(18) 3. 思集复注
13. 思惟品
(18) 3. Sañcetaniyavaggo
21. 思经注
1. Cetanāsuttavaṇṇanā
171171. 在第三集第一经中,“以身思为因”是指身业之相,意思是身业已被造作、累积起来。这个解释原则也同样适用于其余两种思。与掉举相应的思只会令转起之果成熟,故说“二十种”。同样地,在“语思”、“意思”这里,依欲界善与不善而得二十种思。经文用“同样地”一词来总结上述内容。再者,此处还可以得到九种广大思,这是为了显示:这九种与色界、无色界的善思一起,在“意门”中成为二十九种思,因此,在三门中总共有六十九种思。所说“以无明为缘”,是为了说明这些思也是以无明为缘的。因为如前所述的六十九种思,即便是善的,也以无明为缘,更不用说其他不善的了——因为未断无明者即生起,已断无明者则不生起。
171. Tatiyassa paṭhame kāyasañcetanāhetūti kāyakammanimittaṃ, kāyikassa kammassa kaṭattā upacitattāti attho. Esa nayo sesasañcetanādvayepi. Uddhaccasahagatacetanā pavattivipākaṃ detiyevāti ‘‘vīsatividhā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tathā vacīsañcetanā manosañcetanāti ettha kāmāvacarakusalākusalavasena vīsati cetanā labbhanti. Idaṃ tathā-saddena upasaṃharati. Apicettha nava mahaggatacetanāpi labbhantīti iminā navahi rūpārūpakusalacetanāhi saddhiṃ manodvāre ekūnatiṃsāti tīsu dvāresu ekūnasattati cetanā hontīti dasseti. Avijjāpaccayāvāti idaṃ tāpi cetanā avijjāpaccayāva hontīti dassanatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Yathāvuttā hi ekūnasattati cetanā kusalāpi avijjāpaccayā honti, pageva itarā appahīnāvijjasseva uppajjanato pahīnāvijjassa anuppajjanato.
2因为如前所述的种种思,即身行、语行和心行,有的人不靠他人督促,自己以无行心造作;有的人被他人指使,以有行心造作;有的人在造作“这叫某某业”时,了知“这个业将会产生那样的果报”,像这样了知业与果报后再去造作;也有的人像小孩子模仿父母礼敬塔庙等行为一样,只知道业,却不了解“这个业的果报是这个”,在不知果报的情况下造作。为了说明这种种情况,所以才说“或自己……”等。“未受他人命令”是指自己主动进行。“了知者”是指依传闻等而知道。
Yasmā yaṃ taṃ yathāvuttaṃ cetanābhedaṃ kāyasaṅkhārañceva vacīsaṅkhārañca manosaṅkhārañca parehi anussāhito sāmampi asaṅkhārikacittena karoti, parehi kāriyamāno sasaṅkhārikacittenapi karoti, ‘‘idaṃ nāma kammaṃ karontopi tassa evarūpo nāma vipāko bhavissatī’’ti evaṃ kammaṃ vipākañca jānantopi karoti, mātāpitūsu cetiyavandanādīni karontesu anukaronto dārako viya kevalaṃ kammaññeva vijjānanto ‘‘imassa pana kammassa ayaṃ vipāko’’ti vipākaṃ ajānantopi karoti , tasmā taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘sāmaṃ vā ta’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Parehi anāṇattoti saraseneva vattamāno. Jānantoti anussavādivasena jānanto.
3问:难道漏尽者不也礼敬塔庙、宣说正法、作意业处吗?为什么他们的身业等不算作业呢?答:因为不会产生果报。由漏尽者所造作的业,既不是善的,也不是不善的;它成为没有果报的,只停留在唯作的层面。因此,他们的身行等就不成为业。也正因为如此,才说“漏尽者以身造作之业是可知的”等。这指的是善与不善(业)。
Nanu ca khīṇāsavo cetiyaṃ vandati, dhammaṃ bhaṇati, kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasi karoti, kathamassa kāyakammādayo na hontīti? Avipākattā. Khīṇāsavena hi katakammaṃ neva kusalaṃ hoti nākusalaṃ, avipākaṃ hutvā kiriyāmatte tiṭṭhati. Tenassa te kāyādayo na honti. Tenevāha ‘‘khīṇāsavassa kāyena karaṇakammaṃ paññāyatī’’tiādi. Tanti kusalākusalaṃ.
4因为沉醉于嬉戏而腐化败坏的,称为“嬉戏败坏者”,嬉戏败坏者即是嬉戏败坏者。或者说,他们具有因嬉戏而导致的败坏,所以称为“嬉戏败坏者”。据说,他们凭借着殊胜福德所获得、属于自己广大的祥瑞和财富,在如星宿节般的狂欢中游玩时,由于那成就实在太广大了,以至于他们连“我们用过饮食了,还是没用过饮食”都浑然不觉。之后,从错过一顿饭的时间开始,即使不停地又吃又喝,他们依然会死去,无法再存活。为什么?因为他们由业所生的火界非常强盛,而由物质构成的身体却很羸弱。人类的业生火界是微弱的,而物质身体是强健的。由于人类的火界弱而身体强,所以即使过了七天,人们还可以用温水、薄粥等来滋养物质身体。然而,天神的火界则极为强盛,因为他们是由广大的福业所化生,也是由于消化了那极为精纯细滑的甘露食。他们的物质身体则非常羸弱,因为其本质柔软细滑。他们一旦错过一次进食的时间,身体就根本无法维持。就好比在炎夏的正午,被放在滚烫石头上的莲花或青莲花,到了傍晚,即使用上百罐水去浇,也无法恢复原状,只会凋谢灭亡;同样地,他们事后即使不停地又吃又喝,也依然会死去,无法存活。那么,哪些天神是这样的呢?注释书中并没有去深究说“就是某某名字的天神”。但可以这么理解:既然说到“如同放在日晒下的花环,因断食而死亡”,那么,任何依靠段食而活的天神,若这样做,就会这样死去。不过,无畏山寺派的说法是:“这些天神是化乐天和他化自在天的天神。他们只是因为沉醉嬉戏而腐化败坏,所以被称为嬉戏败坏者。” 又,这里天神们的食物是什么?一顿饭的时间又是多长?(有些论师)这样主张:“一切欲界天神的食物都是甘露,而且相对下层来说,上层天神的甘露更为殊胜精妙。他们各自按照自己的一天为周期,每天进食。有的天神食用枣子般大小量的甘露食。这食物只需刚放上舌头,便能遍满全身直至发梢和指甲尖,仅仅这样一顿,就足以维持他们七天(按他们的时间算)的生命。”
Khiḍḍāya padussantīti khiḍḍāpadosino, khiḍḍāpadosino eva khiḍḍāpadosikā. Khiḍḍāpadoso vā etesaṃ atthīti khiḍḍāpadosikā. Te kira puññavisesādhigatena mahantena attano sirivibhavena nakkhattaṃ kīḷantā tāya sampattiyā mahantatāya ‘‘āhāraṃ paribhuñjimhā na paribhuñjimhā’’tipi na jānanti. Atha ekāhārātikkamato paṭṭhāya nirantaraṃ khādantāpi pivantāpi cavantiyeva na tiṭṭhanti. Kasmā? Kammajatejassa balavatāya karajakāyassa mandatāya. Manussānañhi kammajatejo mando, karajakāyo balavā. Tesaṃ tejassa mandatāya kāyassa balavatāya sattāhampi atikkamitvā uṇhodakaacchayāguādīhi sakkā karajakāyaṃ upatthambhetuṃ. Devānaṃ pana tejo balavā hoti uḷārapuññanibbattattā uḷāragarusiniddhasudhāhārajīraṇato ca. Karajaṃ mandaṃ mudusukhumālabhāvato. Te ekaṃ āhāravelaṃ akkamitvāva saṇṭhāpetuṃ na sakkonti. Yathā nāma gimhānaṃ majjhanhike tattapāsāṇe ṭhapitaṃ padumaṃ vā uppalaṃ vā sāyanhasamaye ghaṭasatenapi siñciyamānaṃ pākatikaṃ na hoti vinassatiyeva, evameva pacchā nirantaraṃ khādantāpi pivantāpi cavantiyeva na tiṭṭhanti. Katame pana te devāti? ‘‘Ime nāmā’’ti aṭṭhakathāya vicāraṇā natthi, ‘‘āhārūpacchedena ātape khittamālā viyā’’ti vuttattā ye keci kabaḷīkārāhārūpajīvino devā evaṃ karonti, te evaṃ cavantīti veditabbā. Abhayagirivāsino panāhu ‘‘nimmānaratiparanimmitavasavattino te devā, khiḍḍāya padussanamatteneva hete khiḍḍāpadosikāti vuttā’’ti. Ko panettha devānaṃ āhāro, kā āhāravelāti? ‘‘Sabbesampi kāmāvacaradevānaṃ sudhā āhāro, sā heṭṭhimehi heṭṭhimehi uparimānaṃ uparimānaṃ paṇītatamā hoti. Taṃ yathāsakaṃ divasavaseneva divase divase bhuñjanti. Keci pana badarappamāṇaṃ sudhāhāraṃ paribhuñjanti. So jivhāyaṃ ṭhapitamattoyeva yāva kesagganakhaggā kāyaṃ pharati, tesaṃyeva divasavasena sattadivasaṃ yāpanasamatthova hotī’’ti vadanti.
5因为本性嫉妒,以染污的心去败坏,故称‘意败坏者’。或者,以嫉妒而言,心的染污即是‘意之染污’,他们以此为毁灭之因,故称‘意败坏者’。‘不忿怒者得以保全’:对于不忿怒的另一方,忿怒者的那个忿怒,因无所执取、仅生起一次而不被反复随行,故不能令其退堕,犹如火到达水边即熄灭;因此,不忿怒者能保护他免于退堕。然而,当双方都忿怒时,由于彼此间辗转增长,嗔恚变得锐利猛烈,这种以所依为燃料而燃烧的嗔恚生起时,会烧灼心所依处,摧毁极其微细的物质身体,进而整个自体都消失。因此说‘然而当两者都……’等。世尊也正是这样说的:‘当他们彼此间怀着染污之心,身体疲惫不堪……退堕。’(《长部》1.47)
Issāpakatattā paduṭṭhena manasā padussantīti manopadosikā. Usūyavasena vā manaso padoso manopadoso, so etesaṃ atthi vināsahetubhūtoti manopadosikā. Akkuddho rakkhatīti kuddhassa so kodho itarasmiṃ akkujjhante anupādāno ekavārameva uppattiyā anāsevano cāvetuṃ na sakkoti, udakantaṃ patvā aggi viya nibbāyati, tasmā akkuddho taṃ cavanato rakkhati. Ubhosu pana kuddhesu bhiyyo bhiyyo aññamaññamhi parivaḍḍhanavasena tikhiṇasamudācāro nissayadahanaraso kodho uppajjamāno hadayavatthuṃ nidahanto accantasukhumālaṃ karajakāyaṃ vināseti, tato sakalopi attabhāvo antaradhāyati. Tenāha ‘‘ubhosu panā’’tiādi. Tathā cāha bhagavā ‘‘aññamaññamhi paduṭṭhacittā kilantakāya…pe… cavantī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.47).
6‘那些天神应被看作是哪些呢’(katame tena devā daṭṭhabbā)这句中,‘tena’是反身代词,在此作具格使用,故解释说‘那些名为哪些的天神应当被看待’。或者,为了显示这里的‘tena’就是具格的意义,所以又说‘或者,以那个自体’。此处的其余内容,其义明了。
Katame tena devā daṭṭhabbāti ettha tenāti paccatte karaṇavacananti āha ‘‘katame nāma te devā daṭṭhabbā’’ti. Karaṇattheyeva vā etaṃ karaṇavacananti dassento āha ‘‘tena vā attabhāvenā’’ti. Sesamettha uttānameva.
9《思经》注释完毕。
Cetanāsuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
102. 《分别经》注释
2. Vibhattisuttavaṇṇanā
172172. 在第二经中,能够完整地认识、阐明并决定义理差别的智慧,就称为‘义无碍解’(atthapaṭisambhidā)。这里所说的‘义’(attho),简而言之就是因和果。因为因作为原因,应当被趋向、被前往、被到达,所以称为‘义’。如果从分类来看,那么任何因缘所生的现象、涅槃(nibbānaṃ)、所说的含义、业报、唯作(kiriyā)这五种法,都应当理解为‘义’。观察这些义的人,对于这些义的分类智慧,就是‘义无碍解’。因此说:‘于五义中的差别智慧。’在‘我开示(ācikkhāmi)’等词语中,最初开始宣说的人,称为‘开示’,意思是指点出来;将开示的内容讲完整的人,称为‘演说’;依据所标示的意义,用种种方式让人明白,称为‘令知’;通过种种方式使那个意义确立,称为‘安立’;依据所标示的,以反复说明的方式阐发,称为‘开显’;把开显的内容进一步分析,称为‘分别’;通过理由和比喻的展示,使所分别的意义清清楚楚,称为‘令透彻’。
172. Dutiye atthappabhedassa sallakkhaṇavibhāvanavavatthānakaraṇasamatthaṃ atthe pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ atthapaṭisambhidā. Atthoti cettha saṅkhepato hetuphalaṃ. Tañhi hetuvasena araṇīyaṃ gantabbaṃ pattabbaṃ, tasmā ‘‘attho’’ti vuccati. Pabhedato pana yaṃ kiñci paccayasamuppannaṃ, nibbānaṃ, bhāsitattho, vipāko, kiriyāti ime pañca dhammā ‘‘attho’’ti veditabbā , taṃ atthaṃ paccavekkhantassa tasmiṃ atthe pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ atthapaṭisambhidā. Tenāha ‘‘pañcasu atthesu pabhedagataṃ ñāṇa’’nti. Ācikkhāmītiādīsu ādito kathento ācikkhati nāma, uddisatīti attho. Tameva uddesaṃ pariyosāpento deseti. Yathāuddiṭṭhamatthaṃ uddisanavasena pakārehi ñāpento ñāpeti. Pakārehi eva tamatthaṃ patiṭṭhāpento paṭṭhapeti. Yathāuddiṭṭhaṃ paṭiniddisanavasena vivarati. Vivaṭaṃ vibhajati. Vibhattaatthaṃ hetūdāharaṇadassanehi pākaṭaṃ karonto uttāniṃ karoti.
