kassa santikaṃ gamissāma, kassa hatthe satthāraṃ ṭhapetvā thero pakkanto’’tiādinā nayena paridevantā rodantā theraṃ anubandhiṃsu.
世尊回转僧众,嘱曰:「后继啊,诸比库,应随行你们中弟兄。」一时,四众全体于祇园聚集,单独随世尊步出。沙瓦提城民见:「长老沙利子向正觉问法欲入涅槃,今何在?」「何处为大智慧者之所?何处为法军头领之所?」众打开城门手持花环,发散头发,悲哭哀号,追随长老。
Thero mahāpaññāya ṭhitattā – ‘‘sabbesaṃ anatikkamanīyo esa maggo’’ti mahājanaṃ ovaditvā – ‘‘tumhepi, āvuso, tiṭṭhatha, mā dasabale pamādaṃ āpajjitthā’’ti bhikkhusaṅghampi nivattetvā attano parisāyeva saddhiṃ pakkāmi. Yepi manussā – ‘‘pubbe ayyo paccāgamanacārikaṃ carati, idaṃ idāni gamanaṃ na puna paccāgamanāyā’’ti paridevantā anubandhiṃsuyeva. Tepi – ‘‘appamattā, āvuso, hotha, evaṃbhāvino nāma saṅkhārā’’ti nivattesi.
长老以大智慧安立众人,说:「此路无可逾越。」开示大众:「汝等同侪,勿于众中懈怠疏忽。」退散僧团,单独离开其众。众人悲痛哀悼曰:「以往长者往来,今此去游行无归。」亦曰:「谨慎为宜,此即如此法行。」
Atha kho āyasmā sāriputto sabbattha ekarattivāsena antarāmagge sattāhaṃ manussānaṃ saṅgahaṃ karonto sāyaṃ nālakagāmaṃ patvā gāmadvāre nigrodharukkhamūle aṭṭhāsi. Atha uparevato nāma therassa bhāgineyyo bahigāmaṃ gacchanto theraṃ disvā upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā aṭṭhāsi. Thero taṃ āha – ‘‘atthi gehe te ayyikā’’ti. Āma bhanteti. Gaccha amhākaṃ idhāgatabhāvaṃ ārocehi. ‘‘Kasmā āgato’’ti ca vutte – ‘‘ajja kira ekadivasaṃ antogāme vasissati, jātovarakaṃ paṭijaggatha, pañcannañca kira bhikkhusatānaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ jānāthā’’ti. So gantvā – ‘‘ayyike mayhaṃ mātulo āgato’’ti āha. Idāni kuhinti? Gāmadvāreti. Ekakova, aññopi koci atthīti? Atthi pañcasatā bhikkhūti. Kiṃkāraṇā āgatoti? So taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Brāhmaṇī – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho ettakānaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ paṭijaggāpeti , daharakāle pabbajitvā mahallakakāle gihī hotukāmo’’ti cintentī jātovarakaṃ paṭijaggāpetvā pañcasatānaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ kāretvā daṇḍadīpikā jāletvā therassa pāhesi.
当时长老沙利笈在一个地方专一独住,连续七天聚集人众,傍晚时分到达那拉迦村,站立在村门旁无花树根下。这时名叫无畏的老僧弟子从外村前来,见到了长老便前来恭敬礼拜后站立。长老问他:“你家中有师母吗?”他回答道:“有,师父,请问。来吧,告诉我们这里的情况。”“你从何处来?”答曰:“今天刚来,打算在此村住一天,想要召集青年众,了解五百多比库们的居处。”他就去说:“严师母我舅舅来了。”现在去哪里呢?答曰:“在村门口。”只有一个,其他还有吗?答:“有五百多比库。”为什么他来呢?他说出了此事。婆罗门女想:“他怎么召集这么多住处?看他童年出家,壮年想还俗。”于是召集青年众五百多个,点灯燃烧树杈,吓退了长老。
Thero bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ pāsādaṃ āruyha jātovarakaṃ pavisitvā nisīdi, nisīditvā ‘‘tumhākaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ gacchathā’’ti bhikkhū uyyojesi. Tesu gatamattesuyeva therassa kharo ābādho uppajji, lohitapakkhandikā māraṇantikā vedanā vattanti. Ekaṃ bhājanaṃ pavisati, ekaṃ nikkhamati. Brāhmaṇī – ‘‘mama puttassa pavatti mayhaṃ na ruccatī’’ti attano vasanagabbhadvāraṃ nissāya aṭṭhāsi.
长老和众比库一起登上亭阁,进入青年众中坐下,坐定后说:“你们去你们的住处吧。”比库众动身时,长老突然发病,患上红斑癣疮,临终痛苦。有人进入,有人离开。婆罗门女说:“我的儿子的病情让我不快。”于是靠着自己住处门杖站立着。
Cattāro mahārājāno ‘‘dhammasenāpati kuhiṃ viharatī’’ti olokentā nālakagāme jātovarake parinibbānamañce nipanno, pacchimadassanaṃ gamissāmā’’ti āgamma vanditvā aṭṭhaṃsu. Ke tumheti? Mahārājāno bhanteti. Kasmā āgatatthāti? Gilānupaṭṭhākā bhavissāmāti. ‘‘Hotu, atthi gilānupaṭṭhāko, gacchatha tumhe’’ti uyyojesi. Tesaṃ gatāvasāne teneva nayena sakko devānamindo. Tasmiṃ gate mahābrahmā ca āgamiṃsu. Tepi tatheva thero uyyojesi.
四位大王巡视,观看“正法军队长”居所,看到青年众在那拉迦村涅槃的床上躺着,说:“我们要前去西边瞻仰。”“你们是谁?”大王问。婆罗门女答:“我们是大王。”为什么来此?答:“将担任病者看护者。”“好,有病者看护者,你们去吧。”大王们离去时,由萨咖天帝引领。随后大梵天也来到。天帝也派遣长老去迎接。
Brāhmaṇī devatānaṃ āgamanañca gamanañca disvā ‘‘ke nu kho ete mama puttaṃ vanditvā gacchantī’’ti therassa gabbhadvāraṃ gantvā ‘‘tāta, cunda, kā pavattī’’ti pucchi. So taṃ pavattiṃ ācikkhitvā ‘‘mahāupāsikā, bhante, āgatā’’ti āha. Thero ‘‘kasmā avelāya āgatā’’ti pucchi. Sā ‘‘tuyhaṃ, tāta, dassanatthāyā’’ti vatvā ‘‘tāta, paṭhamaṃ ke āgatā’’ti pucchi. Cattāro mahārājāno upāsiketi. Tāta, tvaṃ catūhi mahārājehi mahantataroti? Ārāmikasadisā ete upāsike, amhākaṃ satthu paṭisandhiggahaṇato paṭṭhāya khaggahatthā hutvā ārakkhaṃ akaṃsūti. Tesaṃ tāta gatāvasāne ko āgatoti? Sakko devānamindoti. Devarājatopi tvaṃ tāta mahantataroti? Bhaṇḍaggāhakasāmaṇerasadiso esa upāsike, amhākaṃ satthu tāvatiṃsato otaraṇakāle pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā otiṇṇoti. Tassa tāta gatāvasāne jotayamāno viya ko āgatoti? Upāsike, tuyhaṃ bhagavā ca satthā ca mahābrahmā nāma esoti. Mayhaṃ bhagavato mahābrahmatopi tvaṃ, tāta, mahantataroti? Āma upāsike, ete nāma kira amhākaṃ satthu jātadivase cattāro mahābrahmāno mahāpurisaṃ suvaṇṇajālena paṭiggaṇhiṃsūti.
