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8. 千品

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1第八 千品
8. Sahassavaggo
2一、铜色齿刽子手的故事
1. Tambadāṭhikacoraghātakavatthu
1“即使有千言”这首偈颂,是世尊住在竹林精舍时,以铜色齿刽子手为缘而宣说的教法。
Sahassamapice vācāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto tambadāṭhikacoraghātakaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
2据说有四百九十九个盗贼,靠劫掠村庄等活计维生。当时有一个人,眼窝凹陷、头发黄褐,牙齿是铜色的,来到他们的聚集地,说:“我要和你们一起生活。”于是,别人把他引见给贼首,说道:“这人想在我们这里住。”贼首打量了他一眼,心想:“这是个能切断母亲乳房、掏出父亲喉咙的血来吃的人,极其残忍。”便说:“他没必要在我们这儿住。”就这样拒绝了。他虽被拒绝,却跑去侍奉贼首的一个弟子,获得了那位弟子的满意。弟子带他去见贼首,恳求道:“主人,这是个好人,对我们有帮助,请收留他吧。”贼首这才接受了。有一天,城镇居民和国王的差役联手,抓住了那些盗贼,押到主持审判的大臣们那里。大臣下令用斧头砍盗贼的头。随后,他们寻找能行刑的人,互相问:“谁来杀这些人?”看不到有谁愿意动手,便对贼首说:“你杀了这些人,就能保住性命,还能得到赏赐。动手吧。”贼首因为这些人是依靠自己才住下来的,不愿意杀他们。他们用同样的办法,问了四百九十九个人,全都不愿意。最后,问到那个凹眼黄褐、铜色齿的人。他说:“行!”爽快地答应下来,把那些人全杀了,从而保住了性命,也得到了赏赐。再后来,用同样的方式,从城的南方又抓来五百个盗贼,带给大臣们看。大臣同样命令砍头,又一个个地从贼首问起,还是没有看到有谁愿意动手。便有人说:“前一天有个人杀了五百个盗贼,他现在在哪儿?”有人回答:“我们在某某地方见过他。”就把他召来,命令道:“杀了这些人,你会得到赏赐。”他答应“行”,又把所有人全杀了,得了赏赐。于是大臣们商议:“这个人很不错,我们就让他固定做刽子手吧。”便把那个职位给了他,并给予赏赐。从那以后,从西方、北方逮来的每一批五百盗贼,也全都被他斩杀。就这样,他屠杀了从四方逮来的两千人。此后,每天杀死一到两个送来的犯人,一共做了五十五年的刽子手。
Ekūnapañcasatā kira corā gāmaghātakādīni karontā jīvikaṃ kappesuṃ. Atheko puriso nibbiddhapiṅgalo tambadāṭhiko tesaṃ santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘ahampi tumhehi saddhiṃ jīvissāmī’’ti āha. Atha naṃ corajeṭṭhakassa dassetvā ‘‘ayampi amhākaṃ santike vasituṃ icchatī’’ti āhaṃsu. Atha naṃ corajeṭṭhako oloketvā ‘‘ayaṃ mātu thanaṃ chinditvā pitu vā galalohitaṃ nīharitvā khādanasamattho atikakkhaḷo’’ti cintetvā ‘‘natthetassa amhākaṃ santike vasanakicca’’nti paṭikkhipi. So evaṃ paṭikkhittopi āgantvā ekaṃ tasseva antevāsikaṃ upaṭṭhahanto ārādhesi. So taṃ ādāya corajeṭṭhakaṃ upasaṅkamitvā, ‘‘sāmi, bhaddako esa, amhākaṃ upakārako, saṅgaṇhatha na’’nti yācitvā corajeṭṭhakaṃ paṭicchāpesi. Athekadivasaṃ nāgarā rājapurisehi saddhiṃ ekato hutvā te core gahetvā vinicchayamahāmaccānaṃ santikaṃ nayiṃsu. Amaccā tesaṃ pharasunā sīsacchedaṃ āṇāpesuṃ. Tato ‘‘ko nu kho ime māressatī’’ti pariyesantā te māretuṃ icchantaṃ kañci adisvā corajeṭṭhakaṃ āhaṃsu – ‘‘tvaṃ ime māretvā jīvitañceva labhissasi sammānañca, mārehi ne’’ti. Sopi attānaṃ nissāya vasitattā te māretuṃ na icchi. Etenūpāyena ekūnapañcasate pucchiṃsu, sabbepi na icchiṃsu. Sabbapacchā taṃ nibbiddhapiṅgalaṃ tambadāṭhikaṃ pucchiṃsu. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti sampaṭicchitvā te sabbepi māretvā jīvitañceva sammānañca labhi. Etenūpāyena nagarassa dakkhiṇatopi pañca corasatāni ānetvā amaccānaṃ dassetvā tehi tesampi sīsacchede āṇatte corajeṭṭhakaṃ ādiṃ katvā pucchantā kañci māretuṃ icchantaṃ adisvā ‘‘purimadivase eko puriso pañcasate core māresi, kahaṃ nu kho so’’ti. ‘‘Asukaṭṭhāne amheti diṭṭho’’ti vutte taṃ pakkosāpetvā ‘‘ime mārehi, sammānaṃ lacchasī’’ti āṇāpesuṃ. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti sampaṭicchitvā te sabbepi māretvā sammānaṃ labhi. Atha naṃ ‘‘bhaddako ayaṃ puriso, nibaddhaṃ coraghātakameva etaṃ karissāmā’’ti mantetvā tassa taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ datvāva sammānaṃ kariṃsu. So pacchimadisatopi uttaradisatopi ānīte pañcasate pañcasate core ghātesiyeva. Evaṃ catūhi disāhi ānītāni dve sahassāni māretvā tato paṭṭhāya devasikaṃ ekaṃ dveti ānīte te manusse māretvā pañcapaṇṇāsa saṃvaccharāni coraghātakakammaṃ akāsi.
3到了年老时,他已经没办法一击就把人的头砍断,总是要砍两三次,让那些受刑的人多受许多苦。城里人便想:“反正迟早会有别的刽子手出来,这个人平白让人受苦,留他有什么用?”就把他的职位剥夺了。他先前做刽子手时,从来得不到四样东西:穿新衣服,喝新酥油调制的乳粥,戴素馨花环,以及涂抹香料。就在被解除职位的那天,他说:“给我煮乳粥。”他让人拿来新衣、素馨花环和涂身的香料,先去河边沐浴,然后穿上新衣服,戴上花环,把香料涂满全身,回到家坐下。这时候,仆人把新酥油调制的乳粥摆在他面前,又端来洗手水。就在那一刻,舍利弗长老从禅定中出来,观察自己的乞食去处:“今天我应该到哪里乞食呢?”他看见那家中有乳粥,便思量:“这个人会供养我吗?”得知:“他看到我后一定会供养我,供养之后,这位善男子将获得极大的成就。”于是,长老披好袈裟,拿着钵,来到那家门前站定,显现出自己的身形。
So mahallakakāle ekappahāreneva sīsaṃ chindituṃ na sakkoti, dve tayo vāre paharanto manusse kilameti. Nāgarā cintayiṃsu – ‘‘aññopi coraghātako uppajjissati, ayaṃ ativiya manusse kilameti, kiṃ iminā’’ti tassa taṃ ṭhānantaraṃ hariṃsu. So pubbe coraghātakakammaṃ karonto ‘‘ahatasāṭake nivāsetuṃ, navasappinā saṅkhataṃ khīrayāguṃ pivituṃ, sumanapupphāni pilandhituṃ, gandhe vilimpitu’’nti imāni cattāri na labhi. So ṭhānā cāvitadivase ‘‘khīrayāguṃ me pacathā’’ti vatvā ahatavatthasumanamālāvilepanāni gāhāpetvā nadiṃ gantvā nhatvā ahatavatthāni nivāsetvā mālā pilandhitvā gandhehi anulittagatto gehaṃ āgantvā nisīdi. Athassa navasappinā saṅkhataṃ khīrayāguṃ purato ṭhapetvā hatthadhovanodakaṃ āhariṃsu. Tasmiṃ khaṇe sāriputtatthero samāpattito vuṭṭhāya ‘‘kattha nu kho ajja mayā gantabba’’nti attano bhikkhācāraṃ olokento tassa gehe khīrayāguṃ disvā ‘‘karissati nu kho me puriso saṅgaha’’nti upadhārento ‘‘maṃ disvā mama saṅgahaṃ karissati, karitvā ca pana mahāsampattiṃ labhissati ayaṃ kulaputto’’ti ñatvā cīvaraṃ pārupitvā pattaṃ ādāya tassa gehadvāre ṭhitameva attānaṃ dassesi.
4他见到长老,心生净信,心想:“我长时间做刽子手,杀了许许多多人。现在我家刚好准备了乳粥,而长老就来到我门口站着。现在,我应该把应施之物供养给圣者。”于是,他把摆在面前的粥移开,走到长老身边,顶礼之后,请长老进到屋里坐下,把乳粥倒进钵中,再浇上新酥油,然后站在一旁为长老扇扇子。那时候,他因为很久没有喝到乳粥,想喝的欲望非常强烈。长老知道了他的心思,便说:“近事男,你喝你自己的粥吧。”他把扇子交给另一个人,把粥喝了下去。长老对扇扇子的人说:“你去给这位近事男扇扇子。”他便在别人扇着扇子的情况下,饱饱地喝足了粥,然后回来继续为长老扇扇子。长老用斋完毕,他接过了钵。长老开始为他作随喜说法。可是,他却没办法让自己的心顺着长老的法开示安定下来。长老察觉到了,问道:“近事男,为什么你的心不能顺着开示走呢?”他回答:“大德,我长时间做残忍的事,杀了很多人。我一想到自己造的这些业,心就没办法随着圣者的开示走。”长老心想:“我来引导他。”便问:“那么,你那些事是自己喜欢才做的,还是被人指使去做的?”“是大王指使我做的,大德。”“近事男,如果是这样,那还会有不善吗?”这位根器迟钝的近事男听长老这么一说,便生起了“我没有不善”的想法,于是说:“既然是这样,大德,请您说法吧。”就在长老作随喜的时候,他变得一心专注,听着法,生起了预流道之前的随顺忍。长老作完随喜,便离去了。
So theraṃ disvā pasannacitto cintesi – ‘‘mayā ciraṃ coraghātakakammaṃ kataṃ, bahū manussā māritā, idāni me gehe khīrayāgu paṭiyattā, thero āgantvā mama gehadvāre ṭhito, idāni mayā ayyassa deyyadhammaṃ dātuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti purato ṭhapitayāguṃ apanetvā theraṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā antogehe nisīdāpetvā patte khīrayāguṃ ākiritvā navasappiṃ āsiñcitvā theraṃ bījamāno aṭṭhāsi. Athassa ca dīgharattaṃ aladdhapubbatāya khīrayāguṃ pātuṃ balavaajjhāsayo ahosi. Thero tassa ajjhāsayaṃ ñatvā ‘‘tvaṃ, upāsaka, attano yāguṃ pivā’’ti āha. So aññassa hatthe bījaniṃ datvā yāguṃ pivi. Thero bījamānaṃ purisaṃ ‘‘gaccha, upāsakameva bījāhī’’ti āha. So bījiyamāno kucchipūraṃ yāguṃ pivitvā āgantvā theraṃ bījamāno ṭhatvā katāhārakiccassa therassa pattaṃ aggahesi. Thero tassa anumodanaṃ ārabhi. So attano cittaṃ therassa dhammadesanānugaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhi. Thero sallakkhetvā, ‘‘upāsaka, kasmā cittaṃ desanānugaṃ kātuṃ na sakkosī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Bhante, mayā dīgharattaṃ kakkhaḷakammaṃ kataṃ, bahū manussā māritā, tamahaṃ attano kammaṃ anussaranto cittaṃ ayyassa desanānugaṃ kātuṃ nāsakkhi’’nti. Thero ‘‘vañcessāmi na’’nti cintetvā ‘‘kiṃ pana tvaṃ attano ruciyā akāsi, aññehi kāritosī’’ti? ‘‘Rājā maṃ kāresi, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ nu kho te, upāsaka, evaṃ sante akusalaṃ hotī’’ti? Mandadhātuko upāsako therenevaṃ vutte ‘‘natthi mayhaṃ akusala’’nti saññī hutvā tena hi, ‘‘bhante, dhammaṃ kathethā’’ti. So there anumodanaṃ karonte ekaggacitto hutvā dhammaṃ suṇanto sotāpattimaggassa orato anulomikaṃ khantiṃ nibbattesi. Theropi anumodanaṃ katvā pakkāmi.
5那位近事男送完长老,转身回家。路上,一个女夜叉变成母牛的样子冲过来,撞在他的胸口上,把他杀死了。他死后,投生到了兜率天。比丘们在法堂里议论起来:“那个刽子手,做了五十五年残忍的事,今天才刚刚解脱,刚刚供养了长老乞食,今天便死去了。他到底投生到哪里了呢?”世尊来了,问道:“诸比丘,你们现在聚在一起在讨论什么?”比丘们如实回答了。世尊说:“诸比丘,他投生到兜率天了。”“大德,您说什么?花了那么长时间,杀了那么多人,竟能投生到兜率天?”“是的,诸比丘。他遇到了大善知识,听了舍利弗的法开示,生起了随顺智,所以才从此处命终,投生到兜率天。”说完,世尊诵出这首偈颂:
Upāsakaṃ theraṃ anugantvā nivattamānaṃ ekā yakkhinī dhenuvesena āgantvā ure paharitvā māresi. So kālaṃ katvā tusitapure nibbatti. Bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘coraghātako pañcapaṇṇāsa vassāni kakkhaḷakammaṃ katvā ajjeva tato mutto, ajjeva therassa bhikkhaṃ datvā ajjeva kālaṃ kato, kahaṃ nu kho nibbatto’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte , ‘‘bhikkhave, tusitapure nibbatto’’ti āha. ‘‘Kiṃ, bhante, vadetha, ettakaṃ kālaṃ ettake manusse ghātetvā tusitavimāne nibbatto’’ti. ‘‘Āma, bhikkhave, mahanto tena kalyāṇamitto laddho, so sāriputtassa dhammadesanaṃ sutvā anulomañāṇaṃ nibbattetvā ito cuto tusitavimāne nibbatto’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
6“听了善说,在城中的刽子手;
‘‘Subhāsitaṃ suṇitvāna, nagare coraghātako;
7他获得随顺忍,往生到三十三天,充满喜悦。”
Anulomakhantiṃ laddhāna, modatī tidivaṃ gato’’ti.
8“大德,随喜的话语本来算不上强大,他造了那么大的不善业,怎么凭这么一点就能生起殊胜呢?”世尊说:“比丘们,你们不要对我所说的法是多是少而去计较衡量。即使只有一句话,只要它有义理,那也是更好的。”说完,世尊把前后关联起来,开示法义,说了下面这首偈颂。
‘‘Bhante , anumodanakathā nāma na balavā, tena kataṃ akusalakammaṃ mahantaṃ, kathaṃ ettakena visesaṃ nibbattesī’’ti. Satthā ‘‘kiṃ, bhikkhave, ‘mayā desitadhammassa appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti mā pamāṇaṃ gaṇhatha. Ekavācāpi hi atthanissitā seyyāvā’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
100一百。
100.
10“即使有上千句言语,全由无意义的词语组成;
‘‘Sahassamapi ce vācā, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
11“而听闻一句有意义的词语后,内心得到平静,那一句更好。”
Ekaṃ atthapadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammatī’’ti.
12在这里,「即使有千」(sahassamapīti)是一个表示数量的限定词,即一千、两千等,用千来计量的言辞。「那些话由无义之词组成」(anatthapadasaṃhitā),意思是:由宣说虚空论、山岳论、森林论等不出离、不阐明义利的无意义词语所组成,这样的话就算再多,也都是不善的。「一句有义之词」(ekaṃ atthapadanti)则指像“这是身,这是身至念,已证得三明,已做佛陀的教敕”这样的一句话。听闻这样的语句后,由于贪欲等的止息而得到平静。这一句成就义利、与涅槃相应、阐明蕴、界、处、根、力、觉支、念处的语句,即使只有一句,也更殊胜。这便是其含义。
Tattha sahassamapīti paricchedavacanaṃ, ekaṃ sahassaṃ dve sahassānīti evaṃ sahassena cepi paricchinnavācā honti, tā ca pana anatthapadasaṃhitā ākāsavaṇṇanāpabbatavaṇṇanāvanavaṇṇanādīni pakāsakehi aniyyānadīpakehi anatthakehi padehi saṃhitā yāva bahukā hoti, tāva pāpikā evāti attho. Ekaṃ atthapadanti yaṃ pana ‘‘ayaṃ kāyo, ayaṃ kāyagatāsati, tisso vijjā anuppatto, kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti evarūpaṃ ekaṃ atthapadaṃ sutvā rāgādivūpasamena upasammati, taṃ atthasādhakaṃ nibbānappaṭisaṃyuttaṃ khandhadhātuāyatanaindriyabalabojjhaṅgasatipaṭṭhānaparidīpakaṃ ekampi padaṃ seyyoyevāti attho.
13开示结束时,许多人证得了入流果等。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
16铜钉刽子手的故事第一。
Tambadāṭhikacoraghātakavatthu paṭhamaṃ.
172. 跋希耶木衣长老的故事
2. Bāhiyadārucīriyattheravatthu
14这首“即使有千首偈颂”的法开示,是导师住在祇园时,针对木衣长老而宣说的。
Sahassamapi ce gāthāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto dārucīriyattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
15有一次,许多人乘船深入大海,船在大海中破裂,他们成了鱼和龟的食物。其中一个人抓住一块木板,奋力游到了苏波罗迦港口的海岸。他没有蔽体覆身的衣物。他什么都找不到,就用树皮把干枯的树枝绑起来,做成下裳和上衣,又从神庙拿了一个钵,前往苏波罗迦港口。人们见到他,供养粥饭等,并赞叹说:‘这是一位阿拉汉。’当有人供养衣服时,他却想:‘我如果穿上或披上这些衣服,我的利养和恭敬就会减少。’于是他拒绝了那些衣服,仍然只穿着木衣。后来,很多人一再称他为‘阿拉汉、阿拉汉’,他心里就生起了这样的想法:‘世间若有什么人是阿拉汉或已进入阿拉汉道的,我就是其中之一。’这时,他的一位昔日同梵行的天神这样思惟。
Ekasmiñhi kāle bahū manussā nāvāya mahāsamuddaṃ pakkhanditvā antomahāsamudde bhinnāya nāvāya macchakacchapabhakkhā ahesuṃ. Ekovettha ekaṃ phalakaṃ gahetvā vāyamanto suppārakapaṭṭanatīraṃ okkami, tassa nivāsanapārupanaṃ natthi. So aññaṃ kiñci apassanto sukkhakaṭṭhadaṇḍake vākehi paliveṭhetvā nivāsanapārupanaṃ katvā devakulato kapālaṃ gahetvā suppārakapaṭṭanaṃ agamāsi, manussā taṃ disvā yāgubhattādīni datvā ‘‘ayaṃ eko arahā’’ti sambhāvesuṃ. So vatthesu upanītesu ‘‘sacāhaṃ nivāsessāmi vā pārupissāmi vā, lābhasakkāro me parihāyissatī’’ti tāni vatthāni paṭikkhipitvā dārucīrāneva paridahi. Athassa bahūhi ‘‘arahā arahā’’ti vuccamānassa evaṃ cetaso parivitakko udapādi ‘‘ye kho keci loke arahanto vā arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpannā, ahaṃ tesaṃ aññataro’’ti. Athassa purāṇasālohitā devatā evaṃ cintesi.
16‘昔日同梵行’:意思是以前曾一起修习沙门法的人。据说在过去迦叶佛十力者的教法衰微时,有七位比丘见到沙弥等的恶行,生起悚惧,心想:‘在教法消失之前,我们要为自己建立依止。’他们礼拜了黄金塔庙后,进入森林,看见一座山,就说:‘若还依恋活命的人,就回去。无所依恋的人,就攀登这座山。’于是他们绑了梯子,所有人都登上去后,推倒梯子,修习沙门法。在他们当中,僧团长老只用了一夜就证得了阿拉汉果。他从阿耨达池嚼了龙藤齿木,又从北俱卢洲取来团食,对那几位比丘说:‘贤友,嚼这个齿木,漱口后,享用这团食吧。’他们问:‘尊者,我们是否曾经这样约定:“谁最先证得阿拉汉果,由他带来的团食,其余人就享用”?’‘贤友,没有这样约定。’他们说:‘那么,如果我们也能像您一样证得殊胜,我们就自己去取食物来吃。’于是不接受。第二天,第二长老证得了不来果。他也同样取来团食,邀请其他比丘。他们说:‘尊者,我们是否曾经这样约定:“大长老取来的团食不吃,而吃第二长老取来的”?’‘贤友,没有这样约定。’‘这样的话,我们也要像您一样证得殊胜,凭自己的能力取食,能做到时才吃。’也不接受。在他们当中,证得阿拉汉果的比丘般涅槃了,证得不来果的在梵天界化生。其余五位长老未能证得殊胜,干枯消瘦,在第七天死去,化生在天界。在这个佛陀出世的时代,他们从天界死后,在各个家族中化生。他们当中,一位成为弗迦娑提王,一位是童子迦叶,一位是木衣,一位是达波马喇子,一位是游行者沙毗耶。这里所说的‘昔日同梵行天神’,就是指那位化生在梵天界的比丘。
Purāṇasālohitāti pubbe ekato katasamaṇadhammā. Pubbe kira kassapadasabalassa sāsane osakkamāne sāmaṇerādīnaṃ vippakāraṃ disvā satta bhikkhū saṃvegappattā ‘‘yāva sāsanassa antaradhānaṃ na hoti, tāva attano patiṭṭhaṃ karissāmā’’ti suvaṇṇacetiyaṃ vanditvā araññaṃ paviṭṭhā ekaṃ pabbataṃ disvā ‘‘jīvite sālayā nivattantu. Nirālayā imaṃ pabbataṃ abhiruhantū’’ti vatvā nisseṇiṃ bandhitvā sabbepi taṃ abhiruyha nisseṇiṃ pātetvā samaṇadhammaṃ kariṃsu. Tesu saṅghatthero ekarattātikkameneva arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So anotattadahe nāgalatādantakaṭṭhaṃ khāditvā uttarakuruto piṇḍapātaṃ āharitvā te bhikkhū āha – ‘‘āvuso, imaṃ dantakaṭṭhaṃ khāditvā mukhaṃ dhovitvā imaṃ piṇḍapātaṃ paribhuñjathā’’ti. Kiṃ pana, bhante, amhehi evaṃ katikā katā ‘‘yo paṭhamaṃ arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, tenābhataṃ piṇḍapātaṃ avasesā paribhuñjissantī’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi sace mayampi tumhe viya visesaṃ nibbattessāma, sayaṃ āharitvā paribhuñjissāmā’’ti na icchiṃsu. Dutiyadivase dutiyatthero anāgāmiphalaṃ pāpuṇi. Sopi tatheva piṇḍapātaṃ āharitvā itare nimantesi. Te evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘kiṃ pana, bhante, amhehi evaṃ katikā katā ‘mahātherena ābhataṃ piṇḍapātaṃ abhuñjitvā anutherena ābhataṃ bhuñjissāmā’’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Evaṃ sante tumhe viya mayampi visesaṃ nibbattetvā attano purisakārena bhuñjituṃ sakkontā bhuñjissāmā’’ti na icchiṃsu. Tesu arahattaṃ patto bhikkhu parinibbāyi, anāgāmī brahmaloke nibbatti. Itare pañca therā visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ asakkontā sussitvā sattame divase kālaṃ katvā devaloke nibbattitvā imasmiṃ buddhuppāde tato cavitvā tattha tattha kulagharesu nibbattiṃsu. Tesu eko pukkusāti rājā (ma. ni. 3.342) ahosi, eko kumārakassapo (ma. ni. 1.249), eko dārucīriyo (udā. 10), eko dabbo mallaputto (pārā. 380; udā. 79) eko sabhiyo paribbājakoti (su. ni. sabhiyasuttaṃ). Tattha yo brahmaloke nibbatto bhikkhu taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘purāṇasālohitā devatā’’ti.
17那位梵天心想:‘这个人曾和我一起绑梯子,登上山,修习沙门法。现在他执持这种见解到处游历,将会毁灭。我要让他生起悚惧。’于是,他走近跋希耶,对他说:‘跋希耶,你其实不是阿拉汉,也不是进入阿拉汉道的人。你连那个能让你成为阿拉汉或进入阿拉汉道的行道都没有。’跋希耶看着站在虚空中说话的大梵天,心想:‘我做了很严重的事啊!我自认为是阿拉汉,而这位却说我不是阿拉汉,也不是入阿拉汉道者。现在这个世间还有没有其他阿拉汉呢?’于是他问:‘天神,现在世间有没有阿拉汉,或者已进入阿拉汉道的人?’天神告诉他说:‘跋希耶,有。在北方各国,有一座名叫舍卫城的城市。现在,那位世尊——阿拉汉、正自觉者正住在那里。跋希耶,那位世尊确实是阿拉汉,并且为了证得阿拉汉果而说法。’
Tassa hi brahmuno etadahosi – ‘‘ayaṃ mayā saddhiṃ nisseṇiṃ bandhitvā pabbataṃ abhiruhitvā samaṇadhammaṃ akāsi, idāni imaṃ laddhiṃ gahetvā vicaranto vinasseyya, saṃvejessāmi na’’nti. Atha naṃ upasaṅkamitvā evamāha – ‘‘neva kho tvaṃ, bāhiya, arahā, napi arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno, sāpi te paṭipadā natthi, yāya tvaṃ arahā vā assa arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno’’ti. Bāhiyo ākāse ṭhatvā kathentaṃ mahābrahmānaṃ oloketvā cintesi – ‘‘aho bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ kataṃ, ahaṃ ‘arahantomhī’ti cintesiṃ, ayañca maṃ ‘na tvaṃ arahā, napi arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpannosī’ti vadati, atthi nu kho loke añño arahā’’ti. Atha naṃ pucchi – ‘‘atthi nu kho etarahi devate loke arahā vā arahattamaggaṃ vā samāpanno’’ti. Athassa devatā ācikkhi – ‘‘atthi, bāhiya, uttaresu janapadesu sāvatthi nāma nagaraṃ, tattha so bhagavā etarahi viharati arahaṃ sammāsambuddho. So hi, bāhiya, bhagavā arahā ceva arahattatthāya ca dhammaṃ desetī’’ti.