8其余三种无碍解是:法无碍解(dhammapaṭisambhidā)、辞无碍解(niruttipaṭisambhidā)与辩无碍解(paṭibhānapaṭisambhidā)。其中,‘法无碍解’是指能够完整认识、阐明并决定法之差别的智慧。简略地说,‘法’(dhammo)就是缘(paccaya)。因为这个缘能各各安排、令其转起并使它们成就,所以称为‘法’。如果从分类来说,任何能产生果的因、圣道(ariyamaggo)、所说的话语、善(kusala)、不善(akusala)这五种法,应当理解为‘法’。观察这些法的人,对于这些法的分类智慧,就是‘法无碍解’。能够完整认识、阐明并决定辞之差别的智慧,是指在言辞表述上的分类智慧,称为‘辞无碍解’。这里的意思是:对于义和法,有一种自性言辞(sabhāvanirutti),以这种自性言辞的声音(sadda)为所缘而进行观察的人,对于那种自性言辞表述的差异所产生的智慧,就是‘辞无碍解’。
Tisso paṭisambhidāti dhammaniruttipaṭibhānapaṭisambhidā. Tattha dhammapaṭisambhidā nāma dhammappabhedassa sallakkhaṇavibhāvanavavatthānakaraṇasamatthaṃ ñāṇaṃ. Dhammoti ca saṅkhepato paccayo. So hi yasmā taṃ taṃ vidahati pavatteti ceva pāpeti ca, tasmā ‘‘dhammo’’ti vuccati. Pabhedato pana yo koci phalanibbattako hetu, ariyamaggo, bhāsitaṃ, kusalaṃ, akusalanti ime pañca dhammā ‘‘dhammo’’ti veditabbā, taṃ dhammaṃ paccavekkhantassa tasmiṃ dhamme pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ dhammapaṭisambhidā. Niruttippabhedassa sallakkhaṇavibhāvanavavatthānakaraṇasamatthaṃ niruttābhilāpe pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ niruttipaṭisambhidāti. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – atthe ca dhamme ca yā sabhāvanirutti, taṃ sabhāvaniruttiṃ saddaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā paccavekkhantassa tasmiṃ sabhāvaniruttābhilāpe pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ niruttipaṭisambhidāti.
9这样一来,这种辞无碍解就成为了以声音为所缘,而不是以概念(paññatti)为所缘。为什么呢?因为听到声音后,就知道‘这是自性言辞’。已经证得无碍解的人,当说到‘phasso(触)’时,他知道‘这是自性言辞’;如果说‘phassā’或‘phassaṃ’等变格时,他就知道‘这不是自性言辞’。对于受(vedanā)等也是如此。那么,他是否知道其他名词、动词、介词、辅音等言辞呢?当他通过识别声音而知道‘这是自性言辞,这不是自性言辞’以后,由此也自然会知道那些。不过,在摒弃了‘这不是无碍解的工作’这种观点后,讲述了下面这个事例:
Evamayaṃ niruttipaṭisambhidā saddārammaṇā nāma jātā, na paññattiārammaṇā. Kasmā? Yasmā saddaṃ sutvā ‘‘ayaṃ sabhāvaniruttī’’ti jānanti. Paṭisambhidāppatto hi ‘‘phasso’’ti vutte ‘‘ayaṃ sabhāvaniruttī’’ti jānāti, ‘‘phassā’’ti vā ‘‘phassa’’nti vā vutte pana ‘‘ayaṃ asabhāvaniruttī’’ti jānāti. Vedanādīsupi eseva nayo. Aññaṃ panesa nāmākhyātaupasaggabyañjanasaddaṃ jānāti na jānātīti? Yadaggena saddaṃ jānitvā ‘‘ayaṃ sabhāvanirutti, ayaṃ asabhāvaniruttī’’ti jānāti, tadaggena tampi jānissatīti. Taṃ pana ‘‘nayidaṃ paṭisambhidākicca’’nti paṭikkhipitvā idaṃ vatthu kathitaṃ –
10据说,帝须达多长老在菩提道场,手持金筹,宣称:‘我用十八种语言中的哪一种来说法呢?’然而,那是他凭着自己的学习而宣称的,并非凭靠着无碍解。他是以大智慧,让人讲出各种语言,然后学习掌握,才这样宣称的。此外,这里还有这样的讲法:‘众生学习语言。’父母在孩子年幼时,把他们放在床上或椅子上,边做各种事情边说话。孩子们就逐渐理解了他们的各种语言,知道‘用这个词说的是这个意思’。随着时间推移,他们就懂得了所有的语言。如果母亲是达维达人,父亲是安德拉人,他们生下的孩子要是先听到母亲的话,就会说达维达语;要是先听到父亲的话,就会说安德拉语;但要是父母两人的话都没听到,他就会说摩揭陀语。即使是出生在没有村落的大森林里的人,那里没有别人说话,他出于自己的天性发动言语时,也必定会说摩揭陀语。在地狱、畜生道、饿鬼界、人界、天界一切处,摩揭陀语都是盛行的。其余如诘陀语、吉罗吒语、安德拉语、优那迦语、达维达语等十八种语言,则随着时代变迁而改变或消失。
Tissadattatthero kira bodhimaṇḍe suvaṇṇasalākaṃ gahetvā ‘‘aṭṭhārasasu bhāsāsu katarabhāsāya kathemī’’ti pavāresi. Taṃ pana tena attano uggahe ṭhatvā pavāritaṃ, na paṭisambhidāya ṭhitena. So hi mahāpaññatāya taṃ taṃ bhāsaṃ kathāpetvā uggahetvā evaṃ pavāresi. ‘‘Bhāsaṃ nāma sattā uggaṇhantī’’ti vatvā panettha idaṃ kathitaṃ. Mātāpitaro hi daharakāle kumārake mañce vā pīṭhe vā nipajjāpetvā taṃ taṃ kathayamānā tāni tāni kiccāni karonti. Dārakā tesaṃ taṃ taṃ bhāsaṃ vavatthāpenti ‘‘iminā idaṃ vutta’’nti. Gacchante gacchante kāle sabbampi bhāsaṃ jānanti. Mātā damiḷī, pitā andhako. Tesaṃ jāto dārako sace mātukathaṃ paṭhamaṃ suṇāti, damiḷabhāsaṃ bhāsissati. Sace pitukathaṃ paṭhamaṃ suṇāti, andhakabhāsaṃ bhāsissati. Ubhinnampi pana kathaṃ assuṇanto māgadhabhāsaṃ bhāsissati. Yopi agāmake mahāaraññe nibbatto, tattha añño kathento nāma natthi. Sopi attano dhammatāya vacanaṃ samuṭṭhāpento, māgadhabhāsameva bhāsissati. Niraye, tiracchānayoniyaṃ, pettivisaye, manussaloke, devaloketi sabbattha māgadhabhāsāva ussannā, sesā oṭṭakirātaandhakayonakadamiḷabhāsādikā aṭṭhārasa bhāsā parivattanti, kālantarena aññathā honti ca nassanti ca.
