3. Tatiyanayo · 3. 第三法义注
3. Tatiyavaggo第三品
1. Balakathāvaṇṇanā一、力论之解释
§354
354. Idāni balakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ anuruddhasaṃyutte ‘‘imesañca panāhaṃ, āvuso, catunnaṃ satipaṭṭhānānaṃ bhāvitattā bahulīkatattā ṭhānañca ṭhānato aṭṭhānañca aṭṭhānato yathābhūtaṃ pajānāmī’’tiādīni (saṃ. ni. 5.913) dasasuttāni ayoniso gahetvā ‘‘tathāgatabalaṃ sāvakasādhāraṇa’’nti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, laddhiyaṃ ṭhatvā paṭiññā paravādissa. Tathāgatabalañca nāmetaṃ sāvakehi sādhāraṇampi atthi asādhāraṇampi sādhāraṇāsādhāraṇampi. Tattha āsavānaṃ khaye ñāṇaṃ sādhāraṇaṃ. Indriyaparopariyattiñāṇaṃ asādhāraṇaṃ. Sesaṃ sādhāraṇañca asādhāraṇañca. Ṭhānāṭṭhānādīni hi sāvakā padesena jānanti, tathāgatā nippadesena. Iti tāni uddesato sādhāraṇāni, na niddesato. Ayaṃ pana avisesena sabbampi sādhāraṇanti āha. Tamenaṃ tato vivecetuṃ tathāgatabalaṃ sāvakabalanti puna anuyogo āraddho. Tattha paṭhamapañhe niddesato sabbākāravisayataṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati. Dutiyapañhe uddesato ṭhānāṭṭhānamattādijānanavasena paṭijānāti. Taññevātiādipañhesu sabbākārena ninnānākaraṇatāya abhāvena paṭikkhipati. Pubbayogo ca pubbacariyā ca atthato ekaṃ, tathā dhammakkhānañca dhammadesanā ca.
354.此时名为强辩。这里所说的、有关阿努儒达相应部分的‘我,也说这四念处的修习与增上,分别由处至处,八处之中,诸法实相如实了知’等十经(《相应部·尼253.913》)不合理地取为‘如来的威力是弟子平凡功德所致’等说,譬如如今黑暗者,向提问者回答辩解。所谓如来威力,对弟子而言既有平凡亦有非凡,且有平凡中带非凡者。其内杂染尽灭的智慧为平凡,根通他解的智慧为非凡,余者或平凡或非凡。弟子依处处了知,如来则从理境了知。此处所指的‘平凡者’乃泛指尚未指明之概念。由此,为辨明此义,‘如来威力’与‘弟子威力’二词随后被再议。其中第一问驳弃以涉猎一切事理为标示。第二问则以只知处处为标示而承认。又以此问中诸种否定理由驳斥。此前的相关教导及法义,为一源。亦出现关于法界教授之说。
Indriyaparopariyattipañhe ekadesena sādhāraṇataṃ sandhāya sāvakavisaye paṭijānāti.
关于根通他解之问,即以普通性查问弟子境界,由弟子承认。
§355
355. Idāni yasmā uddesato ṭhānāṭṭhānādīni sāvako jānāti, tasmā sāvakassa tathā jānanaṃ pakāsetvā tena jānanamattasāmaññena tesaṃ sāvakasādhāraṇattaṃ patiṭṭhāpetuṃ sāvako ṭhānāṭṭhānaṃjānātītiādayo paravādipañhā honti. Tattha indriyaparopariyattiñāṇaṃ channaṃ asādhāraṇañāṇānaṃ aññataranti na gahitaṃ. Āsavakkhayena vā āsavakkhayanti yaṃ tathāgatassa āsavakkhayena saddhiṃ sāvakassa āsavakkhayaṃ paṭicca vattabbaṃ siyā nānākaraṇaṃ, taṃ natthi. Vimuttiyā vā vimuttinti padepi eseva nayo. Sesamettha uttānatthameva.