18跋希耶在夜间听到天女的说法后,心生悚惧,立刻从苏波罗迦出发,只用一夜就到达了舍卫城,整整一百由旬的路程,他仅用一夜便走完了。而且,他是依靠天神的威力去的。也有人说:“是依靠佛陀的威力去的。”然而,那时世尊已经进入舍卫城乞食了。他(跋希耶)吃过早餐后,为了消除身体的倦怠,正在露天处经行时,向众多比丘问道:“现在世尊在哪里?”比丘们回答:“世尊进舍卫城乞食去了。”然后问他:“你又是从哪里来的呢?”“我从苏波罗迦来。”“什么时候出发的?”“我昨天傍晚出发的。”“你远道而来,请坐下,洗洗脚,涂上油,稍微休息一下,等世尊回来时,你就能见到世尊了。”“大德,我不知道世尊或我自己会不会有生命的危险。我正是一夜之间没有任何停留、没有坐下,走完了一百由旬的路,只有见到世尊之后,我才会休息。”他这样说完,就匆匆进入舍卫城,看见世尊以无与伦比的佛陀威仪正在乞食,心想:“啊,我终于见到乔达摩正自觉者了!”从看到的地方开始,他就弯着身体,在街道中间就以五体投地的方式顶礼,紧紧抓住世尊的脚踝,这样说:“大德,请世尊为我说法!请善逝为我说法!这将带给我长夜的利益和安乐。”于是世尊拒绝他说:“跋希耶,现在不是时候,我们已经进入居民区乞食了。”
Bāhiyo rattibhāge devatāya kathaṃ sutvā saṃviggamānaso taṃ khaṇaṃyeva suppārakā nikkhamitvā ekarattivāsena sāvatthiṃ agamāsi, sabbaṃ vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ ekarattivāseneva agamāsi. Gacchanto ca pana devatānubhāvena gato. ‘‘Buddhānubhāvenā’’tipi vadantiyeva. Tasmiṃ pana khaṇe satthā sāvatthiṃ piṇḍāya paviṭṭho hoti. So bhuttapātarāse kāyaālasiyavimocanatthaṃ abbhokāse caṅkamante sambahule bhikkhū ‘‘kahaṃ etarahi satthā’’ti pucchi. Bhikkhū ‘‘bhagavā sāvatthiṃ piṇḍāya paviṭṭho’’ti vatvā taṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘tvaṃ pana kuto āgatosī’’ti? ‘‘Suppārakā āgatomhī’’ti. ‘‘Kadā nikkhantosī’’ti? ‘‘Hiyyo sāyaṃ nikkhantomhī’’ti. ‘‘Dūratosi āgato, nisīda, tava pāde dhovitvā telena makkhetvā thokaṃ vissamāhi, āgatakāle satthāraṃ dakkhissasī’’ti. ‘‘Ahaṃ, bhante, satthu vā attano vā jīvitantarāyaṃ na jānāmi, ekarattenevamhi katthaci aṭṭhatvā anisīditvā vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ āgato, satthāraṃ passitvāva vissamissāmī’’ti. So evaṃ vatvā taramānarūpo sāvatthiṃ pavisitvā bhagavantaṃ anopamāya buddhasiriyā piṇḍāya carantaṃ disvā ‘‘cirassaṃ vata me gotamo sammāsambuddho diṭṭho’’ti diṭṭhaṭṭhānato paṭṭhāya onatasarīro gantvā antaravīthiyameva pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā gopphakesu daḷhaṃ gahetvā evamāha – ‘‘desetu me, bhante, bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato dhammaṃ, yaṃ mamassa dīgharattaṃ hitāya sukhāyā’’ti. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘akālo kho tāva, bāhiya, antaragharaṃ paviṭṭhamhā piṇḍāyā’’ti paṭikkhipi.
19跋希耶听后,说:“大德,在轮回中流转时,我从未得到过段食,我不知道您或我生命的障碍,请您为我说法。”世尊第二次还是拒绝了。据说世尊当时这样想:“这个人从我见到他时起,整个身体就被喜悦密密地覆盖着,强烈的喜冲动即使听到法也无法通达。暂且让他安住于中舍吧。而且由于他仅用一夜就赶完了一百由旬的路,身体的疲劳也很重,也应该让那疲劳先平息下来。”因此世尊拒绝了两次。当第三次被请求时,世尊就站在街道中间,以“跋希耶,因此你应当这样学:‘在看时,只是看……’”等方式为他说法。当他听闻世尊说法时,便灭尽了一切烦恼,与无碍解一起证得了阿拉汉果。就在那时,他请求在世尊座下出家,当被问到“你的钵和衣具足了吗?”他回答:“不具足。”于是世尊说:“那么,你去找钵和衣吧。”说完就离开了。
Taṃ sutvā bāhiyo, bhante, saṃsāre saṃsarantena kabaḷīkārāhāro na aladdhapubbo, tumhākaṃ vā mayhaṃ vā jīvitantarāyaṃ na jānāmi, desetu me dhammanti. Satthā dutiyampi paṭikkhipiyeva. Evaṃ kirassa ahosi – ‘‘imassa maṃ diṭṭhakālato paṭṭhāya sakalasarīraṃ pītiyā nirantaraṃ ajjhotthaṭaṃ hoti, balavapītivego dhammaṃ sutvāpi na sakkhissati paṭivijjhituṃ, majjhattupekkhāya tāva tiṭṭhatu, ekaratteneva vīsayojanasatikaṃ maggaṃ āgatattā darathopissa balavā, sopi tāva paṭippassambhatū’’ti. Tasmā dvikkhattuṃ paṭikkhipitvā tatiyaṃ yācito antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhitova ‘‘tasmātiha te, bāhiya, evaṃ sikkhitabbaṃ ‘diṭṭhe diṭṭhamattaṃ bhavissatī’’’tiādinā (udā. 10) nayena dhammaṃ desesi. So satthu dhammaṃ suṇantoyeva sabbāsave khepetvā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Tāvadeva ca pana bhagavantaṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci, ‘‘paripuṇṇaṃ te pattacīvara’’nti puṭṭho ‘‘na paripuṇṇa’’nti āha. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘tena hi pattacīvaraṃ pariyesāhī’’ti vatvā pakkāmi.
20据说他在两万年中修习沙门法时,心想:“所谓比丘,自己获得资具后,不应该看顾别人,自己受用就行了。”因此,他从来没有用钵或衣帮助过任何一位比丘。也正因为如此,他无法获得那神变而成的钵和衣。世尊知道这件事,就没有用“善来比丘”的方式度他出家。而他在寻找钵和衣的时候,有一个女夜叉变化成母牛的样子过来,撞击他的胸口,使他丧命。世尊乞食、用过饭后,和许多比丘一起出城,看见跋希耶的尸体被扔在垃圾堆上,就命令比丘们:“诸位比丘,在某一户人家门口停下,叫人搬来卧榻,把这具尸体运到城外,火化后建一座塔。”比丘们照做了。之后,他们回到寺院,来到世尊面前,禀告了自己所做的事,并问跋希耶的来世。于是世尊为他们说明了他已般涅槃的情况,并将他安立为第一:“诸位比丘,在我的比丘弟子中,快速证得通慧第一的,就是这位跋希耶·达鲁支利耶。”接着比丘们问:“大德,您说跋希耶证得了阿拉汉果,他是什么时候证得的?”“诸位比丘,是在听我说法的时候。”“可是大德,您又是什么时候为他说法的呢?”“在我乞食时,站在街道中间为他说法。”“大德,您站在街道中所说的法只有一点点,他怎么靠那一点点就能证得这么殊胜的果证呢?”于是世尊对他们说:“诸位比丘,你们不要用‘少’或‘多’来衡量我的法。即使有千首偈颂,如果与无义相连,那也不好;而与义相连的哪怕只有一首偈颂,也更好。”这样连接后,在说法时,说了这首偈颂——
‘‘So kira vīsati vassasahassāni samaṇadhammaṃ karonto ‘bhikkhunā nāma attanā paccaye labhitvā aññaṃ anoloketvā sayameva paribhuñjituṃ vaṭṭatī’ti ekabhikkhussāpi pattena vā cīvarena vā saṅgahaṃ na akāsi , tenassa iddhimayapattacīvaraṃ na upajjissatī’’ti ñatvā ehibhikkhubhāvena pabbajjaṃ na adāsi. Tampi pattacīvaraṃ pariyesamānameva ekā yakkhinī dhenurūpena āgantvā uramhi paharitvā jīvitakkhayaṃ pāpesi. Satthā piṇḍāya caritvā katabhattakicco sambahulehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ nikkhanto bāhiyassa sarīraṃ saṅkāraṭṭhāne patitaṃ disvā bhikkhū āṇāpesi, ‘‘bhikkhave, ekasmiṃ gehadvāre ṭhatvā mañcakaṃ āharāpetvā imaṃ sarīraṃ nagarato nīharitvā jhāpetvā thūpaṃ karothā’’ti. Bhikkhū tathā kariṃsu, katvā ca pana vihāraṃ gantvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā attanā katakiccaṃ ārocetvā tassa abhisamparāyaṃ pucchiṃsu. Atha nesaṃ bhagavā tassa parinibbutabhāvaṃ ācikkhitvā ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ khippābhiññānaṃ yadidaṃ bāhiyo dārucīriyo’’ti (a. ni. 1.216) etadagge ṭhapesi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū pucchiṃsu – ‘‘bhante, tumhe ‘bāhiyo arahattaṃ patto’ti vadetha, kadā so arahattaṃ patto’’ti? ‘‘Mama dhammaṃ sutakāle, bhikkhave’’ti. ‘‘Kadā panassa, bhante, tumhehi dhammo kathito’’ti? ‘‘Piṇḍāya carantena antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhatvā’’ti. ‘‘Appamattako hi, bhante, tumhehi antaravīthiyaṃ ṭhatvā kathitadhammo kathaṃ so tāvattakena visesaṃ nibbattesī’’ti, atha ne satthā ‘‘kiṃ, bhikkhave, mama dhammaṃ ‘appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti mā pamāṇaṃ gaṇhatha. Anekānipi hi gāthāsahassāni anatthanissitāni na seyyo, atthanissitaṃ pana ekampi gāthāpadaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
101第一百零一。
101.
22即使有上千首偈颂,却由无义的词句组成;
‘‘Sahassamapi ce gāthā, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
23也比不上一句听了就能平静下来的偈语。
Ekaṃ gāthāpadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammatī’’ti.
24这其中,「一偈句更善」的意思是:就像「不放逸是不死之句……如我(所说的)」(《法句经》21)这样,哪怕只是一首偈颂也更好,其余部分应按照前面讲述的方式来理解。
Tattha ekaṃ gāthāpadaṃ seyyoti ‘‘appamādo amatapadaṃ…pe… yathā mayā’’ti (dha. pa. 21) evarūpā ekā gāthāpi seyyoti attho. Sesaṃ purimanayeneva veditabbaṃ.
25开示结束时,许多人证得了入流果等果位。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
30跋希耶·达鲁支利耶长老的故事(第二)。
Bāhiyadārucīriyattheravatthu dutiyaṃ.
31库达拉凯西长老尼的故事(第三)。
3. Kuṇḍalakesittherīvatthu
26而「Yoca gāthāsataṃ bhāseti」这一法开示,是导师住在祇园精舍时,以库达拉凯西为对象而宣说的。
Yoca gāthāsataṃ bhāseti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kuṇḍalakesiṃ ārabbha kathesi.
27据说在王舍城,有一位富豪的女儿,年方十六,容貌出众,美丽迷人、端庄优雅。处于那个年龄的女子,都会怀有对男子的爱慕之心,迷恋异性。于是,她的父母让她住在七层楼阁最顶层的华贵寝室里,只安排一个女仆作为贴身侍女照顾她。就在那时,城里抓住了一个正在行窃的良家子弟,把他反绑双手,押着在每一个十字路口用鞭子抽打,然后带往刑场。富豪的女儿听到嘈杂的人声,心想:‘这到底是怎么回事?’就站在楼阁高处往下看。一见到那个男子,她的一颗心就被牢牢吸引住了,生起了爱慕,渴望得到他。回去后便不吃不喝,直接躺在床上。母亲见了,就问她:‘孩子,你这是怎么了?’她回答:‘如果我能得到那个被当作“贼”抓起来、正被押走的男人,我就活下去。要是得不到,我活着也没意思了,干脆就死在这里。’母亲劝道:‘女儿啊,别这样。我们一定能为你找到和我们家门第、出身、财富都般配的其他夫婿。’她却说:‘我不要别人,如果得不到这个人,我就死。’母亲说服不了女儿,只好把这事禀告了父亲。父亲也同样无法说服她,心里琢磨:‘这该怎么办才好呢?’于是,他便派人带着一千枚咖哈巴那的钱袋,去交给那个押送盗贼的官差,传话说:‘请收下这个,把那个人交给我吧。’那官差回应:‘好说。’收下钱币后,便放了那个贼,另杀一人顶替,然后禀报国王:‘大王,盗贼已被处死。’富豪随后就将女儿嫁给了这个人。
Rājagahe kira ekā seṭṭhidhītā soḷasavassuddesikā abhirūpā ahosi dassanīyā pāsādikā. Tasmiñca vaye ṭhitā nāriyo purisajjhāsayā honti purisalolā. Atha naṃ mātāpitaro sattabhūmikassa pāsādassa uparimatale sirigabbhe nivāsāpesuṃ. Ekamevassā dāsiṃ paricārikaṃ adaṃsu. Athekaṃ kulaputtaṃ corakammaṃ karontaṃ gahetvā pacchābāhaṃ bandhitvā catukke catukke kasāhi paharitvā āghātanaṃ nayiṃsu. Seṭṭhidhītā mahājanassa saddaṃ sutvā ‘‘kiṃ nu kho eta’’nti pāsādatale ṭhatvā olokentī taṃ disvā paṭibaddhacittā hutvā taṃ patthayamānā āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji. Atha naṃ mātā pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ idaṃ, ammā’’ti? ‘‘Sace etaṃ ‘coro’ti gahetvā niyyamānaṃ purisaṃ labhissāmi, jīvissāmi. No ce labhissāmi, jīvitaṃ me natthi, idheva marissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Amma, mā evaṃ kari, amhākaṃ jātiyā ca gottena ca bhogena ca sadisaṃ aññaṃ sāmikaṃ labhissasī’’ti. ‘‘Mayhaṃ aññena kiccaṃ natthi, imaṃ alabhamānā marissāmī’’ti. Mātā dhītaraṃ saññāpetuṃ asakkontī pituno ārocesi. Sopi naṃ saññāpetuṃ asakkonto ‘‘kiṃ sakkā kātu’’nti cintetvā taṃ coraṃ gahetvā gacchantassa rājapurisassa sahassabhaṇḍikaṃ pesesi – ‘‘imaṃ gahetvā etaṃ purisaṃ mayhaṃ dehī’’ti. So ‘‘sādhū’’ti kahāpaṇe gahetvā taṃ muñcitvā aññaṃ māretvā ‘‘mārito, deva, coro’’ti rañño ārocesi. Seṭṭhipi tassa dhītaraṃ adāsi.
28从那天起,她心想:‘我一定要好好侍奉丈夫。’便戴上自己所有的首饰,亲自为他准备粥饭等饮食。那个贼过了没几天,心里却盘算起来:‘到底什么时候,我才能杀了这女人,拿走她的这些首饰,找家酒馆变卖了,好去吃喝玩乐呢?’他想到:‘有个办法可以试试。’于是,他也开始不吃不喝,躺倒在床上。她一见,赶紧到身边问道:‘丈夫,你哪里不舒服吗?’他答:‘我没什么,贤妻。不过,你的父母会不会是在生我的气?’她答:‘他们没有生气,夫君。’她又追问:‘那你为什么这么问呢?’贼便说:‘贤妻啊,那天我被五花大绑押送出去的时候,已经对住在那盗贼悬崖上的一位天神发了愿,许诺供奉祭祀,这才捡回一条命。我能得到你,也完全是仰仗那位天神的威神力。我这会儿心里想的是:我答应给那位天神的祭祀,到现在还没有办呢。’她说:‘夫君,别担心,我来操办祭祀的事。告诉我,都需要些什么?’他讲:‘要用少量水调和的蜜饮,以及“以炒米为第五”的那些花。’她应道:‘好的,夫君,我这就去准备。’她把一切祭祀用品都备好后,说:‘来吧,夫君,我们出发吧。’他趁机说:‘那好,贤妻,你让随从的亲戚们都先回去,你把那些最贵重衣服、首饰都穿戴起来,把自己打扮得漂漂亮亮的,我们一路说说笑笑,开开心心地去。’她就照着做了。
Sā tato paṭṭhāya ‘‘sāmikaṃ ārādhessāmī’’ti sabbābharaṇapaṭimaṇḍitā sayameva tassa yāguādīni saṃvidahati, coro katipāhaccayena cintesi – ‘‘kadā nu kho imaṃ māretvā etissā ābharaṇāni gahetvā ekasmiṃ surāgehe vikkiṇitvā khādituṃ labhissāmī’’ti? So ‘‘attheko upāyo’’ti cintetvā āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji, atha naṃ sā upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘kiṃ te, sāmi, rujjatī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Na kiñci me, bhaddeti, kacci pana me mātāpitaro tuyhaṃ kuddhā’’ti? ‘‘Na kujjhanti, bhadde’’ti . Atha ‘‘kiṃ nāmeta’’nti? ‘‘Bhadde, ahaṃ taṃ divasaṃ bandhitvā niyyamāno corapapāte adhivatthāya devatāya balikammaṃ paṭissuṇitvā jīvitaṃ labhiṃ, tvampi mayā tassā eva ānubhāvena laddhā, ‘taṃ me devatāya balikammaṃ ṭhapita’nti cintemi, bhadde’’ti. ‘‘Sāmi, mā cintayi, karissāmi balikammaṃ, vadehi , kenattho’’ti? ‘‘Appodakamadhupāyasena ca lājapañcamakapupphehi cā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, sāmi, ahaṃ paṭiyādessāmī’’ti sā sabbaṃ balikammaṃ paṭiyādetvā ‘‘ehi, sāmi, gacchāmā’’ti āha. ‘‘Tena hi, bhadde, tava ñātake nivattetvā mahagghāni vatthābharaṇāni gahetvā attānaṃ alaṅkarohi, hasantā kīḷantā sukhaṃ gamissāmā’’ti. Sā tathā akāsi.
29等他们一行人走到山脚下时,那贼对她说:‘贤妻,从这儿再往前走,就只剩我们俩一起了。让其他所有人都带着车乘回去,你亲手提起这只装祭品的篮子。’她照他说的办了。盗贼就带着她爬上了那盗贼悬崖山。这座山,有一侧是人可以攀登上去的,另一侧,却是直立的断崖。把人押到山顶后,盗贼们就是从那一侧的断崖上把人推下去。那些人直摔下去,变得四分五裂,砸在地上。就因为这个,这里才得名盗贼悬崖。她站到了那座山的顶上,说:‘丈夫,请做你的祭祀吧。’他却沉默不言。当她再次追问:‘丈夫,你为什么沉默不语?’他却回答:‘我哪里是为了做什么祭祀,我是编了套话把你给骗到这儿来的。’她问:‘这是为什么啊,丈夫?’那贼坦白说:‘就是为了杀了你,拿走你的首饰,然后远走高飞。’她被死亡的巨大恐惧攫住,战栗着说:‘丈夫,我这个人,连同这些首饰,本来不都是你的吗?你为什么要这么说?’尽管她反复哀求:‘别这样做。’他还是咬定:‘我非杀你不可。’她说:‘既然这样,杀了我对你有什么好处呢?你把这些首饰拿去,饶我一命吧。从今往后,你就当我已经死了。我情愿做你的女仆,来服侍你。’说完,她就念出了下面这首偈颂:
Atha naṃ so pabbatapādaṃ gatakāle āha – ‘‘bhadde, ito paraṃ ubhova janā gamissāma, sesajanaṃ yānakena saddhiṃ nivattāpetvā balikammabhājanaṃ sayaṃ ukkhipitvā gaṇhāhī’’ti. Sā tathā akāsi. Coro taṃ gahetvā corapapātapabbataṃ abhiruhi. Tassa hi ekena passena manussā abhiruhanti, ekaṃ passaṃ chinnapapātaṃ. Pabbatamatthake ṭhitā tena passena core pātenti. Te khaṇḍākhaṇḍaṃ hutvā bhūmiyaṃ patanti. Tasmā ‘‘corapapāto’’ti vuccati. Sā tassa pabbatassa matthake ṭhatvā ‘‘balikammaṃ te, sāmi, karohī’’ti āha. So tuṇhī ahosi. Puna tāya ‘‘kasmā, sāmi, tuṇhībhūtosī’’ti vutte taṃ āha – ‘‘na mayhaṃ balikammenattho, vañcetvā pana taṃ ādāya āgatomhī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā, sāmī’’ti? ‘‘Taṃ māretvā tava ābharaṇāni gahetvā palāyanatthāyā’’ti. Sā maraṇabhayatajjitā āha – ‘‘sāmi, ahañca ābharaṇāni ca tava santakāneva, kasmā evaṃ vadesī’’ti? So, ‘‘mā evaṃ karohī’’ti, punappunaṃ yāciyamānopi ‘‘māremi evā’’ti āha. ‘‘Evaṃ sante kiṃ te mama maraṇena? Imāni ābharaṇāni gahetvā mayhaṃ jīvitaṃ dehi, ito paṭṭhāya maṃ ‘matā’ti dhārehi, dāsī vā te hutvā kammaṃ karissāmī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
30‘这些金臂环,还有数不清的珍珠和琉璃,(Idaṃ suvaṇṇakeyūraṃ, muttā veḷuriyā bahū;)'
‘‘Idaṃ suvaṇṇakeyūraṃ, muttā veḷuriyā bahū;
31请全都拿去吧,尊者,然后就对外宣称,我是你的女奴吧。
Sabbaṃ harassu bhaddante, maṃ ca dāsīti sāvayā’’ti. (apa. therī 2.3.27);
32盗贼听她这么一说,却回应道:‘我若依了你,放你回去,你肯定会去告诉你父母。我还是非杀你不可,你别这么过分地悲叹了。’接着,他念出了这个偈子:
Taṃ sutvā coro ‘‘evaṃ kate tvaṃ gantvā mātāpitūnaṃ ācikkhissasi, māressāmiyeva, mā tvaṃ bāḷhaṃ paridevasī’’ti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
33别这么过分悲叹了,赶紧把你的包裹捆好;
‘‘Mā bāḷhaṃ paridevesi, khippaṃ bandhāhi bhaṇḍikaṃ;
34‘你绝无活命的可能,这包里所有的东西,我全都要拿走。’(Na tuyhaṃ jīvitaṃ atthi, sabbaṃ gaṇhāmi bhaṇḍakaṃ.)