11唯有这一种被称为如实、梵天所用、圣者所用的摩揭陀语,是不会变易的。即使它在某处某时看似有所变化,但也并非在一切处、一切时、一切情况下全都变化;就算劫灭的时候,它依然存在。因为正自觉者把三藏佛语编集成教典时,也是唯一用摩揭陀语来编录的。为什么呢?因为这样才容易受持。以摩揭陀语编入教典的佛语,对于证得无碍解的人来说,只要一接触,就能以成百上千的法门呈现其义理。如果以其他语言编入教典,就需要先经过净化才能学习;而且,纵使学了很多,凡夫也终究不可能证得无碍解。然而,圣弟子则没有一个是不证得无碍解的。
Ayamevekā yathābhuccabrahmavohāraariyavohārasaṅkhātā māgadhabhāsā na parivattati. Sā hi katthaci kadāci parivattantīpi na sabbattha sabbadā sabbathāva parivattati, kappavināsepi tiṭṭhatiyeva. Sammāsambuddhopi hi tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ tantiṃ āropento māgadhabhāsāya eva āropesi. Kasmā? Evañhi āharituṃ sukhaṃ hoti. Māgadhabhāsāya hi tantiṃ āruḷhassa buddhavacanassa paṭisambhidāppattānaṃ sotapathāgamanameva papañco. Tena saṅghaṭitamatteneva nayasatena nayasahassena attho upaṭṭhāti. Aññāya bhāsāya tantiṃ āruḷhakaṃ sodhetvā uggahetabbaṃ hoti, bahumpi uggahetvā pana puthujjanassa paṭisambhidāppatti nāma natthi, ariyasāvako nopaṭisambhidāppatto nāma natthi.
12辩无碍解是指能够完整认识、阐明并决定辩才差别的智慧,也就是在辩才方面的分类智慧。这其实就是对于意义、法等领域中的三种智慧,生起‘这些智慧是阐明这个意义的’等等如此运作的智慧的异名。应当知道,这四种无碍解在两种境地中进入差别,并由于五种原因而变得清晰。哪两种境地呢?有学地和无学地。其中,舍利弗长老、大目犍连长老、大迦叶长老、大迦旃延长老、大拘絺罗长老等,乃至八十位大长老的无碍解,是在无学地进入差别。阿难长老、质多居士、法的近事男、优波离居士、久寿多罗近事女等,他们的无碍解是在有学地进入差别。这就是在二地中进入差别。所谓‘差别’,是指由诸圣道所证得的无碍解,展现出各自层面的差异。
Paṭibhānappabhedassa sallakkhaṇavibhāvanavavatthānakaraṇasamatthaṃ paṭibhāne pabhedagataṃ ñāṇaṃ paṭibhānapaṭisambhidā. Atthadhammādivisayesu hi tīsu ñāṇesu ‘‘imāni ñāṇāni idamatthajotakānī’’ti (vibha. 725-731) evaṃ pavattañāṇassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Imā pana catasso paṭisambhidā dvīsu ṭhānesu pabhedaṃ gacchanti, pañcahi kāraṇehi visadā hontīti veditabbā. Katamesu dvīsu? Sekkhabhūmiyañca asekkhabhūmiyañca, tattha sāriputtattherassa mahāmoggallānattherassa mahākassapattherassa mahākaccāyanattherassa mahākoṭṭhikattherassāti asītiyāpi mahātherānaṃ paṭisambhidā asekkhabhūmiyaṃ pabhedagatā. Ānandattherassa, cittassa gahapatino, dhammikassa upāsakassa, upālissa gahapatino, khujjuttarāya upāsikāyāti evamādīnaṃ paṭisambhidā sekkhabhūmiyaṃ pabhedagatāti imāsu dvīsu bhūmīsu pabhedaṃ gacchanti. Pabhedo nāma maggehi adhigatānaṃ paṭisambhidānaṃ pabhedagamanaṃ.
13无碍解因为哪五种原因而变得清晰呢?即:证得、教理、听闻、请问和前习。这其中,证得指阿拉汉果。因为已经证得此果的人,其无碍解会变得清晰。听闻指听闻佛法。因为以恭敬心听闻法的人,无碍解会变得清晰。请问指对注疏的探究。因为为所学经典的意义进行解说的人,无碍解会变得清晰。前习指过去世曾是瑜伽行者,通过反复熟悉、温习的方式,将业处修习得纯熟的状态。过去世曾为瑜伽行者,无碍解会变得清晰。
Katamehi pañcahi kāraṇehi paṭisambhidā visadā hontīti? Adhigamena, pariyattiyā, savanena , paripucchāya, pubbayogena. Tattha adhigamo nāma arahattaṃ. Tañhi pattassa paṭisambhidā visadā honti. Savanaṃ nāma dhammassavanaṃ. Sakkaccaṃ suṇantassa hi paṭisambhidā visadā honti. Paripucchā nāma aṭṭhakathā. Uggahitapāḷiyā atthaṃ kathentassa hi paṭisambhidā visadā honti. Pubbayogo nāma pubbayogāvacaratā haraṇapaccāharaṇanayena parihaṭakammaṭṭhānatā. Pubbayogāvacarassa hi paṭisambhidā visadā honti.
14然而,在这些原因当中,教理、听闻和请问这三者,是让无碍解的分别功能变得强而有力的主要原因;而前习则是作为证得无碍解的强力之缘。那么,前习对分别功能有没有帮助呢?是有帮助的,但不像它是证得无碍解的强力之缘那样,对于分别功能有那么强的力量。因为,不论过去世有没有教理、听闻和请问的积累,如果没有前习——也就是过去世与现在世都没有对诸行进行遍作审察的话,所谓的证得无碍解是根本不可能存在的。然而,当这两个方面(即前习与教理等诸缘)合在一起时,就能共同支撑无碍解,使其变得清晰。
Etesu pana pariyatti, savanaṃ, paripucchāti imāni tīṇi pabhedasseva balavakāraṇāni, pubbayogo adhigamassa balavapaccayo. Pabhedassa hoti na hotīti? Hoti, na pana yathā adhigamassa balavapaccayo hoti, tathā pabhedassa. Pariyattisavanaparipucchā hi pubbe hontu vā mā vā, pubbayogena pana pubbe ceva etarahi ca saṅkhārasammasanaṃ vinā paṭisambhidādhigamo nāma natthi. Ime pana dvepi ekato hutvā paṭisambhidā upatthambhetvā visadā hontīti.