婆罗门女见众天神来去,便走到长老的住处门口,说:“这些人是谁?他们拜我儿子后离去。”她问长老:“父亲,顺差准德来了吗?”他说:“大居士来了,长老。”长老问她:“为何匆忙来?”她说:“为见你,父亲。”又问:“谁最先来?”答:“四位大王是居士。”婆罗门女说:“父亲,你比四大王更尊贵吗?”答:“他们是居士,这里众多尊者的侍者,这些都和我们的世尊有关。”婆罗门女又问:“父亲,你比天帝还尊贵吗?”答:“像侍者一般,这些在三十三天为世尊侍奉。”婆罗门女心中欢喜,说:“世尊及大梵天都很尊贵,但你最尊贵。”她说这话时,心中生起五色喜乐,身体震颤。长老心想:“我的母亲生起喜悦,这正是法说之时。”他问她:“居士,你在想什么?”她答:“这是我儿子的优点,我在想世尊的优点。”长老告诉她:“当我世尊出家及成道、转法轮时,十万世界震动,道德、戒律、智慧、解脱、觉知修持无有其比,如世尊所说。”
Atha brāhmaṇiyā – ‘‘puttassa tāva me ayaṃ ānubhāvo, kīdiso vata mayhaṃ puttassa bhagavato satthu ānubhāvo bhavissatī’’ti cintayantiyā sahasā pañcavaṇṇā pīti uppajjitvā sakalasarīraṃ phari. Thero – ‘‘uppannaṃ me mātu pītisomanassaṃ, ayaṃ dāni kālo dhammadesanāyā’’ti cintetvā ‘‘kiṃ cintesi mahāupāsike’’ti āha. Sā ‘‘puttassa tāva me ayaṃ guṇo, satthu panassa kīdiso bhavissatīti idaṃ, tāta, cintemī’’ti āha. Mahāupāsike, mayhaṃ satthujātakkhaṇe mahābhinikkhamane sambodhiyaṃ dhammacakkappavattane ca dasasahassilokadhātu kampittha. Sīlena samādhinā paññāya vimuttiyā vimuttiñāṇadassanena samo nāma natthi, itipi so bhagavāti vitthāretvā buddhaguṇapaṭisaṃyuttaṃ dhammadesanaṃ kathesi.
婆罗门女说:“儿子的法益如此,我在思惟世尊的法益将如何?”忽然心生五色喜悦,遍身颤动。长老说:“我母亲升起欢喜,这是现在说法的时机。”他问她:“你想什么?”她答:“这是我儿子的功德,世尊的功德更甚,我为此而思。”她讲述时,长老便详述佛陀功德及世尊所说之法义。
Brāhmaṇī piyaputtassa dhammadesanāpariyosāne sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāya puttaṃ āha – ‘‘tāta upatissa, kasmā evamakāsi, evarūpaṃ nāma amataṃ mayhaṃ ettakaṃ kālaṃ na adāsī’’ti. Thero – ‘‘dinnaṃ dāni me mātu rūpasāriyā brāhmaṇiyā posāvanikamūlaṃ, ettakena vaṭṭissatī’’ti cintetvā – ‘‘gaccha mahāupasike’’ti brāhmaṇiṃ uyyojetvā – ‘‘cunda kā velā’’ti āha. Balavapaccūsakālo, bhanteti. Bhikkhusaṅghaṃ sannipātehīti. Sannipatito bhante bhikkhusaṅghoti. ‘‘Maṃ ukkhipitvā nisīdāpehi cundā’’ti ukkhipitvā nisīdāpesi.
婆罗门女在爱子讲法结束、得流果成熟后,对儿子说:“父亲,请告诉我,为什么你这样行持,如此无量不死法,我在此久未得到呢?”长老心想:“现今我的母亲,有如婆罗门居所根本,将会随时间旺盛。”于是鼓励婆罗门女:“去吧,准德,时机已到。”此时正是僧众相聚时期。众比库众请他上座,起身坐定。
Thero bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘āvuso catucattālīsaṃ vo vassāni mayā saddhiṃ vicarantānaṃ yaṃ me kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā na rocetha, taṃ khamatha āvuso’’ti. Ettakaṃ, bhante, amhākaṃ chāyā viya tumhe amuñcitvā vicarantānaṃ aruccanakaṃ nāma natthi, tumhe pana amhākaṃ khamathāti. Atha thero mahācīvaraṃ saṅkaḍḍhitvā mukhaṃ pidhāya dakkhiṇena passena nipanno satthā viya nava anupubbasamāpattiyo anulomapaṭilomato samāpajjitvā puna paṭhamajjhānaṃ ādiṃ katvā yāva catutthajjhānā samāpajji . Tato vuṭṭhāya anantaraṃyeva mahāpathaviṃ unnādento anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā parinibbāyi.
长老向比库们说:『诸比库们啊,你们四十四年与我一同行走时,若我肉身或语辞中有所不悦者,请你们原谅。』尊者们道:『这就如我们的影子,你们任意离开我们而行,没有什么不可爱之处,但你们却应当原谅我们。』于是尊者将袈裟盘起,覆面遮住脸,面向南方端坐,如同教师一般,依次进入九种禅定的顺行与逆行境界,先由初禅入手,直至第四禅。之后即起身,转动大地,借此无依止的涅槃元素而般涅槃,永断生死烦恼。
Upāsikā – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho me putto, na kiñci kathetī’’ti uṭṭhāya piṭṭhipāde parimajjantī parinibbutabhāvaṃ ñatvā mahāsaddaṃ kurumānā pādesu nipatitvā – ‘‘tāta mayaṃ ito pubbe tava guṇaṃ na jānimhā, idāni pana taṃ ādiṃ katvā anekasate anekasahasse anekasatasahasse bhikkhū imasmiṃ nivesane nisīdāpetvā bhojetuṃ na labhimhā, cīvarehi acchādetuṃ na labhimhā, vihārasataṃ vihārasahassaṃ kāretuṃ na labhimhā’’ti yāva aruṇuggamanā paridevi . Aruṇe uggatamatteyeva suvaṇṇakāre pakkosāpetvā suvaṇṇagabbhaṃ vivarāpetvā suvaṇṇaghaṭiyo mahātulāya tulāpetvā – ‘‘pañca kūṭāgārasatāni pañca agghikasatāni karothā’’ti dāpeti.