Na tuyhaṃ jīvitaṃ atthi, sabbaṃ gaṇhāmi bhaṇḍaka’’nti. –
35她心想:“啊,这个业力真是沉重。所谓‘智慧’,并不是用来煮了吃或者咀嚼的,而是用来思考的。我会知道该怎么做。”于是她对他说:“夫君,当你被当作‘盗贼’抓走时,我告诉了我的父母,他们花了一千钱币把你赎回来,让你住在家中。从那时候起,我就一直在帮助你。今天,请让我好好看看你,向你致敬。”他说:“好的,贤妻,好好看看,致敬吧。”说完,他就站到了悬崖边上。于是她对他右绕了三圈,在四个地方礼拜之后,说:“夫君,这是我们最后一次见面了。从现在起,不论是你看见我,还是我看见你,都不可能了。”她从前后紧紧抱住他,然后趁他不注意,站到悬崖边他的身后,一只手抓住他的肩膀,另一只手抓住他的后背,把他扔下了悬崖。他撞在山腰上,摔得粉身碎骨,掉到地上。住在盗贼崖顶的天神看到了他们俩的行为,赞叹这位妇女,说出了这个偈颂:
Sā cintesi – ‘‘aho idaṃ kammaṃ bhāriyaṃ. Paññā nāma na pacitvā khādanatthāya katā, atha kho vicāraṇatthāya katā, jānissāmissa kattabba’’nti, atha naṃ āha – ‘‘sāmi, yadā tvaṃ ‘coro’ti gahetvā nīyasi, tadāhaṃ mātāpitūnaṃ ācikkhiṃ, te sahassaṃ vissajjetvā taṃ āharāpetvā gehe kariṃsu. Tato paṭṭhāya ahaṃ tuyhaṃ upakārikā, ajja me sudiṭṭhaṃ katvā attānaṃ vandituṃ dehī’’ti. So ‘‘sādhu, bhadde, sudiṭṭhaṃ katvā vandāhī’’ti vatvā pabbatante aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ sā tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā catūsu ṭhānesu vanditvā, ‘‘sāmi, idaṃ te pacchimadassanaṃ, idāni tuyhaṃ vā mama dassanaṃ, mayhaṃ vā tava dassanaṃ natthī’’ti purato ca pacchato ca āliṅgitvā pamattaṃ hutvā pabbatante ṭhitaṃ piṭṭhipasse ṭhatvā ekena hatthena khandhe gahetvā ekena piṭṭhikacchāya gahetvā pabbatapapāte khipi. So pabbatakucchiyaṃ paṭihato khaṇḍākhaṇḍikaṃ hutvā bhūmiyaṃ pati. Corapapātamatthake adhivatthā devatā tesaṃ dvinnampi kiriyaṃ disvā tassā itthiyā sādhukāraṃ datvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
36“并非在所有场合,男子都是智者;”
‘‘Na hi sabbesu ṭhānesu, puriso hoti paṇḍito;
37“即使是女子,也能成为智者,处处明察。”
Itthīpi paṇḍitā hoti, tattha tattha vicakkhaṇā’’ti. (apa. therī 2.3.31);
38她将盗贼推下悬崖后心想:“如果我回家,人们会问:‘你丈夫在哪?’如果我回答说‘我杀了他’,他们就会用嘴上的矛来刺我:‘你给了那个不知好歹的家伙一千金币把他赎回来,现在却杀了他!’即使我说‘他是为了我的首饰想杀我’,他们也不会相信。这个家对我来说已经没用了。”于是她当场扔掉首饰,走进森林,依次游历,来到一处外道修行者的隐居处,顶礼后说:“大德们,请让我在你们面前出家。”他们就让她出家了。出家后,她问:“大德们,在你们的出家法里,什么是最殊胜的?”他们回答:“贤女,要么在十遍处上做遍业处修习,证得禅那;要么学会一千种论式。这是我们出家法中的最高目标。”她说:“要证得禅那,我恐怕做不到。不过,我学那一千种论式吧,尊者们。”于是他们教她一千种论式,学会以后说:“你的技艺已经纯熟。现在你去阎浮提游历,寻找能够和你辩论的人。”他们把一根阎浮树枝交到她手中,吩咐说:“去吧,贤女。如果有在家人能和你辩论,你就做他的贴身女仆;如果有出家人能和你辩论,你就在他那里出家。”
Sāpi coraṃ papāte khipitvā cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ gehaṃ gamissāmi, ‘sāmiko te kuhi’nti pucchissanti, sacāhaṃ evaṃ puṭṭhā ‘mārito me’ti vakkhāmi, ‘dubbinīte sahassaṃ datvā taṃ āharāpetvā idāni naṃ māresī’ti maṃ mukhasattīhi vijjhissanti, ‘ābharaṇatthāya so maṃ māretukāmo ahosī’ti vuttepi na saddahissanti, alaṃ me gehenā’’ti tatthevābharaṇāni chaḍḍetvā araññaṃ pavisitvā anupubbena vicarantī ekaṃ paribbājakānaṃ assamaṃ patvā vanditvā ‘‘mayhaṃ, bhante, tumhākaṃ santike pabbajjaṃ dethā’’ti āha. Atha naṃ pabbājesuṃ. Sā pabbajitvāva pucchi – ‘‘bhante, tumhākaṃ pabbajjāya kiṃ uttama’’nti? ‘‘Bhadde, dasasu vā kasiṇesu parikammaṃ katvā jhānaṃ nibbattetabbaṃ , vādasahassaṃ vā uggaṇhitabbaṃ, ayaṃ amhākaṃ pabbajjāya uttamattho’’ti. ‘‘Jhānaṃ tāva nibbattetuṃ ahaṃ na sakkhissāmi, vādasahassaṃ pana uggaṇhissāmi, ayyā’’ti. Atha naṃ te vādasahassaṃ uggaṇhāpetvā ‘‘uggahitaṃ te sippaṃ, idāni tvaṃ jambudīpatale vicaritvā attanā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathetuṃ samatthaṃ olokehī’’ti tassa hatthe jambusākhaṃ datvā uyyojesuṃ – ‘‘gaccha, bhadde, sace koci gihibhūto tayā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathetuṃ sakkoti, tasseva pādaparicārikā bhavāhi, sace pabbajito sakkoti, tassa santike pabbajāhī’’ti.
39她名叫阎浮游行尼,从那里出发后,到处见人就提出问难,四处游历。没有一个人能和她辩论。人们一听说“阎浮游行尼来了”就赶紧逃跑。她进入村庄或城镇乞食时,会在村口堆一个沙堆,把阎浮树枝插在上面,说:“能和我辩论的人,请踩这根阎浮树枝。”然后才进村。根本没有人敢靠近那个地方。当阎浮树枝枯萎时,她就换一根新的,以这种方式一路来到舍卫城。在城门口堆起沙堆,插上阎浮树枝,照之前的话说了以后,便进城乞食。一群村童围着阎浮树枝站着。那时,舍利弗长老托钵乞食完毕,用过餐后出城,看到那些村童围着树枝,就问:“这是怎么回事?”孩子们把情况告诉了长老。“既然如此,孩子们,你们去踩那根树枝吧。”“我们害怕,尊者。”“我来回答问题,你们只管踩。”有了长老这番话,孩子们鼓起勇气,上去踩踏,并把阎浮树枝拔了起来。游行尼回来,见到后呵斥他们:“我又不是跟你们有问题,为什么踩我的树枝?”他们回答:“是一位圣者让我们踩的。”“尊者,是您让人踩我的树枝吗?”“是的,姊妹。”“既然如此,请您和我辩论吧。”“好的,我来和你论说。”
Sā nāmena jambuparibbājikā nāma hutvā tato nikkhamitvā diṭṭhe diṭṭhe pañhaṃ pucchantī vicarati. Tāya saddhiṃ kathetuṃ samattho nāma nāhosi. ‘‘Ito jambuparibbājikā āgacchatī’’ti sutvāva manussā palāyanti. Sā gāmaṃ vā nigamaṃ vā bhikkhāya pavisantī gāmadvāre vālukarāsiṃ katvā tattha jambusākhaṃ ṭhapetvā ‘‘mayā saddhiṃ kathetuṃ samattho jambusākhaṃ maddatū’’ti vatvā gāmaṃ pāvisi. Taṃ ṭhānaṃ upasaṅkamituṃ samattho nāma nāhosi. Sāpi milātāya jambusākhāya aññaṃ jambusākhaṃ gaṇhāti, iminā nīhārena vicarantī sāvatthiṃ patvā gāmadvāre vālukarāsiṃ katvā jambusākhaṃ ṭhapetvā vuttanayeneva vatvā bhikkhāya pāvisi. Sambahulā gāmadārakā jambusākhaṃ parivāretvā aṭṭhaṃsu. Tadā sāriputtatthero piṇḍāya caritvā katabhattakicco nagarā nikkhanto te dārake jambusākhaṃ parivāretvā ṭhite disvā ‘‘kiṃ ida’’nti pucchi. Dārakā therassa taṃ pavattiṃ ācikkhiṃsu. ‘‘Tena hi dārakā imaṃ sākhaṃ maddathā’’ti. ‘‘Bhāyāma, bhante’’ti . ‘‘Ahaṃ pañhaṃ kathessāmi, maddatha tumhe’’ti. Te therassa vacanena sañjātussāhā tathā katvā maddantā jambusākhaṃ ukkhipiṃsu. Paribbājikā āgantvā te paribhāsitvā ‘‘tumhehi saddhiṃ mama pañhena kiccaṃ natthi, kasmā me sākhaṃ maddathā’’ti āha. ‘‘Ayyenamhā maddāpitā’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Bhante, tumhehi me sākhā maddāpitā’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhaginī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi mayā saddhiṃ pañhaṃ kathethā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu kathessāmī’’ti.
40她在逐渐拉长的树荫下,为了提问而走到长老面前,整座城市都轰动了。“我们要去听两位智者的论说。”市民们跟着她一同前去,顶礼长老后,坐在一旁。游行尼对长老说:“尊者,我要向您提问。”“请问吧,姊妹。”她问了一千个论题,每问一个,长老都给予解答。接着,长老问她:“你的问题就这些了吗?还有别的吗?”“就这些了,尊者。”“你问了很多问题,现在我也问你一个,你能解答吗?”“如果我知道,就会解答。请问吧,尊者。”长老便问出“一是什么”这个问题。她不知道该如何回答,说:“这叫什么问题啊,尊者?”“这叫佛陀之问,姊妹。”“也请您把那个问题给我吧,尊者。”“如果你能成为像我这样的人,我就给你。”“那就请您度我出家吧。”长老告知比丘尼们后,让她出家。她出家并受具足戒后,成为库恩达拉克什长老尼,仅仅几天后,便连同无碍解一起证得了阿拉汉果。
Sā vaḍḍhamānakacchāyāya pañhaṃ pucchituṃ therassa santikaṃ agamāsi, sakalanagaraṃ saṅkhubhi. ‘‘Dvinnaṃ paṇḍitānaṃ kathaṃ suṇissāmā’’ti nāgarā tāya saddhiṃyeva gantvā theraṃ vanditvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu. Paribbājikā theraṃ āha – ‘‘bhante, pucchāmi te pañha’’nti. ‘‘Puccha, bhaginī’’ti. Sā vādasahassaṃ pucchi, pucchitaṃ pucchitaṃ thero vissajjesi. Atha naṃ thero āha – ‘‘ettakā eva te pañhā, aññepi atthī’’ti? ‘‘Ettakā eva, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Tayā bahū pañhā puṭṭhā, mayampi ekaṃ pucchāma, vissajjissasi no’’ti? ‘‘Jānamānā vissajjissāmi pucchatha, bhante’’ti. Thero ‘‘ekaṃ nāma ki’’nti (khu. pā. 4.1) pañhaṃ pucchi. Sā ‘‘evaṃ nāmesa vissajjetabbo’’ti ajānantī ‘‘kiṃ nāmetaṃ, bhante’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Buddhapañho nāma, bhaginī’’ti. ‘‘Mayhampi taṃ detha, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Sace mādisā bhavissasi, dassāmī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi maṃ pabbājethā’’ti. Thero bhikkhunīnaṃ ācikkhitvā pabbājesi. Sā pabbajitvā laddhūpasampadā kuṇḍalakesittherī nāma hutvā katipāhaccayeneva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
41比丘们在法堂里谈论起来:“库恩达拉克什长老尼听闻的佛法并不多,但她出家应做的事已达顶峰。据说她曾与一个盗贼进行了一场大搏斗,战胜而归。”导师到来后,问:“比丘们,你们现在聚在一起谈论什么?”听说是这件事后,导师说:“比丘们,不要用‘少’或‘多’来衡量我所教导的佛法。没有意义的话,即使说一百句也不好;而一句法句,哪怕只有一句,也是好的。战胜外在的种种盗贼,算不上真正的胜利;只有战胜自己内心那些烦恼盗贼,才是真正的胜利。”这样连接起来说法时,诵出了这些偈颂:
Bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘kuṇḍalakesittheriyā dhammassavanañca bahuṃ natthi, pabbajitakiccañcassā matthakaṃ pattaṃ, ekena kira corena saddhiṃ mahāsaṅgāmaṃ katvā jinitvā āgatā’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, mayā desitadhammaṃ ‘appaṃ vā bahuṃ vā’ti pamāṇaṃ mā gaṇhatha, anatthakaṃ padasatampi seyyo na hoti, dhammapadaṃ pana ekampi seyyova. Avasesacore jinantassa ca jayo nāma na hoti, ajjhattikakilesacore jinantasseva pana jayo nāma hotī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
102第一百零二。
102.
43「即使有人诵出百偈」:指有某个人以一百首为限,诵出众多偈颂的意思。「却是由无意义的词句拼凑而成」:即由描述虚空之类的无意义词句所组合而成。
‘‘Yo ca gāthāsataṃ bhāse, anatthapadasaṃhitā;
44「一句法句更有价值」:是指哪怕只有一句能成就义利、与诸蕴等相关的法句,也比那些无意义的偈颂更殊胜。「听闻之后便能获得寂静」:指听闻之后,内心就能得到平息与安宁。
Ekaṃ dhammapadaṃ seyyo, yaṃ sutvā upasammati.
103第一百零三。
103.
46「即使在战场上,有人能用以千胜千的方式战胜人众」:指有一个在战场上作战的勇士,在一场战役中,能以一千倍于一千的数量战胜人众,也就是战胜了十万个人类,并取得胜利。
‘‘Yo sahassaṃ sahassena, saṅgāme mānuse jine;
47「但如果能战胜自己这一个人,他才是战场上最殊胜的胜利者」:这样的人,并不是战场上最卓越、最殊胜的胜利者。而如果有人在日夜安住的处所,专注地审察内在的业处,通过战胜自己内心的贪婪等烦恼来战胜自我,那么,他才是所有战场胜利者中最卓越、最殊胜的勇士。
Ekañca jeyyamattānaṃ, sa ve saṅgāmajuttamo’’ti.
48其中,「诵出百偈」是指:如果有某个人,以一百为限,诵出许多偈颂,这是它的意思。「由无意义的词句拼凑而成」:即由描述虚空之类的无意义词句所组合而成。「法句」:指能成就义利、与诸蕴等相关的,正如经典中所说:「游方者有四种法句。哪四种?无贪欲是游方者的法句,无瞋恨是游方者的法句,正念是游方者的法句,正定是游方者的法句」(《增支部》4.30)。在这样所说的四法句中,哪怕只有其中一句,也是更殊胜的。「即使在战场上,有人能用以千胜千的方式战胜人众」:指有一个在战场上作战的勇士,能以一千乘一千的数量,在一场战役中战胜人众,也就是战胜十万个人类,取得胜利。但这样的人,在战场胜利者中,并不算是最卓越、最殊胜的。「但如果能战胜自己这一个人」:指如果有人在日夜安住的处所,专注地审察内在的业处,通过战胜自己内心的贪婪等烦恼来战胜自我。「他才是战场上最殊胜的胜利者」:他才是所有战场胜利者中最卓越、最殊胜的、位居首位的战士。
Tattha gāthāsatanti yo ca puggalo sataparicchedā bahūpi gāthā bhāseyyāti attho. Anatthapadasaṃhitāti ākāsavaṇṇanādivasena anatthakehi padehi saṃhitā. Dhammapadanti atthasādhakaṃ khandhādipaṭisaṃyuttaṃ, ‘‘cattārimāni paribbājakā dhammapadāni. Katamāni cattāri? Anabhijjhā paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ, abyāpādo paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ, sammāsati paribbājakā dhammapadaṃ , sammāsamādhi paribbājakā dhammapada’’nti (a. ni. 4.30) evaṃ vuttesu catūsu dhammapadesu ekampi dhammapadaṃ seyyo. Yo sahassaṃ sahassenāti yo eko saṅgāmayodho sahassena guṇitaṃ sahassaṃ mānuse ekasmiṃ saṅgāme jineyya, dasamanussasatasahassaṃ jinitvā jayaṃ āhareyya, ayampi saṅgāmajinataṃ uttamo pavaro nāma na hoti. Ekañca jeyyamattānanti yo rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānesu ajjhattikakammaṭṭhānaṃ sammasanto attano lobhādikilesajayena attānaṃ jineyya . Sa ve saṅgāmajuttamoti so saṅgāmajinānaṃ uttamo pavaro saṅgāmasīsayodhoti.
49在这次开示结束时,有许多人证得了入流果等圣果。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
56库恩达拉克什长老尼的故事·第三。
Kuṇḍalakesittherīvatthu tatiyaṃ.
57「无义问婆罗门事」——这是关于那位询问“无义”的婆罗门的故事。
4. Anatthapucchakabrāhmaṇavatthu
50“Attā have”这段法语,是导师住在祇园时,针对这位询问“无义”的婆罗门而宣说的。
Attā haveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto anatthapucchakaṃ brāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
51据说,那位婆罗门心里想:“正自觉者(佛陀)是只明白什么是有意义的,还是连无意义的事也明白呢?我得去问问他。”于是他来到导师面前问道:“尊者,我想您们应该只明白什么是有意义的,并不明白无意义的事吧?”佛陀回答:“婆罗门,我既明白有意义的事,也明白无意义的事。”他接着说:“既然如此,那就请您为我开示一下,什么叫无意义吧。”于是,导师对他宣说了这首偈颂——
So kira brāhmaṇo ‘‘kiṃ nu kho sammāsambuddho atthameva jānāti, udāhu anatthampi, pucchissāmi na’’nti satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā pucchi – ‘‘bhante, tumhe atthameva jānātha maññe, no anattha’’nti? ‘‘Atthañcāhaṃ, brāhmaṇa, jānāmi anatthañcā’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi me anatthaṃ kathethā’’ti. Athassa satthā imaṃ gāthamāha –
52「日高而卧」:指的是太阳已经升得很高了,却还躺卧不起。「懒惰」:随之而来的就是懒散懈怠。「暴戾」:指性格暴躁激烈。「长时嗜睡」:指对睡眠沉溺上瘾,长时间地昏睡。
‘‘Ussūraseyyaṃ ālasyaṃ, caṇḍikkaṃ dīghasoṇḍiyaṃ;
53「独自远行」:指单独一个人踏上漫长的旅途。而「亲近他人之妻」:则是指去占有和侵犯他人的配偶。
Ekassaddhānagamanaṃ paradārūpasevanaṃ;
54接着,佛陀总结道:“婆罗门啊,你若去亲近、去从事这些事,它们就会为你带来无意义与损害。”
Etaṃ brāhmaṇa sevassu, anatthaṃ te bhavissatī’’ti.
55婆罗门听了以后,大为赞叹地说:“好极了!好极了!教团之师!教团中的长者!您们果然既明白有意义的事,也明白无意义的事。”导师便告诉他:“正是如此,婆罗门,在通达何事有意义、何事无意义这方面,确实没有能与我比肩的人。”随后,导师观察了他的根性与好乐,便问道:“婆罗门,你是靠什么行业来维持生活的?”他回答:“乔达摩尊者,我是靠赌博维生的。”导师又问:“那么,你是赢的时候多,还是输的时候多?”他回答:“有时赢,也有时输。”听他这么说了之后,导师开示道:“婆罗门,那只是微不足道的小事。在赌博中战胜他人所获得的胜利,并不算是真正的上等胜利。然而,战胜烦恼、战胜自我的人,他所获得的胜利才是最为殊胜的。因为没有任何人能使那样的胜利转变为失败啊。”说完此话后,为了让法义上下贯通,导师将教理连结起来宣说正法,诵出了以下这些偈颂——
Taṃ sutvā brāhmaṇo sādhukāramadāsi ‘‘sādhu sādhu, gaṇācariya, gaṇajeṭṭhaka, tumhe atthañca jānātha anatthañcā’’ti . ‘‘Evaṃ kho, brāhmaṇa, atthānatthajānanako nāma mayā sadiso natthī’’ti. Athassa satthā ajjhāsayaṃ upadhāretvā, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, kena kammena jīvasī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Jūtakammena, bho gotamā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ pana te jayo hoti parājayo’’ti . ‘‘Jayopi hoti parājayopī’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, appamattako esa, paraṃ jinantassa jayo nāma na seyyo. Yo pana kilesajayena attānaṃ jināti, tassa jayo seyyo. Na hi taṃ jayaṃ koci apajayaṃ kātuṃ sakkotī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
104第一百零四偈:开始了。
104.
57“战胜自我确实是殊胜的,比起那其他的众生;”
‘‘Attā have jitaṃ seyyo, yā cāyaṃ itarā pajā;
58对于已调伏自心的人,对于恒常行于自制者。
Attadantassa posassa, niccaṃ saññatacārino.
105一百零五。
105.
60既不是天神,也不是乾闼婆,也不是魔,连同梵天一起;
‘‘Neva devo na gandhabbo, na māro saha brahmunā;
61能将胜利变为失败,对于如此之人。
Jitaṃ apajitaṃ kayirā, tathārūpassa jantuno’’ti.
62在这里,‘have’是一个小品词。‘胜(jitaṃ)’是性别的颠倒,意思是:通过战胜自己的烦恼而自我战胜的胜利,才是殊胜的。‘而其他众生(yā cāyaṃ itarā pajā)’是指那些其余的众生,他们或靠赌博、或靠夺取财产、或靠战斗、或凭强力压制而取得的胜利;相对于这种胜利,战胜烦恼的胜利,并不是这种世俗的胜利才殊胜。为什么唯独那种胜利才是殊胜的,而这种不是呢?因为‘已调伏己心之人……如是之人故’。这话的意思是:那个因断尽烦恼而被调伏的人,就是已调伏己心的人,恒常以身体等行自制。对于像这样已经通过身自制等调伏的众生,即使天神、乾闼婆、魔,或者与梵天一道,他们起身努力地想:‘我要让他的胜利变为失败,让那些在修道中已断除的烦恼重新生起。’然而,就像在财物等方面被打败而处于劣势的人,想重新战胜对方、反败为胜那样,他们却‘绝不可能令他如此落败’。
Tattha haveti nipāto. Jitanti liṅgavipallāso, attano kilesajayena attā jito seyyoti attho. Yā cāyaṃ itarā pajāti yā panāyaṃ avasesā pajā jūtena vā dhanaharaṇena vā saṅgāmena vā balābhibhavena vā jitā bhaveyya, taṃ jinantena yaṃ jitaṃ, na taṃ seyyoti attho. Kasmā pana tadeva jitaṃ seyyo, idaṃ na seyyoti? Yasmā attadantassa…pe… tathārūpassa jantunoti. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yasmā hi yvāyaṃ nikkilesatāya attadanto poso, tassa attadantassa kāyādīhi niccaṃ saññatacārino evarūpassa imehi kāyasaññamādīhi saññatassa jantuno devo vā gandhabbo vā māro vā brahmunā saha uṭṭhahitvā ‘‘ahamassa jitaṃ apajitaṃ karissāmi, maggabhāvanāya pahīne kilese puna uppādessāmī’’ti ghaṭentopi vāyamantopi yathā dhanādīhi parājito pakkhantaro hutvā itarena jitaṃ puna jinanto apajitaṃ kareyya, ‘‘evaṃ apajitaṃ kātuṃ neva sakkuṇeyyā’’ti.
63开示结束时,许多人证得了入流果等果位。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
72无义问婆罗门的事 第四。
Anatthapucchakabrāhmaṇavatthu catutthaṃ.
735. 舍利弗长老的舅父婆罗门的故事
5. Sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇavatthu
64以“月复一月”开头的这段法义,是世尊住在竹林精舍时,针对舍利弗长老的舅父婆罗门而宣说的。
Māsemāseti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
65据传,长老走到他面前问道:“婆罗门,你到底在做什么善行呢?”“我在做啊,大德。”“做什么呢?”“我每个月都布施一千钱。”“布施给谁呢?”“给尼干陀们,大德。”“你期望得到什么呢?”“梵天界,大德。”“难道这就是通往梵天界的道路吗?”“是的,大德。”“这话是谁说的?”“我的老师们这样告诉我的,大德。”“你并不真正知道通往梵天界的道路,你的老师们也不知道,只有世尊一人知道。来吧,婆罗门,我来为你讲说通往梵天界的道路。”于是带着他来到世尊面前,禀告说:“大德,这位婆罗门如此说道……”将事情经过陈述后,请求说:“请为他说清通往梵天界的道路吧。”世尊问:“婆罗门,是这样吗?”他回答:“是的,乔达摩尊者。”世尊说:“婆罗门,你像这样布施一百年,所得到的福报,还不如以净信心在短短一须臾间,瞻仰我的声闻弟子,或者布施一勺食物来得更大。”接着,联系这个道理,开示法义,说出了这首偈颂:
Thero kira tassa santikaṃ gantvā āha – ‘‘kiṃ nu kho, brāhmaṇa, kiñcideva kusalaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Karomi, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Māse māse sahassapariccāgena dānaṃ dammī’’ti. ‘‘Kassa desī’’ti? ‘‘Nigaṇṭhānaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ patthayanto’’ti? ‘‘Brahmalokaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ pana brahmalokassa ayaṃ maggo’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Ko evamāhā’’ti? ‘‘Ācariyehi me kathitaṃ, bhante’’ti. ‘‘No tvaṃ brahmalokassa maggaṃ jānāsi, nāpi te ācariyā, satthāva eko jānāti, ehi, brāhmaṇa, brahmalokassa te maggaṃ kathāpessāmī’’ti taṃ ādāya satthu santikaṃ netvā, ‘‘bhante, ayaṃ brāhmaṇo evamāhā’’ti, ‘‘taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā sādhu vatassa brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, brāhmaṇā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘āma, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, tayā evaṃ dadamānena vassasataṃ dinnadānatopi muhuttamattaṃ pasannacittena mama sāvakassa olokanaṃ vā kaṭacchubhikkhāmattadānaṃ vā mahapphalatara’’nti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
106一百零六。
106.
67如果有人每月以千数,举行长达百年的祭祀,
‘‘Māse māse sahassena, yo yajetha sataṃ samaṃ;
68而哪怕只是用片刻时间,供养一位已修习自身的人;
Ekañca bhāvitattānaṃ, muhuttamapi pūjaye;
69这样的供养更为殊胜,胜过那人百年的祭祀。
Sāyeva pūjanā seyyo, yañce vassasataṃ huta’’nti.