19《分别经》的义注至此结束。
Vibhattisuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
203-4. 大拘絺罗经等义注
3-4. Mahākoṭṭhikasuttādivaṇṇanā
173-4在第三经中,关于「六触处」,此中「处」一词有「矿藏」之义,故说「触的制造者」等。如同在「金处、银处」等说法中,「处」也被说为「矿藏」,而依生起、会合等含义,「处」之义也是成立的。「mā」是表示遮止的不变词。此「不要」是意指什么而说的呢?是意指「除了六触处的无余离贪与灭尽之外,是否还有别的话要说」,为了说明此义,故说「意思是『不要说』」。「五触处灭」是考虑到眼等(五根)于此(第六处)不存在而说的。「第六的」即意处。在第四(经)则没有需要宣说的。
173-4. Tatiye phassāyatanānanti ettha ākaraṭṭho āyatanasaddoti āha ‘‘phassākarāna’’ntiādi. ‘‘Suvaṇṇāyatanaṃ, rajatāyatana’’ntiādīsu ākaropi ‘‘āyatana’’nti vutto, sañjātisamosaraṇādivasenapi āyatanaṭṭho labbhatiyeva. Mā-iti paṭisedhe nipāto. Svāyaṃ channaṃ phassāyatanānaṃ asesaṃ virāganirodhā atthaññaṃ vacanaṃ kiñcīti sandhāyāhāti āha ‘‘mā bhaṇīti attho’’ti. Pañcaphassāyatanāni niruddhānīti cakkhādīnañca tattha abhāvaṃ sandhāya vadati. Chaṭṭhassāti manāyatanassa. Catutthe natthi vattabbaṃ.
22《摩诃俱絺罗经》等的义注至此结束。
Mahākoṭṭhikasuttādivaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
23《优波婆那经》等的义注
5-6. Upavāṇasuttādivaṇṇanā
175-6在第五经中,「明」是指由天眼、宿住随念、漏尽智所构成的三明,或者是八明。因为八明也是以观智与意所成神变,将它们统摄于神通之中而说的。所谓「具足十五种支分的行」,是指:戒防护、守护根门、饮食知量、警寤精进、信、惭、愧、多闻、精进、念、慧、四种色界禅那——如此具足这十五种支分的行法。正因为圣弟子凭借这些法而行、走向不死之方,所以被称为「行」。在第六(经)则没有需要宣说的。
175-6. Pañcame vijjāyāti dibbacakkhupubbenivāsānussatiāsavakkhayañāṇasaṅkhātāya tividhāya vijjāya, aṭṭhavidhāya vā. Aṭṭhavidhāpi hi vijjā vipassanāñāṇena manomayiddhiyā ca saha abhiññā pariggahetvā vuttā. Pannarasadhammabhedena caraṇena samannāgatoti sīlasaṃvaro, indriyesu guttadvāratā, bhojane mattaññutā, jāgariyānuyogo, saddhā, hirī, ottappaṃ, bāhusaccaṃ, vīriyaṃ, sati, paññā, cattāri rūpāvacarajjhānānīti evaṃ pannarasabhedena caraṇadhammena samannāgato. Imeyeva hi pannarasa dhammā yasmā etehi carati ariyasāvako gacchati amataṃ disaṃ, tasmā ‘‘caraṇa’’nti vuttā. Chaṭṭhe natthi vattabbaṃ.
25《优波婆那经》等注疏结束。
Upavāṇasuttādivaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
26《罗睺罗经》注疏
7. Rāhulasuttavaṇṇanā
177在第七经中,「这仅仅是地界」:地界有两种,以坚硬性、坚结性、粗刚性为同一特相,即「仅仅是地界而已」,这是将内地界与外地界结合而说明的。为何如此?因为外地界的无认知性(无情)是明显的,而内地界的并不明显,因此,将内地界与外地界一样视为无认知而去把握时,就能获得安乐的把握。譬如什么?犹如一头未驯服的牛与一头已驯服的牛套在一起,前几天还会躁动挣扎,但不久就能被驯服;同样,将内地界视为与外地界一样而去把握时,前几天还会以无认知的状态现起,不久之后,由于见到它仅仅是界,其无认知性就变得明显了。「这不是我的……乃至……应当观察」——对这两者皆应如此观察:「这不是我的,我不是这个,这不是我的我」,如是以正慧如实观察。「如实」即如其自性。因为它具有无常等自性,所以意思是应当观为无常、苦、无我。因为若观见「这不是我的,我不是这个,这不是我的我」者,就不会在任何地方见到我,不会见到它应被带至他人的所属物中,也不会见到自己应被带至他人的所属物中,所以说「宣说了名为四角空」。
177. Sattame pathavīdhāturevesāti duvidhāpesā thaddhaṭṭhena, kakkhaḷaṭṭhena, pharusaṭṭhena ekalakkhaṇā pathavīdhātu evāti ajjhattikaṃ bāhirāya saddhiṃ yojetvā dasseti. Kasmā? Bāhirāya pathavīdhātuyā acetanābhāvo pākaṭo, na ajjhattikāya, tasmā bāhirāya saddhiṃ ekasadisā acetanāyevāti gaṇhantassa sukhapariggāhā hoti, yathā kiṃ? Dantena goṇena saddhiṃ yojito adanto katipāhameva visukāyati vipphandati, atha na cirasseva damathaṃ upeti, evaṃ ajjhattikaṃ bāhirāya saddhiṃ ekasadisāti gaṇhantassa katipāhameva acetanabhāvena upaṭṭhāti, atha na cirenevassā acetanabhāvo pākaṭo hoti dhātumattatāya dassanato. Netaṃ mama…pe… daṭṭhabbanti taṃ ubhayampi ‘‘na etaṃ mama, na esohamasmi, na eso me attā’’ti evaṃ yathābhūtaṃ sammappaññāya daṭṭhabbaṃ. Yathābhūtanti yathāsabhāvaṃ. Tañhi aniccādisabhāvaṃ, tasmā aniccaṃ dukkhamanattāti evaṃ daṭṭhabbanti attho. Yasmā ‘‘netaṃ mama, nesohamasmi, na meso attā’’ti passanto neva katthaci attānaṃ passati, na taṃ parassa kiñcanabhāve upanetabbaṃ passati, na parassa attānaṃ attano kiñcanabhāve upanetabbaṃ passati, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘catukoṭikasuññatā nāma kathitā’’ti.
