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1. 羯磨篇集义注

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1礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa
2律藏中
Vinayapiṭake
3小品注疏
Cūḷavagga-aṭṭhakathā
4一、羯磨篇
1. Kammakkhandhakaṃ
5呵责羯磨论
Tajjanīyakammakathā
11. 在小品的第一羯磨篇中,首先,“般度迦洛希达卡”即般度卡与洛希达卡两人,是六群比丘中的两位;依止他们的人也被称为“般度迦洛希达卡”。“Balavābalavaṃ paṭimantethā”意为“你们应有力地答辩”。“Alamatthatarā”意为“更有能力者”。
1. Cūḷavaggassa paṭhame kammakkhandhake tāva paṇḍukalohitakāti paṇḍuko ceva lohitako cāti chabbaggiyesu dve janā; tesaṃ nissitakāpi paṇḍukalohitakātveva paññāyanti. Balavābalavaṃ paṭimantethāti suṭṭhubalavaṃ paṭivadatha. Alamatthatarāti samatthatarā.
7呵责羯磨论终。
Tajjanīyakammakathā niṭṭhitā.
8非法羯磨十二种论
Adhammakammadvādasakakathā
44. 在“非面前作”等之中,指缺少僧、法、律、人面前而作;未询问被举罪者而作;未得彼承认而作。“Adesanāgāminiyā”指波罗夷罪或僧伽婆尸沙罪。在此,前三个三法中,以“非法作”、“别众作”等与每一法结合,说了九个三法。如是,共有十二个三法。从对立面来说,在善法方面也说了同样的十二个三法。
4.Asammukhākatantiādīsu saṅghadhammavinayapuggalasammukhānaṃ vinā kataṃ, cuditakaṃ appaṭipucchitvā kataṃ, tasseva appaṭiññāya kataṃ. Adesanāgāminiyāti pārājikāpattiyā vā saṅghādisesāpattiyā vā. Ettha purimakesu tīsu tikesu nava padā adhammenakataṃ vaggenakatanti imehi saddhiṃ ekekaṃ gahetvā nava tikā vuttā. Evaṃ sabbepi dvādasa tikā honti. Paṭipakkhavasena sukkapakkhesupi eteyeva dvādasa tikā vuttā.
66. “以不适当的在家交往”指与出家人不相应的、如共欢笑等在家交往。
6.Ananulomikehigihisaṃsaggehīti pabbajitānaṃ ananucchavikehi sahasokitādīhi gihisaṃsaggehi.
4“诸比丘,三种……”等语,是为了说明即使以其中一种条件,也可以作呵责羯磨。因为呵责羯磨的特有条件是制造纷争,依止羯磨的条件是屡犯戒,驱出羯磨的条件是污损俗家。然而,在这三种条件中,以任何一种条件都可以作所有羯磨。若如此,在瞻波篇中所说:“对适合呵责羯磨者作依止羯磨……乃至……令适合具足戒者出罪;优波离,如是是非法羯磨、非律羯磨,而僧团亦有过失。”此岂不矛盾?此并不矛盾。何以故?因语义不同。“对适合呵责羯磨者”此语的意义是羯磨的决断。而“诸比丘,三种……”等语的意义是条件的存在。因此,当僧团聚集而决断“我们为此比丘作此羯磨”时,彼即名为适合羯磨者。以此特征,对适合呵责等羯磨者作依止等羯磨,应知是非法羯磨且非律羯磨。然而,若有人在制造纷争等条件中具有任何一种条件,僧团若愿意,可在所允许的条件与羯磨中,以任何一种条件确定任何一种羯磨,令彼比丘成为适合羯磨者而作羯磨。这是此处的决断。如是,前后一致。
Tiṇṇaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhūnantiādi ekekenāpi aṅgena tajjanīyakammaṃ kātuṃ vaṭṭatīti dassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Tajjanīyassa hi visesena bhaṇḍanakārakattaṃ aṅgaṃ, niyassassa abhiṇhāpattikattaṃ, pabbājanīyassa kuladūsakattaṃ vuttaṃ. Imesu pana tīsu aṅgesu yena kenaci sabbānipi kātuṃ vaṭṭati. Yadi evaṃ yaṃ campeyyakkhandhake vuttaṃ – ‘‘tajjanīyakammārahassa niyassakammaṃ karoti…pe… upasampadārahaṃ abbheti; evaṃ kho upāli adhammakammaṃ hoti avinayakammaṃ, evañca pana saṅgho sātisāro hotī’’ti idaṃ virujjhatīti. Idañca na virujjhati. Kasmā? Vacanatthanānattato, ‘‘tajjanīyakammārahassā’’ti imassa hi vacanassa kammasanniṭṭhānaṃ attho. ‘‘Tiṇṇaṃ, bhikkhave’’tiādivacanassa aṅgasambhavo, tasmā yadā saṅghena sannipatitvā ‘‘idaṃ nāma imassa bhikkhuno kammaṃ karomā’’ti sanniṭṭhānaṃ kataṃ hoti, tadā kammāraho nāma hoti. Tassa iminā lakkhaṇena tajjanīyādikammārahassa niyassakammādikaraṇaṃ adhammakammañceva avinayakammañcāti veditabbaṃ. Yassa pana bhaṇḍanakārakādīsu aṅgesu aññataraṃ aṅgaṃ atthi, tassa ākaṅkhamāno saṅgho yathānuññātesu aṅgesu ca kammesu ca yena kenaci aṅgena yaṃkiñci kammaṃ vavatthapetvā taṃ bhikkhuṃ kammārahaṃ katvā kammaṃ kareyya. Ayamettha vinicchayo. Evaṃ pubbenāparaṃ sameti.
5在此,虽然呵责羯磨中依制造纷争而说羯磨语,然而对愚痴、不聪明、多犯戒者作呵责羯磨时,应依愚痴、不聪明而作羯磨语。如此,是以真实事由而作羯磨,而非以其他羯磨的事由。何以故?因为这也是被允许的。此理适用于一切处。十八种正行事将在别住篇中解释。
Tattha kiñcāpi tajjanīyakamme bhaṇḍanakārakavasena kammavācā vuttā, atha kho bālassa abyattassa āpattibahulassa tajjanīyakammaṃ karontena bālaabyattavaseneva kammavācā kātabbā . Evañhi bhūtena vatthunā kataṃ kammaṃ hoti, na ca aññassa kammassa vatthunā. Kasmā? Yasmā idampi anuññātanti. Esa nayo sabbattha. Aṭṭhārasa sammāvattanavatthūni pārivāsikakkhandhake vaṇṇayissāma.
13非法羯磨十二种论终。
Adhammakammadvādasakakathā niṭṭhitā.
14不应令止息十八种等论
Nappaṭippassambhetabbaaṭṭhārasakādikathā
88. “Lomaṃ pātentī”意为令毛发竖立,即比丘们随顺之意。“Netthāraṃ vattantī”中,“netthāraṃ”指能令度脱者;即实行能令出离度脱的十八种正行事之意。应履行多久的行事?十天或五天。因为在此羯磨篇中,以此期限即完成行事。
8.Lomaṃpātentīti pannalomā honti; bhikkhū anuvattantīti attho. Netthāraṃ vattantīti nittharantānaṃ etanti netthāraṃ; yena sakkā nissāraṇā nittharituṃ, taṃ aṭṭhārasavidhaṃ sammāvattanaṃ vattantīti attho. Kittakaṃ kālaṃ vattaṃ pūretabbanti? Dasa vā pañca vā divasāni. Imasmiñhi kammakkhandhake ettakena vattaṃ pūritameva hoti.
16不应令止息十八种等论终。
Nappaṭippassambhetabbaaṭṭhārasakādikathā niṭṭhitā.
17依止羯磨论
Niyassakammakathā
1111. 在卧具事中——“apissu bhikkhū pakatā”意为比丘们常忙碌。其余与呵责羯磨中所说相似。
11. Seyyasakavatthusmiṃ – apissu bhikkhū pakatāti apissu bhikkhū niccaṃ byāvaṭā honti. Sesaṃ tajjanīye vuttasadisameva.
19依止羯磨论终。
Niyassakammakathā niṭṭhitā.
