6. 无记品复注
1第六,无记品
6. Abyākatavaggo
21-2. 无记等经的注释
1-2. Abyākatasuttādivaṇṇanā
54-5554-55. 第六品的第一部经很容易理解。在第二部经中,对于在过去有身中导致产生的业,是这样说的:“在过去业有中,愚昧是无明,造作是行,渴望是爱,趋近是取,思是有。”这说明了带有资具的五种业轮。而“现在我的有身不会没有”这句,则说明了包含识、名色、六处、触、受的现在五种果轮。所谓「存在」,是指在究竟义上真实存在的东西。因此说为「已生」。因为它是由缘产生的,所以称为“已生”。所谓「我舍弃它」,是指通过断除与它相关的欲贪,从而使它未来不再产生的方式,来舍弃它、抛开它。「Haritantanti」就是“绿色”。加上“anta”这个词是为了扩展词语,就像“vanantaṃ”(林野)、“suttantaṃ”(经典)一样,意思是依靠新鲜草等而熄灭。「Pathantanti」指大路。「Selantanti」指山。「Udakantanti」指水。「Ramaṇīyaṃ vā bhūmibhāganti」指没有草和灌木等、远离且露天的地面区域。「Anāhārāti」指没有因缘(即无执取)。这里的其余内容是显而易懂的。
54-55. Chaṭṭhavaggassa paṭhamaṃ suviññeyyameva. Dutiye atīte attabhāve nibbattakaṃ kammanti ‘‘purimakammabhavasmiṃ moho avijjā, āyūhanā saṅkhārā, nikanti taṇhā, upagamanaṃ upādānaṃ, cetanā bhavo’’ti evamāgataṃ saparikkhāraṃ pañcavidhaṃ kammavaṭṭamāha. Etarahi me attabhāvo na siyāti viññāṇanāmarūpasaḷāyatanaphassavedanāsahitaṃ paccuppannaṃ pañcavidhaṃ vipākavaṭṭamāha. Yaṃ atthikanti yaṃ paramatthato vijjamānakaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘bhūta’’nti. Tañhi paccayanibbattatāya ‘‘bhūta’’nti vuccati. Taṃ pajahāmīti tappaṭibaddhacchandarāgappahānena tato eva āyatiṃ anuppattidhammatāpādanavasena pajahāmi pariccajāmi. Haritantanti (ma. ni. aṭṭha. 1.303) haritameva. Anta-saddena padavaḍḍhanaṃ kataṃ yathā ‘‘vanantaṃ suttanta’’nti, allatiṇādīni āgamma nibbāyatīti attho. Pathantanti mahāmaggaṃ. Selantanti pabbataṃ. Udakantanti udakaṃ. Ramaṇīyaṃ vā bhūmibhāganti tiṇagumbādirahitaṃ vivittaṃ abbhokāsabhūmibhāgaṃ. Anāhārāti apaccayā nirupādānā. Sesamettha uttānameva.
4无记等经的注释结束。
Abyākatasuttādivaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
53. 帝沙梵天经的注释
3. Tissabrahmāsuttavaṇṇanā
5656. 在第三部经中,那些住处虽然是远离的,但同时也是边远的、极远的,因此说它们是“边远的、极远的”。存在于边际的,就是边远的;边远的,也就是极远的。这两种表达方式都显示了其极远的程度。所谓「在安排等持中」,是指通过平衡的方式运用诸根,也就是在修习根平衡。「与观心相应的定」,即使在没有行的相、没有常相的情况下,由于没有诸相,所以称为“无相”,因此说「无相」是指强力的观定。
56. Tatiye vivittāni tādisāni pana pariyantāni atidūrāni hontīti āha ‘‘antimapariyantimānī’’ti. Ante bhavāni antimāni, antimāniyeva pariyantimāni. Ubhayenapi atidūrataṃ dasseti. Samannāhāre ṭhapayamānoti indriyaṃ samākārena vattento indriyasamataṃ paṭipādento nāma hoti. Vipassanācittasampayutto samādhi, satipi saṅkhāranimittāvirahe niccanimittādivirahato ‘‘animitto’’ti vuccatīti āha ‘‘animittanti balavavipassanāsamādhi’’nti.
7帝沙梵天经的注释结束。
Tissabrahmāsuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
84-7. 狮子将军等经的注释
4-7. Sīhasenāpatisuttādivaṇṇanā
57-60在第四经中,「邪曲」指圣者所呵责的吝啬。因为僵硬悭吝类似邪曲,它阻止了一切善的根源,所以没有比这更低劣的了。其余部分,如第五等,在这里的意义显而易见。
57-60. Catutthe kucchito ariyo kadariyo. Thaddhamacchariyasadisaṃ hi kucchitaṃ sabbanihīnaṃ natthi sabbakusalānaṃ ādibhūtassa nisedhanato. Sesamettha pañcamādīni ca uttānatthāneva.
10狮子将军等经的注释结束。
Sīhasenāpatisuttādivaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
118. 《巴迦拉亚马经》注释
8. Pacalāyamānasuttavaṇṇanā
61在第八经中,「应作意光明想」的意思是:在白天或夜晚,应作意太阳、灯光、月亮、摩尼珠等的光明,作意“这是光明”。这也就是说:你应当按照所获得的方式来作意白天或夜晚所见的日月等光明,并把它安放在心里。就像你善修光明遍时,遍所生的光明能在夜间随意且很久地保持,借此在夜间安立白天的想,像白天一样去除昏沉睡眠。所以他说“如昼,如夜”。这样,「以敞开心」就是指未被昏沉睡眠覆盖的心;「不覆盖」就是指完全不被遮盖。它的「光」是指智慧的光明。或者,无论是为了去除昏沉睡眠而取的光明,还是遍光明,或者遍作光明,就像杂染光明一样,所有这些光明都是从智慧生起的。那些如果不去做就会让人有大损失的事,是必须做的。那些即使不做也无妨,但在有机会时应当做的事,就称为「应做的」,所以他说「其余的应做」。或者说,那些应当做的事务,因为值得做而被称为「应做的」。有些人说其余的是应作事务。
61. Aṭṭhame ālokasaññaṃ manasi kareyyāsīti divā vā rattiṃ vā sūriyapajjotacandamaṇiādīnaṃ ālokaṃ ‘‘āloko’’ti manasi kareyyāsi. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – sūriyacandālokādiṃ divā rattiñca upaladdhaṃ yathāladdhavaseneva manasi kareyyāsi, citte ṭhapeyyāsi. Yathā te subhāvitālokakasiṇassa viya kasiṇāloko yadicchakaṃ yāvadicchakañca so āloko rattiyaṃ upatiṭṭhati, yena tattha divāsaññaṃ ṭhapeyyāsi, divā viya vigatathinamiddhova bhaveyyāsīti. Tenāha ‘‘yathā divā tathā ratti’’nti. Iti vivaṭena cetasāti evaṃ apihitena cittena thinamiddhapidhānena apihitattā. Apariyonaddhenāti samantato anonaddhena asañchāditena. Sahobhāsanti sañāṇobhāsaṃ. Thinamiddhavinodanaālokopi vā hotu kasiṇālokopi vā parikammālokopi vā, upakkilesāloko viya sabboyaṃ āloko ñāṇasamuṭṭhānovāti. Yesaṃ akaraṇe puggalo mahājāniyo hoti, tāni avassaṃ kātabbāni. Yāni akātumpi vaṭṭanti, sati samavāye kātabbato tāni karaṇīyānīti āha ‘‘itarāni karaṇīyānī’’ti. Atha vā kattabbāni kammāni karaṇaṃ arahantīti karaṇīyāni. Itarāni kiccānītipi vadanti.