70在这里,‘以千数’是指以一千为单位的布施。‘若有人每月以千数,祭祀百年’这句话,是指有人连续一百年,每个月都布施一千钱给世间大众;而‘也曾仅只供养一位已修习自身者’则是指,如果有人供养一位依靠戒等殊胜功德提升了自身的人——最低程度是‘入流者’,最高程度是‘诸漏尽者’——当他来到家门口时,或者用一匙食物来供养,或者用仅能维持生命的少许食物来供养,或者仅用一件粗布衣来供养。与前者那百年祭祀相比,后者的这种供养‘更胜’。意思是‘更优异、更上等’。
Tattha sahassenāhi sahassapariccāgena. Yo yajetha sataṃ samanti yo vassasataṃ māse māse sahassaṃ pariccajanto lokiyamahājanassa dānaṃ dadeyya, ekañca bhāvitattānanti yo pana ekaṃ sīlādiguṇavisesena vaḍḍhitaattānaṃ heṭṭhimakoṭiyā sotāpannaṃ, uparimakoṭiyā khīṇāsavaṃ gharadvāraṃ sampattaṃ kaṭacchubhikkhādānavasena vā yāpanamattaāhāradānavasena vā thūlasāṭakadānamattena vā pūjeyya. Yaṃ itarena vassasataṃ hutaṃ. Tato sāyeva pūjanā seyyo. Seṭṭho uttamoti atthoti.
71开示结束时,那位婆罗门证得了入流果,其他许多人也证得了入流果等果位。
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ patto, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
82舍利弗长老的舅父婆罗门这件事,是第五个故事。
Sāriputtattherassa mātulabrāhmaṇavatthu pañcamaṃ.
83舍利弗长老的外甥的故事
6. Sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyavatthu
72“若有人百年中”这一法句,是世尊住在竹林精舍时,以舍利弗长老的外甥为缘由而开示的法。
Yoca vassasataṃ jantūti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
73据说,长老走到他身边,问道:“婆罗门,你在行善吗?”他回答:“是的,大德。”长老又问:“你做什么呢?”他答:“我每个月杀一头牲畜,以此来祭祀侍奉火神。”“你为什么要这样做呢?”“据说这就是通往梵天的路。”“这是谁说的?”“我的老师们告诉我的,大德。”“你并不了解通往梵天的路,你的老师们也一样不了解。来吧,我们到世尊那里去。”于是,长老就把他带到世尊面前,禀告了这件事,然后说:“大德,请为这位婆罗门开示通往梵天的路吧。”世尊问:“情况真是这样吗?”他回答:“是的,乔达摩尊者。”世尊便对他说:“婆罗门,就算你用一百年这样祭祀侍奉火,你所做的这些侍奉,也比不上我的声闻弟子哪怕只修习一刹那的供养。”说完之后,世尊把法义前后连接起来,宣说佛法,诵出了下面这首偈颂:
Tampi hi thero upasaṅkamitvā āha – ‘‘kiṃ, brāhmaṇa, kusalaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Māse māse ekaṃ ekaṃ pasuṃ ghātetvā aggiṃ paricarāmī’’ti. ‘‘Kimatthaṃ evaṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Brahmalokamaggo kireso’’ti. ‘‘Kenevaṃ kathita’’nti? ‘‘Ācariyehi me, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Neva tvaṃ brahmalokassa maggaṃ jānāsi, nāpi te ācariyā, ehi, satthu santikaṃ gamissāmā’’ti taṃ satthu santikaṃ netvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā ‘‘imassa, bhante, brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti āha. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kirā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘evaṃ, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, vassasatampi evaṃ aggiṃ paricarantassa tava aggipāricariyā mama sāvakassa taṅkhaṇamattaṃ pūjampi na pāpuṇātī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
107一百零七。
107.
75即使有人在百年之中,一直在林间祭祀侍奉火神;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jantu, aggiṃ paricare vane;
76而哪怕只是用片刻时间,供养一位已修习自身的人;
Ekañca bhāvitattānaṃ, muhuttamapi pūjaye;
77这样的供养更为殊胜,胜过那人百年的祭祀。
Sāyeva pūjanā seyyo, yañce vassasataṃ huta’’nti.
78在这里,「jantu」(众生)这个词是对有情的称呼。而「在林野中奉事火」(aggiṃ paricare vane)这句,意思是有人为了希求达到无戏论(涅槃)的境界,即使进入了山林之中,也还是在那里事奉火。其余的解释都跟前面说过的内容一样。
Tattha jantūti sattādhivacanametaṃ. Aggiṃ paricare vaneti nippapañcabhāvapatthanāya vanaṃ pavisitvāpi tattha aggiṃ paricareyya. Sesaṃ purimasadisamevāti.
79这场法会开示结束的时候,那位婆罗门就证得了入流果,同时还有许多其他在座的人,也都成就了入流果以及更高的圣者果位。
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ pāpuṇi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
92第六个事:关于舍利弗长老的外甥的事。
Sāriputtattherassa bhāgineyyavatthu chaṭṭhaṃ.
93第七个事:关于舍利弗长老的同伴婆罗门的事。
7. Sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇavatthu
80「无论已供的是什么」(Yaṃkiñci yiṭṭhaṃ vā)这一则法义的开示,是导师(世尊)住在竹林精舍的时候,以舍利弗长老的一位同伴婆罗门为缘起而宣说的。
Yaṃkiñci yiṭṭhaṃ vāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā veḷuvane viharanto sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇaṃ ārabbha kathesi.
81据说,那一次,舍利弗长老去拜访了他,开口问道:“婆罗门,你平时有做什么善事吗?”那位婆罗门回答说:“是的,大德。”长老接着问:“那么,你都做些什么呢?”他说:“我正在举办‘已供’祭祀。”长老便建议道:“朋友啊,既然这样,你应该带着极大的舍离心去举办那场祭祀。”在那之后,长老按照之前用过的方法继续追问他,然后就带着他去面见世尊。长老向世尊禀报了整件事的经过,并请求说:“大德,请您为这位婆罗门开示一条通往梵天界的道路吧。”世尊便问道:“婆罗门,听说你正在举办祭祀,是这样吗?”当他回答“是的,乔达摩尊者”之后,世尊就告诉他说:“婆罗门,你纵然花上整整一年的时间,大费周章地布施供养,举行这个‘已供’大祭,但你所积下的功德,还比不上一个人怀着清净的信心,向我那些圣弟子们恭敬合掌礼拜时,在心中生起的那一念善思(善的意志)所产生的功德的四分之一。”接着,世尊把话题引向核心,串联起前后的法义,宣说了以下这首偈颂来开示佛法:
Tampi hi thero upasaṅkamitvā ‘‘kiṃ, brāhmaṇa, kiñci kusalaṃ karosī’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Āma, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karosī’’ti? ‘‘Yiṭṭhayāgaṃ yajāmī’’ti. ‘‘Tadā kira taṃ yāgaṃ mahāpariccāgena yaja’’nti. Ito paraṃ thero purimanayeneva pucchitvā taṃ satthu santikaṃ netvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocetvā ‘‘imassa, bhante, brahmalokassa maggaṃ kathethā’’ti āha. Satthā, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, evaṃ kirā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘evaṃ, bho gotamā’’ti vutte, ‘‘brāhmaṇa, tayā saṃvaccharaṃ yiṭṭhayāgaṃ yajantena lokiyamahājanassa dinnadānaṃ pasannacittena mama sāvakānaṃ vandantānaṃ uppannakusalacetanāya catubhāgamattampi na agghatī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
108一百零八。
108.
83「世间中无论任何已供之物或已祭之物」(Yaṃ kiñci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke),这里的“无论任何”(yaṃ kiñci)是用以毫无遗漏地涵盖一切的说法。“已供”(yiṭṭhaṃ),主要指在吉祥事等场合中所作的布施。“已祭”(hutaṃ),则是特意准备而作的宾客赠食,也指相信业与果报之后所作的布施。
‘‘Yaṃ kiñci yiṭṭhaṃ va hutaṃ va loke,
84“若有人希求福德,整整一年行祭祀”(saṃvaccharaṃ yajetha puññapekkho),意思是:如果一个人希望获得福德,整整一年不断地行持上述那种布施,乃至在整个轮围世界里都布施给世俗大众。
Saṃvaccharaṃ yajetha puññapekkho;
85“这全部的一切也不及四分之一”(sabbampi taṃ na catubhāgameti),意思是:上述全部布施的功德,也不及(敬礼功德的)四分之一。
Sabbampi taṃ na catubhāgameti,
86“敬礼于正直行者中,是为更胜”(abhivādanā ujjugatesu seyyo),意思如所说:‘以净信心对这些圣者躬身敬礼,其善思所感得的果报,比上述全部布施的四分之一也更加优越,因此在正直行者中,敬礼才是更殊胜的。’其中,“正直行者”(ujjugatesu),从最低的入流者到最高的诸漏尽者都包括在内。
Abhivādanā ujjugatesu seyyo’’ti.
87此处,“无论任何”(yaṃ kiñci)是用以毫无遗漏地涵盖一切的说法。“已供”(yiṭṭhaṃ),主要指在吉祥事等场合中所作的布施。“已祭”(hutaṃ),则是特意准备而作的宾客赠食,也指相信业与果报之后所作的布施。“应祭祀一年”(saṃvaccharaṃ yajetha),即应整整一年无间断地将如上所说的布施,乃至在整个轮围世界中,施予凡俗大众。“期望福德者”(puññapekkho),即希求福德之人。“于正直行者中”(ujjugatesu),从最低的入流者到最高的诸漏尽者。这是说:‘以净信心对如是等圣者躬身敬礼,其善思所感得的果报,比上述全部布施的四分之一也不及,因此,在正直行者中,敬礼才是更胜。’
Tattha yaṃ kiñcīti anavasesapariyādānavacanametaṃ. Yiṭṭhanti yebhuyyena maṅgalakiriyādivasesu dinnadānaṃ. Hutanti abhisaṅkharitvā kataṃ pāhunadānañceva, kammañca phalañca saddahitvā katadānañca. Saṃvaccharaṃ yajethāti ekasaṃvaccharaṃ nirantarameva vuttappakāraṃ dānaṃ sakalacakkavāḷepi lokiyamahājanassa dadeyya. Puññapekkhoti puññaṃ icchanto. Ujjugatesūti heṭṭhimakoṭiyā sotāpannesu uparimakoṭiyā khīṇāsavesu. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ‘‘evarūpesu pasannacittena sarīraṃ onamitvā vandantassa kusalacetanāya yaṃ phalaṃ, tato catubhāgampi sabbaṃ taṃ dānaṃ na agghati, tasmā ujugatesu abhivādanameva seyyo’’ti.
88开示结束时,那位婆罗门证得了入流果,其他许多人也获得了入流果等果位。
Desanāvasāne so brāhmaṇo sotāpattiphalaṃ patto, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
103舍利弗长老的朋友婆罗门的故事,第七。
Sāriputtattherassa sahāyakabrāhmaṇavatthu sattamaṃ.
104第八 增寿童子事
8. Āyuvaḍḍhanakumāravatthu
89「常行礼敬者」(abhivādanasīlissa)——这部法的开示,是导师住在森林小屋时,以一位名叫长胫(Dīghalaṅghika)的人为缘起,针对长寿童子而说的。
Abhivādanasīlissāti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā dīghalaṅghikaṃ nissāya araññakuṭiyaṃ viharanto dīghāyukumāraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
90据说,长胫城里有两个婆罗门,依外道出家后,修苦行修了四十八年。其中一个人心想:“我家的香火要断了,还是还俗吧。”于是,就把他自己所修的苦行卖给别人,换来了一百头牛和一百个咖哈巴那(kahāpaṇa)钱币,又娶了妻子,成家立业了。后来,他妻子生了个儿子。而他那个同伴,出国一阵子后,又回到了那座城市。他听说朋友回来了,就带着妻儿去拜见。到了以后,他先把儿子交给妻子抱着,自己上前去敬礼;妻子再把儿子交给丈夫,然后上前去敬礼。那个朋友对他们二人说:“愿你们长寿。”但是当孩子被抱过来向自己敬礼时,他却沉默了。这人就问:“大德,我们给您敬礼时,您都说‘愿你们长寿’,为什么轮到这孩子敬礼,您就什么也不说了呢?”朋友答:“这小家伙有个大难,婆罗门。”“那他还能活多久,大德?”“七天,婆罗门。”“有没有破解的办法,大德?”“我不知道破解的办法。”“那谁能知道呢,大德?”“沙门乔达摩应该知道,你去他那儿问吧。”“可是我这么过去,就怕坏了我的苦行。”“如果你真疼你儿子,就别管什么苦行坏不坏了,去他那儿问问吧。”
Dīghalaṅghikanagaravāsino kira dve brāhmaṇā bāhirakapabbajjaṃ pabbajitvā aṭṭhacattālīsa vassāni tapacaraṇaṃ kariṃsu. Tesu eko ‘‘paveṇi me nassissati, vibbhamissāmī’’ti cintetvā attanā kataṃ tapaṃ paresaṃ vikkiṇitvā gosatena ceva kahāpaṇasatena ca saddhiṃ bhariyaṃ labhitvā kuṭumbaṃ saṇṭhapesi. Athassa bhariyā puttaṃ vijāyi. Itaro panassa sahāyako pavāsaṃ gantvā punadeva taṃ nagaraṃ paccāgami. So tassa āgatabhāvaṃ sutvā puttadāraṃ ādāya sahāyakassa dassanatthāya agamāsi. Gantvā puttaṃ mātu hatthe datvā sayaṃ tāva vandi, mātāpi puttaṃ pitu hatthe datvā vandi. So ‘‘dīghāyukā hothā’’ti āha, putte pana vandāpite tuṇhī ahosi. Atha naṃ ‘‘kasmā, bhante, amhehi vandite ‘dīghāyukā hothā’ti vatvā imassa vandanakāle kiñci na vadethā’’ti āha. ‘‘Imasseko antarāyo atthi, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kittakaṃ jīvissati, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Sattāhaṃ, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Paṭibāhanakāraṇaṃ atthi, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Nāhaṃ paṭibāhanakāraṇaṃ jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Ko pana jāneyya, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Samaṇo gotamo jāneyya, tassa santikaṃ gantvā pucchāhī’’ti. ‘‘Tattha gacchanto tapaparihānito bhāyāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sace te puttasineho atthi, tapaparihāniṃ acintetvā tassa santikaṃ gantvā pucchāhī’’ti.
91于是,这位婆罗门就去导师那里,自己先敬了个礼。导师对他说:“愿你长寿。”他妻子敬礼时,导师也同样祝福了她;但当孩子被抱来敬礼时,导师却沉默了。这人就像先前一样问导师,导师也给了他同样的答复。原来,那位婆罗门没有通达一切知智,而是拿自己的咒术去跟一切知智比量,所以他不知道破解的办法。婆罗门问导师:“大德,到底有没有破解的法子呢?”“可能有吧,婆罗门。”“那是什么呢?”“如果你在自己家门口搭个彩棚,在棚子正中央放一张矮脚床,然后绕着床边摆上八张或十六个座位,请我的弟子们坐上去,连续七天七夜不间断地诵持护卫经,这样这孩子的障难就能消了。”“乔达摩世尊,搭彩棚这些事我办得到,可我怎么才能请到您的弟子呢?”“你把那些都安排好,我会派我的弟子去的。”“好的,乔达摩世尊。”他就在自己家门口把一切事务都办妥了,然后又来见导师。导师派了比丘们前去,比丘们到了后就坐在座位上;那孩子也被抱到矮床上躺着。比丘们连续七天七夜不停地诵经。到了第七天傍晚,导师亲自来了。他这一到,整个轮围世界的天人都来集会了。可有一个叫阿瓦鲁达卡的夜叉,他侍奉了多闻天王整整十二年,好不容易求来一个愿:“在这第七天,你要把这个孩子抓走。”所以,这夜叉也来了,就站在那里等着。
So satthu santikaṃ gantvā sayaṃ tāva vandi. Satthā ‘‘dīghāyuko hohī’’ti āha, pajāpatiyā vandanakālepi tassā tatheva vatvā puttassa vandāpanakāle tuṇhī ahosi. So purimanayeneva satthāraṃ pucchi, satthāpi tatheva byākāsi. So kira brāhmaṇo sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ apaṭivijjhitvāva attano mantaṃ sabbaññutaññāṇena saṃsandesi, paṭibāhanūpāyaṃ pana na jānāti. Brāhmaṇo satthāraṃ pucchi – ‘‘atthi pana, bhante, paṭibāhanūpāyo’’ti? ‘‘Bhaveyya, brāhmaṇā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ bhaveyyā’’ti? ‘‘Sace tvaṃ attano gehadvāre maṇḍapaṃ kāretvā tassa majjhe pīṭhikaṃ kāretvā taṃ parikkhipanto aṭṭha vā soḷasa vā āsanāni paññāpetvā tesu mama sāvake nisīdāpetvā sattāhaṃ nirantaraṃ parittaṃ kātuṃ sakkuṇeyyāsi, evamassa antarāyo nasseyyā’’ti. ‘‘Bho gotama, mayā maṇḍapādīni sakkā kātuṃ, tumhākaṃ pana sāvake kathaṃ lacchāmī’’ti? ‘‘Tayā ettake kate ahaṃ mama sāvake pahiṇissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, bho gotamā’’ti so attano gehadvāre sabbaṃ kiccaṃ niṭṭhāpetvā satthu santikaṃ agamāsi. Satthā bhikkhū pahiṇi, te gantvā tattha nisīdiṃsu, dārakampi pīṭhikāyaṃ nipajjāpesuṃ, bhikkhū sattarattindivaṃ nirantaraṃ parittaṃ bhaṇiṃsu, sattame divase sāyaṃ satthā āgacchi. Tasmiṃ āgate sabbacakkavāḷadevatā sannipatiṃsu. Eko pana avaruddhako nāma yakkho dvādasa saṃvaccharāni vessavaṇaṃ upaṭṭhahitvā tassa santikā varaṃ labhanto ‘‘ito sattame divase imaṃ dārakaṃ gaṇheyyāsī’’ti labhi. Tasmā sopi āgantvā aṭṭhāsi.
92然而,当导师来到那里时,那些有大威力的天人们全都聚拢过来,那些小威力的天人只好一退再退,根本找不到立足之地,都退到十二由旬之外去了。连那个叫阿瓦鲁达卡的夜叉,也跟这些小天人们一样,被挤得远远的。导师则整夜都在诵持护卫经。七天期限就这么过去了,阿瓦鲁达卡夜叉根本没机会下手。第八天,天色刚破晓,人们就把孩子抱到导师面前敬礼。导师说:“愿你长寿。”他们又问:“乔达摩世尊,这孩子能活多久呢?”“一百二十岁,婆罗门。”于是,大家就给他取了个名字,叫“增寿童子”。他长大后,在五百位近事男的簇拥下各处游化。有一天,比丘们在法堂里议论起来:“诸位贤友,你们看,增寿童子据说第七天就会死,现在不但能活到一百二十岁,还有五百位近事男随行,看来这世间众生确实有能延寿的因缘啊。”导师过来后,问:“比丘们,你们现在聚在一起讨论什么呢?”听他们回答后,导师说:“比丘们,不仅仅是增寿这么简单,这些众生如果恭敬、问讯那些有德之人,就能依四种理由而获得增长,脱离灾厄,安安稳稳地活到命尽。”随后,导师以此事作为连结,开示佛法,诵出了下面这首偈颂——
Satthari pana tattha gate mahesakkhāsu devatāsu sannipatitāsu appesakkhā devatā osakkitvā osakkitvā okāsaṃ alabhamānā dvādasa yojanāni paṭikkamiṃsu. Avaruddhakopi tatheva paṭikkami, satthāpi sabbarattiṃ parittamakāsi. Sattāhe vītivatte avaruddhako dārakaṃ na labhi. Aṭṭhame pana divase aruṇe uggatamatte dārakaṃ ānetvā satthāraṃ vandāpesuṃ. Satthā ‘‘dīghāyuko hohī’’ti āha. ‘‘Kīvaciraṃ pana, bho gotama, dārako ṭhassatī’’ti? ‘‘Vīsavassasataṃ, brāhmaṇā’’ti. Athassa ‘‘āyuvaḍḍhanakumāro’’ti nāmaṃ kariṃsu. So vuddhimanvāya pañcahi upāsakasatehi parivuto vicari. Athekadivasaṃ dhammasabhāyaṃ bhikkhū kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘passathāvuso, āyuvaḍḍhanakumārena kira sattame divase maritabbaṃ abhavissa, so idāni vīsavassasataṭṭhāyī hutvā pañcahi upāsakasatehi parivuto vicarati, atthi maññe imesaṃ sattānaṃ āyuvaḍḍhanakāraṇa’’nti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, na kevalaṃ āyuvaḍḍhanameva, ime pana sattā guṇavante vandantā abhivādentā catūhi kāraṇehi vaḍḍhanti, parissayato muccanti, yāvatāyukameva tiṭṭhantī’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
109一〇九.
109.
94「常行敬礼者,恒敬年长者;」
‘‘Abhivādanasīlissa , niccaṃ vuḍḍhāpacāyino;
95四法得增长:寿、容、乐与力。」
Cattāro dhammā vaḍḍhanti, āyu vaṇṇo sukhaṃ bala’’nti.
96这里,「常行敬礼者」意思是有敬礼习惯的人,也就是经常从事于敬礼之事的人。而「恒敬年长者」的意思,是指在家众对于当天才出家的年少沙弥,或是出家人对于出家或受具足戒更早、具足功德的上座,能够恭敬地对待他们,也就是常常通过敬礼来尊奉他们。所谓「四种法增长」:在寿命增长的时候,它增长多久,其他几种法也跟着增长多久。比如,一个人造的善业原本能感得五十岁的寿命,但在他二十五岁时,却出现了一个致命的生命障碍;然而,因为具有敬礼长辈的习惯,那个障碍就被平息了,他就能活到其应有的寿命尽头,他的容貌等其他福报,也就随着他的寿命一起增长。从这个道理扩展开去,也都是这样。如果是已经毫无障碍、顺顺当当延续的寿命,那也就谈不上什么“增长”了。
Tattha abhivādanasīlissāti vandanasīlissa, abhiṇhaṃ vandanakiccapasutassāti attho. Vuḍḍhāpacāyinoti gihissa vā tadahupabbajite daharasāmaṇerepi, pabbajitassa vā pana pabbajjāya vā upasampadāya vā vuḍḍhatare guṇavuḍḍhe apacāyamānassa, abhivādanena vā niccaṃ pūjentassāti attho. Cattāro dhammā vaḍḍhantīti āyumhi vaḍḍhamāne yattakaṃ kālaṃ taṃ vaḍḍhati, tattakaṃ itarepi vaḍḍhantiyeva. Yena hi paññāsavassaāyusaṃvattanikaṃ kusalaṃ kataṃ, pañcavīsativassakāle cassa jīvitantarāyo uppajjeyya, so abhivādanasīlatāya paṭippassambhati, so yāvatāyukameva tiṭṭhati, vaṇṇādayopissa āyunāva saddhiṃ vaḍḍhanti. Ito uttaripi eseva nayo. Anantarāyena pavattassāyuno vaḍḍhanaṃ nāma natthi.
97开示结束时,增寿童子与五百位近事男一同证得了入流果,其他许多人也证得了入流果等。
Desanāvasāne āyuvaḍḍhanakumāro pañcahi upāsakasatehi saddhiṃ sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
114增寿童子事第八。
Āyuvaḍḍhanakumāravatthu aṭṭhamaṃ.
115第九 桑基洽沙弥的事
9. Saṃkiccasāmaṇeravatthu
98「若人活百岁」这则法语开示,是世尊住在祇园时,针对桑基洽沙弥而说的。
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto saṃkiccasāmaṇeraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
99据说在舍卫城,有三十位善男子听闻世尊说法后,归心佛教出家了。他们接受具足戒满五年后,去拜见世尊,听说有「教理任务和观修任务」这两种职责,心想:「我们是年老出家的」,于是不在教理任务上努力,而想完成观修任务。他们恳请世尊为自己开示直到阿拉汉果的业处,然后说:「尊者,我们想去一处森林寂静处。」世尊问:「你们打算去哪里?」他们说出某地方后,世尊便知道:「在那里,他们会因为一个食残物的非人生起恐惧;不过等桑基洽沙弥到那里时,这恐惧就会平息,那时他们的出家任务便能达到圆满。」
Sāvatthiyaṃ kira tiṃsamattā kulaputtā satthu dhammakathaṃ sutvā sāsane uraṃ datvā pabbajiṃsu. Te upasampadāya pañcavassā hutvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā ganthadhuraṃ vipassanādhuranti dve dhurānīti sutvā ‘‘mayaṃ mahallakakāle pabbajitā’’ti ganthadhure ussāhaṃ akatvā vipassanādhuraṃ pūretukāmā yāva arahattā kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathāpetvā, ‘‘bhante, ekaṃ araññāyatanaṃ gamissāmā’’ti satthāraṃ āpucchiṃsu. Satthā ‘‘kataraṃ ṭhānaṃ gamissathā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘asukaṃ nāmā’’ti vutte ‘‘tattha tesaṃ ekaṃ vighāsādaṃ nissāya bhayaṃ uppajjissati, tañca pana saṃkiccasāmaṇere gate vūpasamissati, atha nesaṃ pabbajitakiccaṃ pāripūriṃ gamissatī’’ti aññāsi.