20驱出羯磨论
Pabbājanīyakammakathā
2121. 阿沙基、富那婆苏迦事在僧伽婆尸沙的注释中已说。
21. Assajipunabbasukavatthu saṅghādisesavaṇṇanāyaṃ vuttaṃ.
2727. 在“以身戏笑”等中,此处“身戏笑”指身体游戏。其余二句同理。“身非行”指以身门违犯所制学处。其余二句同理。“身损害”指以身门不学而损害所制学处,即破坏、毁灭之意。其余二句同理。“身邪命”指以被禁止的医业等,如煮油、煮阿利吒等。语邪命指为在家人传达教法等。身语邪命指此两者。其余与呵责羯磨中所说相同。
27.Kāyikena davenātiādīsu panettha kāyiko davo nāma kāyakīḷā vuccati. Sesapadadvayepi eseva nayo. Kāyiko anācāro nāma kāyadvāre paññattasikkhāpadavītikkamo vuccati . Sesadvayepi eseva nayo. Kāyikaṃ upaghātikaṃ nāma kāyadvāre paññattasikkhāpadassa asikkhanabhāvena upahananaṃ vuccati; nāsanaṃ vināsananti attho. Sesadvayepi eseva nayo. Kāyiko micchājīvo nāma paṭikkhittavejjakammādivasena telapacanaariṭṭhapacanādīni. Vācasiko micchājīvo nāma gihīnaṃ sāsanasampaṭicchanārocanādīni. Kāyikavācasiko nāma tadubhayaṃ. Sesaṃ tajjanīye vuttanayameva.
23驱出羯磨论终。
Pabbājanīyakammakathā niṭṭhitā.
24令忆念羯磨论
Paṭisāraṇīyakammakathā
3333. 在善法事中——“anapaloketvā”意为未询问。“Etadavocā”意为“居士,你为长老们准备了什么?”他令全部揭开看见后,说了此语。“Ekā ca kho idha natthi yadidaṃ tilasaṃguḷikā”意为这里没有所谓“芝麻团”者,即没有名为“芝麻壳”之物。据说,那位居士的家族中最初有一位做糕饼者。长老欲以出身讥毁他,故如此说。“Yadeva kiñcī”意为如此舍弃众多佛语宝藏,而只说些芝麻团之语。以雏鸡的譬喻表明:“正如他既不作鸦鸣,亦不作鸡鸣,你也是如此,既不说比丘语,亦不说在家语。”
33. Sudhammavatthusmiṃ pana – anapaloketvāti na āpucchitvā. Etadavocāti kiṃ te gahapati therānaṃ paṭiyattanti sabbaṃ vivarāpetvā disvā etaṃ avoca. Ekā ca kho idha natthi yadidaṃ tilasaṃguḷikāti yā ayaṃ tilasakkhalikā nāma vuccati, sā natthīti attho. Tassa kira gahapatino vaṃse ādimhi eko pūviyo ahosi. Tena naṃ thero jātiyā khuṃsetukāmo evamāha. Yadeva kiñcīti evaṃ bahuṃ buddhavacanaṃ ratanaṃ pahāya kiñcideva tilasaṃguḷikāvacanaṃ bhāsitaṃ. Kukkuṭapotakaudāharaṇena idaṃ dasseti ‘‘yathā so neva kākavassitaṃ na kukkuṭavassitaṃ akāsi, evaṃ tayāpi neva bhikkhuvacanaṃ na gihivacanaṃ vutta’’nti.
26令忆念羯磨论终。
Paṭisāraṇīyakammakathā niṭṭhitā.
27非法羯磨等十二种论
Adhammakammādidvādasakakathā
3737. “非面前作”等三法如前所述。
37.Asammukhā katantiādayo tikā vuttappakārā eva.