355.今因以‘处处等’为指示,弟子了知,故弟子被指示要藉此认识,由于此认识的普通性而确立弟子之平凡。弟子了知处处等,诸提问即以此为由。根通他解的知识不足以包含非凡智慧之一种。有关杂染灭除,应以如来的杂染灭除为依据,由此成立弟子杂染灭除;此点无异义。解脱及解脱者二词亦同如此。关于余分,这里说之意同上。
§356
356. Idāni yaṃ sakavādinā ‘‘āsavānaṃ khaye ñāṇaṃ sādhāraṇa’’nti anuññātaṃ, tena saddhiṃ saṃsanditvā sesānampi sādhāraṇabhāvaṃ pucchituṃ puna āsavānaṃ khayetiādayo paravādipañhāva honti. Tesaṃ vissajjane sakavādinā āsavakkhaye visesābhāvena taṃ ñāṇaṃ sādhāraṇanti anuññātaṃ. Itaresupi visesābhāvena sādhāraṇatā paṭikkhittā. Puna ṭhānāṭṭhānādīnaṃ āsavakkhayeneva saddhiṃ saṃsanditvā asādhāraṇapucchā paravādisseva. Tattha āsavakkhayañāṇe paṭikkhepo, sesesu ca paṭiññā sakavādissa. Tato indriyaparopariyattena saddhiṃ saṃsanditvā asādhāraṇapucchā paravādissa. Sā saṅkhipitvā dassitā. Tathāpi indriyaparopariyatte paṭiññā, sesesu ca paṭikkhepo sakavādissa. Tato ṭhānāṭṭhānādīhi saddhiṃ saṃsanditvā indriyaparopariyattassa sādhāraṇapucchā paravādissa. Sāpi saṅkhipitvāva dassitā. Tattha indriyaparopariyatte paṭikkhepo. Sesesu ca paṭiññā sakavādissāti.
356.今有辩论者谓‘杂染灭除之智慧为平凡’,及未明解者,与之辩论时,亦追问其他余分的普通性。于是辩论者论说杂染灭除时,未明解其智慧为平凡。其他人则因特殊智慧反否认其平凡性。又以处处等杂染灭除的知识为因,展开有关非凡问题之辩论。此时于杂染灭除智慧加以驳斥,而对余分则肯认。随后因根通他解的知识,与杂染灭除联系,辩论非凡问题。此说虽简略成文,然在根通他解上辩驳,而对余分则肯定。随后因处处等与根通他解对应对非凡问题辩论时,于根通他解驳斥,而余分肯认辩论者,故称“于余分认错,辩论者承认”。
Balakathāvaṇṇanā. · 力论之解释。
2. Ariyantikathāvaṇṇanā二、圣者论之解释
§357
357. Idāni ariyantikathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘na kevalaṃ āsavakkhayañāṇameva ariyaṃ, atha kho purimānipi nava balāni ariyāni’’cceva laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya ariyanti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Puna yadi taṃ ariyaṃ, maggādīsu tena aññatarena bhavitabbanti maggādivasena pucchā sakavādissa, paṭikkhepo itarassa.
357.现在名为圣捷论辩。这里所言‘不仅唯有杂染灭除智慧为圣,前者九种圣力亦是’等说,譬于当今无慧者。向提问人以‘圣者’称呼,提出询问。若说此为圣者,须以某一圣力,诸如道等,对他人发生,将对此提出疑问并被驳斥。
Puna suññatārammaṇādivasena pucchā sakavādissa. Tattha dve suññatā – sattasuññatā ca saṅkhārasuññatā ca. Sattasuññatā nāma diṭṭhiyā parikappitena sattena suññā pañcakkhandhā. Saṅkhārasuññatā nāma sabbasaṅkhārehi suññaṃ vivittaṃ nissaṭaṃ nibbānaṃ. Tattha paravādī nibbānārammaṇataṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati, saṅkhārārammaṇataṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. Manasi karotīti puṭṭhopi nibbānameva sandhāya paṭikkhipati, saṅkhāre sandhāya paṭijānāti. Tato sakavādinā ‘‘ṭhānāṭṭhānādimanasikāro saṅkhārārammaṇo, suññatamanasikāro nibbānārammaṇo’’ti imaṃ nayaṃ gahetvā ‘‘dvinnaṃ phassānaṃ dvinnaṃ cittānaṃ samodhānaṃ hotī’’ti puṭṭho lesokāsaṃ alabhanto paṭikkhipati. Animittāpaṇihitesupi eseva nayo. Sattanimittābhāvato hi khandhā animittā. Saṅkhāranimittābhāvato nibbānaṃ. Ekadhammasmimpi āropetvā ṭhapetabbasaṅkhātena ca paṇidahitabbaṭṭhena paṇihitasaṅkhaṃ gatena sattapaṇidhinā appaṇihitā khandhā. Taṇhāpaṇidhinā taṇhāya vā ārammaṇabhūtena sabbasaṅkhārapaṇidhinā appaṇihitaṃ nibbānaṃ. Tasmā idhāpi paṭikkhepo ca paṭiññā ca purimanayeneva veditabbā.