5「引发争论的言论」指像这样的言论:“你不了知此法、律,我了知此法、律;你怎么可能了知此法、律?你是行邪道者,我是正行道者;我所说一致,你所说非一致;应先前说的你却后说,应后说的你却前说;你长期的习行已被推翻;你的论点已被驳斥;你已被论破。去解脱你的论点吧!或者,如果你有能力,就当下解开它!”(《长部》、《中部》等)在这当中,「我所说一致」意指我的说法前后连贯、顺畅,意思和道理都相符;或者“一致”是指前后不矛盾。「你所说非一致」意指你的说法不连贯、不顺畅。「你长期的习行已被推翻」意思是,你长久以来所熟习的,只凭我一句话就被推翻、逆转了,你什么都不懂。「你的论点已被驳斥」意指我在你的论点中指出了过失。「去解脱你的论点吧!」意指为了从过失中解脱而去游学吧,到各处学习。「或者,如果你有能力,就解开它吧!」意指如果现在你自己有能力,就当下把它解开。
Ādinayappavattā viggāhikakathāti ‘‘na tvaṃ imaṃ dhammavinayaṃ ājānāsi, ahaṃ imaṃ dhammavinayaṃ ājānāmi, kiṃ tvaṃ imaṃ dhammavinayaṃ ājānissasi, micchāpaṭipanno tvamasi, ahamasmi sammāpaṭipanno, sahitaṃ me, asahitaṃ te, purevacanīyaṃ pacchā avaca, pacchāvacanīyaṃ pure avaca, adhiciṇṇaṃ te viparāvattaṃ, āropito te vādo, niggahito tvamasi. Cara vādappamokkhāya, nibbeṭhehi vā sace pahosī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.18; ma. ni. 3.41) evaṃpavattā kathā. Tattha sahitaṃ meti (dī. ni. aṭṭha. 1.18) mayhaṃ vacanaṃ sahitaṃ siliṭṭhaṃ, atthayuttaṃ kāraṇayuttanti attho. Sahitanti vā pubbāparāviruddhaṃ. Asahitaṃ teti tuyhaṃ vacanaṃ asahitaṃ asiliṭṭhaṃ. Adhiciṇṇaṃ te viparāvattanti yaṃ tuyhaṃ dīgharattāciṇṇavasena suppaguṇaṃ, taṃ mayhaṃ ekavacaneneva viparāvattaṃ parivattitvā ṭhitaṃ, na kiñci jānāsīti attho. Āropito te vādoti mayā tava vāde doso āropito. Cara vādappamokkhāyāti dosamocanatthaṃ cara vicara, tattha tattha gantvā sikkhāti attho. Nibbeṭhehi vā sace pahosīti atha sayaṃ pahosi, idāni eva nibbeṭhehīti attho.
6「渴爱在这里完全灭尽」,所以是渴爱灭尽,即在此处。而“渴爱灭尽”是依处位格,所以他指出“以它作为所缘”。“心解脱性”是指心从一切染污中脱离。在后续阶段,所谓的“行道”是指对四圣谛的现观。那行道存在于奉行教法者的行境中,是各自证知的,所以他说“他问:‘请简要开示前行之道’”。由于不动法性,已超越了称为灭尽与坏灭的终点,所以是「究竟」;它本身由于不退转的本性,是究竟的终归,所以是「究竟终结」。因此他说“意思即是彻底终结、恒常终结”。因为对于已通达出世间法者,绝无其见动摇之事。他彻底具有从四轭中解脱的安稳,所以是「究竟离轭安稳者」。由于已安住于道梵行,且其本性不退转,所以是「究竟梵行者」。因此他说“意思即是常梵行者”。“终归”是指道梵行的终归,也是轮回苦的终归。
Taṇhā sabbaso khīyanti etthāti taṇhāsaṅkhayo, tasmiṃ. Taṇhāsaṅkhayeti ca idaṃ visaye bhummanti āha ‘‘taṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā’’ti. Vimuttacittatāyāti sabbasaṃkilesehi vippayuttacittatāya. Aparabhāge paṭipadā nāma ariyasaccābhisamayo. Sā sāsanacārigocarā paccattaṃ veditabbatoti āha ‘‘pubbabhāgappaṭipadaṃ saṃkhittena desethāti pucchatī’’ti. Akuppadhammatāya khayavayasaṅkhātaṃ antaṃ atītāti accantā, so eva aparihāyanasabhāvattā accantā niṭṭhā assāti accantaniṭṭhā. Tenāha ‘‘ekantaniṭṭho satataniṭṭhoti attho’’ti. Na hi paṭividdhassa lokuttaradhammassa dassannaṃ kuppannaṃ nāma atthi. Accantameva catūhi yogehi khemo etassa atthīti accantayogakkhemī. Maggabrahmacariyassa vusitattā tassa ca aparihāyanasabhāvattā accantaṃ brahmacārīti accantabrahmacārī. Tenāha ‘‘niccabrahmacārīti attho’’ti. Pariyosānanti maggabrahmacariyapariyapariyosānaṃ vaṭṭadukkhapariyosānañca.