一位女居士说:『我的儿子啊,什么也别说。』她起身,用手掌擦拭脚后跟,知晓他已证得涅槃,发出宏大音声,跪于地面,称说:『父亲啊,我们从前并不知晓您的功德。现在您已入圣地,作出此初始,数百数千,甚至数万数百千的比库在此居住,得以食饮,不缺衣服遮盖,建立百百千千的山居。』此说一直至赤日升起之处。赤日升起之后,金匠开始制作金器,开敞金胎,称好盛放金器的钵,秤量黄金,传令说:『造五百间塔房,五百衣钵屋。』
Sakkopi devarājā vissakammadevaputtaṃ āmantetvā – ‘‘tāta dhammasenāpati parinibbuto, pañca kūṭāgārasatāni pañca agghikasatāni ca māpehī’’ti āha. Iti upāsikāya kāritāni ca vissakammena nimmitāni ca sabbānipi dvesahassāni ahesuṃ. Tato nagaramajjhe sāramayaṃ mahāmaṇḍapaṃ kāretvā maṇḍapamajjhe mahākūṭāgāraṃ ṭhapetvā sesāni parivārasaṅkhepena ṭhapetvā sādhukīḷikaṃ ārabhiṃsu. Devānaṃ antare manussā, manussānaṃ antare devā ahesuṃ.
天帝萨咖亦召见毗舍迦天子,说:『父亲啊,法军统领已证涅槃,请造五百间塔房及五百衣钵屋。』女居士所造,及毗舍迦天子所赐物资,总计二万金。随后,在城中建起坚固大曼陀罗,曼陀罗中心立起大塔房,余物分成若干回廊安置,大众于是举办盛大法会。天人与人间互为关系,彼此交互感应。
Revatī nāma ekā therassa upaṭṭhāyikā – ‘‘ahaṃ therassa pūjaṃ karissāmī’’ti suvaṇṇapupphānaṃ tayo kumbhe kāresi. ‘‘Therassa pūjaṃ karissāmī’’ti sakko devarājā aḍḍhateyyakoṭināṭakehi parivārito otari. ‘‘Sakko otaratī’’ti mahājano pacchāmukho paṭikkami. Tattha sāpi upāsikā paṭikkamamānā garubhārattā ekamantaṃ apasakkituṃ asakkontī manussānaṃ antare pati. Manussā apassantā taṃ madditvā agamiṃsu. Sā tattheva kālaṃ katvā tāvatiṃsabhavane kanakavimāne nibbatti. Nibbattakkhaṇeyevassā ratanakkhandho viya tigāvutappamāṇo attabhāvo ahosi saṭṭhisakaṭapūrappamāṇaalaṅkārapaṭimaṇḍitā accharāsahassaparivāritā. Athassā dibbaṃ sabbakāyikādāsaṃ purato ṭhapayiṃsu . Sā attano sirisampattiṃ disvā – ‘‘uḷārā ayaṃ sampatti, kiṃ nu kho me kammaṃ kata’’nti cintayamānā addasa – ‘‘mayā sāriputtattherassa parinibbutaṭṭhāne tīhi suvaṇṇapupphakumbhehi pūjā katā, mahājano maṃ madditvā gato, sāhaṃ tattha kālaṃ katvā idhūpapannā, theraṃ nissāya laddhaṃ idāni puññavipākaṃ manussānaṃ kathessāmī’’ti saha vimāneneva otari.
有一名为雷瓦达的尊女护法说:『我将为尊者供养。』她制做三只金花瓶。天帝萨咖在八十九万丈的迦罗城中恭敬降临。大众见萨咖降临即后退。此时护法无法面对大众的尊敬,独自退居一旁。人们见状劝慰她离开。她当时即飞升天宫金凤楼。升天后,她财富如三十亿宝石一般璀璨辉煌,拥有六十万六千装饰品,四周环绕无数神鸟。她亲自安置了天上诸宝。见其福报具足,心念:『这是极大的财富,我究竟作了什么善业?』遂见曰:『我曾在沙利长老涅槃处使用三只金花瓶供养他,大众敬重我,我今已归于彼处。如今我依托尊者,将以此福果度化人间。』说罢,即乘同金楼降落。
Mahājano dūratova disvā – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho dve sūriyā uṭṭhitā’’ti? Olokento – ‘‘vimāne āgacchante kūṭāgārasaṇṭhānaṃ paññāyati, nāyaṃ sūriyo, vimānametaṃ eka’’nti āha. Tampi vimānaṃ tāvadeva āgantvā therassa dārucitakamatthake vehāsaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Devadhītā vimānaṃ ākāseyeva ṭhapetvā pathaviṃ otari. Mahājano – ‘‘kā tvaṃ, ayye’’ti? Pucchi. ‘‘Na maṃ tumhe jānātha, revatī nāmāhaṃ, tīhi suvaṇṇapupphakumbhehi theraṃ pūjaṃ katvā manussehi madditā kālaṃ katvā tāvatiṃsabhavane nibbattā, passatha me sirisampattiṃ, tumhepi dāni dānāni detha, puññāni karothā’’ti kusalakiriyāya vaṇṇaṃ kathetvā therassa citakaṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā vanditvā attano devaṭṭhānaṃyeva gatā.
大众远远望见她说:『天上怎会有两轮太阳升起?』察看后说:『这不是两轮太阳,而是飞来的金楼。』她乘此金楼抵达尊者院舍,招呼搬来木柴准备香风熏供。天女将金楼安置于空中,然后降落大地。大众问她:『尊者啊,你是谁?』她答:『诸位不认识我,我名雷瓦达。曾用三只金花瓶供养尊者,获大众赞叹。已成天上众生,今以财富显现,请诸位赐与布施,作功德。』说完礼拜施主后,进入神天之所在。
Mahājanopi sattāhaṃ sādhukīḷikaṃ kīḷitvā sabbagandhehi citakaṃ akāsi, citakā ekūnaratanasatikā ahosi. Therassa sarīraṃ citakaṃ āropetvā usīrakalāpakehi ālimpesuṃ. Āḷāhane sabbarattiṃ dhammassavanaṃ pavatti. Anuruddhatthero sabbagandhodakena therassa citakaṃ nibbāpesi. Cundatthero dhātuyo parissāvane pakkhipitvā – ‘‘na dāni mayā idheva sakkā ṭhātuṃ, mayhaṃ jeṭṭhabhātikassa dhammasenāpatisāriputtattherassa parinibbutabhāvaṃ sammāsambuddhassa ārocessāmī’’ti dhātuparissāvanaṃ therassa ca pattacīvaraṃ gahetvā sāvatthiṃ agamāsi. Ekaṭṭhānepi ca dve rattiyo avasitvā sabbattha ekarattivāseneva sāvatthiṃ pāpuṇi. Tamatthaṃ dassetuṃ atha kho cundo samaṇuddesotiādi vuttaṃ.
大众连七日在盛大法会中供养,施放百味香料,庄严献花,总计一万二千五百枝花。将尊者遗体供以香料,熏烧于香炉。白天至暮,众听法音不息。阿努禄陀长老以香水净灭尊者舍利。准陀长老将舍利撒于凉荫山林,说:『今我不可久留此处,我要追随法军统领沙利长老之涅槃光辉,恪守正觉之行。』携舍利袈裟,返至沙瓦提。停留两夜,期间一直住于沙瓦提。之后,即有同样情形传闻准陀为圣者出入访佛所事迹。
Tattha yenāyasmā ānandoti yena attano upajjhāyo dhammabhaṇḍāgāriko āyasmā ānando, tenupasaṅkami. Kasmā panesa ujukaṃ satthu santikaṃ agantvā therassa santikaṃ agamāsīti? Satthari ca there ca gāravena. Jetavanamahāvihāre pokkharaṇiyaṃ kirassa nhatvā paccuttaritvā sunivatthasupārutassa etadahosi – ‘‘buddhā nāma mahāpāsāṇacchattaṃ viya garuno, phaṇakatasappa sīhabyagghamattavaravāraṇādayo viya ca durāsadā, na sakkā mayā ujukameva satthu santikaṃ gantvā kathetuṃ, kassa nu kho santikaṃ gantabba’’nti. Tato cintesi – ‘‘upajjhāyo me dhammabhaṇḍāgāriko jeṭṭhabhātikattherassa uttamasahāyo, tassa santikaṃ gantvā taṃ ādāya satthārā saddhiṃ kathessāmī’’ti satthari ceva there ca gāravena upasaṅkami.