100有一位名叫桑基洽的沙弥,是舍利弗长老的沙弥,年仅七岁。据说他的母亲是舍卫城一户富贵人家的女儿。当他还处在母胎中时,母亲染上疾病,当场就死了。在火化她的时候,除了那块胎儿肉,其余都烧尽了。于是人们把胎儿肉从火葬堆上取下来,用铁叉在两三个地方穿刺。叉尖刺中了孩子的眼角。这样穿刺之后,他们把胎儿肉扔进炭火堆里,用炭盖住就走了。胎儿肉被烧着,可在炭火上面,那孩子却如同一尊金色雕像,像躺在莲花苞里一般。因为他是最后有者,即使被须弥山压住,只要还没证得阿拉汉果,他的生命就不会断绝。第二天,人们来熄灭火葬堆,看见孩子这样躺着,生起极为稀奇的念头,心想:'这么多木材都烧尽了,整个身体都在火中,这孩子怎么不烧着?这到底是怎么回事?'他们抱着孩子进入村内,去问占相师。占相师们说:'这个孩子如果过在家生活,直到第七代亲属都会陷于困厄;如果出家,将被五百沙门围绕而行。'因为他的眼角被铁叉刺破过,便给他取名叫'桑基洽'。后来他就以桑基洽为人所知。于是亲属们说:'好吧,等孩子长大了,我们让他依止我们的尊者舍利弗出家。'就这样抚养他。到了七岁时,他听到孩子们说:'你在母胎时你母亲就死了,她的身体被焚烧而你却不烧着。'他因此心想:'看来我从那么大的恐怖中幸免于难,在家生活对我有什么用?我要出家。'他把这想法告诉亲属们。亲属们说:'好啊,孩子。'就带他到舍利弗长老那里,说:'尊者,请让他出家。'长老先教给他'皮五法'业处,然后为他剃度。就在剃刀锋尖上,他便连同无碍解证得了阿拉汉果。这就是那位名叫桑基洽的沙弥。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇero nāma sāriputtattherassa sāmaṇero sattavassiko jātiyā. Tassa kira mātā sāvatthiyaṃ aḍḍhakulassa dhītā. Sā tasmiṃ kucchigate ekena byādhinā taṅkhaṇaññeva kālamakāsi. Tassā jhāpiyamānāya ṭhapetvā gabbhamaṃsaṃ sesaṃ jhāyi. Athassā gabbhamaṃsaṃ citakato otāretvā dvīsu tīsu ṭhānesu sūlehi vijjhiṃsu. Sūlakoṭi dārakassa akkhikoṭiṃ pahari. Evaṃ gabbhamaṃsaṃ vijjhitvā aṅgārarāsimhi khipitvā aṅgāreheva paṭicchādetvā pakkamiṃsu. Gabbhamaṃsaṃ jhāyi, aṅgāramatthake pana suvaṇṇabimbasadiso dārako padumagabbhe nipanno viya ahosi. Pacchimabhavikassa sattassa hi sinerunā otthariyamānassapi arahattaṃ appatvā jīvitakkhayo nāma natthi. Punadivase ‘‘citakaṃ nibbāpessāmā’’ti āgatā tathānipannaṃ dārakaṃ disvā acchariyabbhutacittajātā ‘‘kathañhi nāma ettakesu dārūsu khīyamānesu sakalasarīre jhāpiyamāne dārako na jhāyi, kiṃ nu kho bhavissatī’’ti dārakaṃ ādāya antogāmaṃ gantvā nemittake pucchiṃsu. Nemittakā ‘‘sace ayaṃ dārako agāraṃ ajjhāvassissati, yāva sattamā kulaparivaṭṭā ñātakā duggatā bhavissanti? Sace pabbajissati, pañcahi samaṇasatehi parivuto vicarissatī’’ti āhaṃsu. Tassa saṅkunā akkhikoṭiyā bhinnattā saṃkiccanti nāmaṃ kariṃsu. So aparena samayena saṃkiccoti paññāyi. Atha naṃ ñātakā ‘‘hotu, vaḍḍhitakāle amhākaṃ ayyassa sāriputtassa santike pabbājessāmā’’ti posiṃsu. So sattavassikakāle ‘‘tava mātukucchiyaṃ vasanakāle mātā te kālamakāsi, tassā sarīre jhāpiyamānepi tvaṃ na jhāyī’’ti kumārakānaṃ kathaṃ sutvā ‘‘ahaṃ kira evarūpā bhayā mutto, kiṃ me gharāvāsena, pabbajissāmī’’ti ñātakānaṃ ārocesi. Te ‘‘sādhu, tātā’’ti sāriputtattherassa santikaṃ netvā, ‘‘bhante, imaṃ pabbājethā’’ti adaṃsu. Thero tacapañcakakammaṭṭhānaṃ datvā pabbājesi. So khuraggeyeva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. Ayaṃ saṃkiccasāmaṇero nāma.
101世尊知道:'等这位沙弥去了那里,那恐惧就会平息,而后那些比丘的出家任务将会圆满。'于是对他们说:'诸比丘,你们去见过你们的兄长舍利弗长老之后再走吧。'他们回答:'好。'便到长老那里。长老问:'贤友们,有什么事吗?'他们回答:'我们在世尊跟前求受业处后,想去森林,向他告别时,世尊对我们说:你们见过你们的兄长后再走。所以我们来了这里。'长老思惟:'世尊一定是看到某个原因才让他们来我这里的,是什么事呢?'他观察后明白其中意义,便问:'贤友们,你们有沙弥吗?''没有,贤友。''如果没有的话,就带着这位桑基洽沙弥一起走吧。''贤友,算了吧,带着沙弥只会成为我们的障碍;住在森林里,要沙弥做什么?''贤友们,不是他障碍你们,而是你们会成为他的障碍。世尊让你们来我这里,也正是希望连同你们一起派遣沙弥。带上他再走吧。'他们同意说:'好。'于是连同沙弥一共三十一人,告别长老,出了寺院,一路游行,抵达了一处距离百由旬、拥有千户人家的村庄。
Satthā ‘‘etasmiṃ gate taṃ bhayaṃ vūpasamissati, atha nesaṃ pabbajitakiccaṃ pāripūriṃ gamissatī’’ti ñatvā, ‘‘bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ jeṭṭhabhātikaṃ sāriputtattheraṃ oloketvā gacchathā’’ti āha. Te ‘‘sādhū’’ti vatvā therassa santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ, āvuso’’ti vutte mayaṃ satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā araññaṃ pavisitukāmā hutvā āpucchimhā, atha no satthā evamāha – ‘‘tumhākaṃ jeṭṭhabhātikaṃ oloketvā gacchathā’’ti? ‘‘Tenamhā idhāgatā’’ti. Thero ‘‘satthārā ime ekaṃ kāraṇaṃ disvā idha pahitā bhavissanti, kiṃ nu kho eta’’nti āvajjento tamatthaṃ ñatvā āha – ‘‘atthi pana vo, āvuso, sāmaṇero’’ti? ‘‘Natthi, āvuso’’ti. ‘‘Sace natthi, imaṃ saṃkiccasāmaṇeraṃ gahetvā gacchathā’’ti. ‘‘Alaṃ, āvuso, sāmaṇeraṃ nissāya no palibodho bhavissati, kiṃ araññe vasantānaṃ sāmaṇerenā’’ti? ‘‘Nāvuso , imaṃ nissāya tumhākaṃ palibodho, apica kho pana tumhe nissāya imassa palibodho bhavissati. Satthāpi tumhe mama santikaṃ pahiṇanto tumhehi saddhiṃ sāmaṇerassa pahiṇanaṃ paccāsīsanto pahiṇi, imaṃ gahetvā gacchathā’’ti. Te ‘‘sādhū’’ti adhivāsetvā sāmaṇerena saddhiṃ ekatiṃsa janā theraṃ apaloketvā vihārā nikkhamma cārikaṃ carantā vīsayojanasatamatthake ekaṃ sahassakulaṃ gāmaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu.
102村民们见到他们,心生净信,恭敬地供养后,问道:'各位尊者,你们要去哪里?'他们回答:'去一个合适的地方,贤友。'村民们便拜倒在脚前请求说:'尊者,当诸位尊者依此处入雨安居时,我们愿受持五戒,履行布萨羯磨。'长老们答应了。于是村民们为他们备办了夜间的住所、白天的住所、经行处和树叶小屋,并且充满干劲地说:'今天我们来侍奉,明天也我们来。'在入雨安居的前一天,长老们共同制定了公约:'贤友们,我们是在住世的佛陀面前领受业处的,如果不具备充分的修行成就,就无法令佛陀满意。而且我们面前,通往恶道的大门依然敞开着。因此,除了早上托钵乞食的时间、晚上奉事长老的时间之外,其余时间我们两人不聚在一起。如果有人身体不适,就敲响钟声,我们就到那人跟前给予医药。除了这个情况,其余的夜晚和白天,我们都要毫不放逸地精进于业处。'
Manussā te disvā pasannacittā sakkaccaṃ parivisitvā, ‘‘bhante, kattha gamissathā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘yathāphāsukaṭṭhānaṃ, āvuso’’ti vutte pādamūle nipajjitvā ‘‘mayaṃ, bhante, ayyesu imaṃ ṭhānaṃ nissāya antovassaṃ vasantesu pañcasīlaṃ samādāya uposathakammaṃ karissāmā’’ti yāciṃsu. Therā adhivāsesuṃ. Atha nesaṃ manussā rattiṭṭhānadivāṭṭhānacaṅkamanapaṇṇasālāyo saṃvidahitvā ‘‘ajja mayaṃ, sve maya’’nti ussāhappattā upaṭṭhānamakaṃsu. Therā vassūpanāyikadivase katikavattaṃ kariṃsu, ‘‘āvuso, amhehi dharamānakabuddhassa santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahitaṃ, na kho pana sakkā aññatra paṭipattisampadāya buddhe ārādhetuṃ, amhākañca apāyadvārāni vivaṭāneva, tasmā aññatra pāto bhikkhācāravelaṃ, sāyaṃ therūpaṭṭhānavelañca sesakāle dve ekaṭṭhāne na bhavissāma, yassa aphāsukaṃ bhavissati, tena ghaṇḍiyā pahaṭāya tassa santikaṃ gantvā bhesajjaṃ karissāma, ito aññasmiṃ rattibhāge vā divasabhāge vā appamattā kammaṭṭhānamanuyuñjissāmā’’ti.
103当他们这样立下约定而住在一起时,有一位贫困的人,靠一个女儿过活。那个地方发生了饥荒,他想去投靠另一个女儿生活,于是就上了路。长老们也在村子里托钵乞食后,在返回住处的途中,在一条河里沐浴,然后坐在河滩的沙地上用餐。那时,那个人正好来到那里,站在一旁。长老们便问他:“你要去哪里?”他说明了原因。长老们对他生起了怜悯,说:“近事男,你饿得很厉害,去拿些叶子来,我们每人分你一团饭。”等他用叶子盛好,长老们就按照自己吃的方式,配上汤和菜,每人给了他一团饭。据说这正是一条规矩:当比丘用餐时,如果有人前来,比丘施食不应给最好的那份,而应按自己进食的方式,或多或少施给。因此,他们就这样做了。那个人吃完饭,处理好用餐事务后,礼敬长老们,问道:“大德,诸位尊者,有人邀请你们应供吗?”“近事男,没有人邀请,人们每天供养的就是这样的食物。”他心中想道:“我们天天起早贪黑辛苦劳作,也得不到这样的食物。我还去别处干什么?就在这些尊者跟前过日子吧。”于是对他们说:“我想做些服务侍奉,在尊者身边住下。”“好的,近事男。”他就随他们去了住处,殷勤地服务侍奉,让比丘们非常欢喜。两个月后,他想见女儿,便心想:“如果我去向尊者们请假,他们一定不会让我走。我干脆不告而别吧。”于是没告诉他们,就离开了。据说这就是他唯一一个粗重的过失:没有告知比丘们就自己走了。
Tesu evaṃ katikaṃ katvā viharantesu eko duggatapuriso dhītaraṃ upanissāya jīvanto tasmiṃ ṭhāne dubbhikkhe uppanne aparaṃ dhītaraṃ upanissāya jīvitukāmo maggaṃ paṭipajji. Therāpi gāme piṇḍāya caritvā vasanaṭṭhānaṃ āgacchantā antarāmagge ekissā nadiyā nhatvā vālukapuline nisīditvā bhattakiccaṃ kariṃsu. Tasmiṃ khaṇe so puriso taṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ therā ‘‘kahaṃ gacchasī’’ti pucchiṃsu. So tamatthaṃ ārocesi. Therā tasmiṃ kāruññaṃ uppādetvā, ‘‘upāsaka, ativiya chātosi, gaccha, paṇṇaṃ āhara, ekamekaṃ te bhattapiṇḍaṃ dassāmā’’ti vatvā tena paṇṇe āhaṭe attanā attanā bhuñjananiyāmeneva sūpabyañjanehi sannahitvā ekamekaṃ piṇḍaṃ adaṃsu. Etadeva kira vattaṃ, yaṃ bhojanakāle āgatassa bhattaṃ dadamānena bhikkhunā aggabhattaṃ adatvā attanā bhuñjananiyāmeneva thokaṃ vā bahuṃ vā dātabbaṃ. Tasmā tepi tathā adaṃsu. So katabhattakicco there vanditvā pucchi – ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, ayyā, kenaci nimantitā’’ti? ‘‘Natthi, upāsaka, nimantanaṃ, manussā devasikaṃ evarūpameva āhāraṃ dentī’’ti. So cintesi – ‘‘mayaṃ niccakālaṃ uṭṭhāya samuṭṭhāya kammaṃ karontāpi evarūpaṃ āhāraṃ laddhuṃ na sakkoma, kiṃ me aññattha gatena, imesaṃ santikeyeva jīvissāmī’’ti. Atha ne āha – ‘‘ahaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ katvā ayyānaṃ santike vasituṃ icchāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, upāsakā’’ti. So tehi saddhiṃ tesaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ gantvā sādhukaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ karonto bhikkhū ativiya ārādhetvā dvemāsaccayena dhītaraṃ daṭṭhukāmo hutvā ‘‘sace, ayye, āpucchissāmi, na maṃ vissajjissanti, anāpucchā gamissāmī’’ti tesaṃ anācikkhitvāva nikkhami. Ettakameva kirassa oḷārikaṃ khalitaṃ ahosi, yaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ anārocetvā pakkāmi.
104在他行走的路上,有一片森林。在那里,有五百个盗贼向天神祈请说:“谁进入这片森林,我们就杀了他,用他的血肉供养你。”他们在那里住到第七天。到了第七天,盗贼首领爬上树瞭望,看见那个人正走过来,就向盗贼们发出暗号。他们知道那人已经进入森林深处,便将他包围抓住,牢牢捆绑,钻木取火,堆了大量木柴,烧起一个巨大的火堆,又削尖了木桩。那人看见他们这些举动,问道:“主人,这里既看不到野猪,也看不到鹿等猎物,你们为什么要做这些?”他们回答:“我们要杀了你,用你的血肉供养天神。”他被死亡的恐惧所逼迫,完全没有想起比丘们的恩德,一心只想保住自己的命,便说:“主人,我是个吃残羹剩饭的,靠吃剩饭长大。吃残饭的人是不祥的。但那些尊者们可都是从各处出家的刹帝利,在某处住着三十一位比丘。你们去杀了他们献祭吧,天神一定会极度欢喜。”盗贼们听后心想:“这人说得有道理,要这个不祥之人干什么?杀掉那些刹帝利去献祭才对。”便说:“走,指给我们看他们的住处。”于是让那人当向导,来到那个地方。到了精舍中间,却没看见比丘们,他们就问他:“比丘们在哪里?”那人因为住过两个月,知道比丘们的约定规矩,就说:“他们正坐在各自的昼间住处和夜间住处里,你们敲那钟吧,一听到钟声,他们就会集合起来。”盗贼首领便敲了钟。
Tassa pana gamanamagge ekā aṭavī atthi. Tattha pañcasatānaṃ corānaṃ ‘‘yo imaṃ aṭaviṃ pavisati, taṃ māretvā tassa maṃsalohitena tuyhaṃ balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti devatāya āyācanaṃ katvā vasantānaṃ sattamo divaso hoti. Tasmā sattame divase corajeṭṭhako rukkhaṃ āruyha olokento taṃ āgacchantaṃ disvā corānaṃ saññamadāsi. Te tassa aṭavimajjhaṃ paviṭṭhabhāvaṃ ñatvā parikkhipitvā taṃ gaṇhitvā gāḷhabandhanaṃ katvā araṇisahitena aggiṃ nibbattetvā dārūni saṅkaḍḍhitvā mahantaṃ aggikkhandhaṃ katvā sūlāni tacchiṃsu. So tesaṃ taṃ kiriyaṃ disvā, ‘‘sāmi, imasmiṃ ṭhāne neva sūkarā, na migādayo dissanti, kiṃ kāraṇā idaṃ karothā’’ti pucchi. ‘‘Taṃ māretvā tava maṃsalohitena devatāya balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti. So maraṇabhayatajjito bhikkhūnaṃ taṃ upakāraṃ acintetvā kevalaṃ attano jīvitameva rakkhamāno evamāha – ‘‘sāmi, ahaṃ vighāsādo, ucchiṭṭhabhattaṃ bhuñjitvā vaḍḍhito, vighāsādo nāma kāḷakaṇṇiko, ayyā pana yato tato nikkhamitvā pabbajitāpi khattiyāva, asukasmiṃ ṭhāne ekatiṃsa bhikkhū vasanti, te māretvā balikammaṃ karotha, ativiya vo devatā tussissatī’’ti. Taṃ sutvā corā ‘‘bhaddakaṃ esa vadeti, kiṃ iminā kāḷakaṇṇinā, khattiye māretvā balikammaṃ karissāmā’’ti cintetvā ‘‘ehi, nesaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ dassehī’’ti tameva maggadesakaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā vihāramajjhe bhikkhū adisvā ‘‘kahaṃ bhikkhū’’ti naṃ pucchiṃsu. So dve māse vasitattā tesaṃ katikavattaṃ jānanto evamāha – ‘‘attano divāṭṭhānarattiṭṭhānesu nisinnā, etaṃ ghaṇḍiṃ paharatha, ghaṇḍisaddena sannipatissantī’’ti. Corajeṭṭhako ghaṇḍiṃ pahari.
105比丘们听到钟声,心想:“在非时敲钟,一定是有人身体不舒服了。”于是纷纷赶来,在精舍中间一排排铺设好的石板上坐下。僧团上座看见了盗贼,便问道:“近事男们,这钟是谁敲的?”盗贼首领回答:“大德,是我。”“为什么敲钟?”“我们向森林天神祈请过,为了给她献祭,需要带走一位比丘。”听了这话,大长老对比丘们说:“贤友们,兄弟们之间有什么事情,理应由长兄来承担。我舍弃自己的生命给你们,随他们去吧。不要让所有人都遭到危难,你们要不放逸地勤修沙门法。”二长老说:“大德,长兄的事正是幼弟的责任,让我去,请你们保持不放逸。”就这样,以“我去”“我去”的方式,依次有三十位比丘都站了起来。他们既不是同一位母亲的儿子,也不是同一位父亲的儿子,也还不是离欲者,然而却为了其余人的安全,一个接一个地愿意舍弃生命。他们当中,没有一个人能说出“你去吧”这样的话。
Bhikkhū ghaṇḍisaddaṃ sutvā ‘‘akāle ghaṇḍi pahaṭā, kassaci aphāsukaṃ bhavissatī’’ti āgantvā vihāramajjhe paṭipāṭiyā paññattesu pāsāṇaphalakesu nisīdiṃsu. Saṅghatthero core oloketvā pucchi – ‘‘upāsakā kenāyaṃ ghaṇḍi pahaṭā’’ti? Corajeṭṭhako āha – ‘‘mayā, bhante’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā’’ti? ‘‘Amhehi aṭavidevatāya āyācitaṃ atthi, tassā balikammakaraṇatthāya ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ gahetvā gamissāmā’’ti. Taṃ sutvā mahāthero bhikkhū āha – ‘‘āvuso, bhātikānaṃ uppannakiccaṃ nāma jeṭṭhabhātikena nittharitabbaṃ, ahaṃ attano jīvitaṃ tumhākaṃ pariccajitvā imehi saddhiṃ gamissāmi, mā sabbesaṃ antarāyo hotu, appamattā samaṇadhammaṃ karothā’’ti. Anuthero āha – ‘‘bhante, jeṭṭhabhātu kiccaṃ nāma kaniṭṭhassa bhāro, ahaṃ gamissāmi, tumhe appamattā hothā’’ti. Iminā upāyena ‘‘ahameva ahamevā’’ti vatvā paṭipāṭiyā tiṃsapi janā uṭṭhahiṃsu, evaṃ te neva ekissā mātuyā puttā, na ekassa pituno, nāpi vītarāgā, atha ca pana avasesānaṃ atthāya paṭipāṭiyā jīvitaṃ pariccajiṃsu. Tesu ekopi ‘‘tvaṃ yāhī’’ti vattuṃ samattho nāma nāhosi.
106桑基洽沙弥听了他们的话,说:“大德们,你们留下,我舍弃自己的生命而去。”比丘们说:“贤友,我们即使全部一起被杀,也不会放你一个人去。”“是什么原因,大德?”“贤友,你是法将舍利弗长老的沙弥。如果我们将你放走,长老会责备说:‘他们把我的沙弥带去交给了盗贼。’我们将无法承受那样的指责,所以不能放你去。”“大德,正自觉者把你们派到我亲教师那里,而我的亲教师把我与你们一起派来,都是因为看到了今天这个缘故才派的。你们留下,我去吧。”他礼敬三十位比丘,说:“大德们,如果我有什么过失,请原谅。”便走了出来。那时,比丘们心中生起极大的悚惧,眼中充满了泪水,心脏也随之颤抖。大长老对盗贼们说:“近事男们,这位年轻人看到你们生火、削尖木桩、铺叶子,会害怕的。请先把他带到一边,再去做那些事吧。”盗贼就带着沙弥走到一旁,安置好后,做完了所有准备。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇero tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā, ‘‘bhante, tumhe tiṭṭhatha , ahaṃ tumhākaṃ jīvitaṃ pariccajitvā gamissāmī’’ti āha. Te āhaṃsu – ‘‘āvuso, mayaṃ sabbe ekato māriyamānāpi taṃ ekakaṃ na vissajjessāmā’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ kāraṇā, bhante’’ti? ‘‘‘Āvuso, tvaṃ dhammasenāpatisāriputtattherassa sāmaṇero, sace taṃ vissajjessāma, sāmaṇeraṃ me ādāya gantvā corānaṃ niyyādiṃsū’ti thero no garahissati, taṃ nindaṃ nittharituṃ na sakkhissāma, tena taṃ na vissajjessāmā’’ti. ‘‘Bhante, sammāsambuddho tumhe mama upajjhāyassa santikaṃ pahiṇantopi, mama upajjhāyo maṃ tumhehi saddhiṃ pahiṇantopi idameva kāraṇaṃ disvā pahiṇi, tiṭṭhatha tumhe, ahameva gamissāmī’’ti so tiṃsa bhikkhū vanditvā ‘‘sace, bhante, me doso atthi, khamathā’’ti vatvā nikkhami. Tadā bhikkhūnaṃ mahāsaṃvego uppajji, akkhīni assupuṇṇāni hadayamaṃsaṃ pavedhi. Mahāthero core āha – ‘‘upāsakā ayaṃ daharako tumhe aggiṃ karonte, sūlāni tacchante, paṇṇāni attharante disvā bhāyissati, imaṃ ekamante ṭhapetvā tāni kiccāni kareyyāthā’’ti. Corā sāmaṇeraṃ ādāya gantvā ekamante ṭhapetvā sabbakiccāni kariṃsu.