更有空色界等诸相向提问者提出。此中有二空:色空即依见所执色身空无五蕴;行空即一切行法空无分别,灭尽涅槃。辩论者以涅槃境相为据,驳斥,反而认识行法境相。即使内意是涅槃,也驳斥其为行法境相。对此,辩论者以‘处处之境观为行境,空心观为涅槃境’理论,谓“二种接触对应二种心”,初问未达理,遭拒斥。谓色蕴无因故为无因,行蕴无因故为涅槃。须将一法强加、强立,以缘其数目累积,由所缘数目不同即为无数蕴。以渴爱所缘,诸行法因,以渴爱缘灭即涅槃。故此处同样应当明辨和承认先前说法。
§358
358. Tato ‘‘yathā satipaṭṭhānādayo lokuttaradhammā ariyā ceva suññatādiārammaṇā ca, kiṃ te evaṃ ṭhānāṭṭhānañāṇa’’nti anulomapaṭilomapucchā honti. Tattha sabbāpi paṭiññā sabbe ca paṭikkhepā paravādisseva. Imināvupāyena sesañāṇesupi pucchāvissajjanaṃ veditabbaṃ. Pāḷiyaṃ pana sesāni saṅkhipitvā avasāne cutūpapātañāṇameva vibhattaṃ. Tato paraṃ sakasamayepi ‘‘ariya’’nti siddhena āsavānaṃ khayañāṇena saddhiṃ saṃsanditvā sesañāṇānaṃ anulomato ca paṭilomato ca ariyabhāvapucchā honti. Tā sabbā paravādissa, paṭiññā paṭikkhepo ca sakavādissa . Te uttānatthāyeva. Pāḷiyaṃ panettha paṭhamanavamāneva dassetvā satta ñāṇāni saṅkhittānīti.
358. 然后,关于「譬如念处等为超世圣法,及圣者为空等所依止者,汝于此等所依处之知识为何?」此类顺逆相问问答生起。其间所有皆为肯认,且皆为反对批评离异之意。由此方法,亦当了知余余知识中之问答销散。巴利语中则将这些余余知识简略合并,最后只区分为禅定入灭知识。继而,乃在同一时刻,称为「圣者」者,乃与断除烦恼之知识一同相会,余余知识中关于顺随与逆逆圣者身分之问答生起。皆属反对批评,肯认可与反对相互交迭者。此乃为高级解释。巴利语于此处乃依初一还有复现,示现七种知识的简略分类。
Ariyantikathāvaṇṇanā. · 圣者论之解释。
3. Vimuttikathāvaṇṇanā三、解脱论之解释
§363
363. Idāni vimuttikathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘vītarāgacittānaṃ vimuttipayojanaṃ nāma natthi. Yathā pana malīnaṃ vatthaṃ dhoviyamānaṃ malā vimuccati, evaṃ sarāgaṃ cittaṃ rāgato vimuccatī’’ti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya sarāganti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Tato rāgasahagatantiādinā nayena puṭṭho maggakkhaṇe cittaṃ vimuccati nāma. Tadā ca evarūpaṃ cittaṃ natthīti paṭikkhipati.
363. 此即所谓解脱论说。于彼,一切「对无贪之心无解脱缘起者」谓之无此存在。譬如污衣洗涤时污垢得释亦复如是,纯净之心能被爱欲所释放。此言比喻,若现时于盲者而言,此即探求纯净之问答即由肯认而起,反对则出于偏他。此时,因染爱等所缠缚,于入道之际,心才能得解脱。随后反对以「无此类心」断言。
Saphassantiādinā nayena puṭṭhopi yathā phasso ca cittañca ubho rāgato vimuccanti, evaṃ rāgassa vimuttiṃ apassamāno paṭikkhipati. Sadosādīsupi imināvupāyena attho veditabbo.
又由触等之缘起所问。譬如触与心两者俱能自贪爱中获得解脱,然对爱贪解脱未现时,仍断此理。其意义亦当依此方法而知。如见友样。
Vimuttikathāvaṇṇanā. · 解脱论之解释。
4. Vimuccamānakathāvaṇṇanā4. 正在解脱论之解释
§366
366. Idāni vimuccamānakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘jhānena vikkhambhanavimuttiyā vimuttaṃ, maggakkhaṇe samucchedavimuttiyā vimuccamānaṃ nāma hotī’’ti laddhi, te sandhāya vimuttaṃ vimuccamānanti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarasa.