此中谓曰:尊者阿难,乃其本分之法库师,因故前往。何以故彼直诚比库,前来尊长前?此由师与长老敬重也。于揭德林大寺池畔,捧净浴水洗足,拭去污垢,身穿整洁袈裟,如大石屏障般庄重、坚固,犹如巨蟒巨虎难以接近般威严,心中生此念:佛者,如同巨石屏障之稳重,猛兽不可犯也,我岂能倾诚至师前言教,于谁前当至?然后思考:比库导师者吾法库,乃长老辈中极佳守护者,去之则携师教共述。遂因敬师敬长,前往承教。
Idamassa pattacīvaranti ‘‘ayamassa paribhogapatto, idaṃ dhātuparissāvana’’nti evaṃ ekekaṃ ācikkhi. Pāḷiyaṃ pana ‘‘idamassa pattacīvara’’nti ettakameva vuttaṃ. Kathāpābhatanti kathāmūlaṃ. Mūlañhi pābhatanti vuccati. Yathāha –
此中称衣为“此者饰用之衣”,即衣物所围护之体也。每衣物皆如是指示。巴利文中称之“此者衣”仅此而已。谈“衣之根源”。根源即“根本”之意。譬如所说——
‘‘Appakenapi medhāvī, pābhatena vicakkhaṇo;
“即使平凡智者,亦由根本而睿智;
Samuṭṭhāpeti attānaṃ, aṇuṃ aggiṃva sandhama’’nti. (jā. 1.1.4);
激发我自省,宛似微火聚合。”(《经集》第1卷第1章第4句)
Bhagavantaṃdassanāyāti bhagavantaṃ dassanatthāya. Kiṃ paniminā bhagavā na diṭṭhapubboti? No na diṭṭhapubbo. Ayañhi āyasmā divā nava vāre, rattiṃ nava vāreti ekāhaṃ aṭṭhārasa vāre upaṭṭhānameva gacchati. Divasassa pana satavāraṃ vā sahassavāraṃ vā gantukāmo samānopi na akāraṇā gacchati, ekaṃ pañhadvāraṃ gahetvāva gacchati. So taṃdivasaṃ tena kathāpābhatena gantukāmo evamāha. Idamassa pattacīvaranti theropi – ‘‘idaṃ tassa pattacīvaraṃ, idañca dhātuparissāvana’’nti pāṭiyekkaṃyeva dassetvā ācikkhi.
“佛陀示现”即为佛陀显现之意。为何佛世尊不以过往所见而示现?非因重现前事。是因尊者昼昼九遍,夜亦九遍,一日十八遍供养如来。虽心有千百愿赴,亦未曾轻行,唯携一袈裟持往。彼以此“衣之根源”之说示范。尊长亦言: “此袈裟为彼尊者所继衣物,此亦其所护身体。”
Satthā hatthaṃ pasāretvā dhātuparissāvanaṃ gahetvā hatthatale ṭhapetvā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘yo so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu purimadivase anekāni pāṭihāriyasatāni katvā parinibbānaṃ anujānāpesi, tassa idāni imā saṅkhavaṇṇasannibhā dhātuyova paññāyanti, kappasatasahassādhikaṃ asaṅkhyeyyaṃ pūritapāramī esa, bhikkhave, bhikkhu, mayā pavattitaṃ dhammacakkaṃ anupavattako esa bhikkhu, paṭiladdhadutiyaāsano esa bhikkhu, pūritasāvakasannipāto esa bhikkhu, ṭhapetvā maṃ dasasu cakkavāḷasahassesu paññāya asadiso esa bhikkhu, mahāpañño esa bhikkhu, puthupañño hāsapañño javanapañño tikkhapañño nibbedhikapañño esa bhikkhu, appiccho esa bhikkhu, santuṭṭho pavivitto asaṃsaṭṭho āraddhavīriyo codako pāpagarahī esa bhikkhu, pañca jātisatāni paṭiladdhamahāsampattiyo pahāya pabbajito esa bhikkhu, mama sāsane pathavīsamakhantiko esa bhikkhu, chinnavisāṇausabhasadiso esa bhikkhu, caṇḍālaputtasadisanīcacitto esa bhikkhu. Passatha, bhikkhave, mahāpaññassa dhātuyo, passatha, bhikkhave, puthupaññassa hāsapaññassa javanapaññassa tikkhapaññassa nibbedhikapaññassa appicchassa santuṭṭhassa pavivittassa asaṃsaṭṭhassa āraddhavīriyassa , codakassa, passatha, bhikkhave, pāpagarahissa dhātuyoti.
师者伸手,将衣拿取,置于掌上,训诲比库曰:“诸比库,若昔日多遭魔害,而忍忍而终成涅槃者;此比库今得此衣物,乃如佛衣肢体,超越百千劫未曾有者。此比库,吾所授法轮未转之者,是继法座之第二者,是饱满弟子集结者。与我同在,胜千世界之中,无数福德之比库。彼为大智慧者,创新智慧者,欢喜智慧者,轻快智慧者,锐利智慧者,远离烦恼智慧者,欲少者,满足者,远离纷争者,精进者,驱逐恶者者。离五种前生厚重成就,出家者也。此比库为我教法守护者,如断荆棘菓实般坚固,如贱婢之不动心般坚定。诸比库!观此大智慧者诸特质,观此创新欢喜轻快锐利智慧,观此望欲少、满足、离争、精进、驱恶种种特质!”
‘‘Yo pabbajī jātisatāni pañca,
『若有出家者,三生以来,』
Pahāya kāmāni manoramāni;
『舍弃五欲世间调乐,』
Taṃ vītarāgaṃ susamāhitindriyaṃ,
『于彼无贪,具正定根,』
Parinibbutaṃ vandatha sāriputtaṃ.
『寂灭已现,敬礼彼沙利子。』
‘‘Khantibalo pathavisamo na kuppati,
『宽忍力强,心无愠恚不忧,』
Na cāpi cittassa vasena vattati;
『心亦不为所动转复转。』
Anukampako kāruṇiko ca nibbuto,
慈悲悲恻之心具足,已证涅槃者,
Parinibbutaṃ vandatha sāriputtaṃ.
已入般涅槃者,应当顶礼萨利布多。
‘‘Caṇḍālaputto yathā nagaraṃ paviṭṭho,
如同乞丐之子进入城中,
Nīcamano carati kaḷopihattho;
为人鄙陋行恶堕落;
Tathā ayaṃ viharati sāriputto,
如是此比库萨利布多安住,
Parinibbutaṃ vandatha sāriputtaṃ.