28《罗睺罗经》注疏结束。
Rāhulasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
29《阎婆利经》注疏
8. Jambālīsuttavaṇṇanā
178在第八经中,「寂静」:由于禅支的相续与所缘的相续,它是可意的、悦意的。「心解脱」:指色界与无色界心解脱。因此他说:「八等至中的任一等至」。「涂有胶粘物」:指涂有虫胶。「不先清除障碍」:指不先清除欲贪等障碍。若有人未通过随观欲的过患等彻底镇伏欲贪,未借由身轻安使粗重得以很好地止息,未借由发勤界作意等彻底驱除昏沉睡眠,未借由作意止相等彻底消除掉举恶作,也未彻底清除其他定的障碍而入禅那,他就像飞入未清理巢穴的蜜蜂,又如进入不净园林的国王,很快就会退出。而若有人彻底清除了定的障碍法再入禅那,他就像飞入已善清理巢穴的蜜蜂,又如进入极清净园林的国王,整日都安住于等至之中。
178. Aṭṭhame santanti aṅgasantatāya ceva ārammaṇasantatāya ca kamanīyaṃ manoharaṃ. Cetovimuttinti rūpārūpāvacaraṃ cittavimuttiṃ. Tenevāha ‘‘aṭṭhannaṃ samāpattīnaṃ aññataraṃ samāpatti’’nti. Lepamakkhitenāti lākhāmakkhitena. Pāripanthike asodhetvāti kāmacchandādipāripanthike asodhetvā. Yo hi kāmādīnavapaccavekkhaṇādīhi kāmacchandaṃ na suṭṭhu vikkhambhetvā kāyappassaddhivasena duṭṭhullaṃ suppaṭippassaddhaṃ akatvā ārambhadhātumanasikārādivasena thinamiddhaṃ na suṭṭhu paṭivinodetvā samathanimittamanasikārādivasena uddhaccakukkuccaṃ na samūhataṃ katvā aññepi samādhiparipanthe dhamme na suṭṭhu sodhetvā jhānaṃ samāpajjati. So asodhitaṃ āsayaṃ paviṭṭhabhamaro viya asuddhaṃ uyyānaṃ paviṭṭharājā viya ca khippameva nikkhamati. Yo pana samādhiparipanthe dhamme suṭṭhu visodhetvā jhānaṃ samāpajjati, so suvisodhitaṃ āsayaṃ paviṭṭhabhamaro viya suparisuddhaṃ uyyānaṃ paviṭṭharājā viya ca sakalampi divasabhāgaṃ antosamāpattiyaṃyeva hoti.
19「入水口」:指从河流、湖泊、山涧、沟渠等流来的通道。而那些通道就是山涧,所以说「四条流入的山涧」。「排出口」:指流出的通道。水通过这些口退去、流走,故称「退口」(apāyā),它们就是出口。而这些就是排水的孔洞,所以说「排放孔洞」,意思是被称为「退口」的排水孔洞。其余很容易理解。
Āyamukhānīti naditaḷākakandarapadarādito āgamanamaggā. Te ca kandarāyevāti āha ‘‘catasso pavisanakandarā’’ti. Apāyamukhānīti apagamanamaggā. Apenti apagacchanti etehīti hi apāyā, te eva mukhānīti apāyamukhāni. Tāni ca udakanikkhamanacchiddānīti āha ‘‘apavāhanacchiddānī’’ti, apāyasaṅkhātāni udakanikkhamanacchiddānīti attho. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva.
32《阎跋利经》注疏结束。
Jambālīsuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
33九、《涅槃经》注释
9. Nibbānasuttavaṇṇanā
179在第九经中,是依照《阿毗达摩》中所说的方法——
179. Navame abhidhamme vuttanayenāti –
21「什么是退分慧?证得初禅者,若与欲俱的想与作意现行,即退分慧;随顺彼法性而念安住,即住分慧。若与无寻俱的想与作意现行,即胜进分慧。若与厌离俱的想与作意现行,随顺离贪,即通达分慧」——
‘‘Katamā hānabhāginī paññā? Paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhiṃ kāmasahagatā saññāmanasikārā samudācaranti hānabhāginī paññā, tadanudhammatā sati santiṭṭhati ṭhitibhāginī paññā. Avitakkasahagatā saññāmanasikārā samudācaranti visesabhāginī paññā. Nibbidāsahagatā saññāmanasikārā samudācaranti virāgūpasañhitā nibbedhabhāginī paññā’’ti (vibha. 799) –
22应该按照《分别论》中所说的这些方法,来理解这句话的含义。
Ādinā vibhaṅge vuttanayena evamattho veditabbo.
23在此,「初禅的证得者」是指那个对初禅还不纯熟而证得初禅的人。「与欲相应的想和作意现行」,是指从初禅出定后,由于所缘的力量,与欲相应的想和作意生起,逼迫他、催促他。由于这些倾向于欲的想和作意的力量,那个初禅慧衰退、减损,因此被称为「退分慧」。「随顺于彼的法性」,即与彼相应的性质。「念安住」,这是针对邪念而说的,不是针对正念。因为如果有人将初禅视为寂静、殊胜,从而对它产生品味、欢喜和渴望,那么由于这种渴望的力量,他的初禅慧既不会退减,也不会增长,只是停留在某个阶段。因此说「住分慧」。「与无寻相应的」,是指当他作意无寻的第二禅,认为它是寂静、殊胜时,由于所缘的力量,与无寻相应的想和作意生起。「现行」,是指从纯熟的初禅出定后,这些想和作意为了帮助他证得第二禅而逼迫他、催促他。由于这些倾向于更高第二禅的想和作意的力量,那个初禅慧成为殊胜的第二禅生起的近因,因此被称为「胜进分慧」。
Tattha paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhinti yvāyaṃ appaguṇassa paṭhamassa jhānassa lābhī, taṃ. Kāmasahagatāsaññāmanasikārā samudācarantīti tato vuṭṭhitaṃ ārammaṇavasena kāmasahagatā hutvā saññāmanasikārā samudācaranti tudanti codenti. Tassa kāmānupakkhandānaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena sā paṭhamajjhānapaññā hāyati parihāyati, tasmā ‘‘hānabhāginī paññā’’ti vuttā. Tadanudhammatāti tadanurūpasabhāvā. Sati santiṭṭhatīti idaṃ micchāsatiṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ, na sammāsatiṃ. Yassa hi paṭhamajjhānānurūpasabhāvā paṭhamajjhānaṃ santato paṇītato disvā assādayamānā abhinandamānā nikanti uppajjati, tassa nikantivasena paṭhamajjhānapaññā neva hāyati na vaḍḍhati, ṭhitikoṭṭhāsikā hoti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ṭhitibhāginī paññā’’ti. Avitakkasahagatāti avitakkaṃ dutiyajjhānaṃ santato paṇītato manasikaroto ārammaṇavasena avitakkasahagatā saññāmanasikārā. Samudācarantīti paguṇato paṭhamajjhānato vuṭṭhitaṃ dutiyajjhānādhigamatthāya tudanti codenti, tassa upari dutiyajjhānānupakkhandānaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena sā paṭhamajjhānapaññā visesabhūtassa dutiyajjhānassa uppattipadaṭṭhānatāya ‘‘visesabhāginī’’ti vuttā.