7「五蕴」即五取蕴。因为在此是针对身见的一切法而说“一切法”,这是由于观的行境之所指。因此,处与界也应视为属于此范畴。所以世尊说:「不适合执取」。不适合执取,即不适合“这是我的,这是我”的执着。如同在“足以厌离、足以离贪”等处一样,“alaṃ”一词也有“适合”之意,所以他说“不适合”。「成就」即生起。虽然“第三、第四”这二种清净是证知慧,但由于其自性为见有因缘之名色,且在把握缘时,由有缘故了知无常;依名色之无常故为苦;苦即是无我,于义理上三相极为明显,所以他说“以知遍知了知无常、苦、无我”。同样地,关于度遍知——以此方式将名色归于无常等特性,即“不适合执取”,而不是归于证知慧的资粮法。因为前者(知遍知)是从义理上把握已成立的三相,由于其自性为辨别自相;后者(度遍知)则是通过将三相叠加于自相上进行思惟。由于其唯是一心刹那,仅是生起而已,故极微小。为了显示对色的把握之粗重,而开示对无色的把握;在开示时,由于受是贴近的,特别是因为长老乐于追求乐味,且心因贪着有之味而执着,所以依于受而生起并加以开示。
Pañcakkhandhāti pañcupādānakkhandhā. Sakkāyasabbañhi sandhāya idha ‘‘sabbe dhammā’’ti vuttaṃ vipassanāvisayassa adhippetattā. Tasmā āyatanadhātuyopi taggatikā eva daṭṭhabbā. Tenāha bhagavā ‘‘nālaṃ abhinivesāyā’’ti. Na yuttā abhinivesāya ‘‘etaṃ mama, eso me attā’’ti ajjhosānāya. ‘‘Alameva nibbindituṃ alaṃ virajjitu’’ntiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.272; saṃ. ni. 2.124, 128, 134, 143) viya alaṃ-saddo yuttatthopi hotīti āha ‘‘na yuttā’’ti. Sampajjantīti bhavanti. Yadipi ‘‘tatiyā catutthī’’ti idaṃ visuddhidvayaṃ abhiññāpaññā, tassa pana sapaccayanāmarūpadassanabhāvato sati ca paccayapariggahe sapaccayattā aniccanti, nāmarūpassa aniccatāya dukkhaṃ, dukkhañca anattāti atthato lakkhaṇattayaṃ supākaṭameva hotīti āha ‘‘aniccaṃ dukkhaṃ anattāti ñātapariññāya abhijānātī’’ti. Tatheva tīraṇapariññāyāti iminā aniccādibhāvena nālaṃ abhinivesāyāti nāmarūpassa upasaṃharati, na abhiññāpaññānaṃ sambhāradhammānaṃ. Purimāya hi atthato āpannaṃ lakkhaṇattayaṃ gaṇhāti salakkhaṇasallakkhaṇaparattā tassā. Dutiyāya sarūpato tassā lakkhaṇattayāropanavasena sammasanabhāvato. Ekacittakkhaṇikatāya abhinipātamattatāya ca appamattakampi. Rūpapariggahassa oḷārikabhāvato arūpapariggahaṃ dasseti. Dassento ca vedanāya āsannabhāvato, visesato sukhasārāgitāya, bhavassādagadhitamānasatāya ca therassa vedanāvasena nibbattetvā dasseti.
8「尽离贪」即被称为灭尽的离贪,是诸行的坏灭。依止它而完全离贪于诸行,那涅槃即是究竟离贪。在“观灭者”一词中也是如此。他以此理类推,并部分展开说明:“因为灭……乃至……只有两种”。蕴的弃舍,是依断除与其相连的杂染这种方式而进行的。因为,当观以某种方式断除杂染时,也以该方式断除以它为相的蕴,这是可说之义,所以他说“因为那观……乃至……弃舍”。从所缘的角度——即依作用成就而作所缘。这样一来,道之外其他以涅槃为所缘者的不现入与不舍弃,自然就成立了。以弃舍与现入这两种原因,即是道。一切蕴的弃舍,应视为通过断除与其系属的杂染来实现。或者,因为观心现入,所以这是针对与道相应之心而说。而道以正断的方式弃舍杂染及蕴,因此,依次第依观与道,应当了知也有现入、弃舍与放舍。「具此两者者」即具观者与具道者。由“以无常观断除常想”等语可知,正如以观能获得杂染的弃舍与舍遣,将来由那些杂染所应生的诸蕴的弃舍与舍遣也应被说明。而现入之舍遣,则应依于在道中证得的、作为唯一原因的趣出观来了解。然而在道中,这两者都是依理趣必然获得的。因此他说“具此两者之人”等。依据提问者的意乐,针对“于世间无所取”这句话,他否定了以欲取而取,所以他说「以渴爱而不取」。或者,若不以渴爱而取,以见而取则完全没有机会,所以说“以渴爱”。「不执持」即不取。或者,不依邪见执取“常”等而执持。他简略地开示——即依提问者的意乐,不作繁广而说。
Khayavirāgoti khayasaṅkhāto virāgo saṅkhārānaṃ palujjanā. Yaṃ āgamma sabbaso saṅkhārehi virajjanā hoti, taṃ nibbānaṃ accantavirāgo. Nirodhānupassimhipīti nirodhānupassipadepi. Eseva nayoti atidisitvā taṃ ekadesena vivaranto ‘‘nirodhopi hi…pe… duvidhoyevā’’ti āha. Khandhānaṃ pariccajanaṃ tappaṭibaddhakilesappahānavasenāti yenākārena vipassanā kilese pajahati, tenākārena taṃnimittakkhandhe ca pajahatīti vattabbataṃ arahatīti āha ‘‘sā hi…pe… vossajjatī’’ti. Ārammaṇatoti kiccasādhanavasena ārammaṇakaraṇato. Evañhi maggato aññesaṃ nibbānārammaṇānaṃ pakkhandanavossaggābhāvo siddhova hoti. Pariccajanena pakkhandanena cāti dvīhipi vā kāraṇehi. Soti maggo. Sabbesaṃ khandhānaṃ vossajjanaṃ tappaṭibaddhasaṃkilesappahānena daṭṭhabbaṃ. Yasmā vā vipassanācittaṃ pakkhandatīti maggasampayuttacittaṃ sandhāyāha. Maggo ca samucchedavasena kilese khandhe ca pariccajati, tasmā yathākkamaṃ vipassanāmaggānañca vasena pakkhandanapariccāgavossaggāpi veditabbā. Tadubhayasamaṅgīti vipassanāsamaṅgī maggasamaṅgī ca. ‘‘Aniccānupassanāya niccasaññaṃ pajahatī’’tiādivacanato (paṭi. ma. 1.52) hi yathā vipassanāya kilesānaṃ pariccāgappaṭinissaggo labbhati, evaṃ āyatiṃ tehi kilesehi uppādetabbakkhandhānampi pariccāgapaṭinissaggo vattabbo. Pakkhandanapaṭinissaggo pana magge labbhamānāya ekantakāraṇabhūtāya vuṭṭhānagāminivipassanāya vasena veditabbo. Magge pana tadubhayampi ñāyāgatameva nippariyāyatova labbhamānattā. Tenāha ‘‘tadubhayasamaṅgīpuggalo’’tiādi. Pucchantassa ajjhāsayavasena ‘‘na kiñci loke upādiyatī’’ti ettha kāmupādānavasena upādiyanaṃ paṭikkhipatīti āha ‘‘taṇhāvasena na upādiyatī’’ti. Taṇhāvasena vā asati upādiyane diṭṭhivasena upādiyanaṃ anavakāsamevāti ‘‘taṇhāvasena’’icceva vuttaṃ. Na parāmasatīti nādiyati. Diṭṭhiparāmāsavasena vā ‘‘nicca’’ntiādinā na parāmasati. Saṃkhitteneva kathesīti tassa ajjhāsayavasena papañcaṃ akatvā kathesi.