已入般涅槃者,应当顶礼萨利布多。
‘‘Usabho yathā chinnavisāṇako,
犹如野牛被剥除锐利刺枝,
Aheṭhayanto carati purantare vane;
在旷野森林中无所依止地行走;
Tathā ayaṃ viharati sāriputto,
如是,沙利子在此修行,
Parinibbutaṃ vandatha sāriputta’’nti.
已得圆寂,应当礼敬沙利子。」
Iti bhagavā pañcahi gāthāsatehi therassa vaṇṇaṃ kathesi. Yathā yathā bhagavā therassa vaṇṇaṃ kathesi, tathā tathā ānandatthero sandhāretuṃ na sakkoti, biḷāramukhe pakkhantakukkuṭo viya pavedhati. Tenāha apica me, bhante, madhurakajāto viya kāyoti sabbaṃ vitthāretabbaṃ. Tattha madhurakajātotiādīnaṃ attho vuttoyeva. Idha pana dhammāti uddesaparipucchādhammā adhippetā. Tassa hi uddesaparipucchādhamme agahite vā gahetuṃ, gahite vā sajjhāyaṃ kātuṃ cittaṃ na pavattati. Atha satthā pañcapasādavicitrāni akkhīni ummīletvā theraṃ olokento ‘‘assāsessāmi na’’nti assāsento kiṃ nu kho te, ānanda, sāriputtotiādimāha.
世尊由此以五百偈颂赞长老。每当世尊赞说长老品貌,阿难尊者便难以忍受,犹如野猫见到敌鸟般怒斥发声。世尊于是对我说:「比库,如同新生蜜蜂一般,身心诸法当悉加演说。」其中蜜蜂新生之义,即当释如是。此处“法”,是指意旨相关问答之法门。若无意志,不能受持也难以专心深入。遂时世尊展现五种殊胜眼力,俯视长老而说:「我必慰尔。」然后鼓励道:「阿难,沙利子看此如何?」
Tattha sīlakkhandhanti lokiyalokuttarasīlaṃ. Samādhipaññāsupi eseva nayo. Vimutti pana lokuttarāva. Vimuttiñāṇadassanaṃ paccavekkhaṇañāṇaṃ, taṃ lokiyameva. Ovādakoti ovādadāyako. Otiṇṇoti otiṇṇesu vatthūsu nānappakārena otaraṇasīlo. Viññāpakoti dhammakathākāle atthañca kāraṇañca viññāpetā. Sandassakoti khandhadhātuāyatanavasena tesaṃ tesaṃ dhammānaṃ dassetā. Samādapakoti ‘‘idañcidañca gaṇhathā’’ti evaṃ gaṇhāpako. Samuttejakoti abbhussāhako. Sampahaṃsakoti paṭiladdhaguṇehi modāpako jotāpako.
其中戒蕴,谓世俗及出世间戒;禅定与慧蕴亦然。解脱则为出世最高境界。解脱智见、觉照及省察智皆属世间。劝诫者为善劝善者。超越者乃善于以多种方式突破障礙者。证明者是在讲法时宣说理义因缘者。示现者如五蕴、六界诸根等显示法相之者。调护者谓如是摄受此物以正法调持者。激励者则为生起精进者。兴发者令欢喜者、启发善根者。
Akilāsu dhammadesanāyāti dhammadesanaṃ ārabhitvā ‘‘sīsaṃ vā me rujjati, hadayaṃ vā kucchi vā piṭṭhi vā’’ti evaṃ osakkanākāravirahito nikkilāsu visārado ekassāpi dvinnampi sīhavegeneva pakkhandati. Anuggāhako sabrahmacārīnanti padassa attho khandhakavagge vitthāritova. Dhammojaṃ dhammabhoganti ubhayenapi dhammaparibhogova kathito. Dhammānuggahanti dhammena anuggahaṇaṃ.
“完全无病者”意指听说法时,虽有所病痛,如头痛、心痛、肋骨痛,但其病痛并不影响精进听法,反能如狮子般勇猛无惧地主动听闻不退缩。此词在律藏篇章中具体释义为支持、辅佐出家人。所称的“法之拥有”,指能双轨地利用法而受用,既作法的饱受者亦作为依法支撑的人。
Satthā ‘‘ativiya ayaṃ bhikkhu kilamatī’’ti puna taṃ assāsento nanu taṃ, ānanda, mayātiādimāha. Tattha piyehi manāpehīti mātāpitābhātābhaginīādikehi jātiyā nānābhāvo, maraṇena vinābhāvo, bhavena aññathābhāvo. Taṃ kutettha, ānanda, labbhāti tanti tasmā. Yasmā sabbehi piyehi manāpehi nānābhāvo, tasmā dasa pāramiyo pūretvāpi sambodhiṃ patvāpi dhammacakkaṃ pavattetvāpi yamakapāṭihāriyaṃ dassetvāpi devorohanaṃ katvāpi yaṃ taṃ jātaṃ bhūtaṃ saṅkhataṃ palokadhammaṃ, taṃ tathāgatassāpi sarīraṃ mā palujjīti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati, rodantenapi kandantenapi na sakkā taṃ kāraṇaṃ laddhunti. So palujjeyyāti so bhijjeyya.
世尊说:「这个比库过于狂妄。」然后开导说:「阿难,这正是所谓『诸亲爱者,处世种种不同而生离死别』之理。」所谓「piyehi manāpehīti」,谓诸母、父、兄弟、姐妹及亲属等因生而有种种别离;「maraṇena vinābhāvo」为死而断别;及「bhavena aññathābhāvo」即因有所处而异也。阿难!这诸亲所获之痛即是来源,此故。因诸亲爱者生离死别种种分别,故即使修满十种波罗蜜多,证得正觉,宣演转法轮,显示二神通,攀登天界,面对生死与所生世间法体,亦不可轻贬,不能因哀泣哭啼而得彼因果,故曰「So palujjeyyāti so bhijjeyya」,即应无倾覆身心受苦之忧。
Evameva khoti ettha yojanasatubbedho mahājamburukkho viya bhikkhusaṅgho tassa dakkhiṇadisaṃ gato paññāsayojaniko mahākhandho viya dhammasenāpati. Tasmiṃ mahākhandhe bhinne tato paṭṭhāya anupubbena vaḍḍhitvā pupphaphalādīhi taṃ ṭhānaṃ pūretuṃ samatthassa aññassa khandhassa abhāvo viya there parinibbute soḷasannaṃ paññānaṃ matthakaṃ pattassa aññassa dakkhiṇāsane nisīdanasamatthassa sāriputtasadisassa bhikkhuno abhāvo. Tāya paribhinnāya so rukkho viya bhikkhusaṅgho khandhotveva jātoti veditabbo. Tasmāti yasmā sabbaṃ saṅkhataṃ palokadhammaṃ, taṃ mā palujjīti na sakkā laddhuṃ, tasmā.