366. 此即所谓正在解脱论说。其间谓「由禅定及扩展解脱、入道时断除解脱,谓之正在解脱」。对此问题,由肯认之方发问,反对由他方。又一者质问由肯认方。此者乃修习者。譬如有解脱,有一处或多处未解脱者,何以断言某处解脱,某处未解脱?其因何在?答曰:解脱与正在解脱按照其差异划分。譬如行为分别,某处已为作,某处未作,如是亦有一处解脱一处未解脱之现象。继而反对者,犹如行为被否定之若干状况,于第一问题予以断除,在第二已正在解脱时,则认可其未圆满解脱实。此析于世间禅定时,皆从肯认处断除。非谓入灭解脱时断除,乃缘超世禅定而肯认。对此入灭解脱问题欲表达此理。因而肯认者言:「若一心于一处解脱,同时于一处未解脱,若此其时,则此心即为初果入流,入流亦此心于一处,非此心于一处即未得入流。」此为质问意旨。其另一方不解此理便反对。于余余差别亦尔。
Puna ekadesanti pucchā sakavādissa. Tattha ekadesanti bhāvanapuṃsakaṃ. Yathā vimuttaṃ, ekadesena vā ekadese vā avimuttaṃ hoti kiṃ evaṃ ekadesaṃ vimuttaṃ, ekadesaṃ avimuttanti pucchati. Kiṃ kāraṇā evaṃ pucchatīti? ‘‘Vimuttaṃ vimuccamāna’’nti vippakatabhāvena vuttattā. Yathā hi kariyamānā kaṭādayo vippakatattā ekadesena katā ekadesena akatā honti, tathā idampi ekadesaṃ vimuttaṃ ekadesaṃ avimuttanti āpajjati. Tato paravādī kaṭādīnaṃ viya cittassa ekadesābhāvā paṭhamapañhe paṭikkhipitvā dutiye vimuccamānassa apariniṭṭhitavimuttitāya paṭijānāti. Lokiyajjhānakkhaṇaṃ vā sandhāya paṭikkhipati. Na hi taṃ tadā samucchedavimuttiyā vimuccamānaṃ. Lokuttarajjhānakkhaṇaṃ sandhāya paṭijānāti. Tañhi tadā samucchedavimuttiyā vimuttekadesena vimuccamānantissa laddhi. Tato sakavādī ‘‘yadi te ekameva cittaṃ ekadesaṃ vimuttaṃ ekadesaṃ avimuttaṃ, evaṃ sante yo ekeneva cittena sotāpanno hoti, sopi te ekadesaṃ sotāpanno, ekadesaṃ na sotāpanno āpajjatī’’ti codanatthaṃ ekadesaṃ sotāpannotiādimāha. Itaro taṃ vidhānaṃ apassanto paṭikkhipati. Sesavāresupi eseva nayo.
又有一个人向比诃陀请问。该人是正念修习者,问道:假如有一心既有解脱,也有未解脱,这样是否一心既解脱又未解脱?他想知道此中缘由。对此,以「解脱者正处于被解脱状态」的差别本质回答。譬如正在进行的行为,如持戒等,既是由一心所为,又由另一心所为,一方面有所为,一方面无为。同理,此处一心既有解脱亦有未解脱,便因此而起。继而,那比诃陀舍弃最初的问题,即心无一境之见,转向第二个问题,承认正在解脱者为不完善的解脱状态。其时,他推迟以世俗禅定加以洞察,而不是当时以断灭解脱为证。唯有借助出世禅定观照,才能获得彼时完全断灭解脱的解脱境界。于是请问者说:「如果唯有一心而既解脱又未解脱,既解脱即是初果向觉者,那么此向觉者便一心为初果,一心非初果,岂非自相矛盾?」显然意在质疑此说法。他表示自己不了解他法而加以否定。余打住处,亦是同样理路。
Uppādakkhaṇapañhe yadi ekameva cittaṃ vimuttañca vimuccamānañca, ekasmiṃ khaṇe vimuttaṃ ekasmiṃ vimuccamānaṃ āpajjati. Kiṃ te evarūpaṃ cittanti attho.
于生起时则问:若一心既解脱又正在解脱,倏尔于一时处为解脱,倏尔于另一处为正在解脱,如何理解此等心?
§367
367. Suttasādhane paṭhamasuttaṃ paravādissa. Tatrāssāyamadhippāyo – vimuccatīti vippakataniddeso. Tasmā yaṃ tassa yogino evaṃ jānato evaṃ passato etehi āsavehi cittaṃ vimuccati, taṃ vimuccamānaṃ nāma hotīti. Dutiyasuttaṃ sakavādissa. Tatrāssāyamadhippāyo – yadi te vimuccatīti vacanato vimuttaṃ vimuccamānaṃ, idha vimuccatīti vacanābhāvato vimuttameva siyā, na vimuccamānanti.
第367经 为方便经第一经 。其中此处的“解脱”是一种已被否定的说法。因此,修行者若依此如实了知、观察,借诸烦恼而心得解脱,这即名为“解脱”。第二经属正见经。此处的“解脱”若根据语意说为已解脱或正解脱,则由于“解脱”语义本身不存在,此处也只能说是“已解脱”,而不能说“正解脱”。
Idāni ‘‘yathā te vippakatavimuttitāya vimuccamānaṃ, kiṃ evaṃ vippakatarāgāditāya rajjamānādīnipi atthī’’ti codanatthaṃ puna atthi cittantiādi āraddhaṃ. Paravādināpi tathārūpaṃ cittaṃ apassantena sabbaṃ paṭikkhittaṃ. Atha naṃ sakavādī ‘‘dveyeva koṭiyo, tatiyā natthī’’ti anubodhento nanu rattañceva arattañcātiādimāha. Tassattho – nanu bhadramukha, rāgasampayuttaṃ cittaṃ rattaṃ vippayuttaṃ arattanti dveva koṭiyo, rajjamānaṃ nāma tatiyā koṭi natthīti? Duṭṭhādīsupi eseva nayo. Atha naṃ āmantāti paṭijānitvā ṭhitaṃ. Vimuttipakkhepi dveyeva koṭiyo dassetuṃ hañci rattañcevātiādimāha. Tassattho – yadi etā dve koṭiyo sampaṭicchasi, avimuttañceva vimuttañcā ti imāpi sampaṭiccha. Kilesasampayuttañhi cittaṃ avimuttaṃ, vippayuttaṃ vimuttaṃ. Vimuccamānaṃ nāmāti paramatthato tatiyā koṭi natthīti.