17《打瞌睡经》注释结束。
Pacalāyamānasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
18第九 《慈经》注疏
9. Mettasuttavaṇṇanā
62在第九经中,“比丘们,莫要害怕福”(mā, bhikkhave, puññānanti)——这里的“莫”(mā)是一个表示否定的不变化词。“福”(puñña)这个词,在“比丘们,由于受持善法,这样的福便会增长”等(《长部》3.80)这样的语境中,指的是福的果报。在“比丘们,具足无明的人,若造作了福行……”等(《相应部》2.51)这样的语境中,指的是欲界、色界的善行。在“识是归向福的”等(《相应部》2.51)这样的语境中,指的是殊胜的善趣结生有。在“比丘们,有三种福行事:布施所成的福行事,持戒所成的福行事,修习所成的福行事”等(《如是语》60;《长部》3.305;《增支部》8.36)这样的语境中,指的是善的思。然而在这里,应该把它理解为三界中的一切善法。“害怕”(bhāyittha)——这里有两种怖畏:智怖畏(ñāṇabhaya)与惊畏怖畏(sārajjabhaya)。其中,“比丘们,那些长寿、容貌端正、拥有众多快乐、长久居住在宏伟天宫的天人们,听闻如来说法后,绝大多数都会生起怖畏、悚惧、惊畏”(《增支部》4.33)这里所说的是智怖畏。“曾有怖畏,曾有惊悚,曾有身毛竖立”等(《长部》2.318)这里所说的是惊畏怖畏。在本经中,指的也是惊畏怖畏。此处的意思是:比丘们,如同长期约束身语、履行大小职责、一座食、独处而卧、调伏诸根、通过头陀行来调御心、保持正念正知、依止业处而策励精进等等,这些是比丘应当持续不断修习的种种福。你们不要对这些福生起怖畏,不要生起害怕与惊惧。不要因为害怕某种现法安乐受到损害,就去害怕那些能带来来世涅槃安乐的福。在此,“福”(puññānaṃ)是属格,表示“从福”的意思。
62. Navame mā, bhikkhave, puññānanti (itivu. aṭṭha. 62) ettha māti paṭisedhe nipāto. Puñña-saddo ‘‘kusalānaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhatī’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 3.80) puññaphale āgato. ‘‘Avijjāgatoyaṃ, bhikkhave, purisapuggalo puññañce saṅkhāraṃ abhisaṅkharotī’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 2.51) kāmarūpāvacarasucaritesu. ‘‘Puññūpagaṃ hoti viññāṇa’’ntiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 2.51) sugativisesabhūte upapattibhave. ‘‘Tīṇimāni, bhikkhave, puññakiriyavatthūni dānamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu, sīlamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu, bhāvanāmayaṃ puññakiriyavatthū’’tiādīsu (itivu. 60; dī. ni. 3.305; a. ni. 8.36) kusalacetanāyaṃ. Idha pana tebhūmakakusaladhamme veditabbo. Bhāyitthāti ettha duvidhaṃ bhayaṃ ñāṇabhayaṃ, sārajjabhayanti. Tattha ‘‘yepi te, bhikkhave, devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā uccesu vimānesu ciraṭṭhitikā, tepi tathāgatassa dhammadesanaṃ sutvā yebhuyyena bhayaṃ saṃvegaṃ santāsaṃ āpajjantī’’ti (a. ni. 4.33) āgataṃ ñāṇabhayaṃ. ‘‘Ahudeva bhayaṃ, ahu chambhitattaṃ, ahu lomahaṃso’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.318) āgataṃ sārajjabhayaṃ. Idhāpi sārajjabhayameva. Ayañhettha attho – bhikkhave, dīgharattaṃ kāyavacīsaṃyamo vattappaṭivattapūraṇaṃ ekāsanaṃ ekaseyyaṃ indriyadamo dhutadhammehi cittassa niggaho satisampajaññaṃ kammaṭṭhānānuyogavasena vīriyārambhoti evamādīni yāni bhikkhunā nirantaraṃ pavattetabbāni puññāni, tehi mā bhāyittha, mā bhayaṃ santāsaṃ āpajjittha. Ekaccassa diṭṭhadhammasukhassa uparodhabhayena samparāyikanibbānasukhadāyakehi puññehi mā bhāyitthāti. Nissakke idaṃ sāmivacanaṃ.
10现在,为了说明那不应害怕的理由,他说:“这是乐的……”等。其中,“乐”(sukha)这个词,在“诸佛出世是乐,于世间离欲是乐”等(《法句》194)语境中,指的是乐的根源。在“摩诃梨!因为色是乐的,能带来乐,能导入乐”等(《相应部》3.60)语境中,指的是以乐为所缘。在“比丘们,这实在不容易用言语说清,诸天到底有多乐”等(《中部》3.255)语境中,指的是乐的因的状态。在“福的积聚是乐”等(《法句》118)语境中,指的是乐的因。在“这些法是现法乐住”等(《中部》1.82)语境中,指的是无瞋害。在“涅槃是至上乐”等(《中部》2.215;《法句》203, 204)语境中,指的是涅槃。在“由于乐的断除”等(《长部》1.232;《中部》1.271;《相应部》2.152)语境中,指的是乐受。在“不苦不乐的寂静,即被称为乐”等(《相应部》4.253;《如是语》53)语境中,指的是舍受。在“阿难,我亦曾以分类的方式说过两种受:乐受和苦受”等(《中部》2.89)语境中,指的是合意的乐。在“福的果报是乐”等(《无碍解道》23)语境中,指的是合意的果报。在这里,也应视其为合意的果报。关于“可爱的”(iṭṭhassa)等词:因为它是人们想要、希求的对象,并且是不可爱事物的对立面,所以称为「可爱的」;因为它是被渴望的对象,并且进入心、被心所喜爱,所以称为「可意的」;因为它能让人产生喜爱、令人舒怀,所以称为「悦意的」;因为它能令心满足、增强,所以称为「称意的」——应该这样去理解这些词的含义。所谓的“这就是福”(yadidaṃ puññānīti)这句话,意思是,“福”这个名称,就是乐、是可爱果报的另一个名字、别称。说“这是乐的,这就是福”(Sukhassetaṃ yadidaṃ puññānīti),这是在用果来指代因,将两者视为同一的说辞。由此,让人听到所造作、积累的福必定会有果报后,便策励人们不放逸地、恭敬地去造作种种福,并对这些福业生起殷重之心。
Idāni tato abhāyitabbabhāve kāraṇaṃ dassento ‘‘sukhasseta’’ntiādimāha. Tattha sukha-saddo ‘‘sukho buddhānamuppādo, sukhā virāgatā loke’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 194) sukhamūle āgato. ‘‘Yasmā ca kho, mahāli, rūpaṃ sukhaṃ sukhānupatitaṃ sukhāvakkanta’’ntiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 3.60) sukhārammaṇe. ‘‘Yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, na sukaraṃ akkhānena pāpuṇituṃ yāva sukhā saggā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.255) sukhapaccayaṭṭhāne. ‘‘Sukho puññassa uccayo’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 118) sukhahetumhi. ‘‘Diṭṭhadhammasukhavihārā ete dhammā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.82) abyāpajje. ‘‘Nibbānaṃ paramaṃ sukha’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.215; dha. pa. 203, 204) nibbāne. ‘‘Sukhassa ca pahānā’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.232; ma. ni. 1.271; saṃ. ni. 2.152) sukhavedanāyaṃ. ‘‘Adukkhamasukhaṃ santaṃ, sukhamicceva bhāsita’’ntiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 4.253; itivu. 53) upekkhāvedanāyaṃ. ‘‘Dvepi mayā, ānanda, vedanā vuttā pariyāyena sukhā vedanā dukkhā vedanā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.89) iṭṭhasukhesu. ‘‘Sukho vipāko puññāna’’ntiādīsu (peṭako. 23) iṭṭhavipāke. Idhāpi iṭṭhavipāke eva daṭṭhabbo. Iṭṭhassātiādīsu icchitabbato ceva aniṭṭhappaṭipakkhato ca iṭṭhassa. Kamanīyato manasmiñca kamanato pavisanato kantassa. Piyāyitabbato santappanato ca piyassa. Mananīyato manassa vaḍḍhanato ca manāpassāti attho veditabbo. Yadidaṃ puññānīti puññānīti yadidaṃ vacanaṃ, etaṃ sukhassa iṭṭhassa vipākassa adhivacanaṃ nāmaṃ. Sukhassetaṃ yadidaṃ puññānīti phalena kāraṇassa abhedopacāraṃ vadati. Tena katūpacitānaṃ puññānaṃ avassaṃbhāviphalaṃ sutvā appamattena sakkaccaṃ puññāni kattabbānīti puññakiriyāyaṃ niyojeti, ādarañca nesaṃ tattha uppādeti.