「Evameva khoti」者,如此也。此处以数百由旬之厚重大林喻为比库僧团,向南行进者如五十由旬宽广大丘陵喻为法军大将。于此广大法身(khandho)中,遍布各处,并以渐次增加之鲜花果实布满此地。长老圆寂后,其十六分智慧结晶作相,亦无可坐之处如比库沙利佛相似之人不足。因大林眾多且迥异,故此比库众团即视为一林,故标为「khandhotveva jātoti veditabbo」。即众生诸法均为假合,切莫轻忽其体,故名之。
4-5. Ukkacelasuttādivaṇṇanā四至五、《伍咖支拉经》等注释
§380-381
380-381. Catutthe aciraparinibbutesu sāriputtamoggallānesūti naciraparinibbutesu dvīsu aggasāvakesu. Tesañhi dhammasenāpati kattikamāsapuṇṇamāya parinibbuto, mahāmoggallāno tato aḍḍhamāsaṃ atikkamma amāvasuposathe. Satthā dvīsu aggasāvakesu parinibbutesu mahābhikkhusaṅghaparivāro mahāmaṇḍale cārikaṃ caramāno anupubbena ukkacelanagaraṃ patvā tattha piṇḍāya caritvā gaṅgāpiṭṭhe rajatapaṭṭavaṇṇavālikāpuline vihāsi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘aciraparinibbutesu sāriputtamoggallānesū’’ti. Ye mahantatarā khandhā te palujjeyyunti idhāpi yojanasatubbedho mahājamburukkho viya bhikkhusaṅgho, tassa dakkhiṇato ca uttarato ca gatā paṇṇāsayojanikā dve mahākhandhā viya dve aggasāvakāti. Sesaṃ purimanayeneva yojetabbaṃ. Pañcame diṭṭhīti kammassakadiṭṭhi.
380-381节言,第四佛时期比库长老沙利佛与摩诃迦旃延于不久圆寂,然此二尊奉为佛之最主要弟子。于二位尊者圆寂时,七月望日,迦叶摩腾也圆寂。佛时代后期于二尊圆寂时,僧团大弟子众巡游游行至乌ḷḷañca城,乞食于此,后于恒河岸边如白银鞭花一般住处常住。故得「不久圆寂之沙利佛与摩诃迦旃延」谓。众大之一切种蕴身亦如树林数量之多,持续集中于其南北两侧,迦叶及大迦旃延即为二大法身。应依然法逐次接合之理修习。第五义即为「所作业之见」。
6. Uttiyasuttavaṇṇanā六、《伍提亚经》注释
§382
382. Chaṭṭhe maccudheyyassa pāranti tebhūmakavaṭṭassa pārabhūtaṃ, nibbānaṃ.
382节言,死亡浇灭之处,三界轮转之地被超越,即为涅槃。
8. Brahmasuttavaṇṇanā八、《梵天经》注释
§384
384. Aṭṭhame kāye vā bhikkhūti tasmiṃ kāle bhikkhuyeva natthi, evaṃ santepi yo satipaṭṭhāne bhāveti, so kilesabhindanena bhikkhuyevāti dassento evamāha. Ekāyananti ekamaggaṃ. Jātikkhayantadassīti jātiyā khayoti ca antoti ca nibbānaṃ, taṃ passatīti attho. Maggaṃ pajānātīti ekāyanasaṅkhātaṃ ekamaggabhūtaṃ maggaṃ pajānāti. Ekāyanamaggo vuccati pubbabhāgasatipaṭṭhānamaggo, taṃ pajānātīti attho.
“八支圣道”(比库语)指八支圣道之身行,此时无有比库,于此状态下即使有人修习念处,亦当作其比库,言此也。单一路径,即唯一路径。见出生灭灭,即以‘生’为出生灭的关键,意即涅槃,故记此义。知道,即了解单一路径、唯一路径、唯一路径行道。此单一路径即先前念处修行之道,知此即获所义。
9. Sedakasuttavaṇṇanā九、《谢达咖经》注释
§385
385. Navame sumbhesūti evaṃnāmake janapade. Medakathālikāti evaṃ itthiliṅgavasena laddhanāmaṃ. Mamaṃ rakkha, ahaṃ taṃ rakkhissāmīti ettha ayaṃ tassa laddhi – ācariyo ukkhittavaṃsaṃ suggahitaṃ agaṇhanto, antevāsikena pakkhantapakkhantadisaṃ agacchanto, sabbakālañca vaṃsaggaṃ anullokento antevāsikaṃ na rakkhati nāma, evaṃ arakkhito antevāsiko patitvā cuṇṇavicuṇṇaṃ hoti. Vaṃsaṃ pana suggahitaṃ gaṇhanto, tena pakkhantapakkhantadisaṃ gacchanto, sabbakālañca vaṃsaggaṃ ullokento taṃ rakkhati nāma. Antevāsikopi ito cito ca pakkhanditvā migo viya kīḷanto ācariyaṃ na rakkhati nāma. Evañhi sati tikhiṇavaṃsakoṭi ācariyassa galavāṭake vā nalāṭe vā ṭhapitā ṭhitaṭṭhānaṃ bhinditvā gaccheyya. Ācārasampannatāya pana yato vaṃso namati, tato anāmento taṃ ākaḍḍhento viya ekatobhāgiyaṃ katvā vātūpathambhaṃ gāhāpetvā satiṃ sūpaṭṭhitaṃ katvā niccalova nisīdanto ācariyaṃ rakkhati nāmāti.
第三百八十五条。称为第九“暗部”(sumbhesūti)之地名者。谓此为“只有名字而无实质”的称谓。所谓“护我,我必护汝”,此处指该称谓之含义。师长不接受修正,如擅自增删族谱,来回去往,时时检查族谱者,则此巡者不足以护持族谱,反而倾覆分散。唯有接受被修正且删改完善的族谱者,来回去往,时时兼顾巡视族谱,方能护持之。即便是族谱巡查者,如果轻率反复跳脱,玩弄如猎取兽类般之师长,则不可护持之。若能将此严谨族谱固定于山谷或狭隘处的坚固地点,虽有破坏亦能保存。因师长品德尊重族谱,族谱亦因师长护持而得尊重,不容随意破坏,似风将庇护的东西紧握,稳固坐定护持师长者,名为护持也。
Tvaṃ ācariya attānaṃ rakkha, ahaṃ attānaṃ rakkhissāmīti ettha ayamadhippāyo – ācariyo vaṃsaṃ suggahitaṃ gaṇhanto, antevāsikena pakkhantapakkhantadisaṃgacchanto , sabbakālañca vaṃsaggaṃ ullokento, attānameva rakkhati, na antevāsikaṃ. Antevāsikopi kāyampi ekatobhāgiyaṃ katvā vātūpathambhaṃ gāhāpetvā satiṃ sūpaṭṭhitaṃ katvā niccalova nisīdamāno attānaṃyeva rakkhati nāma, na ācariyaṃ.
“你护持师长,我必护持你”者,是此指引。师长受托执行族谱,巡查族谱,来回周游,时时巡视族谱,护持自身而不护持巡查者。巡查者则分割身体固定一部分,须臾挠头,镇定立正,安坐不动,护持自身而不护持师长。
So tattha ñāyoti yaṃ medakathālikā āha. So tattha ñāyo, so upāyo, taṃ kāraṇanti attho. Satipaṭṭhānaṃsevitabbanti catubbidhaṃ satipaṭṭhānaṃ sevitabbaṃ. Āsevanāyāti kammaṭṭhānāsevanāya. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, attānaṃ rakkhanto paraṃ rakkhatīti yo bhikkhu kammārāmatādīni pahāya rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānesu mūlakammaṭṭhānaṃ āsevanto bhāvento arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, atha naṃ paro disvā – ‘‘bhaddako vatāyaṃ, bhikkhu, sammāpaṭipanno’’ti tasmiṃ cittaṃ pasādetvā saggaparāyaṇo hoti. Ayaṃ attānaṃ rakkhanto paraṃ rakkhati nāma.