现在“正如诸位已被否定而解脱,怎能又为由染爱诸等所染着”的质问意旨,再次引发“心”等持。连为方便经者亦如是,见不到诸法,全然否定。此时正见经者理解道:“仅有两种类别,第三则无有”,以此敷陈“被染即为染,非染亦如是”等等。对此,方便经者奏答:“善友,附着于染的心有染,有离欲的心有离欲,这的确是两种类别,第三种即无也”。这与恶境等处理方法相同。此时,方便经者以此教导并令坚立。对此,正见经者说:“倘若承认此两类别,亦当承认无染亦有染之两类别。因污染相缠之心为无染,不污染相离之心为染。以最终义说,‘正解脱’无第三类别存在。”
Vimuccamānakathāvaṇṇanā. · 正在解脱论之解释。
5. Aṭṭhamakakathāvaṇṇanā5. 八人论之解释
§368
368. Idāni aṭṭhamakakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ anulomagotrabhumaggakkhaṇe kilesānaṃ samudācārābhāvato aṭṭhamakassa sotāpattimaggaṭṭhapuggalassa dve pariyuṭṭhānā pahīnāti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānañceva sammitiyānañca; tesaṃ aññataraṃ sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, maggakkhaṇato paṭṭhāya diṭṭhiyā anuppattiṃ sandhāya paṭiññā itarassa. Tato yasmā diṭṭhi nāmesā sotāpannasseva pahīnā, na maggaṭṭhassa, tasmā aṭṭhamako puggalo sotāpannoti anuyogo sakavādissa. Vicikicchāpañhepi eseva nayo. Anusayapañhe pariyuṭṭhānato añño anusayoti tesaṃ laddhi, tasmā ‘‘na heva’’nti paṭikkhittaṃ.
第368经 今称为第八讲。此处讲述诸人在顺理家族根基阶段,由于烦恼不起,故第八的圣流断果者获得“二种覆盖业力净除”。譬如如同于此时,犹如盲人或聋人等。对于其中一人,方便经者发问:以道理为依止,因见不现,故否认正见与果。由正见之名,正见果断已消,此故此人被称为圣流断者,此说属正见经。关于疑惑之问亦采是说。关于烦恼执著者净除,则说是他者,得果,故言“不然”,予以否认。
Sīlabbataparāmāsapañhepi sīlabbataparāmāsapariyuṭṭhānanti vohāraṃ na passati, tasmā paṭikkhipati. Pariyuṭṭhānamevassa pahīnanti laddhi.
关于戒执疑问则说,“戒执已净除”,此句非为真义,故便否认。唯一净除即谓执著已破。
§369
369.Maggo bhāvitoti pañhe tasmiṃ khaṇe bhāveti, na bhāvito. Tasmā paṭikkhipati. Amaggenātiādianuyoge paṭhamamaggeneva pahīnabhāvaṃ sandhāya paṭikkhipati. Yadi hi amaggena pahīyetha, gotrabhupuggalādīnampi pahīyethāti āpajjanato. Uppajjissatīti pucchā paravādissa, vissajjanaṃ sakavādissa. Sesaṃ sabbattha uttānatthamevāti.
第369经 关于“道的修习”,疑中说“当下修习”,非“已修成”。故便否认。就“未修成”等句之用法,专依于第一道所彰之净除,故予以否认。盖若说未修成即应污染根本人等亦净除,故所以被否认。对“将会生起”的质问由方便经者回答,正见经者说“将尽皆为善”。余诸处亦皆如是说法。
Aṭṭhamakakathāvaṇṇanā. · 八人论之解释。
6. Aṭṭhamakassa indriyakathāvaṇṇanā6. 八人之根论解释
§371
371. Idāni aṭṭhamakassa indriyakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘aṭṭhamako maggakkhaṇe indriyāni paṭilabhati nāma, no cassa paṭiladdhāni hontī’’ti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya natthi saddhindriyanti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Natthi saddhāti puṭṭho pana saddhindriyato saddhāya nānattaṃ sallakkhetvā paṭikkhipati. Sesesupi eseva nayo. Yathā pana yassa atthi mano, tassa manindriyampi atthi; evaṃ yassa saddhādayo atthi, tassa atthi saddhindriyādīnipīti dīpanatthaṃ atthi mano atthi manindriyantiādi āraddhaṃ. Taṃ sabbaṃ uttānatthameva saddhiṃ suttasādhanenāti.