11现在,为了举出自己过去世作为苏内德仙(Sunetta)时所造的福业,如何在漫长的岁月中享受,并被后世所遮蔽的、极为广大的福报,使得这个道理更加彰显,世尊便说“我确能忆念(abhijānāmi kho panāhaṃ)”等。其中,“我确能忆念(abhijānāmi)”意指我以极其殊胜的智慧了知,以现量亲证的方式来觉悟。“长夜(dīgharattaṃ)”是指非常长的时间。“福德(puññānaṃ)”是指布施供养等善法。“七年(satta vassāni)”就是七个年头。“慈心(mettacittaṃ)”:所谓“慈”(mettā),其意为“滋润”,也就是让它变得湿润、柔和的意思。也可解释为“朋友中间存在的状态”,或“针对朋友而行的这种运作”,所以称为「慈」。如果从特征、作用等角度来说,它以生起饶益行为为特相,以施与利益为作用,以调伏瞋恚为现起,以能见到众生可爱的一面为近因。它的成就是平息了瞋恚,它的失败则是生起了私爱。“修习慈心(mettacittaṃ bhāvetvā)”是指修习与慈俱行的心,因为这里以心为首来指代定,所以就是指慈心三摩地、慈梵住,将其生起并加以增长广大。
Idāni attanā sunettakāle katena puññakammena dīgharattaṃ paccanubhūtaṃ bhavantarappaṭicchannaṃ uḷārataraṃ puññavipākaṃ udāharitvā tamatthaṃ pākaṭataraṃ karonto ‘‘abhijānāmi kho panāha’’ntiādimāha. Tattha abhijānāmīti abhivisiṭṭhena ñāṇena jānāmi, paccakkhato bujjhāmi. Dīgharattanti cirakālaṃ. Puññānanti dānādīnaṃ kusaladhammānaṃ. Satta vassānīti satta saṃvaccharāni. Mettacittanti mijjatīti mettā, siniyhatīti attho. Mitte bhavā, mittassa vā esā pavattītipi mettā. Lakkhaṇādito pana hitākārappavattilakkhaṇā, hitūpasaṃhārarasā, āghātavinayapaccupaṭṭhānā, sattānaṃ manāpabhāvadassanapadaṭṭhānā. Byāpādūpasamo etissā sampatti, sinehasambhavo vipatti. Mettacittaṃ bhāvetvāti mettāsahagataṃ cittaṃ, cittasīsena samādhi vuttoti mettāsamādhiṃ metābrahmavihāraṃ uppādetvā ceva vaḍḍhetvā ca.
12“七坏成劫”指的是七个大劫。因为提到“坏劫”与“成劫”,其实连坏住劫和成住劫也一并包括在内了。“此世间”指的是欲界。在世间坏灭时,“suda”只是一个垫词,意思是正在毁坏。也有文本读作“Varasaṃvattaṭṭhāne sudaṃ”。“劫”指的是时间。这里以“劫”来指代时间,因为当时间消逝时,一切都会消亡。正如所说:“时间吞噬一切众生,连同他们自身一起。”(《本生注》1.2.190)。因为提到“我成为光音天者”,所以应知这里的劫灭是以火劫毁灭世界的方式来谈的。“成为光音天者”意思是,通过在那里结生而投生到光音天梵界。“在世间转成时”,也就是世间正在重新形成的意思。“我投生于空梵宫”,因为没有其他有情在那里出生,所以说是空的,那个属于初禅地的梵宫最先有众生出现,我便以结生的方式投生、到达那里。
Satta saṃvaṭṭavivaṭṭakappeti satta mahākappe. Saṃvaṭṭavivaṭṭaggahaṇeneva hi saṃvaṭṭaṭṭhāyivivaṭṭaṭṭhāyinopi gahitā. Imaṃ lokanti kāmalokaṃ. Saṃvaṭṭamāne sudanti saṃvaṭṭamāne, sudanti nipātamattaṃ, vipajjamāneti attho. ‘‘Varasaṃvattaṭṭhāne suda’’ntipi paṭhanti. Kappeti kāle. Kappasīsena hi kālo vutto, kāle khīyamāne sabbopi khīyateva. Yathāha – ‘‘kālo ghasati bhūtāni, sabbāneva sahattanā’’ti (jā. 1.2.190). ‘‘Ābhassarūpago homī’’ti vuttattā tejosaṃvaṭṭavasenettha kappavuṭṭhānaṃ veditabbaṃ. Ābhassarūpagoti tattha paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena ābhassarabrahmalokaṃ upagacchāmīti ābhassarūpago homi. Vivaṭṭamāneti saṇṭhahamāneti attho. Suññaṃ brahmavimānaṃ upapajjāmīti kassaci sattassa tattha nibbattassa abhāvato suññaṃ yaṃ paṭhamajjhānabhūmisaṅkhātaṃ brahmavimānaṃ ādito nibbattati, taṃ paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena upapajjāmi upemi.
13「梵天」:因为比欲界的众生更殊胜,因为其功德如此这般地广大,又因为是从梵住而生,所以称为梵天。因为他比梵众天和梵辅天更伟大,所以称为「大梵天」;正因如此,他能胜过他们而安住,所以称为「胜者」;而他不被他们以任何功德所胜过,所以称为「不被胜者」。“aññadatthū”是一个表示确定的副词,意为“必定、就是”。“以见故为见者”,意思是,凭借神通智,他能看到过去、未来、现在所应见的一切,所以称为见者。“我令其余梵天的心安住于我的掌控中”,所以称为「自在主」——应当这样来理解上下文。据说,当时菩萨虽然已经证得八等至,但为了如那样利益众生并圆满自己的波罗蜜,他只对那两个禅那境地产生了欢喜,借着修习慈梵住,就这样辗转不停地流转生死。因此他才说:“七年……乃至……自在主。”
Brahmāti kāmāvacarasattehi visiṭṭhaṭṭhena tathā tathā brūhitaguṇatāya brahmavihārato nibbattanaṭṭhena ca brahmā. Brahmapārisajjabrahmapurohitehi mahanto brahmāti mahābrahmā, tato eva te abhibhavitvā ṭhitattā abhibhū. Tehi na kenacipi guṇena abhibhūtoti anabhibhūto. Aññadatthūti ekaṃsavacane nipāto. Dassanato daso, atītānāgatapaccuppannānaṃ dassanasamattho abhiññāñāṇena passitabbaṃ passāmīti attho. Sesabrahmānaṃ iddhipādabhāvanābalena attano cittañca mama vase vattemīti vasavattī homīti yojetabbaṃ. Tadā kira bodhisatto aṭṭhasamāpattilābhīpi samāno tathā sattahitaṃ attano pāramipūraṇañca olokento tāsu eva dvīsu jhānabhūmīsu nikanti uppādetvā mettābrahmavihāravasena aparāparaṃ saṃsari. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘satta vassāni…pe… vasavattī’’ti.