此处可知暗部族谱谓语之所在。谓此即修行法门的方便法。正念念处应修习为四种,基于修业处之修习。善男子,护持自身者而护持别人者,离弃业缘恒居住所,昼夜安心驻足根本修业处,精勤修习佛法,得阿拉汉果后,远离诸外人,思惟心安乐,此名为护持自身而护持别人。
Khantiyāti adhivāsanakhantiyā. Avihiṃsāyāti sapubbabhāgāya karuṇāya. Mettacittatāyāti sapubbabhāgāya mettāya. Anudayatāyāti anuvaḍḍhiyā, sapubbabhāgāya muditāyāti attho. Paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhatīti ettha yo bhikkhu rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānaṃ gato tīsu brahmavihāresu tikacatukkajjhānāni nibbattetvā jhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā saṅkhāre sammasanto vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Ayaṃ paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati nāmāti veditabbo.
忍辱者谓忍受困苦不变;无害者者谓先发慈心善行;慈心者谓增进欢喜;护持自身而护持别人者,昼夜住于三处梵天行,灭除禅定中的三昧支障,成就禅那,令造作行受安稳。如是者得阿拉汉果,此谓护持自身而护持别人者,理应知晓。
10. Janapadakalyāṇīsuttavaṇṇanā十、《国中美女经》注释
§386
386. Dasame janapadakalyāṇīti janapadamhi kalyāṇī uttamā chasarīradosarahitā pañcakalyāṇasamannāgatā. Sā hi yasmā nātidīghā nātirassā, nātikisā nātithūlā, nātikāḷā nāccodātā, atikkantā, mānusavaṇṇaṃ appattā dibbavaṇṇaṃ, tasmā chasarīradosarahitā. Chavikalyāṇaṃ, maṃsakalyāṇaṃ, nhārukalyāṇaṃ, aṭṭhikalyāṇaṃ, vayakalyāṇanti imehi pana kalyāṇehi samannāgatattā pañcakalyāṇehi samannāgatā nāma. Tassā hi āgantukobhāsakiccaṃ natthi, attano sarīrobhāseneva dvādasahatthaṭṭhāne ālokaṃ karoti, piyaṅgusāmā vā hoti, suvaṇṇasāmā vā, ayamassā chavikalyāṇatā. Cattāro panassā hatthapādā mukhapariyosānañca lākhārasaparikammakataṃ viya rattapavāḷarattakambalasadisaṃ hoti, ayamassā maṃsakalyāṇatā. Vīsati pana nakhapattāni maṃsato amuttaṭṭhāne lākhārasapūritāni viya, muttaṭṭhāne khīradhārāsadisāni, honti ayamassā nhārukalyāṇakatā. Dvattiṃsa dantā suphusitā sudhotavajirapanti viya khāyanti, ayamassā aṭṭhikalyāṇatā. Vīsativassasatikāpi pana samānā soḷasavassuddesikā viya hoti nippalitā, ayamassā vayakalyāṇatā.
第三百八十六条。第十:谓“利益之地”者,指此地优良完美,体质纯净,无恶秽相,具五种利益之相。因不长、不慢、不肥、不瘦、不老、不短命、不昏昧、不轻薄、不超过常类之人,肉体纯净。所谓皮肤之善、筋肉之善、毛发之善、骨骼之善、年寿之善,此五种相具足故。其来者不多言,自己肉身若十二肘高,似亮丽金色,曰皮肤之善。四肢与头面如染缸缎被般绛红,曰筋肉之善。二十指甲似填满美味肉处,白中有乳状色,曰毛发之善。三十二牙齿洁白坚固似灵巧铁器,曰骨骼之善。寿命约二十年以上至十六年,容颜清秀,曰年寿之善。
Paramapāsāvinīti ettha pasavanaṃ pasāvo, pavattīti attho. Pasāvo eva pāsāvo. Paramo pāsāvo paramapāsāvo, so assā atthīti paramapāsāvinī. Nacce ca gīte ca uttamapavatti seṭṭhakiriyā, uttamameva naccaṃ naccati, gītaṃ vā gāyatīti vuttaṃ hoti. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānatthameva. Imesu pana dvīsu suttesu pubbabhāgavipassanāva kathitāti.
“至高束缚”者指牢笼。收束意谓其义。束缚即牢禁。至高牢禁谓极牢之义。舞蹈歌唱之最高技巧,指最佳行动,只有最优异的舞蹈与歌唱。其余皆属次等。在此二经中曾先说内观断见法。
Nālandavaggo dutiyo. · 那烂陀品第二。
3. Sīlaṭṭhitivaggo
三、持戒品
1-2. Sīlasuttādivaṇṇanā一至二、戒经等之义注
§387-388
387-388. Tatiyavaggassa paṭhame sīlānīti catupārisuddhisīlāni. Dutiye ummaṅgoti pañhamaggo pañhagavesanaṃ.
387-388。第三品第一段中,所谓持戒者,是指四种清净身戒。第二段“高涨”者,是指疑惑之路的探究。
3-5. Parihānasuttādivaṇṇanā三至五、衰退经等之义注
§389-391
389-391. Tatiye parihānaṃ hotīti puggalavasena parihānaṃ hoti. Yo hi buddhesu dharantesupi cattāro satipaṭṭhāne na bhāveti, tassa saddhammo antarahito nāma hoti devadattādīnaṃ viya. Iti imasmiṃ sutte tassa puggalasseva dhammantaradhānaṃ kathitaṃ. Catutthapañcamesu sabbaṃ uttānameva.
389-391。第三段谓“毁坏”,是指从个人方面说的毁坏。实则,虽能持守于诸佛所说之法而不修行四念处者,其正法便如同被断绝了一般,好似天帝萨咖等所失之法。故在此经中,仅就个人境界,论述法的断绝。至于第四与第五层次,皆为全面提升法的境界。
6. Padesasuttavaṇṇanā六、部分经之义注
§392
392. Chaṭṭhe padesaṃ bhāvitattāti padesato bhāvitattā. Cattāro hi magge tīṇi ca phalāni nibbattentena satipaṭṭhānā padesaṃ bhāvitā nāma honti.
392。第六段“修学一境”者,谓自境界处修学。由此四念处涵摄的道、果三类,从此境界起而修学,故称于境界处修学。
7. Samattasuttavaṇṇanā七、完全经之义注
§393
393. Sattame samattaṃ bhāvitattāti samattā bhāvitattā. Arahattaphalaṃ uppādentena hi satipaṭṭhānā samattaṃ bhāvitā nāma honti.