107一切准备就绪后,盗贼首领拔出剑,走向沙弥。沙弥坐下时,先入了禅那,然后坐下。盗贼首领翻转剑身,朝沙弥的肩头砍下,剑却弯了过来,剑刃砍中了剑刃。他想:“没砍好。”又把剑弄直再砍。这一回,剑身像卷贝叶一样卷到底,一直卷到剑柄的根部。因为在那个时候,就算用须弥山压下来,也无人能伤到沙弥,更别说用剑了。见到这样的神变,盗贼首领心想:“从前我的剑能像切笋一样切断石柱或金合欢树桩,现在却第一次弯折,第二次就像卷贝叶一样卷了起来。这把剑,虽是无心之物,尚且能知道此人的功德,我这有心的人难道还不如它吗?”他把剑丢在地上,以胸贴地,匍匐在沙弥脚下,问道:“大德,我们是为了钱财才进入森林的,人们远远看到我们,即使有上千人也会吓得发抖,连两三句话都说不出。而您却连一丝害怕都没有,面容像熔炉口的黄金、像盛开的翅子树花一样光彩照人,这到底是什么原因呢?”就这样问着,他诵出了这首偈颂:
Kiccapariyosāne corajeṭṭhako asiṃ abbāhitvā sāmaṇeraṃ upasaṅkami. Sāmaṇero nisīdamāno jhānaṃ samāpajjitvāva nisīdi. Corajeṭṭhako asiṃ parivattetvā sāmaṇerassa khandhe pātesi, asi namitvā dhārāya dhāraṃ pahari, so ‘‘na sammā pahari’’nti maññamāno puna taṃ ujukaṃ katvā pahari. Asi tālapaṇṇaṃ viya veṭhayamāno tharumūlaṃ agamāsi. Sāmaṇerañhi tasmiṃ kāle sinerunā avattharantopi māretuṃ samattho nāma natthi, pageva asinā. Taṃ pāṭihāriyaṃ disvā corajeṭṭhako cintesi – ‘‘pubbe me asi silāthambhaṃ vā khadirakhāṇuṃ vā kaḷīraṃ viya chindati, idāni ekavāraṃ nami, ekavāraṃ tālapattaveṭhako viya jāto. Ayaṃ nāma asi acetanā hutvāpi imassa guṇaṃ jānāti, ahaṃ sacetanopi na jānāmī’’ti. So asiṃ bhūmiyaṃ khipitvā tassa pādamūle urena nipajjitvā, ‘‘bhante, mayaṃ dhanakāraṇā aṭaviṃ paviṭṭhāmhā, amhe dūratova disvā sahassamattāpi manussā pavedhanti, dve tisso kathā kathetuṃ na sakkonti. Tava pana santāsamattampi natthi, ukkāmukhe suvaṇṇaṃ viya supupphitakaṇikāraṃ viya ca te mukhaṃ virocati, kiṃ nu kho kāraṇa’’nti pucchanto imaṃ gāthamāha –
108“你毫无恐惧,面容反而更加明亮;”
‘‘Tassa te natthi bhītattaṃ, bhiyyo vaṇṇo pasīdati;
109“为何在如此大恐怖中,你不悲泣?”(《长老偈》706)
Kasmā na paridevesi, evarūpe mahabbhaye’’ti. (theragā. 706);
110沙弥从禅那出定后,为他开示法,说:“贤友,村长,诸漏尽者的这个身体,就像已经放到头顶的重担一样。当它毁坏或灭去时,他只会感到欢喜,而绝不会恐惧。”如此说完,诵出以下偈颂:
Sāmaṇero jhānā vuṭṭhāya tassa dhammaṃ desento, ‘‘āvuso gāmaṇi, khīṇāsavassa attabhāvo nāma sīse ṭhapitabhāro viya hoti, so tasmiṃ bhijjante vā nassante vā tussateva, na bhāyatī’’ti vatvā imā gāthā abhāsi –
111“村长,对于无所期待者,没有心的痛苦;
‘‘Natthi cetasikaṃ dukkhaṃ, anapekkhassa gāmaṇi;
112对于结已尽者,一切怖畏确实都已超越。
Atikkantā bhayā sabbe, khīṇasaṃyojanassa ve.
113对于已灭尽有之导引者,于现法如实而观;
‘‘Khīṇāya bhavanettiyā, diṭṭhe dhamme yathātathe;
114死亡时无有恐惧,犹如放下重担。”
Na bhayaṃ maraṇe hoti, bhāranikkhepane yathā’’ti. (theragā. 707-708);
115他听了他的话后,看着那五百名盗贼,问道:“你们打算怎么办?”盗贼们反问:“那主人,您又打算怎么办呢?”他回答说:“朋友,我先说说我的想法:‘见到这样的神变之后,在家生活中已无事可做,我决定要在尊者的座下出家。’”盗贼们听了纷纷表示:“我们也要那样做。”沙弥说:“善哉,诸位!”于是,那五百名盗贼也顶礼了沙弥,请求出家。沙弥便用那些剑刃割断他们的头发和衣角,然后用红泥染色,让他们穿上那些袈裟,令他们安住在十戒之中,接着便带着他们一起出发了。他一边走一边心中思量:“如果我不见长老们一面就直接走,他们是无法顺利修习沙门法的。因为自从这些盗贼把我绑走的那一刻起,他们之中没有一个人能够忍住眼泪,心里一直挂念着‘沙弥是不是已经被杀害了’。当他们这样忧心忡忡时,他们的禅修业处是不会现前的。因此,我一定要让他们看见我之后再走。”于是,沙弥由这五百位比丘围绕着,来到了那里。那些比丘因为亲眼见到他而得到了安慰,便问他:“善士基索·桑基洽,你捡回一条命了吗?”他答道:“是的,大德,这些人原本想要杀我,却下不了手,反而对我的功德生起了净信,听了我说的法之后就出家了。我心想‘一定要见过你们再走’,所以就来了。请你们以不放逸的心精进修习沙门法,我现在要去导师世尊那里了。”他顶礼了那些比丘之后,便带着其余的人来到亲教师的跟前。亲教师问道:“基索·桑基洽,你收到弟子了吗?”他答:“是的,大德。”接着就把事情的来龙去脉向上报告。长老听了之后说:“去吧,基索·桑基洽,去见世尊。”他答:“是。”顶礼了长老之后,便带着他们来到了世尊的住处。世尊也问他:“基索·桑基洽,你收到弟子了吗?”他答:“是的,大德。”并把事情的经过禀报。世尊接着向众比丘求证:“诸位比丘,事情是这样发生的吗?”众比丘回答:“是的,大德。”于是,世尊开示道:“比丘们,你们想想看,如果以前干盗贼的勾当,安住于无戒之中,像那样活上一百岁;不如现在安住于戒行之中,哪怕只活一天,哪一种生命更殊胜呢?”接着,世尊连结这前后的义理,在开示法的时候,说出了以下的偈颂:
So tassa kathaṃ sutvā pañca corasatāni oloketvā āha – ‘‘tumhe kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Tumhe pana, sāmī’’ti. ‘‘Mama tāva, bho, ‘evarūpaṃ pāṭihāriyaṃ disvā agāramajjhe kammaṃ natthi, ayyassa santike pabbajissāmī’ti. Mayampi tatheva karissāmā’’ti. ‘‘Sādhu, tātā’’ti tato pañcasatāpi corā sāmaṇeraṃ vanditvā pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu . So tesaṃ asidhārāhi eva kese ceva vatthadasā ca chinditvā tambamattikāya rajitvā tāni kāsāyāni acchādāpetvā dasasu sīlesu patiṭṭhāpetvā te ādāya gacchanto cintesi – ‘‘sacāhaṃ there adisvāva gamissāmi, te samaṇadhammaṃ kātuṃ na sakkhissanti. Corānañhi maṃ gahetvā nikkhantakālato paṭṭhāya tesu ekopi assūni sandhāretuṃ nāsakkhi, ‘mārito nu kho sāmaṇero, no’ti cintentānaṃ kammaṭṭhānaṃ abhimukhaṃ na bhavissati, tasmā disvāva ne gamissāmī’’ti. So pañcasatabhikkhuparivāro tattha gantvā attano dassanena paṭiladdhaassāsehi tehi ‘‘kiṃ, sappurisa, saṃkicca, laddhaṃ te jīvita’’nti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante, ime maṃ māretukāmā hutvā māretuṃ asakkontā mama guṇe pasīditvā dhammaṃ sutvā pabbajitā, ahaṃ ‘tumhe disvāva gamissāmī’ti āgato, appamattā samaṇadhammaṃ karotha, ahaṃ satthu santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti te bhikkhū vanditvā itare ādāya upajjhāyassa santikaṃ gantvā ‘‘kiṃ saṃkicca, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Therena ‘‘gaccha saṃkicca, satthāraṃ passāhī’’ti vutte, ‘‘sādhū’’ti theraṃ vanditvā te ādāya satthu santikaṃ gantvā satthārāpi ‘‘kiṃ saṃkicca, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, tumhākaṃ corakammaṃ katvā dussīle patiṭṭhāya vassasataṃ jīvanato idāni sīle patiṭṭhāya ekadivasampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
110一一〇。
110.
117「若人活百岁,无戒且无定;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, dussīlo asamāhito;
118持戒修禅者,一日命更胜。」
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, sīlavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
119这里面,「无戒」指的就是没有戒。「持戒者」:与一个无戒的人活一百岁相比,持戒并且修习两种禅那的禅修者,即使只活一天、哪怕只是一须臾,他的生命也更殊胜——这就是“更胜”的意思。
Tattha dussīloti nissīlo. Sīlavantassāti dussīlassa vassasataṃ jīvanato sīlavantassa dvīhi jhānehi jhāyino ekadivasampi ekamuhuttampi jīvitaṃ seyyo, uttamanti attho.
120开示结束时,那五百位比丘都连同无碍解一起证得了阿拉汉果,在场的广大信众也因此获得了一次有益的法开示。
Desanāvasāne te pañcasatāpi bhikkhū saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu, sampattamahājanassāpi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
121后来,又有一个时候,基索·桑基洽获得具足戒,戒腊满十年之后,收了一位沙弥。而这位沙弥正是他的外甥,名叫“已倾向沙弥”。后来,长老在他戒腊圆满时对他说:“我要为你授具足戒,去吧,到你亲人那里问清楚你的岁数再回来。”他便出发前往父母那里。走到半路,遇到五百个盗贼,正要被当作祭品杀害。他对他们说法,使他们心生净信。盗贼们对他说:“不要向任何人透露我们在这里。”就放他离开了。回程途中,他看见父母正走来,虽然父母也走上了同一条路,他为了守护对盗贼的真实承诺,并没有告知他们。父母遭到那批盗贼伤害时,悲叹道:“你大概是与盗贼合伙了,所以不告诉我们!”他听见了他们的悲叹声。那些盗贼得知他连父母都没有告知,心生净信,便请求出家。他也像基索·桑基洽沙弥当年那样,度他们全部出家,带到亲教师面前。亲教师派他去见世尊,他去后禀告了事情经过。世尊问:“比丘们,是这样吗?”众比丘回答:“是的,大德。”世尊便以同样的方式连结义理,开示佛法,说出这个偈颂:
Aparena samayena saṃkicco upasampadaṃ labhitvā dasavasso hutvā sāmaṇeraṃ gaṇhi. So pana tasseva bhāgineyyo adhimuttasāmaṇero nāma. Atha naṃ thero paripuṇṇavassakāle āmantetvā ‘‘upasampadaṃ te karissāmi, gaccha, ñātakānaṃ santike vassaparimāṇaṃ pucchitvā ehī’’ti uyyojesi. So mātāpitūnaṃ santikaṃ gacchanto antarāmagge pañcasatehi corehi balikammatthāya māriyamāno tesaṃ dhammaṃ desetvā pasannacittehi tehi ‘‘na te imasmiṃ ṭhāne amhākaṃ atthibhāvo kassaci ārocetabbo’’ti vissaṭṭho paṭipathe mātāpitaro āgacchante disvā tameva maggaṃ paṭipajjantānampi tesaṃ saccamanurakkhanto nārocesi. Tesaṃ corehi viheṭhiyamānānaṃ ‘‘tvampi corehi saddhiṃ ekato hutvā maññe, amhākaṃ nārocesī’’ti paridevantānaṃ saddaṃ sutvā te mātāpitūnampi anārocitabhāvaṃ ñatvā pasannacittā pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu. Sopi saṃkiccasāmaṇero viya te sabbe pabbājetvā upajjhāyassa santikaṃ ānetvā tena satthu santikaṃ pesito gantvā taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante’’ti vutte purimanayeneva anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imameva gāthamāha –
122「若人活百岁,无戒且无定;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, dussīlo asamāhito;
123持戒修禅者,一日命更胜。」
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, sīlavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
124这也是已倾向沙弥的故事,解说方法与前面相同。
Idampi adhimuttasāmaṇeravatthu vuttanayamevāti.
143基索·桑基洽沙弥的故事 第九。
Saṃkiccasāmaṇeravatthu navamaṃ.
144第十 树桩憍陈如长老的故事
10. Khāṇukoṇḍaññattheravatthu
125“若人活百岁”——这一法开示,是世尊住在祇园时,针对树桩憍陈如长老而说的。
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto khāṇukoṇḍaññattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
126据说,那位长老从导师那里取得业处后,住在森林中,证得了阿拉汉果。他想:“我要去禀报导师。”在返回的路上,他感到疲倦,于是离开道路,坐在一块平板石上,进入了禅那。当时,有五百个盗贼洗劫了一个村庄,各人根据自己的气力把财物打成包裹,顶在头上赶路。走了很远,他们疲惫不堪,心想:“我们已经走了很远,就在这块平板石上休息一下吧。”于是他们也离开道路,来到平板石附近。见到长老,他们起了“这是一根树桩”的念头。接着,一个盗贼把包裹放在长老头上,另一个盗贼也靠着长老放下包裹。就这样,五百个盗贼用五百个包裹把长老围在中间,然后他们自己也坐下,睡着了。黎明时分,他们醒来,各自去拿自己的包裹时,看见了长老,以为“这是非人”,吓得想要逃跑。这时,长老对他们说:“近事男们,不要害怕,我是出家人。”他们于是跪倒在长老足下,说:“大德,请原谅我们,我们之前误以为您是树桩。”向长老求得原谅后,盗贼的首领说:“我愿在大德跟前出家。”其他人也跟着说:“我们也愿出家。”大家意愿一致,便一同向长老请求出家。长老就像桑基洽沙弥那样,为他们所有人授了出家。从此以后,长老便以“树桩憍陈如”这名字广为人知。他带着那些比丘们去到导师那里。导师问:“憍陈如,你收了这些弟子吗?”长老便禀告了那段经过。导师又问那些比丘们:“比丘们,是这样的吗?”他们回答:“是的,大德。我们从来没见过别人有如此的神通力,因此我们才出家的。”导师便说:“比丘们,立足于这种劣慧的行为而活上一百年,也不如你们现在成就了智慧、安住于禅修,哪怕只活一天更为殊胜。”这样连接以后,导师开示法义,说出了此偈——
So kira thero satthu santike kammaṭṭhānaṃ gahetvā araññe viharanto arahattaṃ patvā ‘‘satthu ārocessāmī’’ti tato āgacchanto antarāmagge kilanto maggā okkamma ekasmiṃ piṭṭhipāsāṇe nisinno jhānaṃ samāpajji. Athekaṃ gāmaṃ vilumpitvā pañcasatā corā attano balānurūpena bhaṇḍikaṃ bandhitvā sīsenādāya gacchantā dūraṃ gantvā kilantarūpā ‘‘dūraṃ āgatāmha, imasmiṃ piṭṭhipāsāṇe vissamissāmā’’ti maggā okkamma piṭṭhipāsāṇassa santikaṃ gantvā theraṃ disvāpi ‘‘khāṇuko aya’’nti saññino ahesuṃ. Atheko coro therassa sīse bhaṇḍikaṃ ṭhapesi, aparopi taṃ nissāya bhaṇḍikaṃ ṭhapesi. Evaṃ pañcasatāpi corā pañcahi bhaṇḍikasatehi theraṃ parikkhipitvā sayampi nisinnā niddāyitvā aruṇuggamanakāle pabujjhitvā attano attano bhaṇḍikaṃ gaṇhantā theraṃ disvā ‘‘amanusso’’ti saññāya palāyituṃ ārabhiṃsu. Atha ne thero āha – ‘‘mā bhāyittha upāsakā, pabbajito aha’’nti. Te therassa pādamūle nipajjitvā ‘‘khamatha, bhante, mayaṃ khāṇukasaññino ahumhā’’ti theraṃ khamāpetvā corajeṭṭhakena ‘‘ahaṃ ayyassa santike pabbajissāmī’’ti vutte sesā ‘‘mayampi pabbajissāmā’’ti vatvā sabbepi ekacchandā hutvā theraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāciṃsu. Thero saṃkiccasāmaṇero viya sabbepi te pabbājesi. Tato paṭṭhāya khāṇukoṇḍaññoti paññāyi. So tehi bhikkhūhi saddhiṃ satthu santikaṃ gantvā satthārā ‘‘kiṃ, koṇḍañña, antevāsikā te laddhā’’ti vutte taṃ pavattiṃ ārocesi. Satthā ‘‘evaṃ kira, bhikkhave’’ti pucchitvā, ‘‘āma, bhante, na no aññassa evarūpo ānubhāvo diṭṭhapubbo, tenamhā pabbajitā’’ti vutte, ‘‘bhikkhave, evarūpe duppaññakamme patiṭṭhāya vassasataṃ jīvanato idāni vo paññāsampadāya vattamānānaṃ ekāhampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
111一百一十一。
111.
128若有人无慧、心不定,活上一百年,
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, duppañño asamāhito;
129也不如有慧、修禅那的人,只活一天来得更殊胜。
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, paññavantassa jhāyino’’ti.
130其中,「无慧」指的是没有智慧的人。「具慧者」指的是具足智慧的人。其余的解释跟前面一样。
Tattha duppañño nippañño. Paññavantassāti sappaññassa. Sesaṃ purimasadisamevāti.
131开示结束时,那五百位比丘都证得了阿拉汉果,连同无碍解。在场的大众也得到了一次有实益的法开示。
Desanāvasāne pañcasatāpi te bhikkhū saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu. Sampattamahājanassāpi sātthikā dhammadesanā ahosīti.
152树桩憍陈如长老的故事 第十。
Khāṇukoṇḍaññattheravatthu dasamaṃ.
153蛇仆长老的故事
11. Sappadāsattheravatthu
132“若人活百年”这段教法的开示,是世尊住在祇园精舍时,针对蛇仆长老而宣说的。
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto sappadāsattheraṃ ārabbha kathesi.
133据说,舍卫城有一位善男子,听了世尊说法后出家,受了具足戒。后来他生起不乐,心想:“像我这样的善男子,在家生活实在不相宜,不如在出家状态下死去更为殊胜。”于是他一边寻思着死法,一边四处游荡。一天早晨,一些比丘用过饭后回到精舍,在火房里看见一条蛇,便把它放入一个罐子,盖好罐子,带出精舍。那位不乐的比丘也用完饭回来,看见那些比丘,问道:“贤友,这是什么?”他们回答:“是蛇。”又问:“你们要拿它做什么?”“丢掉。”他听了心想:“我要让这条蛇咬我而死。”于是说:“拿来给我,我去丢掉它。”他从他们手中接过罐子,找了个地方坐下,让那蛇咬自己,蛇却不肯咬。他把手伸进罐子里来回拨弄,又掰开毒蛇的嘴,把手指塞进去,蛇还是不咬。他想:“这不是毒蛇,只是家蛇。”便放下它回了精舍。比丘们问他:“贤友,蛇丢了吗?”他说:“贤友,那不是毒蛇,只是家蛇。”比丘们说:“贤友,那正是毒蛇,它膨起大颈冠,咝咝作响,我们费了好大功夫才捉住的。你为什么那样说?”他说:“贤友,我让它咬,甚至把手指塞进它嘴里,都无法让它咬我。”比丘们听了,都默然无语。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kireko kulaputto satthu dhammadesanaṃ sutvā pabbajitvā laddhūpasampado aparena samayena ukkaṇṭhitvā ‘‘mādisassa kulaputtassa gihibhāvo nāma ayutto, pabbajjāya ṭhatvā maraṇamhi me seyyo’’ti cintetvā attano maraṇūpāyaṃ cintento vicarati. Athekadivasaṃ pātova katabhattakiccā bhikkhū vihāraṃ gantvā aggisālāya sappaṃ disvā taṃ ekasmiṃ kuṭe pakkhipitvā kuṭaṃ pidahitvā ādāya vihārā nikkhamiṃsu. Ukkaṇṭhitabhikkhupi bhattakiccaṃ katvā āgacchanto te bhikkhū disvā ‘‘kiṃ idaṃ, āvuso’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘sappo, āvuso’’ti vutte iminā ‘‘kiṃ karissathā’’ti? ‘‘Chaḍḍessāma na’’nti. Tesaṃ vacanaṃ sutvā ‘‘iminā attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpetvā marissāmī’’ti ‘‘āharatha, ahaṃ taṃ chaḍḍessāmī’’ti tesaṃ hatthato kuṭaṃ gahetvā ekasmiṃ ṭhāne nisinno tena sappena attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpeti, sappo ḍaṃsituṃ na icchati. So kuṭe hatthaṃ otāretvā ito cito ca āloleti, ghorasappassa mukhaṃ vivaritvā aṅguliṃ pakkhipati, neva naṃ sappo ḍaṃsi. So ‘‘nāyaṃ āsīviso, gharasappo eso’’ti taṃ pahāya vihāraṃ agamāsi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū ‘‘chaḍḍito te, āvuso, sappo’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Na so, āvuso, ghorasappo, gharasappo eso’’ti. ‘‘Ghorasappoyevāvuso, mahantaṃ phaṇaṃ katvā susuyanto dukkhena amhehi gahito, kiṃ kāraṇā evaṃ tvaṃ vadesī’’ti āhaṃsu. ‘‘Ahaṃ, āvuso, tena attānaṃ ḍaṃsāpentopi mukhe aṅguliṃ pakkhipentopi taṃ ḍaṃsāpetuṃ nāsakkhi’’nti. Taṃ sutvā bhikkhū tuṇhī ahesuṃ.
134后来有一天,一位理发师带着两三把剃刀进入寺院,将一把放在地上,用另一把为比丘们剃头。那位比丘拿起放在地上的剃刀,心想:‘我要用这把刀割断喉咙而死。’便走到一棵树旁,将脖颈凑近,把刀刃抵在喉管上站定,然后从受具足戒时开始,省察自己的戒行。他看到自己的戒行如同无垢的月轮,又像纯净的摩尼宝珠一样洁净无瑕。当他这样观察时,遍满全身的喜悦生起。他镇伏喜悦,增长观,便连同无碍解证得阿拉汉果,然后拿起剃刀走进寺院中央。比丘们问他:‘贤友,你去哪了?’他说:‘我心想“用这把剃刀割断喉咙而死”,就去了,贤友。’又问:‘那为什么没死?’他说:‘现在我已无法再拿起那武器了。因为我本想“用这把剃刀割断喉咙”,却用智慧之刀斩断了所有烦恼。’比丘们认为‘他这是在以虚妄之言自称证得上人法’,便禀告世尊。世尊听了他们的话后说:‘比丘们,诸漏尽者不会亲手结束自己的生命。’比丘们问:‘大德,您说他是“诸漏尽者”,但他既然有证得阿拉汉果的亲依止缘,为何还会生起不乐?他证得阿拉汉果的亲依止缘是什么?为什么那条蛇不咬他?’世尊说:‘比丘们,那条蛇在他此生的前三世中,曾是他的仆人,所以不敢咬自己主人的身体。’导师先为他们开示了这一因缘。从此,这位比丘便以‘蛇仆’而闻名。
Athekadivasaṃ nhāpito dve tayo khure ādāya vihāraṃ gantvā ekaṃ bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapetvā ekena bhikkhūnaṃ kese ohāreti. So bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapitaṃ khuraṃ gahetvā ‘‘iminā gīvaṃ chinditvā marissāmī’’ti ekasmiṃ rukkhe gīvaṃ upanidhāya khuradhāraṃ galanāḷiyaṃ katvā ṭhito upasampadāmāḷato paṭṭhāya attano sīlaṃ āvajjento vimalacandamaṇḍalaṃ viya sudhotamaṇikhandhamiva ca nimmalaṃ sīlaṃ addasa. Tassa taṃ olokentassa sakalasarīraṃ pharantī pīti uppajji. So pītiṃ vikkhambhetvā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhento saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ patvā khuraṃ ādāya vihāramajjhaṃ pāvisi. Atha naṃ bhikkhū ‘‘kahaṃ gatosi, āvuso’’ti pucchiṃsu. ‘‘‘Iminā khurena galanāḷiṃ chinditvā marissāmī’ti gatomhi , āvuso’’ti. Atha ‘‘kasmā na matosī’’ti? Idānimhi satthaṃ āharituṃ abhabbo jāto. Ahañhi ‘‘iminā khurena galanāḷiṃ chindissāmī’’ti ñāṇakhurena sabbakilese chindinti. Bhikkhū ‘‘ayaṃ abhūtena aññaṃ byākarotī’’ti bhagavato ārocesuṃ. Bhagavā tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā āha – ‘‘na, bhikkhave, khīṇāsavā nāma sahatthā attānaṃ jīvitā voropentī’’ti. Bhante, tumhe imaṃ ‘‘khīṇāsavo’’ti vadatha, evaṃ arahattūpanissayasampanno panāyaṃ kasmā ukkaṇṭhati, kimassa arahattūpanissayakāraṇaṃ ‘‘kasmā so sappo etaṃ na ḍaṃsatī’’ti? ‘‘Bhikkhave, so tāva sappo imassa ito tatiye attabhāve dāso ahosi, so attano sāmikassa sarīraṃ ḍaṃsituṃ na visahatī’’ti. Evaṃ tāva nesaṃ satthā ekaṃ kāraṇaṃ ācikkhi. Tato paṭṭhāya ca so bhikkhu sappadāso nāma jāto.