14世尊这样开示了色界福报的果报是如何巨大之后,现在为了显示欲界福报的果报,接着说“三十六次”等。其中,“我曾经是帝释”意思是,三十六次、也就是三十六回,不投生其他地方,连续地成为了帝释天,也就是三十三天的天之主宰。“为王”等:凭借四种希有法和四种摄事来让世间人民欢喜,所以称为「王」;能转动轮宝,以四种成就之轮而运转,并以此带动他人转向正法,为了利益他人而具备威仪之轮,这样的人就是「转轮王」。在这里,“王”是总称,“转轮王”是别称。依法而行的人叫做「法行者」,意思是他依循正理、公平正直地行事。因为完全是依正法获得王位而成为王,所以称为「法王」,也就是投身于十种善法和无有指责的王法,所以是“法行者”。他用那个正法来让全世间的人欢喜,所以称为“法王”。或者可以这样解释:以利益他人的法而行的是“法行者”,以利益自身的法而行的是“法王”。因为转轮王是依法、依正理而得到王权,并非通过非法手段,所以说:“由依法得王位故为法王。”
Evaṃ bhagavā rūpāvacarapuññassa vipākamahantataṃ pakāsetvā idāni kāmāvacarapuññassapi vipākaṃ dassento ‘‘chattiṃsakkhattu’’ntiādimāha. Tattha sakko ahosinti chattiṃsakkhattuṃ chattiṃsavāre aññattha anupapajjitvā nirantaraṃ sakko devānamindo tāvatiṃsadevarājā ahosiṃ. Rājā ahosintiādīsu catūhi acchariyadhammehi catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi ca lokaṃ rañjetīti rājā. Cakkaratanaṃ vatteti, catūhi sampatticakkehi vattati, tehi ca paraṃ vatteti, parahitāya ca iriyāpathacakkānaṃ vatto etasmiṃ atthīti cakkavattī. ‘‘Rājā’’ti cettha sāmaññaṃ, ‘‘cakkavattī’’ti visesaṃ. Dhammena caratīti dhammiko, ñāyena samena vattatīti attho. Dhammeneva rajjaṃ labhitvā rājā jātoti dhammarājā, dasavidhe kusaladhamme agarahite ca rājadhamme niyuttoti dhammiko. Tena ca dhammena sakalaṃ lokaṃ rañjetīti dhammarājā. Parahitadhammakaraṇena vā dhammiko, attahitadhammakaraṇena dhammarājā. Yasmā cakkavattī dhammena ñāyena rajjaṃ adhigacchati, na adhammena, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘dhammena laddharajjattā dhammarājā’’ti.
15因为四方都以大海作为尽头,「四洲大地」因此得名,所以经文说“东方……乃至……自在”。「已征服者」指已经征服了应该被征服的,也就是战胜了内在的贪欲、嗔怒等如同敌对国王一般的烦恼,以及外在的敌军,已经降伏并安住。虽然说转轮圣王其实并没有真正的战争,但因为凭借武力才能达成的胜利已经成就,所以称为「已胜对决」。「获得地方坚固性」是指,由于这位国王具备了四种稀有之法,地方上的臣民在王权下获得了不可破坏的牢固忠诚;或者说,是国王自身通过如法的行为,使地方获得了安定稳固。因为残暴的国王以沉重的赋税和刑罚逼迫世人,人们就会舍弃中部地区,跑到山边、海岸、峡谷等边境去居住;而如果国王太过软弱,盗贼以暴力掠夺财物来逼迫残害人民,人们就会放弃边境,住到国家的中心地带去。像这样的国王,在他的统治下,地方是无法获得安定的。
Catūsu disāsu samuddapariyosānatāya cāturantā nāma tattha tattha dīpe mahāpathavīti āha ‘‘puratthima…pe… issaro’’ti. Vijitāvīti vijetabbassa vijitavā, kāmakodhādikassa abbhantarassa paṭirājabhūtassa bāhirassa ca arigaṇassa vijayī vijinitvā ṭhitoti attho. Kāmaṃ cakkavattino kenaci yuddhaṃ nāma natthi, yuddhena pana sādhetabbassa vijayassa siddhiyā ‘‘vijitasaṅgāmo’’ti vuttaṃ. Janapado vā catubbidhaacchariyadhammena samannāgato asmiṃ rājini thāvariyaṃ kenaci asaṃhāriyaṃ daḷhabhattibhāvaṃ patto, janapade vā attano dhammikāya paṭipattiyā thāvariyaṃ thirabhāvaṃ pattoti janapadatthāvariyappatto. Caṇḍassa hi rañño balidaṇḍādīhi lokaṃ pīḷayato manussā majjhimajanapadaṃ chaḍḍetvā pabbatasamuddatīrakandarādīni nissāya paccante vāsaṃ kappenti. Atimudukassa rañño corehi sāhasikadhanavilopapīḷitā manussā paccantaṃ pahāya janapadamajjhe vāsaṃ kappenti. Iti evarūpe rājini janapado thirabhāvaṃ na pāpuṇāti.
16「具足七宝」指具备了轮宝等七种宝物。在这七宝中,转轮王以轮宝征服未征服的疆土,以象宝、马宝在已征服的国土上安然舒适地巡行,以臣宝守护已征服的国土,以其余宝物享受受用之乐。第一宝令他的精进力量得以圆满,最后一宝令他的智谋力量得以圆满,象宝、马宝和居士宝则令他的财富力量得以圆满具足。他以女宝和珠宝享受受用之乐,以其余宝物享受自在威权之乐。尤其值得一提的是,前三宝是由无嗔善根所生业力的果报而成就的,中间三宝是由无贪善根所生业力的果报而成就的,最后一宝是由无痴善根所生业力的果报而成就的。
Sattaratanasamannāgatoti cakkaratanādīhi sattahi ratanehi samupeto. Tesu hi rājā cakkavattī cakkaratanena ajitaṃ jināti, hatthiassaratanehi vijite sukheneva anuvicarati, pariṇāyakaratanena vijitamanurakkhati, avasesehi upabhogasukhamanubhavati. Paṭhamena cassa ussāhasattiyogo, pacchimena mantasattiyogo, hatthiassagahapatiratanehi pabhusattiyogo suparipuṇṇo hoti. Itthimaṇiratanehi upabhogasukhamanubhavati, sesehi issariyasukhaṃ. Visesato cassa purimāni tīṇi adosakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvena sampajjanti, majjhimāni alobhakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvena, pacchimamekaṃ amohakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvenāti.