第371经 此乃第八讲感官说。有些人说“第八道阶段获得感官,而非尚未得”,一如盲人等,不明感官法,故由此而问正见经者,正见经者答:“无信”乃问,“信”之由虽有差别影响,于是以真义否定“信”。余皆同理。譬如凡有人者即有心,且有心根;由是亦有信等根。此乃于通达意义上的真义,故皆由此方便经合论经文功用彰显。
Aṭṭhamakassa indriyakathāvaṇṇanā. · 第八者之根论的注释。
7. Dibbacakkhukathāvaṇṇanā七、天眼论注释。
§373
373. Idāni dibbacakkhukathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ catutthajjhānadhammūpatthaddhaṃ maṃsacakkhumeva dibbacakkhu nāma hotīti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānañceva sammitiyānañca; te sandhāya maṃsacakkhunti pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa.
373.现在所谓天眼之说,指的是那些以第四禅境为根本的“肉眼”,称其为天眼;比如目前,有人将瞎眼和视物如幻者视为“肉眼”,故而彼此互相问询时,有时说“是肉眼”,有时答道“不是”,表现彼此不同的观点。
Puna ‘‘maṃsacakkhu dibbacakkhu, dibbacakkhu maṃsacakkhū’’ti puṭṭho taṃ mattameva taṃ na hotīti paṭikkhipati. Yādisantiādipucchāsupi ubhinnaṃ ekasabhāvābhāveneva paṭikkhipati.
又当问道说:“肉眼即天眼,天眼就是肉眼”时,对此持不同立场者否定此说。诸如“是”“非”这样的问答,因双方各自对本质的不同理解而相互驳斥。
Visayotiādīsu ubhinnampi rūpāyatanameva visayo. Maṃsacakkhu pana āpāthagatameva passati. Itaraṃ anāpāthagataṃ tiropabbatādigatampi. Dibbacakkhussa ca atisukhumampi rūpaṃ gocaro, na tādisaṃ itarassāti evametesaṃ ānubhāvagocarā asadisā.
就“境界”等说法而言,即使不同,其实也只是指“色根”之境界而已。所谓“肉眼”看到的是有形可触的事物;而他者则为非可触之境,如山岳等。天眼则能观察极其细微的色相,不同于他眼,故此称其为特殊的内证所观察之境。
Upādiṇṇaṃ hutvā anupādiṇṇaṃ hotīti puṭṭho yasmā maṃsacakkhu upādiṇṇaṃ, dibbacakkhu anupādiṇṇaṃ, na ca maṃsacakkhumeva dibbacakkhūti icchati, tasmā paṭikkhipati. Dutiyaṃ puṭṭho yasmā ‘‘maṃsacakkhussa uppādo, maggo dibbassa cakkhuno’’ti vacanaṃ nissāya maṃsacakkhupaccayā dibbacakkhu uppajjati, tañca rūpāvacarikānaṃ catunnaṃ mahābhūtānaṃ pasādoti icchati, tasmā paṭijānāti. Kāmāvacaraṃ hutvāti puṭṭhopi yasmā na maṃsacakkhumeva dibbacakkhūti icchati, tasmā paṭikkhipati. Dutiyaṃ puṭṭho rūpāvacarajjhānapaccayena uppannattā rūpāvacaraṃ nāma jātanti paṭijānāti.
当被问“有分别的(有依)和无分别的(无依)?”时,因“肉眼”是有依之眼,“天眼”是无依之眼;若认为“天眼仅是肉眼”,则予以否定。第二问,因言说“肉眼的生起、路径是天眼所依”,由此认知天眼为色法行的第四大元素之净相,因此予以肯定。问其“天眼是欲界之物?”,不承认仅是肉眼之天眼,也予以否定。又问因“色法行禅定而生”的情况,认知出色法行故称“生起”,予以肯定。
Rūpāvacaraṃ hutvā arūpāvacaranti puṭṭhopi tato paraṃ bhāvanāya arūpāvacarakkhaṇe rūpāvacaracittassa abhāvā paṭikkhipati. Dutiyaṃ puṭṭho arūpāvacarikānaṃ catunnaṃ mahābhūtānaṃ pasādo hutvā uppajjatīti laddhiyā paṭijānāti. Apariyāpannabhāvaṃ panassa na icchati, tasmā paṭikkhipatiyeva.