24「与厌离相应的」,是指那位证得初禅的人从禅那出定后,与称为厌离的观智相应。因为观智在禅支的差别上运作时,会厌离、不乐,因此称为「厌离」。「现行」,是指为了亲证涅槃而逼迫、催促。「与离贪相连的」,即与称为离贪的涅槃相连。因为观智如此运作:「通过此道,我能证得离贪,即涅槃」,所以被称为「与离贪相连」。与彼相应的想和作意,也同样称为「与离贪相连」。由于这些想和作意的力量,那个初禅慧成为证悟圣道的近因,因此被称为「通达分慧」。
Nibbidāsahagatāti taṃyeva paṭhamajjhānalābhiṃ jhānato vuṭṭhitaṃ nibbidāsaṅkhātena vipassanāñāṇena sahagatā. Vipassanāñāṇañhi jhānaṅgabhede vattante nibbindati ukkaṇṭhati, tasmā ‘‘nibbidā’’ti vuccati. Samudācarantīti nibbānasacchikiriyatthāya tudanti codenti. Virāgūpasañhitāti virāgasaṅkhātena nibbānena upasaṃhitā. Vipassanāñāṇañhi sakkā iminā maggena virāgaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikātunti pavattito ‘‘virāgūpasaṃhita’’nti vuccati. Taṃsampayuttasaññāmanasikārāpi virāgūpasaṃhitā eva nāma. Tassa tesaṃ saññāmanasikārānaṃ vasena sā paṭhamajjhānapaññā ariyamaggappaṭivedhassa padaṭṭhānatāya ‘‘nibbedhabhāginī’’ti vuttāti.
39《涅槃经》的注释结束了。
Nibbānasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
40十、《大教法经》注释
10. Mahāpadesasuttavaṇṇanā
180在第十经中,「大处」即广大的范围,是安立正法的广大处所。在这些处所中,所安立的法是确定的、无疑的。哪些是这些处所呢?即具有传承来历的,如收入经中等。在第二种解释中,被指出的称为「所指」,这些具有广大所指的,称为「大教法」。「贤友,这是我当面从世尊那里听到的」等,是审察某人带来的所谓「法」时的依据。那么这依据是什么呢?正是把所带来之法收入经中等。如果这样,为何是四种?因为法的传承来源有二:导师和声闻。其中,声闻依僧团、团体、个人而分为三种。如此,依应被指认为「我从此处领受此法」的对象的差别而有四种。因此说「贤友,这是我当面从世尊那里听到的」等。同样,《导论》中也说:「四种大教法:佛所教、僧所教、众所教、人所教。这四种就是大教法。」以佛为所指,故称「佛所教」。其余同理。因此说「佛陀等……是重大的依据」。
180. Dasame mahāokāseti mahante okāse mahantāni dhammassa patiṭṭhāpanaṭṭhānāni. Yesu patiṭṭhāpito dhammo nicchīyati asandehato. Kāni pana tāni? Āgamanavisiṭṭhāni suttotaraṇādīni. Dutiyavikappe apadisīyantīti apadesā, mahantā apadesā etesanti mahāpadesā. ‘‘Sammukhā metaṃ, āvuso, bhagavato suta’’ntiādinā kenaci ābhatassa dhammoti vinicchayane kāraṇaṃ. Kiṃ pana tanti? Tassa yathābhatassa suttotaraṇādi eva. Yadi evaṃ kathaṃ cattāroti? Yasmā dhammassa dve sampadāyo satthā sāvako ca. Tesu sāvakā saṅghagaṇapuggalavasena tividhā. Evamimamhā mayāyaṃ dhammo paṭiggahitoti apadisitabbānaṃ bhedena cattāro. Tenāha ‘‘sammukhā metaṃ, āvuso, bhagavato suta’’ntiādi. Tathā ca vuttaṃ nettiyaṃ (netti. 4.18) ‘‘cattāro mahāpadesā buddhāpadeso, saṅghāpadeso, gaṇāpadeso, puggalāpadeso. Ime cattāro mahāpadesā’’ti. Buddho apadeso etassāti buddhāpadeso. Esa nayo sesesupi. Tenāha ‘‘buddhādayo…pe… mahākāraṇānī’’ti.
26「不应欢喜接受」即不应领受,领受文句即是听闻,因此说「不应听闻」。「文句与音节」即文句和音节,意思是表义文句和表音文句。义理通过它们而被表达,故称文句;字母等是表音文句。由于应被表达,故称文句;通告等是表义文句。有些论师说:「在义注中,所谓『被称为文句的音节』,正是指表音文句。」能表达义理的,是音节,即表音文句。由于应被它们表达,故称音节,即表义文句;这是从涵盖两者而言。「在此处」即在那被带来的经文的这个段落。「仅说出巴利语」即只说出纯粹的巴利法。「含义被说明」即巴利文的含义被说明、被指出。「连结被阐述」即如所开始的教说与后续教说之间的连结被阐述,关联被说明。「前后关系被阐明」即前面与后面不相违及特殊之处被说明、被揭示。如此正确地观察巴利法等之后,善巧地领受,即很好地把握,因此说「好好把握之后」。「应导入经中」即应以智慧深入经中而融通。由于那种深入而融通即是进入、融入其中,因此说「应使融入」。会合而显示称为「示现」,因此说「应与律相汇合」。
Neva abhinanditabbanti na sampaṭicchitabbaṃ, ganthassa sampaṭicchanaṃ nāma savananti āha ‘‘na sotabba’’nti. Padabyañjanānīti padāni ca byañjanāni ca, atthapadāni byañjanapadāni cāti attho. Pajjati attho etehīti padāni, akkharādīni byañjanapadāni. Pajjitabbato padāni, saṅkāsanādīni atthapadāni. ‘‘Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ padasaṅkhātāni byañjanānīti byañjanapadāneva vuttānī’’ti keci. Atthaṃ byañjentīti byañjanāni, byañjanapadāni. Tehi byañjitabbato byañjanāni, atthapadānīti ubhayasaṅgahato. Imasmiṃ ṭhāneti tenābhatasuttassa imasmiṃ padese. Pāḷi vuttāti kevalo pāḷidhammo vutto. Attho vuttoti pāḷiyā attho vutto niddiṭṭho. Anusandhi kathitoti yathāraddhadesanāya uparidesanāya ca anusandhānaṃ kathitaṃ, sambandho kathito. Pubbāparaṃ kathitanti pubbena paraṃ avirujjhanañceva visesaṭṭhānañca kathitaṃ pakāsitaṃ. Evaṃ pāḷidhammādīni sammadeva sallakkhetvā gahaṇaṃ sādhukaṃ uggahaṇanti āha ‘‘suṭṭhu gahetvā’’ti. Sutte otāretabbānīti ñāṇena sutte ogāhetvā tāretabbāni. Taṃ pana ogāhetvā taraṇaṃ tattha otaraṇaṃ anuppavesanaṃ hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘otaritabbānī’’ti. Saṃsandetvā dassanaṃ sandassananti āha ‘‘vinaye saṃsandetabbānī’’ti.