17「勇士」指具备力量的人,意思是无所畏惧的人,因此说“无畏惧者”。「支」是原因的意思。因为有这个原因,他们被称为「英雄」,那个就是「英雄之支」,所以注释说“这是精进的名称”。由于轮宝能够一直运转到铁围山,所以才说“以铁围山为界,安住于以大海为边际的大地”。「无棍杖」指的是不施行财物上的惩罚和身体上的惩罚;「无刀剑」指的是不以军队来进行战斗。为了说明这两方面,所以经文说“不以棍杖”等等。这意思是说:有些国王,对犯了过错的人,罚款百钱、千钱,他们是用财物惩罚来治理王国。有些国王,施以截断肢体等刑罚,他们是用刀杖来治理王国。而我却舍弃了这两种惩罚,以不用棍杖的方式来统治。有些国王,用利刃等武器伤害别人,以此武器来治理王国。而我不但没有用武器让任何人流过哪怕是被小蚊子叮咬那样一滴血,反而只是以正法,说道:‘来吧,大王!’,就这样被那些敌对国王接受和迎请,征服了前面所说的那片大地,成为主人而安住。
Sūrāti sattivanto, nibbhayāti atthoti āha ‘‘abhīruno’’ti. Aṅganti kāraṇaṃ. Yena kāraṇena ‘‘vīrā’’ti vucceyyuṃ, taṃ vīraṅgaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘vīriyassetaṃ nāma’’nti. Yāva cakkavāḷapabbatā cakkassa vattanato ‘‘cakkavāḷapabbataṃ sīmaṃ katvā ṭhitasamuddapariyanta’’nti vuttaṃ. Adaṇḍenāti iminā dhanadaṇḍassa sarīradaṇḍassa ca akaraṇaṃ vuttaṃ. Asatthenāti iminā pana senāya yujjhanassāti tadubhayaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘na daṇḍenā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ye katāparādhe satte satampi sahassampi gaṇhanti, te dhanadaṇḍena rajjaṃ kārenti. Ye chejjabhejjaṃ anusāsanti, te satthadaṇḍena. Ahaṃ pana duvidhampi daṇḍaṃ pahāya adaṇḍena ajjhāvasiṃ. Ye ekatodhārādinā satthena paraṃ viheṭhenti, te satthena rajjaṃ kārenti nāma. Ahaṃ pana satthena khuddakamakkhikāya pivanamattampi lohitaṃ kassaci anuppādetvā dhammeneva ‘‘ehi kho, mahārājā’’ti evaṃ paṭirājūhi sampaṭicchitāgamano vuttappakāraṃ pathaviṃ abhijinitvā ajjhāvasiṃ, abhivijinitvā sāmī hutvā vasinti.
18世尊这样以自己作为身证者,开示了福报果报的巨大之后,现在用偈颂的方式显示这个意义,说道:“看啊,诸福之异熟”等等。「渴求乐者」这是一个呼唤的词语,用来招呼那些追求快乐的有情众生。在原本的经典中,这里应该是“你们看”,但此处变为了“看”,应视为词语上的变化。那些用刀抵在人们胸口,或者以夺取所希望财物等方式施暴的人,被称为「暴虐者」,他们的行为就是「暴虐业」。因为他是大地的主宰者,所以被称为「大地主」。
Iti bhagavā attānaṃ kāyasakkhiṃ katvā puññānaṃ vipākamahantataṃ pakāsetvā idāni tamevatthaṃ gāthābandhanena dassento ‘‘passa, puññānaṃ vipāka’’ntiādimāha. Sukhesinoti ālapanavacanametaṃ, tena sukhapariyesake satte āmanteti. Pāḷiyaṃ pana ‘‘passathā’’ti vattabbe ‘‘passā’’ti vacanabyattayo katoti daṭṭhabbo. Manussānaṃ ure satthaṃ ṭhapetvā icchitadhanaharaṇādinā vā sāhasakāritāya sāhasikā, tesaṃ kammaṃ sāhasikakammaṃ. Pathaviyā issaro pathabyoti āha ‘‘puthavisāmiko’’ti.
29《慈经》的注释到这里就结束了。
Mettasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
3010. 妻子经注释
10. Bhariyāsuttavaṇṇanā
63在第十个经中:「高声喧哗」指发出高的、大的声音。因为声音向上扬起,所以称为「高」;因为声音广布扩散,所以称为「大」。他们发出那种无法被分割、无法被单独取来理解的混杂声音。要知道,由许多人同时发出的语言音声,无论是在意义上,还是在纯粹的音声上,都是难以辨别的,最终只会变成一种巨大的喧嚣,传入耳中。所谓「在分鱼时」,意思是在像抢着分鱼那样的争夺场合,或者就是在分鱼的时候。因为在渔夫们把鱼筐卸下来放好的地方,大众会聚集起来,像这样大声喧哗:‘这里再给我一条鱼!’‘给我一片鱼片!’‘给你的那条太大了,给我的这条太小了!’针对这种情景,经文才说‘在渔夫将鱼筐卸下而放置之处’。另外,在为了捕鱼而撒下渔网的那个地方,渔夫们和其他人也会大声叫嚷:‘鱼进去了!没进去!’‘捉住了!没捉住!’针对这种情景,才说‘在渔网中……乃至……有高声喧哗’。「应作的义务」指诸如洗脚等应该做的侍奉事务。「粗恶的」指在心态上和言语上都很粗暴。这里其余的义理都是浅显易懂的。
63. Dasame uccāsaddā mahāsaddā uddhaṃ uggatattā uccaṃ patthaṭattā mahantaṃ avinibbhogaṃ vinibhuñjitvā gahetuṃ asakkuṇeyyaṃ saddaṃ karontā vadanti. Vacīghosopi hi bahūhi ekajjhaṃ pavattito atthato ca saddato ca duravabodho kevalaṃ mahānigghoso eva hutvā sotapathamāgacchati. Macchavilopeti macche vilumpitvā viya gahaṇe, macchānaṃ vā vilumpane. Kevaṭṭānañhi macchapacchiṭṭhapitaṭṭhāne mahājano sannipatitvā ‘‘idha aññaṃ ekaṃ macchaṃ dehi, ekaṃ macchaphālaṃ dehi, etassa te mahā dinno, mayhaṃ khuddako’’ti evaṃ uccāsaddamahāsaddaṃ karonti. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘kevaṭṭānaṃ macchapacchiṃ otāretvā ṭhitaṭṭhāne’’ti. Macchaggahaṇatthaṃ jāle pakkhittepi tasmiṃ ṭhāne kevaṭṭā ceva aññe ca ‘‘paviṭṭho na paviṭṭho , gahito na gahito’’ti mahāsaddaṃ karonti. Taṃ sandhāyetaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘jāle vā…pe… mahāsaddo hotī’’ti. Kattabbavattanti pādaparikammādikattabbakiccaṃ. Kharāti cittena vācāya ca kakkhaḷā. Sesamettha uttānameva.