393。第七段谓“圆满修学”,谓已圆满修学。由于生起阿拉汉果,四念处即称为圆满修学。
8-10. Lokasuttādivaṇṇanā八至十、世间经等之义注
§394-396
394-396. Aṭṭhame mahābhiññatanti channaṃ abhiññānaṃ vasena vuttaṃ. Sahassaṃ lokaṃ abhijānāmīti satatavihāravaseneva vuttaṃ. Thero kira pātova uṭṭhāya mukhaṃ dhovitvā senāsane nisinno atīte kappasahassaṃ, anāgate kappasahassaṃ anussarati, paccuppannepi sahassaṃ cakkavāḷānaṃ tassāvajjanassa gatiṃ anubandhati. Iti so dibbena cakkhunā sahassaṃ lokaṃ abhijānāti, ayamassa satatavihāro. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānatthamevāti.
394-396。第八段“大神通”者,谓凭藏识之力具足万能神通。常时时刻皆能洞察千世界,如长老于座上起身洗面,思忆过去千万劫,未来千万劫,及现今千万轮回,随顺其神通之眼观察千世界者,谓此长老为修习常住法故。余段亦皆指向全面提升之目的。
Sīlaṭṭhitivaggo tatiyo. · 戒住品第三。
4. Ananussutavaggavaṇṇanā
四、非传受部次第释义
§401-406
401-406. Catutthavaggassa pañcame viditā vedanāti yā vedanā sammasitvā arahattaṃ patto tāvassa viditā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhatthaṃ gacchanti nāma. Yā ca pana pariggahitesu vatthārammaṇesu pavattā vedanā, tāpi viditā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhatthaṃ gacchanti nāma. Vitakkādīsupi eseva nayo. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānamevāti.
第四品第五节谓,所谓已知之感受者,即为正确了知后证阿拉汉果者。此感受即有三状:已知而生起,已知而闻护,已知而灭失。然于诸物外所作所有感受,亦复如是,亦有已知而生起、已知而闻护、已知而灭失三种。乃至于作念等所生诸感亦如是。故谓感受无所不遍,皆悉呈现。
Ananussutavaggo catuttho. · 未闻品第四。
5. Amatavaggo
五、不死品义释
2. Samudayasuttavaṇṇanā二、集经注释
§408
408. Pañcamavaggassa dutiye āhārasamudayā kāyassa samudayoti āhārasamudayena kāyasamudayo. Eseva nayo sesesu. Manasikārasamudayāti ettha pana yonisomanasikārasamudayā bojjhaṅgadhammānaṃ samudayo, ayonisomanasikārasamudayā nīvaraṇadhammānaṃ. Iti imasmiṃ sutte sārammaṇasatipaṭṭhānā kathitā.
第五品第二节言,饮食所生即身之生起。谓饮食生起,故身得生。其余诸义亦同理。谓心之所起,分为善巧专注而起者,即觉支品之心起;不善巧专注而起者,即习气障碍品之心起。此经中,正念念处即依此讲述。
4. Satisuttavaṇṇanā四、念经注释
§410
410. Catutthaṃ suddhikaṃ katvā samudaye kathite bujjhanakānaṃ ajjhāsayena vuttaṃ.
第四义,纯净处已释,关于生起亦已由觉者所说明。
6. Pātimokkhasaṃvarasuttavaṇṇanā六、巴帝摩卡律仪经注释
§412
412. Chaṭṭhe pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvutoti catunnaṃ sīlānaṃ jeṭṭhakasīlaṃ dassento evamāha. Tipiṭakacūḷanāgatthero panāha – ‘‘pātimokkhasaṃvarova sīlaṃ, itarāni tīṇi sīlanti vuttaṭṭhānaṃ nāma natthī’’ti. Vatvā taṃ anujānanto āha – ‘‘indriyasaṃvaro nāma chadvārarakkhaṇamattameva, ājīvapārisuddhi dhammeneva samena paccayuppattimattakaṃ, paccayasannissitaṃ paṭiladdhapaccaye idamatthanti paccavekkhitvā paribhuñjanamattakaṃ. Nippariyāyena pātimokkhasaṃvarova sīlaṃ. Yassa so bhinno, ayaṃ chinnasīso viya puriso hatthapāde, sesāni rakkhissatīti na vattabbo. Yassa pana so arogo, ayaṃ acchinnasīso viya puriso jīvitaṃ, sesāni puna pākatikāni katvā rakkhitumpi sakkotī’’ti. Tasmā pātimokkhasaṃvarova sīlaṃ, tena pātimokkhasaṃvarena saṃvutoti pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto, upeto samannāgatoti attho.
第六节谓调伏戒律已具足,是谓四戒中最上戒。三藏晚期长老曾言:『戒律具足即是唯一戒,余三仅为戒基。』释曰:禁身、口、意之根者不过为六门防护,并纯净谋生行,因缘相互起,依赖因缘而成,故名为因缘相生。总论之,戒律具足即为戒。若戒失破,则比作斩断首盖者,人当离弃;若戒坚固,则似未断首盖者,得以存活,且当作俱足。故戒律具足即戒,因戒相摄即戒有摄,为戒具足之旨。
Ācāragocarasampannoti ācārena ca gocarena ca sampanno. Aṇumattesūti appamattakesu. Vajjesūti akusaladhammesu. Bhayadassāvīti bhayadassī. Samādāyāti sammā ādiyitvā. Sikkhassu sikkhāpadesūti sikkhāpadesu taṃ taṃ sikkhāpadaṃ samādiyitvā sikkha, yaṃ yaṃ pana kiñci sikkhāpadesu sikkhākoṭṭhāsesu sikkhitabbaṃ kāyikaṃ vā vācasikaṃ vā, taṃ taṃ sabbaṃ sammā ādāya sikkhassūti ayamettha saṅkhepattho. Vitthāro pana visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.14) vutto. Iti imasmiṃ sutte pātimokkhasaṃvarasīlameva kathitaṃ.
『行为』者,谓行为具所应行所应守。『微细』者,谓谨慎无过之微细。『戒』者,谓不善之法。『畏见者』,谓心生畏惧而观护者。『正受』者,谓正当接受。『受戒者』,谓根据戒律戒条受持学习。若于各戒条中应当学习之行为,无论身行或言语行,一切皆应正当取得而修习,此为略义。其详见《净道论》所述。至此,此经中仅述律藏中的戒律持守品而已。
7. Duccaritasuttavaṇṇanā七、恶行经注释
§413
413. Sattame kāyasucaritavacīsucaritāni pātimokkhasaṃvarasīlaṃ, manosucaritaṃ itarāni tīṇi sīlānīti catupārisuddhisīlaṃ kathitaṃ hoti. Iminā nayena pañcasattanavadasasu kusalakammapathesu pacchimāpi tayo sīlaṃ hotīti veditabbā. Sesaṃ uttānamevāti. Chaṭṭhasattamesu heṭṭhā vuttanayeneva attho veditabbo.
第四百一十三经第七章『身行清净语行清净』者,乃律藏中戒律守护品,是三品之一,即心行清净等余二品,共称为四种清净戒。依此观则,在五十七种善业道中,后三种亦属此三种清净戒,要当知其余则同此理。所余高品亦复如是。第六与第七品以下,依此所述义理当知其旨趣。
Amatavaggo pañcamo. · 不死品第五。
Satipaṭṭhānasaṃyuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā. · 念处相应注释完毕。