当问“已是色法行,则是无色法行?”时,对此不承认色法行心体存在,则予以否定。第二问,若因四大净和而生,无色法行即生,予以肯定。对“不圆满的状态”不愿承认,故再次否定。
§374
374.Dibbacakkhuṃ dhammupatthaddhanti kāmāvacaradhammena upatthambhitaṃ hutvā. Puna dhammupatthaddhanti lokuttaradhammena upatthaddhaṃ. Dveva cakkhūnīti puṭṭho kiñcāpi dibbacakkhuno dhammupatthaddhassa paññācakkhubhāvaṃ na icchati, paññācakkhussa pana atthitāya paṭikkhipati. Puna puṭṭho maṃsacakkhu dhammupatthaddhaṃ dibbacakkhu hotīti laddhivasena paṭijānāti. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
374.天眼乃依色法行(欲界之色法)而生。又依世界间之色法行而生。其有两眼之说,被问是否有天眼之三十二种眼目之能,则是否认有此能,仅承认三十二种眼目在世俗之眼中有用。又被问肉眼本有色法行缘起,故成天眼,予以肯定。由此可知,此理暂无悖论也无晦涩。
Dibbacakkhukathāvaṇṇanā. · 天眼论注释。
8. Dibbasotakathāvaṇṇanā八、天耳论注释。
§375
375. Idāni dibbasotakathā nāma hoti. Tattha ekaṃyeva sotanti puṭṭho dvinnaṃ atthitāya paṭikkhipati. Puna puṭṭho yasmā tadeva dhammupatthaddhaṃ dibbasotaṃ nāma hoti, tasmā paṭijānāti. Sesaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayamevāti.
375. 现在讲述的是所谓天耳通。这里,只有一个问话者对两个对方提出的问题加以驳斥。然后,由于问话者已掌握了那种正法通达的天耳通,故而被称为天耳通。因此,剩下的内容下文自明。
Dibbasotakathāvaṇṇanā. · 天耳论注释。
9. Yathākammūpagatañāṇakathāvaṇṇanā九、随业所趣智论注释。
§377
377. Idāni yathākammūpagatañāṇakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘iti dibbena cakkhunā visuddhena…pe… yathākammūpage satte pajānātī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.246; paṭi. ma. 1.106) suttaṃ ayoniso gahetvā yathākammūpagatañāṇameva dibbacakkhunti laddhi, te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Puna yathākammūpagatañca manasi karotīti puṭṭho ekacittassa ārammaṇadvayābhāvā paṭikkhipati. Dutiyaṃ puṭṭho nānācittavasena paṭijānāti. Puna lesokāsaṃ adatvā dvinnaṃ phassānanti puṭṭho paṭikkhipati. Iti yathā iminā yathākammūpagatapadena, evameva ime vata bhonto, sattātiādipadehipi saddhiṃ yojanāsu attho veditabbo.
377. 现在讲述的是所谓依业得智。这里所说的“那些能够‘以清净智慧的天眼’观察……如经所说,依业得见众生如实知晓’,(参见长部尼柯耶1.246;增支部大本1.106)”,指的是他诳骗地取了那段经文,不正当地接受了依业得智为天眼所获得,之后当有人向他提问时,他回答了别人。然后,当他在心中思维依业得之事时,问话者否定了其心念兼存的状态。第二问话者以多心态而回答。随后,当取舍时段时,又对二者触觉否定。如此用这句依业得智的话语,也要推知这些声闻们及起首族中出家人的意涵。
§378
378.Āyasmāsāriputto yathākammūpagataṃ ñāṇaṃ jānātīti idaṃ sakavādī yasmā thero appicchatāya abhiññāñāṇāni na vaḷañjetīti ekacce na jānanti, tāni panassa neva atthīti maññanti, tasmā taṃ ‘‘dibbacakkhuno alābhī thero’’ti maññamānaṃ pucchati. Teneva kāraṇena ‘‘atthāyasmato sāriputtassa dibbacakkhū’’ti parato puṭṭho paṭikkhipati. Dutiyaṃ puṭṭho yaṃkiñci sāvakena pattabbaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ therena anuppattanti paṭijānāti. Idānissa vikkhepaṃ karonto sakavādī nanu āyasmā sāriputtotiādimāha. Imañhi gāthaṃ thero vaḷañjanapaṇidhiyā eva abhāvena āha, na abhiññāñāṇassa abhāvena. Paravādī pana abhāvenevāti atthaṃ sallakkheti. Tasmā tassa laddhiyā therassa yathākammūpagatañāṇameva atthi, no dibbacakkhu. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘tena hi na vattabbaṃ yathākammūpagatañāṇaṃ dibbacakkhū’’ti.