32《妻子经》的注释到这里就结束了。
Bhariyāsuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
3311. 易怒者经注释
11. Kodhanasuttavaṇṇanā
64在第十一经中:提到的「为敌所作者」,意思是指那些应由敌人所为之事,或者敌人会对你做的事。经中的「易怒者」指以瞋怒为习性、习惯发怒的人。而「这个易怒者」,意思就是“这个正在发怒的人”。其中的「这个」仅仅是一个不变词,起指示作用。所谓「为怒所乘者」,是指被怒气所追随、掌控,或被怒气完全制伏的人。接着说「他相貌丑陋也」,意思是:即使原本相貌端庄、精心打扮过的人,一旦发怒,也会因为面容扭曲等变化而确实变得难看。为了阐明“对被瞋怒制伏的人来说,这绝对是(今生与来世的)果报”这个道理,于是先以「他相貌丑陋也」作出决定性的表述,之后再说「被瞋怒所制服」,以显示其必然的关联。
64. Ekādasame sapattakaraṇāti vā sapattehi kātabbā. Kodhananti kujjhanasīlaṃ. Kodhanoyanti kujjhano ayaṃ. Ayanti ca nipātamattaṃ. Kodhaparetoti kodhena anugato, parābhibhūto vā. Dubbaṇṇova hotīti pakatiyā vaṇṇavāpi alaṅkatappaṭiyattopi mukhavikārādivasena virūpo eva hoti. Etarahi āyatiñcāti kodhābhibhūtassa ekantamidaṃ phalanti dīpetuṃ ‘‘dubbaṇṇovā’’ti avadhāraṇaṃ katvā puna ‘‘kodhābhibhūto’’ti vuttaṃ.
21「铁的状态」是指无名誉的状态。由于给自己和他人带来不利(无义),故称「生无义者」。「从内部」即从内在,或从心中。「人们不觉知此」意即:这被称为嗔的内在危险,在自己心中生起、产生无义与激荡心等怖畏,对此怖畏之因,这愚昧的大众不了知。「于」(yaṃ)即「于何处」(yattha)。因为这是表处格意义的自代词。其关联为:于何时嗔压制人,于尔时即成盲暗。或者「于」(yaṃ)是表原因之词,因为嗔生起时压制、胜出人,所以于尔时成盲暗,即当发怒时,这是基于yaṃ-taṃ(于何-于彼)二词有必然关联之故。再者,「于」(yaṃ)是动作的执取(表关系代词的作用)。「压制」(sahati)即:此嗔之压制、胜出,此即是「成为盲暗」之义。或者,何人被嗔压制、胜出,于尔时他即成盲暗。因此,发怒者不知义,发怒者不见法。
Ayasabhāvanti akittimabhāvaṃ. Attano paresañca anatthaṃ janetīti anatthajanano. Antaratoti abbhantarato, cittato vā. Taṃ jano nāvabujjhatīti kodhasaṅkhātaṃ antarato abbhantare attano citteyeva jātaṃ anatthajananacittappakopanādibhayaṃ bhayahetuṃ ayaṃ bālamahājano na jānāti. Yanti yattha. Bhummatthe hi etaṃ paccattavacanaṃ. Yasmiṃ kāle kodho sahate naraṃ, andhatamaṃ tadā hotīti sambandho. Yanti vā kāraṇavacanaṃ, yasmā kodho uppajjamāno naraṃ sahate abhibhavati, tasmā andhatamaṃ tadā hoti, yadā kuddhoti attho yaṃ-taṃ-saddānaṃ ekantasambandhabhāvato. Atha vā yanti kiriyāparāmasanaṃ. Sahateti yadetaṃ kodhassa sahanaṃ abhibhavanaṃ, etaṃ andhatamaṃ bhavananti attho. Atha vā yaṃ naraṃ kodho sahate abhibhavati, tassa andhatamaṃ tadā hoti. Tato ca kuddho atthaṃ na jānāti, kuddho dhammaṃ na passatīti.
22「增长」(bhūnaṃ)即生长,破坏此即是「杀增长者」(bhūnahaccāni)。故说「失增长者」。为了阐明以「调伏」(dama)一词所表达的意义,指出「以慧、以精进、以见」时,便说了「以何种调伏?」等。因为「调伏」一词有多义。在「以真实调伏,具足调伏,达吠陀彼岸,圆满梵行」中,调伏指根律仪,因为是「调伏以意为第六的诸根」。在「若有真实与调伏与施舍,于忍辱更殊胜」中,调伏指慧,因为是「调伏、断除杂染」。在「以布施、调伏、自制、说真实,有福及福之来处」中,调伏指布萨羯磨,因为是「以安居之力调伏身业等」。在「具足此调伏与寂止,你能住于苏那巴兰答边地」中,调伏指堪忍安忍,因为是「调伏、去除忿怒、怨恨、覆藏等」。在「欲慢者此处无调伏,无定者此处无牟尼性」中,调伏指七觉支等属于定分之法,因为是「以此调伏心」。在此处,亦由「以调伏、以慧、以精进、以见断除它」之语,以「调伏」一词指代慧、精进与见。
Bhūnaṃ vuccati vuddhi, tassa hananaṃ ghāto etesanti bhūnahaccāni. Tenāha ‘‘hatavuddhīnī’’ti. Dama-saddena vuttamevatthaṃ vibhāvetuṃ paññāvīriyena diṭṭhiyāti vuttanti dassento ‘‘katarena damenā’’tiādimāha. Anekattho hi dama-saddo. ‘‘Saccena danto damasā upeto, vedantagū vusitabrahmacariyo’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.195; su. ni. 467) ettha hi indriyasaṃvaro damoti vutto ‘‘manacchaṭṭhāni indriyāni dametī’’ti katvā. ‘‘Yadi saccā damā cāgā, khantyā bhiyyodha vijjatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.246; su. ni. 191) ettha paññā damo ‘‘saṃkilesaṃ dameti pajahatī’’ti katvā. ‘‘Dānena damena saṃyamena saccavajjena atthi puññaṃ, atthi puññassa āgamo’’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.365) ettha uposathakammaṃ damo ‘‘upavasanavasena kāyakammādīni dametī’’ti katvā. ‘‘Sakkhissasi kho tvaṃ, puṇṇa, iminā damūpasamena samannāgato sunāparantasmiṃ janapadantare viharitu’’nti (ma. ni. 3.396; saṃ. ni. 4.88) ettha adhivāsanakkhanti damo ‘‘kodhūpanāhamakkhādike dameti vinodetī’’ti katvā. ‘‘Na mānakāmassa damo idhatthi, na monamatthi asamāhitassā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.9) ettha abhisambojjhaṅgādiko samādhipakkhiko dhammo damo ‘‘dammati cittaṃ etenā’’ti katvā. Idhāpi ‘‘taṃ damena samucchinde, paññāvīriyena diṭṭhiyā’’ti vacanato dama-saddena paññāvīriyadiṭṭhiyo vuttā.
37《易怒者经》的解释至此结束。
Kodhanasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
38《无记品》的解释至此结束。
Abyākatavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.