135据说,在迦叶正自觉者的教法时期,有位善男子听了世尊说法,心生悚惧而出家,受了具足戒。后来他心生不乐,便告诉一位同修比丘。那位比丘经常对他宣说在家生活的过患。听了之后,他安住于教法中。此前在不乐期间,他正坐在一个水塘边,清洗沾有污垢的沙门资具。那位同修就坐在近旁。这时他对同修说:‘贤友,我之前想还俗时,曾打算把这些资具送给你。’那位同修心生贪着,想道:‘他出不出家,与我有什么相干?我现在就把资具拿到手。’从此以后,他就说:‘贤友,我们活着有什么用呢?我们捧着钵到别人家中乞食,无法与妻儿交谈说笑……’如此等等,转而称赞在家生活的功德。他听了这番话,又心生厌离,想:‘之前我告诉他“我生起不乐”时,他先宣说在家生活的过患,现在却频频称赞其功德,这是什么缘故?’他思惟后明白了:‘这是贪图这些沙门资具。’于是自己调伏了心意。就这样,他在迦叶正自觉者的教法时期,因一位比丘令他起厌离,如今才生起不乐。然而,正因为那时他修习沙门法长达两万年,所以现在拥有了证得阿拉汉果的亲依止缘。
Kassapasammāsambuddhakāle kireko kulaputto satthu dhammakathaṃ sutvā uppannasaṃvego pabbajitvā laddhūpasampado aparena samayena anabhiratiyā uppannāya ekassa sahāyakassa bhikkhuno ārocesi. So tassa abhiṇhaṃ gihibhāve ādīnavaṃ kathesi. Taṃ sutvā itaro sāsane abhiramitvā pubbe anabhiratakāle malaggahite samaṇaparikkhāre ekasmiṃ soṇḍitīre nimmale karonto nisīdi. Sahāyakopissa santikeyeva nisinno. Atha naṃ so evamāha – ‘‘ahaṃ, āvuso, uppabbajanto ime parikkhāre tuyhaṃ dātukāmo ahosi’’nti. So lobhaṃ uppādetvā cintesi – ‘‘iminā mayhaṃ pabbajitena vā uppabbajitena vā ko attho, idāni parikkhāre gaṇhissāmī’’ti. So tato paṭṭhāya ‘‘kiṃ dānāvuso, amhākaṃ jīvitena, ye mayaṃ kapālahatthā parakulesu bhikkhāya carāma, puttadārehi saddhiṃ ālāpasallāpaṃ na karomā’’tiādīni vadanto gihibhāvassa guṇaṃ kathesi. So tassa kathaṃ sutvā puna ukkaṇṭhito hutvā cintesi – ‘‘ayaṃ mayā ‘ukkaṇṭhitomhī’ti vutte paṭhamaṃ gihibhāve ādīnavaṃ kathetvā idāni abhiṇhaṃ guṇaṃ katheti, ‘kiṃ nu kho kāraṇa’’’nti cintento ‘‘imesu samaṇaparikkhāresu lobhenā’’ti ñatvā sayameva attano cittaṃ nivattesi. Evamassa kassapasammāsambuddhakāle ekassa bhikkhuno ukkaṇṭhāpitattā idāni anabhirati uppannā. Yo pana teneva tadā vīsati vassasahassāni samaṇadhammo kato, svassa etarahi arahattūpanissayo jātoti.
136比丘们从世尊那里听到这层意思后,进一步问道:‘大德,听说这位比丘将剃刀刃抵在喉管上,站着证得阿拉汉果。在那么短暂的刹那,阿拉汉道真的能生起吗?’世尊回答:‘是的,比丘们。对于发起精进的比丘而言,当他抬起一只脚尚未放落地面之际,阿拉汉道便已生起。因为懈怠的人即使活上一百年,也不如发起精进的人活上须臾片刻更为殊胜。’说完后,世尊结合此关联,开示了此偈:
Imamatthaṃ te bhikkhū bhagavato santikā sutvā uttariṃ pucchiṃsu – ‘‘bhante, ayaṃ kira bhikkhu khuradhāraṃ galanāḷiyaṃ katvā ṭhitova arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, uppajjissati nu kho ettakena khaṇena arahattamaggo’’ti. ‘‘Āma, bhikkhave, āraddhavīriyassa bhikkhuno pādaṃ ukkhipitvā bhūmiyaṃ ṭhapentassa pāde bhūmiyaṃ asampatteyeva arahattamaggo uppajjati. Kusītassa puggalassa hi vassasataṃ jīvanato āraddhavīriyassa khaṇamattampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
112112.
112.
138若人活百年,懈怠无精进;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, kusīto hīnavīriyo;
139不如活一日,发起坚固精进者。
Ekāhaṃ jīvikaṃ seyyo, vīriyamārabhato daḷha’’nti.
140这里,「懈怠」是指被欲寻等三种寻思消磨时光的补特伽罗。「无精进」指缺乏精进。「发起坚固精进」是指发起了能成就两种禅那的有力、坚固的精进。其余文句与前面第一首偈的解释相同。
Tattha kusītoti kāmavitakkādīhi tīhi vitakkehi vītināmento puggalo. Hīnavīriyoti nibbīriyo. Vīriyamārabhato daḷhanti duvidhajjhānanibbattanasamatthaṃ thiraṃ vīriyaṃ ārabhantassa. Sesaṃ purimasadisameva.
141教示结束时,许多人证得了入流果等圣果。
Desanāvasāne bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
164第十一 萨帕达萨长老事
Sappadāsattheravatthu ekādasamaṃ.
16512. 波吒左罗长老尼事
12. Paṭācārātherīvatthu
142「若人寿百岁」这段教法,是世尊住在祇园时,以波吒左罗长老尼为因缘而宣说的。
Yo ca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto paṭācāraṃ theriṃ ārabbha kathesi.
143据说她是舍卫城一位拥有四十亿家财的富翁之女,容貌美丽。在她年方十六岁时,父母将她安置在一座七层楼阁的顶层,派人守护,让她住在那里。即便如此,她仍与自己的一个年轻侍从发生了不正当关系。于是她的父母将她许配给同族家庭的一位青年,并定下了婚期。婚期临近时,她对那年轻侍从说:‘听说他们要把我嫁给某家,等我去了夫家之后,你即使带着赠礼前来,也得不到进入的机会。如果你对我还有情意,现在就带着我,随便往哪里逃走吧。’他应道:‘好的,贤妹。’她便说:‘那么明天一早,我会在城门某处等你,你想个办法出城,到那里来会我。’第二天,她就等在约定地点。那天她一早就穿上脏衣服,披散头发,用米糠涂抹身体,拿着水罐,装作和女仆们一同出门的样子离开家,到了那个地方。他便带着她远走,在一个村庄安了家,在树林里耕地,捡拾柴火树叶等。她则用水罐取水,亲手捣米煮饭等,承受着自己恶行的果报。不久她怀了孕。临近产期时,她向丈夫请求道:‘这里没人照顾我,父母对儿女总是心软的,你带我去他们那里吧,我想在那里生产。’丈夫拒绝说:‘贤妹,你说什么?你父母见到我,定会施加种种惩罚,我可不能去那里。’她再三恳求,仍得不到允许。于是趁丈夫去树林时,她嘱咐邻居们:‘如果他回来找不到我,问起我去哪里了,你们就告诉他我回娘家去了。’说完便关上门,独自走了。丈夫回来不见她,问了邻居,得知情形后,心想‘我得把她追回来’,就追了上去。追上后,不管怎么劝,她都不肯回头。这时,在一处地方,她的阵痛发作了。她走到路边一处树丛,说:‘夫君,我的阵痛来了。’便躺在地上,痛苦翻腾,艰难地产下了一个男孩。她说:‘我本来就是为了这个原因才想回娘家,现在事情已经了结。’于是她又随丈夫回到住处,继续住下。
Sā kira sāvatthiyaṃ cattālīsakoṭivibhavassa seṭṭhino dhītā ahosi abhirūpā. Taṃ soḷasavassuddesikakāle sattabhūmikassa pāsādassa uparimatale rakkhantā vasāpesuṃ. Evaṃ santepi sā ekena attano cūḷūpaṭṭhākena saddhiṃ vippaṭipajji . Athassā mātāpitaro samajātikakule ekassa kumārassa paṭissuṇitvā vivāhadivasaṃ ṭhapesuṃ. Tasmiṃ upakaṭṭhe sā taṃ cūḷūpaṭṭhākaṃ āha – ‘‘maṃ kira asukakulassa nāma dassanti, mayi patikulaṃ gate mama paṇṇākāraṃ gahetvā āgatopi tattha pavesanaṃ na labhissasi, sace te mayi sineho atthi, idāneva maṃ gahetvā yena vā tena vā palāyassū’’ti. ‘‘So sādhu, bhadde’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi ahaṃ sve pātova nagaradvārassa asukaṭṭhāne nāma ṭhassāmi, tvaṃ ekena upāyena nikkhamitvā tattha āgaccheyyāsī’’ti vatvā dutiyadivase saṅketaṭṭhāne aṭṭhāsi. Sāpi pātova kiliṭṭhaṃ vatthaṃ nivāsetvā kese vikkiritvā kuṇḍakena sarīraṃ makkhitvā kuṭaṃ ādāya dāsīhi saddhiṃ gacchantī viya gharā nikkhamitvā taṃ ṭhānaṃ agamāsi. So taṃ ādāya dūraṃ gantvā ekasmiṃ gāme nivāsaṃ kappetvā araññe khettaṃ kasitvā dārupaṇṇādīni āharati. Itarā kuṭena udakaṃ āharitvā sahatthā koṭṭanapacanādīni karontī attano pāpassa phalaṃ anubhoti. Athassā kucchiyaṃ gabbho patiṭṭhāsi. Sā paripuṇṇagabbhā ‘‘idha me koci upakārako natthi, mātāpitaro nāma puttesu muduhadayā honti, tesaṃ santikaṃ maṃ nehi, tattha me gabbhavuṭṭhānaṃ bhavissatī’’ti sāmikaṃ yāci. So ‘‘kiṃ, bhadde, kathesi, maṃ disvā tava mātāpitaro vividhā kammakāraṇā kareyyuṃ, na sakkā mayā tattha gantu’’nti paṭikkhipi. Sā punappunaṃ yācitvāpi gamanaṃ alabhamānā tassa araññaṃ gatakāle paṭivissake āmantetvā ‘‘sace so āgantvā maṃ apassanto ‘kahaṃ gatā’ti pucchissati, mama attano kulagharaṃ gatabhāvaṃ ācikkheyyāthā’’ti vatvā gehadvāraṃ pidahitvā pakkāmi. Sopi āgantvā taṃ apassanto paṭivissake pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā ‘‘nivattessāmi na’’nti anubandhitvā taṃ disvā nānappakāraṃ yāciyamānopi nivattetuṃ nāsakkhi. Athassā ekasmiṃ ṭhāne kammajavātā caliṃsu. Sā ekaṃ gacchantaraṃ pavisitvā, ‘‘sāmi, kammajavātā me calitā’’ti vatvā bhūmiyaṃ nipajjitvā samparivattamānā kicchena dārakaṃ vijāyitvā ‘‘yassatthāyāhaṃ kulagharaṃ gaccheyyaṃ, so attho nipphanno’’ti punadeva tena saddhiṃ gehaṃ āgantvā vāsaṃ kappesi.
144后来她再次怀孕。临近产期时,她又像上次那样恳求丈夫,仍得不到允许,便抱着儿子,再次离家出走。丈夫追上来,叫她站住,她也不肯回头。就在他们赶路时,一场反常的大暴风雨突然降临,四周闪电如燃烧的火焰,雷声轰鸣,大雨如注,天空仿佛要被撕裂。就在那时,她的阵痛发作了。她对丈夫说:‘夫君,我的阵痛来了,我撑不住了,快给我找个避雨的地方。’他手拿斧头四处寻找,看见一个蚁丘顶上长着一丛灌木,便去砍。这时,从蚁丘里窜出一条剧毒的蝮蛇,咬了他。他的身体立刻像被体内涌起的火焰燃烧一般,变成青黑色,当场倒地而死。她强忍着极大痛苦,眼巴巴盼着丈夫回来,却始终不见人影,又产下了另一个男孩。两个婴儿受不了狂风暴雨,放声大哭。她把两个孩子都搂在怀里,用双膝和双手支撑在地上,就这样硬撑了整整一夜。她全身像被抽干了血,变得如同枯叶般苍白。天亮后,她抱起一个肤色如同生肉般的孩子,另一个用手牵着,说:‘来吧,孩子,你爸爸往那边去了。’便沿着丈夫走过的路走去。她看见丈夫死在蚁丘顶上,身体青黑僵硬,不禁哭着悲叹:‘为了我,我的丈夫竟死在路上!’边哭边继续赶路。
Tassā aparena samayena puna gabbho patiṭṭhahi. Sā paripuṇṇagabbhā hutvā purimanayeneva sāmikaṃ yācitvā gamanaṃ alabhamānā puttaṃ aṅkenādāya tatheva pakkamitvā tena anubandhitvā ‘‘tiṭṭhāhī’’ti vutte nivattituṃ na icchi. Atha nesaṃ gacchantānaṃ mahā akālamegho udapādi samantā vijjulatāhi ādittaṃ viya meghatthanitehi, bhijjamānaṃ viya udakadhārānipātanirantaraṃ nabhaṃ ahosi. Tasmiṃ khaṇe tassā kammajavātā caliṃsu. Sā sāmikaṃ āmantetvā, ‘‘sāmi, kammajavātā me calitā, na sakkomi sandhāretuṃ, anovassakaṭṭhānaṃ me jānāhī’’ti āha. So hatthagatāya vāsiyā ito cito ca upadhārento ekasmiṃ vammikamatthake jātaṃ gumbaṃ disvā chindituṃ ārabhi. Atha naṃ vammikato nikkhamitvā ghoraviso āsīviso ḍaṃsi. Taṅkhaṇaññevassa sarīraṃ antosamuṭṭhitāhi aggijālāhi ḍayhamānaṃ viya nīlavaṇṇaṃ hutvā tattheva pati. Itarāpi mahādukkhaṃ anubhavamānā tassa āgamanaṃ olokentīpi taṃ adisvāva aparampi puttaṃ vijāyi. Dve dārakā vātavuṭṭhivegaṃ asahamānā mahāviravaṃ viravanti. Sā ubhopi te urantare katvā dvīhi jaṇṇukehi ceva hatthehi ca bhūmiyaṃ uppīḷetvā tathā ṭhitāva rattiṃ vītināmesi. Sakalasarīraṃ nillohitaṃ viya paṇḍupalāsavaṇṇaṃ ahosi. Sā uṭṭhite aruṇe maṃsapesivaṇṇaṃ ekaṃ puttaṃ aṅkenādāya itaraṃ aṅguliyā gahetvā ‘‘ehi, tāta, pitā te ito gato’’ti vatvā sāmikassa gatamaggena gacchantī taṃ vammikamatthake kālaṃ katvā patitaṃ nīlavaṇṇaṃ thaddhasarīraṃ disvā ‘‘maṃ nissāya mama sāmiko panthe mato’’ti rodantī paridevantī pāyāsi.
145她见阿致罗筏底河因为下了一整夜雨,河水涨到了齐膝、齐腰、齐胸深。由于她心智愚钝,不敢带着两个孩子一起下水,便将大儿子留在此岸,带着另一个孩子渡到对岸。她铺下折断的树枝,让那孩子躺下,说:‘我去找另一个孩子。’便丢下这幼小的孩子,自己不敢渡回去,一边一再回头张望,一边离去。当她走到河中央时,一只老鹰看见了那个男孩,以为是一块肉,从空中俯冲下来。她看到老鹰为抓孩子俯冲下来,便高举双手,尖声连喊了三遍‘嘘!嘘!’。老鹰因为距离远,没有听见,抓起那童子就飞上天空离去了。站在此岸的孩子看见母亲在河中央高举双手大声喊叫,以为妈妈在叫自己,就猛地跳进水里。就这样,她那幼小的孩子被老鹰抓走,年长的孩子被水冲走。
Sā sakalarattiṃ devena vuṭṭhattā aciravatiṃ nadiṃ jaṇṇuppamāṇena kaṭippamāṇena thanappamāṇena udakena paripuṇṇaṃ disvā attano mandabuddhitāya dvīhi dārakehi saddhiṃ udakaṃ otarituṃ avisahantī jeṭṭhaputtaṃ orimatīre ṭhapetvā itaraṃ ādāya paratīraṃ gantvā sākhābhaṅgaṃ attharitvā nipajjāpetvā ‘‘itarassa santikaṃ gamissāmī’’ti bālaputtakaṃ pahāya tarituṃ asakkontī punappunaṃ nivattitvā olokayamānā pāyāsi. Athassā nadīmajjhaṃ gatakāle eko seno taṃ kumāraṃ disvā ‘‘maṃsapesī’’ti saññāya ākāsato bhassi. Sā taṃ puttassatthāya bhassantaṃ disvā ubho hatthe ukkhipitvā ‘‘sūsū’’ti tikkhattuṃ mahāsaddaṃ nicchāresi. Seno dūrabhāvena taṃ asutvāva kumārakaṃ gahetvā vehāsaṃ uppatitvā gato. Orimatīre ṭhitaputto mātaraṃ nadīmajjhe ubho hatthe ukkhipitvā mahāsaddaṃ nicchārayamānaṃ disvā ‘‘maṃ pakkosatī’’ti saññāya vegena udake pati. Itissā bālaputtaṃ seno hari, jeṭṭhaputto udakena vūḷho.
146她哭着悲叹道:“我一个儿子被军队抓走,一个被水冲走,丈夫又死在路上。”这样一边哭一边走。她看见一个从舍卫城方向来的男子,便问:“你住在哪里呢,贤者?”“我住在舍卫城,大娘。”“在舍卫城里,某条街上有个某某家族,你知道吗,贤者?”“知道的,大娘,不过你别问了。如果你知道别的,就问别的吧。”“我没有别的事,就只问这个,贤者。”“大娘,你是不愿意告诉我你自己的事吧?今天你可看见了,昨晚下了整夜的雨。”“我看见了,贤者。这雨就是为我而下的,不为别人。至于为什么为我而下,我回头再告诉你。你先给我说说那长者家里的情况吧。”“大娘,昨晚长者、长者的妻子和长者的儿子,三个人一起被倒塌的房子压死,现在正放在同一个柴堆上火化。你看那烟,大娘。”她听到这话,身上穿的衣服滑落了都没有觉察,陷入疯狂,就像刚出生时那样赤裸着,哭着悲叹道:
Sā ‘‘eko me putto senena gahito, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe me pati mato’’ti rodantī paridevantī gacchamānā sāvatthito āgacchantaṃ ekaṃ purisaṃ disvā pucchi – ‘‘kattha vāsikosi, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Sāvatthivāsikomhi, ammā’’ti. ‘‘Sāvatthinagare asukavīthiyaṃ evarūpaṃ asukakulaṃ nāma atthi, jānāsi, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Jānāmi, amma, taṃ pana mā pucchi, sace aññaṃ jānāsi pucchā’’ti. ‘‘Aññena me kammaṃ natthi, tadeva pucchāmi, tātā’’ti. ‘‘Amma, tvaṃ attano anācikkhituṃ na desi, ajja te sabbarattiṃ devo vassanto diṭṭho’’ti. ‘‘Diṭṭho me, tāta, mayhameveso sabbarattiṃ vuṭṭho, na aññassa. Mayhaṃ pana vuṭṭhakāraṇaṃ pacchā te kathessāmi, etasmiṃ tāva me seṭṭhigehe pavattiṃ kathehī’’ti. ‘‘Amma, ajja rattiṃ seṭṭhiñca seṭṭhibhariyañca seṭṭhiputtañcāti tayopi jane avattharamānaṃ gehaṃ pati, te ekacitakasmiṃ jhāyanti. Esa dhūmo paññāyati, ammā’’ti. Sā tasmiṃ khaṇe nivatthavatthaṃ patamānaṃ na sañjāni, ummattikabhāvaṃ patvā yathājātāva rodantī paridevantī –
147“两个儿子都已死亡,丈夫也死在路旁;(Ubho puttā kālakatā, panthe mayhaṃ patī mato;)
‘‘Ubho puttā kālakatā, panthe mayhaṃ patī mato;
148母亲、父亲和兄弟,都在同一火堆中燃烧。”(Mātā pitā ca bhātā ca, ekacitamhi ḍayhare’’ti.)
Mātā pitā ca bhātā ca, ekacitamhi ḍayhare’’ti. (apa. therī 2.2.498) –
149她就这样号哭着四处游荡。人们见到她,都说“疯女人!疯女人!”,拿起垃圾、抓起尘土往她头上撒,还用土块打她。世尊当时正坐在祇园大精舍的四众弟子中间说法,看见她从远处走来,知道她是在十万劫中圆满了波罗蜜、成就了伟大誓愿的人。
Vilapantī paribbhami. Manussā taṃ disvā ‘‘ummattikā ummattikā’’ti kacavaraṃ gahetvā paṃsuṃ gahetvā matthake okirantā leḍḍūhi paharanti. Satthā jetavanamahāvihāre aṭṭhaparisamajjhe nisīditvā dhammaṃ desento taṃ āgacchamānaṃ addasa kappasatasahassaṃ pūritapāramiṃ abhinīhārasampannaṃ.
150据说,在莲花上佛的时代,她看见莲花上世尊握住一位持律长老尼的手臂,好像要把她安置在难陀园中一样,将她置于最胜位时,便生起这样的想法:‘我也要在像您这样的佛陀面前,获得持律长老尼中的最胜之位。’于是她作出决意并立下誓愿。莲花上佛运用未来智,知道这誓愿将会实现,便预言:‘在未来乔达摩佛陀的教法中,这位女子将名为波吒左罗,成为持律长老尼中的第一。’这位誓愿如此成就、志向圆满的女子,导师从远处看见她到来,心想:‘除了我,没有其他人能做她的依靠。’于是让她朝着寺院方向走来。众人看见她,便说:‘别让这个疯女人进来。’导师说:‘让开,不要阻拦她。’当她走近时,导师说:‘姊妹,恢复正念吧。’就在那一刹那,凭借佛陀的威力,她恢复了正念。这时,她发现身上穿的衣服已经掉落,便生起惭与愧,蹲坐在地上。当时有一名男子扔给她一件上衣。她穿上上衣后,来到导师面前,以五体投地礼顶礼在金色双足上,说:‘大德,请您做我的依靠,请您做我的庇护。我的一个儿子被老鹰抓走,一个儿子被水冲走,丈夫死在路上,父母和兄弟都被房屋压死,正在同一个柴堆上燃烧。’
Sā kira padumuttarabuddhakāle padumuttarasatthārā ekaṃ vinayadharattheriṃ bāhāya gahetvā nandanavane ṭhapentaṃ viya etadaggaṭṭhāne ṭhapiyamānaṃ disvā ‘‘ahampi tumhādisassa buddhassa santike vinayadharattherīnaṃ aggaṭṭhānaṃ labheyya’’nti adhikāraṃ katvā patthanaṃ ṭhapesi. Padumuttarabuddho anāgataṃsañāṇaṃ pattharitvā patthanāya samijjhanabhāvaṃ ñatvā ‘‘anāgate gotamabuddhassa nāma sāsane ayaṃ paṭācārā nāmena vinayadharattherīnaṃ aggā bhavissatī’’ti byākāsi. Taṃ evaṃ patthitapatthanaṃ abhinīhārasampannaṃ satthā dūratova āgacchantiṃ disvā ‘‘imissā ṭhapetvā maṃ añño avassayo bhavituṃ samattho nāma natthī’’ti cintetvā taṃ yathā vihārābhimukhaṃ āgacchati, evaṃ akāsi. Parisā taṃ disvāva ‘‘imissā ummattikāya ito āgantuṃ mā daditthā’’ti āha. Satthā ‘‘apetha, mā naṃ vārayitthā’’ti vatvā avidūraṭṭhānaṃ āgatakāle ‘‘satiṃ paṭilabha bhaginī’’ti āha. Sā taṃ khaṇaṃyeva buddhānubhāvena satiṃ paṭilabhi. Tasmiṃkāle nivatthavatthassa patitabhāvaṃ sallakkhetvā hirottappaṃ paccupaṭṭhāpetvā ukkuṭikaṃ nisīdi. Athassā eko puriso uttarasāṭakaṃ khipi. Sā taṃ nivāsetvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā suvaṇṇavaṇṇesu pādesu pañcapatiṭṭhitena vanditvā, ‘‘bhante, avassayo me hotha, patiṭṭhā me hotha. Ekañhi me puttaṃ seno gaṇhi, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe me pati mato, mātāpitaro ceva me bhātā ca gehena avatthaṭā ekacitakasmiṃ jhāyantī’’ti.
151导师听了她的话后,说道:‘波吒左罗,不要忧愁。你已经来到了能够做你救护、归依与依靠的人面前。正如你现在一个儿子被老鹰抓走,一个被水冲走,丈夫死在途中,父母与兄弟被房屋压死一样;在这轮回之中,每当有儿子等死去时,你因哭泣而流下的泪水,比四大海洋里的水还要多。’接着,说了这个偈颂——
Satthā tassā vacanaṃ sutvā ‘‘paṭācāre, mā cintayi, tava tāṇaṃ saraṇaṃ avassayo bhavituṃ samatthasseva santikaṃ āgatāsi. Yathā hi tava idāni eko puttako senena gahito, eko udakena vūḷho, panthe pati mato, mātāpitaro ceva bhātā ca gehena avatthaṭā; evameva imasmiṃ saṃsāre puttādīnaṃ matakāle tava rodantiyā paggharitaassu catunnaṃ mahāsamuddānaṃ udakato bahutara’’nti vatvā imaṃ gāthamāha –
152‘四大海中的水,只是少许,’(Catūsu samuddesu jalaṃ parittakaṃ,)
‘‘Catūsu samuddesu jalaṃ parittakaṃ,
153比起那些,更多的泪水,实在无法计量。
Tato bahuṃ assujalaṃ anappakaṃ;
154当人被苦所触及,就会生起忧愁。
Dukkhena phuṭṭhassa narassa socanā,
155是什么原因,母亲,你还要放逸呢?
Kiṃ kāraṇā amma tuvaṃ pamajjasī’’ti.