3939. 具足支分与前面所述不同。其中,如未得利养,如此努力、精进却不得利养,即名为“为无所得而努力”。此理亦适用于无义等。其中,“无义”指利益的破坏。“无住处”指在该处无有居住。在家人面前说佛陀的坏话,即在诸在家众面前宣说佛陀的过恶。不如实履行如法的承诺,即不如其真实那般去做;例如承诺雨安居住处后却不去,或做其他类似之事。“五位比丘”等语,是为显示即使仅以一支分也足以构成应作羯磨之资格而说。其余在此处,既有意义明显的,也有在呵责羯磨中已说过的同样方法。
39. Aṅgasamannāgamo purimehi asadiso. Tattha yathā lābhaṃ na labhanti; evaṃ parisakkanto parakkamanto alābhāya parisakkati nāma. Esa nayo anatthādīsu. Tattha anatthoti atthabhaṅgo. Anāvāsoti tasmiṃ ṭhāne avasanaṃ. Gihīnaṃ buddhassa avaṇṇanti gihīnaṃ santike buddhassa avaṇṇaṃ bhāsati. Dhammikaṃ paṭissavaṃ na saccāpetīti yathā sacco hoti, evaṃ na karoti; vassāvāsaṃ paṭissuṇitvā na gacchati, aññaṃ vā evarūpaṃ karoti. Pañcannaṃ bhikkhavetiādi ekaṅgenapi kammārahabhāvadassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Sesamettha uttānatthañceva, tajjanīye ca vuttanayameva.
30非法羯磨等十二种之论已结束。
Adhammakammādidvādasakakathā niṭṭhitā.
31对不见罪而作举罪羯磨之论
Āpattiyā adassane ukkhepanīyakammakathā
4646. 于阐那事中:“诸比丘,你们应辗转告知住处次第,并在一切住处中宣告。”
46. Channavatthusmiṃ – āvāsaparamparañca bhikkhave saṃsathāti sabbāvāsesu ārocetha.
5050. 于“制造纷争者”等中,因纷争等缘而犯的罪,令其忏悔该罪后,仅因其不见该罪而应作羯磨。三法正是如上所说的方式。
50.Bhaṇḍanakārakotiādīsu bhaṇḍanādipaccayā āpannaṃ āpattiṃ ropetvā tassā adassaneyeva kammaṃ kātabbaṃ. Tikā vuttappakārā eva.
5151. 然而在此正确行持中,有四十三种行持。其中,“不应被扰乱”即不应被举罪。“比丘不应被诸比丘”指一位比丘不应被其他比丘们分裂。“不应持在家之幢”指不应穿着白衣及未割截、有长缘的衣。“不应持外道之幢”指不应穿着吉祥草衣等。“不应被冒犯”即不应被轻慢。“内或外”指精舍的内或外。“不应以外道等”三句意义明显。其余一切我们将在别住犍度中解释。其余与呵责羯磨中所说的方法相同。于不忏悔罪而作举罪羯磨,与此相似。
51. Sammāvattanāyaṃ panettha tecattālīsa vattāni. Tattha na anuddhaṃsetabboti na codetabbo. Na bhikkhu bhikkhūhīti añño bhikkhu aññehi bhikkhūhi na bhinditabbo. Na gihiddhajoti odātavatthāni acchinnadasapupphadasāni ca na dhāretabbāni. Na titthiyaddhajoti kusacīrādīni na dhāretabbāni. Na āsādetabboti na apasādetabbo. Anto vā bahi vāti vihārassa anto vā bahi vā. Na titthiyādipadattayaṃ uttānameva . Sesaṃ sabbaṃ pārivāsikakkhandhake vaṇṇayissāma. Sesaṃ tajjanīye vuttanayameva. Āpattiyā appaṭikamme ukkhepanīyakammaṃ iminā sadisameva.
6565. 阿利吒事已于小注中说明。于“制造纷争者”等中,若依某邪见而作纷争等,仅因其不舍弃该邪见而应作羯磨。其余与呵责羯磨中所说的方法相同。因为在此正确行持中,也确有四十三种行持。
65. Ariṭṭhavatthu khuddakavaṇṇanāyaṃ vuttaṃ. ‘‘Bhaṇḍanakārako’’tiādīsu yaṃ diṭṭhiṃ nissāya bhaṇḍanādīni karoti, tassā appaṭinissaggeyeva kammaṃ kātabbaṃ. Sesaṃ tajjanīye vuttanayameva. Sammāvattanāyampi hi idha tecattālīsaṃyeva vattānīti.
36对不见罪而作举罪羯磨之论已结束。
Āpattiyā adassane ukkhepanīyakammakathā niṭṭhitā.
37羯磨犍度注释已结束。
Kammakkhandhakavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.