378. 有寿长老沙利子知晓依业得智,然而该声闻由於不愿贪著于神通等超法智慧,不加重视,故有些并不知晓,认为那些法无益处。于是便问彼“没有获得天眼之长老”。对此原因,他反问“那位沙利子长老有天眼吗”,第二问者回答任何随从该长老的弟子应当获得的法,长老都不会具足。于是此时,诽谤者以此为依据称长老无天眼。对此佛音长老作了此偈,用粗芥之愿 (意即精神执着)所作,不是由于对超法智慧的无明。所谓诽谤者的“无明”即是轻蔑故意毁谤之意。故长老所得的依业得智为真,不是天眼。由此而说“不应称依业得智为天眼”。
Yathākammūpagatañāṇakathāvaṇṇanā. · 随业趣向智论释。
10. Saṃvarakathāvaṇṇanā第十,防护论释。
§379
379. Idāni saṃvarakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ tāvatiṃse deve upādāya tatuttari devesu yasmā te pañca verāni na samācaranti, tasmā saṃvaro atthīti laddhi, te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, verasamudācāraṃ apassato paṭiññā itarassa. Tato yasmā saṃvaro nāma saṃvaritabbe asaṃvare sati hoti, tasmā asaṃvarapucchā sakavādissa, devesu pāṇātipātādīnaṃ abhāvena paṭikkhepo itarassa.
379. 现在说的是所谓约束。那时,有三十三天诸神对较下天诸神有所约束,因他们不犯五戒,故获得约束的称号。当有人询问别的天神时,他们目睹了戒律的行为表现,则答复他。因为约束应受约束,没有约束时即失去约束故也有无约束的问答。对天神间杀生等无戒行为的否定则是回答别的天神的询问。
Atthi manussesūtiādi saṃvare sati asaṃvarassa asaṃvare ca sati saṃvarassa pavattidassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ.
这里说有在人间等界的约束存在的缘故,正是为显现无约束的无约束与有约束的出现。
§380
380.Pāṇātipātā veramaṇīti ādipañhesu pāṇātipātādīnaṃ asamācaraṇavasena paṭiññā, pāṇātipātādīnaṃ natthitāya paṭikkhepo veditabbo. Paṭilomapañhā uttānatthāyeva.
380. 杀生戒为根本戒律中首要戒。应判断杀生戒等戒的行为是否合于正法,若所属戒律无效,则应弃绝。逆向问题亦应以此目的而设立。
Avasāne natthi devesu saṃvarotipañhe pāṇātipātādīni katvā puna tato saṃvarābhāvaṃ sandhāya paṭiññā sakavādissa. Tato chalavasena yadi saṃvaro natthi, sabbe devā pāṇātipātinotiādipucchā paravādissa. Devānaṃ verasamudācārassa abhāvena paṭikkhepo sakavādissa. Nahevanti vacanamattaṃ gahetvā laddhipatiṭṭhāpanaṃ paravādissa. Evaṃ patiṭṭhitā pana laddhi appatiṭṭhitāva hotīti.
结束时,没有诸天在持戒问题上作证。在行杀生等行为之后若又发现没有持戒,则要寻找具结证人以立约。若持戒属意欺诈,所有诸天皆会控诉行杀生等行为的罪责。诸天因群体恶行而怀有敌意诽谤此具结证人。他们不会仅凭言语,而在升起财产基础上发起控告。如此建立起来的财产反而如未建立一般。
Saṃvarakathāvaṇṇanā. · 防护论释。
11. Asaññakathāvaṇṇanā第十一,无想论释。
§381
381. Idāni asaññakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘saṅkhārapaccayā viññāṇa’’nti vacanato vinā viññāṇena paṭisandhi nāma natthi. ‘‘Saññuppādā ca pana te devā tamhā kāyā cavantī’’ti vacanato asaññasattānampi cutipaṭisandhikkhaṇe saññā atthīti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Tato naṃ sakavādī ‘‘kiṃ te taṃ ṭhānaṃ saññābhavo’’tiādīhi codetuṃ saññābhavo saññāgatītiādimāha. Taṃ sabbaṃ tato parañca pāḷinayeneva veditabbanti.
381,此处称为非现量说。指其中“行为所缘的业行是识”的说法,若无识接续则不存在业行后续。又说“诸天当时离开此身”,指彼时生起于识者之色界非现量说的存在。尽管如此,就如这里的暗者,诸天会就此提问以确定,对他人持结证。之后证人答曰“你的此处无色界之存在”,此类说法皆应遵从巴利文经典之义理。
Asaññakathāvaṇṇanā. · 无想论释。
12. Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanakathāvaṇṇanā第十二,非想非非想处论释。
§384
384. Idāni nevasaññānāsaññāyatanakathā nāma hoti. Tattha yesaṃ ‘‘nevasaññānāsaññāyatana’’nti vacanato na vattabbaṃ ‘‘tasmiṃ bhave saññā atthī’’ti laddhi, seyyathāpi etarahi andhakānaṃ; te sandhāya pucchā sakavādissa, paṭiññā itarassa. Sesamettha sabbaṃ pāḷinayeneva veditabbanti.
384,此处称为非无现量无现量处说。其中“非无现量无现量处”的说法,不应说“在彼境界有色相”,如同这里的暗者。诸天为此提问并对他人作证。从此处起,所有内容均应依据巴利文经典本义理解。
Nevasaññānāsaññāyatanakathāvaṇṇanā. · 非想非非想处论的注释。
Tatiyo vaggo. · 第三品。