156当导师这样开示关于「无始」轮回的教法时,她身上的忧伤便渐渐减轻。导师知道她的忧伤已经减薄,又对她说:‘波吒左罗,儿女等对于去往他世的人来说,并不能成为救护、庇护或归依。因此,他们即使看似存在,也等于不存在。而智者则应净化戒行,迅速清净自己通往涅槃的道路。’然后,在说法时诵出了以下的偈颂——
Evaṃ satthari anamataggapariyāyaṃ kathente tassa sarīre soko tanuttaṃ agamāsi. Atha naṃ tanubhūtasokaṃ ñatvā puna satthā āmantetvā ‘‘paṭācāre puttādayo nāma paralokaṃ gacchantassa tāṇaṃ vā leṇaṃ vā saraṇaṃ vā bhavituṃ na sakkonti, tasmā vijjamānāpi te na santiyeva, paṇḍitena pana sīlaṃ visodhetvā attano nibbānagāmimaggaṃ khippameva sodhetuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti vatvā dhammaṃ desento imā gāthā abhāsi –
157儿子不能作为救护,父亲也不能,亲属亦然;
‘‘Na santi puttā tāṇāya, na pitā nāpi bandhavā;
158被死魔征服的人,在亲戚中没有救护。(法句经288)
Antakenādhipannassa, natthi ñātīsu tāṇatā. (dha. pa. 288; apa. therī 2.2.501);
159彻知此义利之后,智者守护于戒,
‘‘Etamatthavassaṃ ñatvā, paṇḍito sīlasaṃvuto;
160应迅速清净那通往涅槃之道。(法句经289)
Nibbānagamanaṃ maggaṃ, khippameva visodhaye’’ti. (dha. pa. 289);
161开示结束时,波吒左罗烧尽了如大地尘土般多的烦恼,住立于入流果,其他许多人也证得了入流果等。她成为入流者后,向大师请求出家。大师将她送到比丘尼众那里,令她出家。她得到具足戒后,因精严持戒,仍被称为“波吒左罗”。有一天,她用罐取水来洗脚,把水倒出,水只流了一小段就断了。第二次倒出的水,流得比前次更远。第三次倒出的水,流得比前次更远。她便以那景象为所缘,限定了三阶段,思惟说:“如同我第一次倒出的水,这些有情在少年期也会死;如同第二次倒出的水流得更远,在中年期也会死;如同第三次倒出的水流得更远,在老年期也必定会死。”世尊坐在香室中,放出光明,如同现于她面前而说一般,说道:“正是如此,波吒左罗!不见五蕴生灭者,纵活百年,不如见彼生灭者活一日乃至一刹那更为殊胜。”接着连结义理,开示法义时,说了此偈:
Desanāvasāne paṭācārā mahāpathaviyaṃ paṃsuparimāṇe kilese jhāpetvā sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti. Sā pana sotāpannā hutvā satthāraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci. Satthā taṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ santikaṃ pahiṇitvā pabbājesi. Sā laddhūpasampadā paṭitācārattā paṭācārātveva paññāyi. Sā ekadivasaṃ kuṭena udakaṃ ādāya pāde dhovantī udakaṃ āsiñci, taṃ thokaṃ gantvā pacchijji. Dutiyavāre āsittaṃ tato dūrataraṃ agamāsi. Tatiyavāre āsittaṃ tatopi dūrataranti. Sā tadeva ārammaṇaṃ gahetvā tayo vaye paricchinditvā ‘‘mayā paṭhamaṃ āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya ime sattā paṭhamavayepi maranti, tato dūrataraṃ gataṃ dutiyavāre āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya majjhimavayepi maranti, tatopi dūrataraṃ gataṃ tatiyavāre āsittaṃ udakaṃ viya pacchimavayepi marantiyevā’’ti cintesi. Satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā tassā sammukhe ṭhatvā kathento viya ‘‘evametaṃ paṭācāre, pañcannampi khandhānaṃ udayabbayaṃ apassantassa vassasataṃ jīvanato tesaṃ udayabbayaṃ passantassa ekāhampi ekakkhaṇampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento gāthamāha –
113一一三。
113.
163“若人寿百岁,不见生灭者;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ udayabbayaṃ;
164不如一日活,得见生灭者。”
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato udayabbaya’’nti.
165此处,「不见生灭」是指对于五蕴,不以二十五种相而见其生与灭。「得见生灭」是指见彼等之生与灭。较彼之活命,一日之活命更为殊胜。
Tattha apassaṃ udayabbayanti pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ pañcavīsatiyā lakkhaṇehi udayañca vayañca apassanto. Passato udayabbayanti tesaṃ udayañca vayañca passantassa. Itarassa jīvanato ekāhampi jīvitaṃ seyyoti.
166开示结束时,波吒左罗证得了阿拉汉果,同时也成就了无碍解。
Desanāvasāne paṭācārā saha paṭisambhidāhi arahattaṃ pāpuṇi.
191波吒左罗长老尼事第十二。
Paṭācārātherīvatthu dvādasamaṃ.
192第十三 翅舍·乔达弥事
13. Kisāgotamīvatthu
167“若人寿百岁”这段教法的开示,是世尊住在祇园时,以翅舍·乔达弥为因缘而说的。
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto kisāgotamiṃ ārabbha kathesi.
168据说,在舍卫城有一位长者,他家的四千万财富全都变成了木炭。长者见此忧愁不已,不取饮食,躺在床上。他的一位朋友来到他家,问:“朋友,你为什么忧愁?”听了事情经过后,朋友说:“朋友,别愁,我知道一个办法,你照着做。”长者问:“朋友,我该做什么?”朋友说:“你在自己店铺里铺一张席子,把那堆木炭堆在上面,像在售卖一样坐着。对来往的人中,如果有人说:‘别人卖的是衣物、油、蜂蜜、糖浆,你却坐着卖木炭。’你就回答:‘不卖自己的东西,我又能做什么呢?’如果又有人说:‘别人卖衣物、油、蜂蜜、糖浆,你却坐着卖金银。’你就对他说:‘金银在哪里?’当他说‘就是这些’时,你就说‘拿来我看看’,并用手去接。这样,放到你手中的就会变成金银。而且,如果对方是少女,你就把她娶来给我儿子,把四千万财富交付给她,享受她所给的;如果是男孩,你就把我成年待嫁的女儿嫁给他,把四千万财富交付,享受他所给的。”长者心想:“的确是个好办法。”于是他便在店铺里把木炭堆起来,像售卖一样坐着。对那些说“别人卖衣物、油、蜂蜜、糖浆,你怎么坐着卖木炭”的人,他都回答:“不卖自己的东西,我又能做什么呢?”那时,有一位名叫乔达弥的少女,因为身体瘦弱而被叫做“翅舍·乔达弥”,她是贫穷人家的女儿,有事来到店铺门前,看见这位长者,便说:“老爹,别人都在卖衣物、油、蜂蜜、糖浆,您却坐着卖金银吗?”长者说:“女儿,金银在哪里?”“您不就是拿着那些东西坐着吗?拿来我看看,女儿。”她伸手满满捧起,放到长者手中,那些木炭立刻变成了金银。
Sāvatthiyaṃ kirekassa seṭṭhissa gehe cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ aṅgārā eva hutvā aṭṭhāsi. Seṭṭhi taṃ disvā uppannasoko āhāraṃ paṭikkhipitvā mañcake nipajji. Tasseko sahāyako gehaṃ gantvā, ‘‘samma, kasmā socasī’’ti pucchitvā taṃ pavattiṃ sutvā, ‘‘samma, mā soci, ahaṃ ekaṃ upāyaṃ jānāmi, taṃ karohī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ karomi, sammā’’ti? Attano āpaṇe kilañjaṃ pasāretvā tattha te aṅgāre rāsiṃ katvā vikkiṇanto viya nisīda, āgatāgatesu manussesu ye evaṃ vadanti – ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ pana aṅgāre vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti. Te vadeyyāsi – ‘‘attano santakaṃ avikkiṇanto kiṃ karomī’’ti? Yo pana taṃ evaṃ vadati ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ pana hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti. Taṃ vadeyyāsi ‘‘kahaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇa’’nti. ‘‘Ida’’nti ca vutte ‘‘āhara, tāva na’’nti hatthehi paṭiccheyyāsi. Evaṃ dinnaṃ tava hatthe hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ bhavissati. Sā pana sace kumārikā hoti, tava gehe puttassa naṃ āharitvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ tassā niyyādetvā tāya dinnaṃ valañjeyyāsi. Sace kumārako hoti, tava gehe vayappattaṃ dhītaraṃ tassa datvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ niyyādetvā tena dinnaṃ valañjeyyāsīti. So ‘‘bhaddako upāyo’’ti attano āpaṇe aṅgāre rāsiṃ katvā vikkiṇanto viya nisīdi. Ye pana naṃ evamāhaṃsu – ‘‘sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, kiṃ pana tvaṃ aṅgāre vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti? Tesaṃ ‘‘attano santakaṃ avikkiṇanto kiṃ karomī’’ti paṭivacanaṃ adāsi. Athekā gotamī nāma kumārikā kisasarīratāya kisāgotamīti paññāyamānā parijiṇṇakulassa dhītā attano ekena kiccena āpaṇadvāraṃ gantvā taṃ seṭṭhiṃ disvā evamāha – ‘‘kiṃ, tāta, sesajanā vatthatelamadhuphāṇitādīni vikkiṇanti, tvaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇaṃ vikkiṇanto nisinno’’ti? ‘‘Kahaṃ, amma, hiraññasuvaṇṇa’’nti ? ‘‘Nanu ‘tvaṃ tadeva gahetvā nisinnosī’ti, āhara, tāva naṃ, ammā’’ti. Sā hatthapūraṃ gahetvā tassa hatthesu ṭhapesi, taṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇameva ahosi.
169于是,长者问她:“女士,你家在哪儿?”得知是“某某家”后,长者知道她没有丈夫,便收起财物,将她娶来给自己儿子,并让她掌管四亿财富。所有财物全是纯金。后来她怀孕了。满十个月后生了一个儿子。当儿子刚会走路时,却夭折了。她因为从未见过死亡,便阻止要抬去火化的人,说:“我要为我的儿子找药。”她将尸体抱在怀中,挨家挨户地问:“你们知道能治我儿子的药吗?”人们都说:“大姐,你疯啦?抱着死去的孩子问药!”她心想:“一定能找到知道药的人。”就这样到处走。这时有一位智者见到她,心想:“这女子应该是头一次生子,从没见过死亡,我应当帮助她。”便对她说:“大姐,我不知道药,但我知道有人知道药。”“谁?叔叔。”“世尊知道,去吧,去问他。”她说:“好的,叔叔,我去问。”于是来到世尊那里,顶礼后站在一旁,问:“尊者,听说您知道能治我儿子的药?”“是的,我知道。”“需要得到什么?”“需要得到一撮芥子。”“我能得到,尊者。”“那应该从谁家得到呢?”“从没有死过儿子或女儿的人家。”她说:“好的,尊者。”顶礼世尊后,她抱着死去的儿子进入村里,站在第一家的门前,问:“这家有芥子吗?听说那是我儿子的药。”对方说:“有。”她说:“那请给我吧。”当他们取来芥子要给她时,她问道:“大娘,这家里有没有死过儿子或女儿?”他们回答:“你说什么呀?活着的只有几个,死去的才多着呢!”她便说:“那你们把芥子拿回去吧,这不是我儿子的药。”把芥子还了回去。
Atha naṃ seṭṭhi ‘‘kataraṃ te, amma, geha’’nti pucchitvā ‘‘asukaṃ nāmā’’ti vutte tassā assāmikabhāvaṃ ñatvā dhanaṃ paṭisāmetvā taṃ attano puttassa ānetvā cattālīsakoṭidhanaṃ paṭicchāpesi. Sabbaṃ hiraññasuvaṇṇameva ahosi. Tassā aparena samayena gabbho patiṭṭhahi. Sā dasamāsaccayena puttaṃ vijāyi. So padasā gamanakāle kālamakāsi. Sā adiṭṭhapubbamaraṇatāya taṃ jhāpetuṃ nīharante vāretvā ‘‘puttassa me bhesajjaṃ pucchissāmī’’ti matakaḷevaraṃ aṅkenādāya ‘‘api nu me puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānāthā’’ti pucchantī gharapaṭipāṭiyā vicarati. Atha naṃ manussā, ‘‘amma, tvaṃ ummattikā jātā, matakaputtassa bhesajjaṃ pucchantī vicarasī’’ti vadanti. Sā ‘‘avassaṃ mama puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānanakaṃ labhissāmī’’ti maññamānā vicarati. Atha naṃ eko paṇḍitapuriso disvā, ‘‘ayaṃ mama dhītā paṭhamaṃ puttakaṃ vijātā bhavissati adiṭṭhapubbamaraṇā, mayā imissā avassayena bhavituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti cintetvā āha – ‘‘amma, ahaṃ bhesajjaṃ na jānāmi, bhesajjajānanakaṃ pana jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Ko jānāti, tātā’’ti? ‘‘Satthā, amma, jānāti, gaccha, taṃ pucchāhī’’ti. Sā ‘‘gamissāmi, tāta, pucchissāmi, tātā’’ti vatvā satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ ṭhitā pucchi – ‘‘tumhe kira me puttassa bhesajjaṃ jānātha, bhante’’ti? ‘‘Āma, jānāmī’’ti. ‘‘Kiṃ laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti? ‘‘Accharaggahaṇamatte siddhatthake laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti. ‘‘Labhissāmi, bhante’’. ‘‘Kassa pana gehe laddhuṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti? ‘‘Yassa gehe putto vā dhītā vā na koci matapubbo’’ti. Sā ‘‘sādhu, bhante’’ti satthāraṃ vanditvā mataputtakaṃ aṅkenādāya antogāmaṃ pavisitvā paṭhamagehassa dvāre ṭhatvā ‘‘atthi nu kho imasmiṃ gehe siddhatthako, puttassa kira me bhesajjaṃ eta’’nti vatvā ‘‘atthī’’ti vutte tena hi dethāti. Tehi āharitvā siddhatthakesu diyyamānesu ‘‘imasmiṃ gehe putto vā dhītā vā matapubbo koci natthi, ammā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘kiṃ vadesi, amma? Jīvamānā hi katipayā, matakā eva bahukā’’ti vutte ‘‘tena hi gaṇhatha vo siddhatthake, netaṃ mama puttassa bhesajja’’nti paṭiadāsi.
170她就这样,从第一家开始,挨家挨户地询问。在任何一家都没拿到芥子,到了傍晚时分,她心想:“啊,这是多么沉重的事实!我之前只以为‘只有我的儿子死了’,可整个村子中,死去的人远比活着的多。”这样思惟时,她原本因爱子而柔软的心,变得坚定起来。她把儿子丢弃在森林中,来到世尊跟前,顶礼后站在一旁。世尊便问:“你得到那一撮芥子了吗?”“没有得到,尊者,整个村子里死去的远比活着的多。”于是世尊对她说:“你以为‘只有我的儿子死了’,可这本来就是一切众生的常法。死王正是在众生心愿尚未圆满之时,就像洪水一样将他们卷走,投入恶趣的大海。”如此开示佛法时,诵出这首偈颂——
Sā iminā nīyāmena ādito paṭṭhāya naṃ pucchantī vicari. Sā ekagehepi siddhatthake agahetvā sāyanhasamaye cintesi – ‘‘aho bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ, ahaṃ ‘mameva putto mato’ti saññamakāsiṃ, sakalagāmepi pana jīvantehi matakāva bahutarā’’ti. Tassā evaṃ cintayamānāya puttasinehaṃ mudukahadayaṃ thaddhabhāvaṃ agamāsi. Sā puttaṃ araññe chaḍḍetvā satthu santikaṃ gantvā vanditvā ekamantaṃ aṭṭhāsi. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘laddhā te ekaccharamattā siddhatthakā’’ti āha. ‘‘Na laddhā, bhante, sakalagāme jīvantehi matakāva bahutarā’’ti. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘tvaṃ ‘mameva putto mato’ti sallakkhesi, dhuvadhammo esa sattānaṃ. Maccurājā hi sabbasatte aparipuṇṇajjhāsaye eva mahogho viya parikaḍḍhamānoyeva apāyasamudde pakkhipatī’’ti vatvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
171那沉溺于儿女和牲畜,心被贪爱紧紧缠缚的人,
‘‘Taṃ puttapasusammattaṃ, byāsattamanasaṃ naraṃ;
172死神把他带走,就像洪水冲走沉睡的村庄。
Suttaṃ gāmaṃ mahoghova, maccu ādāya gacchatī’’ti. (dha. pa. 287);
173偈颂结束时,翅舍·乔达弥证得了入流果,其他许多人也证得了入流果等各阶圣果。
Gāthāpariyosāne kisāgotamī sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhahi, aññepi bahū sotāpattiphalādīni pāpuṇiṃsūti.
174此后,她向世尊请求出家,世尊把她送到比丘尼僧团中,让她出家。她受了具足戒,以“翅舍·乔达弥长老尼”而闻名。有一天,她在布萨堂轮值,点燃灯后坐下,看见灯焰不断生起又不断灭去,便以此作为观照的所缘:“这些众生也正像这样,不断生起又不断灭去,只有已证入涅槃的人才不再显现。”世尊虽然身在香室,却放出光明,仿佛就坐在她面前对她说话一般:“正是这样,乔达弥,这些众生如同灯焰,不断地生起又灭去,只有证入涅槃的人才不再显现。因此,看不到涅槃的人,哪怕活上一百年,也不及见到涅槃的人活上一刹那更为殊胜。”接着,世尊以这个因缘,将法义串联起来,开示佛法,诵出这首偈颂——
Sā pana satthāraṃ pabbajjaṃ yāci, satthā taṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ santikaṃ pesetvā pabbājesi. Sā laddhūpasampadā kisāgotamī therīti paññāyi. Sā ekadivasaṃ uposathāgāre vāraṃ patvā dīpaṃ jāletvā nisinnā dīpajālā uppajjantiyo ca bhijjantiyo ca disvā ‘‘evameva ime sattā uppajjanti ceva nirujjhanti ca, nibbānappattā eva na paññāyantī’’ti ārammaṇaṃ aggahesi. Satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā tassā sammukhe nisīditvā kathento viya ‘‘evameva, gotami, ime sattā dīpajālā viya uppajjanti ceva nirujjhanti ca, nibbānappattā eva na paññāyanti, evaṃ nibbānaṃ apassantānaṃ vassasataṃ jīvanato nibbānaṃ passantassa khaṇamattampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
114一百一十四。
114.
176若有人活到一百岁,却从未见到不死之道;
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ amataṃ padaṃ;
177那还不如只活一天,却能见到不死之道。
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato amataṃ pada’’nti.
178这里的「不死道」:指没有死亡的那个部分,也就是无死的大涅槃。其余的解释和前面所说的一样。
Tattha amataṃ padanti maraṇavirahitakoṭṭhāsaṃ, amatamahānibbānanti attho. Sesaṃ purimasadisameva.
179说法结束时,翅舍·乔达弥就在坐着的地方,具足无碍解,证得了阿拉汉果。
Desanāvasāne kisāgotamī yathānisinnāva saha paṭisambhidāhi arahatte patiṭṭhahīti.
206翅舍·乔达弥事 第十三。
Kisāgotamīvatthu terasamaṃ.
20714. 跋呼补达长老尼事
14. Bahuputtikattherīvatthu
180世尊住在祇园时,以跋呼补达长老尼为缘,开示了“若人活百岁”这一法教。
Yoca vassasataṃ jīveti imaṃ dhammadesanaṃ satthā jetavane viharanto bahuputtikaṃ theriṃ ārabbha kathesi.
181据说,在舍卫城有一户人家,有七个儿子和七个女儿。他们全都长大后,各自成家立业,依着自己的方式过得很快乐。后来,父亲去世了。那位大近事女虽然失去了丈夫,却还没有把家产分掉。于是儿子们对她说:“母亲,父亲已经不在了,您还留着家产做什么?难道我们不能奉养您吗?”她听了他们的话,沉默不语。他们一再这样说,她便想:“儿子们会照顾我的,我又何必另外留一份家产呢?”于是把所有的财产都平分给了他们。过了几天,大儿媳说:“唉,咱们这位老太太,总以为‘我是长子的母亲’,好像多给了她两份似的,老是往我们家跑。”其他儿子的妻子也都这样埋怨。当她去长女等其他女儿家时,她们也一样数落她。她受到轻视,心想:“待在这些人身边有什么意思呢?不如出家做比丘尼过活。”于是她前往比丘尼的住处,请求出家。那些比丘尼便度她出家。她受了具足戒之后,大家称她为“多子长老尼”。她想:“我年纪大了才出家,一定要不放逸地精进。”她一边履行比丘尼的种种义务,一边决心“我要彻夜修习沙门法”。在楼下,她手抓住一根柱子,扶着它来修习沙门法;经行时,她因为担心“黑暗中头会撞到树或别的东西”,就用手抓住树,扶着树来修习沙门法;她心里想着“我要只修习世尊所教导的法”,一边忆念法、随念法,一边修习沙门法。那时,世尊正坐在香室中,放出光明,就像坐在她面前同她说话一样,对她说:“多子啊,如果不忆念、不观见我所教导的法,即使活上一百年,也不如观见我所教导的法而活片刻更好。”接着,佛把道理连贯起来,宣说佛法,诵出了以下这首偈颂:
Sāvatthiyaṃ kirekasmiṃ kule satta puttā satta ca dhītaro ahesuṃ. Te sabbepi vayappattā gehe patiṭṭhahitvā attano dhammatāya sukhappattā ahesuṃ. Tesaṃ aparena samayena pitā kālamakāsi. Mahāupāsikā sāmike naṭṭhepi na tāva kuṭumbaṃ vibhajati. Atha naṃ puttā āhaṃsu – ‘‘amma, amhākaṃ pitari naṭṭhe tuyhaṃ ko attho kuṭumbena, kiṃ mayaṃ taṃ upaṭṭhātuṃ na sakkomā’’ti. Sā tesaṃ kathaṃ sutvā tuṇhī hutvā punappunaṃ tehi vuccamānā ‘‘puttā maṃ paṭijaggissanti, kiṃ me visuṃ kuṭumbenā’’ti sabbaṃ sāpateyyaṃ majjhe bhinditvā adāsi. Atha naṃ katipāhaccayena jeṭṭhaputtassa bhariyā ‘‘aho amhākaṃ, ayyā, ‘jeṭṭhaputto me’ti dve koṭṭhāse datvā viya imameva gehaṃ āgacchatī’’ti āha. Sesaputtānaṃ bhariyāpi evameva vadiṃsu. Jeṭṭhadhītaraṃ ādiṃ katvā tāsaṃ gehaṃ gatakālepi naṃ evameva vadiṃsu. Sā avamānappattā hutvā ‘‘kiṃ imesaṃ santike vuṭṭhena, bhikkhunī hutvā jīvissāmī’’ti bhikkhunīupassayaṃ gantvā pabbajjaṃ yāci. Tā naṃ pabbājesuṃ. Sā laddhūpasampadā hutvā bahuputtikattherīti paññāyi. Sā ‘‘ahaṃ mahallakakāle pabbajitā, appamattāya me bhavitabba’’nti bhikkhunīnaṃ vattapaṭivattaṃ karontī ‘‘sabbarattiṃ samaṇadhammaṃ karissāmī’’ti heṭṭhāpāsāde ekaṃ thambhaṃ hatthena gahetvā taṃ āviñchamānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti, caṅkamamānāpi ‘‘andhakāraṭṭhāne me rukkhe vā katthaci vā sīsaṃ paṭihaññeyyā’’ti taṃ rukkhaṃ hatthena gahetvā taṃ āviñchamānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti, ‘‘satthārā desitadhammameva karissāmī’’ti dhammaṃ āvajjetvā dhammaṃ anussaramānāva samaṇadhammaṃ karoti. Atha satthā gandhakuṭiyaṃ nisinnova obhāsaṃ pharitvā sammukhe nisinno viya tāya saddhiṃ kathento ‘‘bahuputtike mayā desitaṃ dhammaṃ anāvajjentassa apassantassa vassasataṃ jīvanato mayā desitaṃ dhammaṃ passantassa muhuttampi jīvitaṃ seyyo’’ti vatvā anusandhiṃ ghaṭetvā dhammaṃ desento imaṃ gāthamāha –
115一一五。
115.
183若人活百年,不见最上法,
‘‘Yo ca vassasataṃ jīve, apassaṃ dhammamuttamaṃ;
184不如活一日,得见最上法。
Ekāhaṃ jīvitaṃ seyyo, passato dhammamuttama’’nti.
185在这里,「最上法」指的是九种出世间法。因为那确实是最上的法。对于不见此法的人,即使活到一百岁,也不如观见此法、通达此法的人,哪怕只活一天,乃至只活一刹那,要来得好。
Tattha dhammamuttamanti navavidhaṃ lokuttaradhammaṃ. So hi uttamo dhammo nāma. Yo hi taṃ na passati, tassa vassasatampi jīvanato taṃ dhammaṃ passantassa paṭivijjhantassa ekāhampi ekakkhaṇampi jīvitaṃ seyyoti.
186偈颂结束时,多子长老尼证得了阿拉汉果,同时具足了无碍解。
Gāthāpariyosāne bahuputtikattherī saha paṭisambhidāhi arahatte patiṭṭhahīti.
215多子长老尼的故事 第十四。
Bahuputtikattherīvatthu cuddasamaṃ.
216千品的注释结束。
Sahassavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
217第八品。
Aṭṭhamo vaggo.
218礼敬彼世尊、阿拉汉、正自觉者
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa
219《小部》中。
Khuddakanikāye
220《法句》注疏。
Dhammapada-aṭṭhakathā
187(第二分)
(Dutiyo bhāgo)