27在讨论“什么是经,什么是律?”时,为了通过诸阿阇梨的意见分歧来显示其义,而说了“在此……”等。“律”:是指《分别》的诵本。因为它通过指示被称为“本母”的经的含义,故堪称为“经”。由于具足种种理趣及殊胜理趣,故为律;此即《犍度》的诵本。“如是”:当这样把握经与律时,律藏也未被穷尽,因为未包含《附随》的巴利。或者,经藏与论藏可视为“经”,因为它们具有指示义理等含义。“即使如此”:即使将经藏与论藏视为经、将律藏视为律,作这样的经律区分。“也还不算穷尽”:即尚未无余地被把握。“为什么?”因此说:“因为还有不名为经的……”等。因为存在着未冠以“经”之名而结集的佛语,如本生等,所以依前述之理,三藏并未被穷尽。《经集》《自说》《如是语》等,不像《长部》等那样冠以“经”之名而结集——基于此意,此处它们与本生等一起被包含在内。至于此处未包含《佛种姓》《行藏》的原因,则需另寻。又何必以此方式追究?一切可能的注释理路,已通过显示上座部观点而被完全驳斥了。
‘‘Kiṃ pana taṃ suttaṃ, ko vā vinayo’’ti vicāraṇāyaṃ ācariyānaṃ matibhedamukhena tamatthaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘ettha cā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Vinayoti vibhaṅgapāṭhamāha. So hi mātikāsaññitassa suttassa atthe sūcanato ‘‘sutta’’nti vattabbataṃ arahati. Vividhanayattā visiṭṭhanayattā ca vinayo, khandhakapāṭho. Evanti evaṃ suttavinayesu pariggayhamānesu vinayapiṭakampi na pariyādiyati parivārapāḷiyā asaṅgahitattā. Suttantābhidhammapiṭakāni vā suttaṃ atthasūcanādiatthasambhavato. Evampīti suttantābhidhammapiṭakāni suttaṃ, vinayapiṭakaṃ vinayoti evaṃ suttavinayavibhāge vuccamānepi. Na tāva pariyādiyantīti na tāva anavasesato pariggayhanti . Kasmāti ceti āha ‘‘asuttanāmakañhī’’tiādi. Yasmā suttanti imaṃ nāmaṃ anāropetvā saṅgītaṃ jātakādibuddhavacanaṃ atthi, tasmā vuttanayena tīṇi piṭakāni na pariyādiyantīti. Suttanipātaudānaitivuttakāni dīghanikāyādayo viya suttanti nāmaṃ āropetvā asaṅgītānīti adhippāyenettha jātakādīhi saddhiṃ tānipi gahitāni. Buddhavaṃsacariyāpiṭakānaṃ panettha aggahaṇe kāraṇaṃ maggitabbaṃ, kiṃ vā etena magganena. Sabbopāyaṃ vaṇṇanānayo theravādadassanamukhena paṭikkhitto evāti.
28“有什么呢?”:这是在显示“不名为经的佛语根本不存在”。在全面否定那种说法之后:即对于“所谓‘经’、‘律’”等所述注释中,以“此义非此处所许”遮止之后。“依此而调伏烦恼”:此即律,是调伏烦恼的方法,而此方法即是原因,故说“然而律才是原因”。
Kiṃ atthīti asuttanāmakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ natthiyevāti dasseti. Taṃ sabbaṃ paṭikkhipitvāti ‘‘suttanti vinayo’’tiādinā vuttasaṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘‘nāyamattho idhādhippeto’’ti paṭisedhetvā. Vineti etena kileseti vinayo, kilesavinayanūpāyo, so eva kāraṇanti āha ‘‘vinayo pana kāraṇa’’nti.
29“法”:指教理法。“为了有贪”:为了有贪的状态,即为了滋长欲贪与有贪。“为了结缚”:为了有的结缚。“为了有取”:因为与四取相应。“为了多欲”:为了多欲的状态。“为了不知足”:为了不知足的状态。“为了懈怠”:为了懒散的状态。“为了杂闹”:为了安住于与烦恼共聚的杂闹。“为了积聚”:为了三种轮转的积聚。“为了离贪”:为了从整个轮转中离染。“为了离结”:为了从欲贪等中脱离。“为了无取”:为了不执取一切业有。“为了少欲”:通过资具少欲等方式,令一切欲求完全止息。“为了知足”:为了十二种知足的状态。“为了精进策励”:为了策励身精进与心精进。“为了远离”:为了独处的状态,即成就欲远离、彼分远离等远离。“为了减损”:为了减损一切轮转,即为了涅槃。如是,若有人通过受持、忆持、遍问及作意而如理行道,此教理法即成为舍离有贪等状态的因,而令离贪等状态生起。从这一义理上说,此法即是法、即是律,因为它能令不堕恶趣等而持护,并能调伏烦恼;又因为它随顺大师正自觉者的教诫而转起,故应知此即大师的教法。
Dhammeti pariyattidhamme. Sarāgāyāti sarāgabhāvāya kāmarāgabhavarāgaparibrūhanāya. Saṃyogāyāti bhavasaṃyojanāya. Saupādānāyāti caturūpādānūpasaṃhitatāya. Mahicchatāyāti mahicchabhāvāya. Asantuṭṭhiyāti asantuṭṭhabhāvāya. Kosajjāyāti kusītabhāvāya. Saṅgaṇikāyāti kilesasaṅgaṇikavihārāya. Ācayāyāti tividhavaṭṭācayāya. Virāgāyāti sakalavaṭṭato virajjanatthāya. Visaṃyogāyāti kāmarāgādīhi visaṃyujjanatthāya. Anupādānāyāti sabbassapi kammabhavassa aggahaṇāya. Appicchatāyāti paccayappicchatādivasena sabbaso icchāya apagamāya. Santuṭṭhiyāti dvādasavidhasantuṭṭhabhāvāya. Vīriyārambhāyāti kāyikassa ceva cetasikassa ca vīriyassa paggaṇhanatthāya. Vivekāyāti pavivittabhāvāya kāmavivekāditadaṅgavivekādivivekasiddhiyā. Apacayāyāti sabbassapi vaṭṭassa apacayanāya, nibbānāyāti attho. Evaṃ yo pariyattidhammo uggahaṇadhāraṇaparipucchāmanasikāravasena yoniso paṭipajjantassa sarāgādibhāvaparivajjanassa kāraṇaṃ hutvā virāgādibhāvāya saṃvattati, ekaṃsato eso dhammo, eso vinayo sammadeva apāyādīsu apatanavasena dhāraṇato kilesānaṃ vinayanato ca. Satthu sammāsambuddhassa ovādānurūpappavattibhāvato etaṃ satthusāsananti ca jāneyyāsīti attho.
30因为能指示四圣谛的含义,所以称为经(sutta),由此说道「经(sutteti)就是指三藏中的佛语(tepiṭake buddhavacane)」。确实,三藏佛语没有脱离谛(sacca)的。而由于那个经句所阐明的,正是调伏贪等的因,所以说明:「调伏(vinayeti)就是指在这调伏贪等的因之中(etasmiṃ rāgādivinayakāraṇe)」。再者,这里所谓「入经」,也只能从它被包含在三藏佛语的范围来理解,而不是用其他方式,所以又说道:「从未在任何经的序列中出现过(suttappaṭipāṭiyā katthaci anāgantvā)」。「像掀起树皮一样(Challiṃ uṭṭhapetvāti)」:好比一棵完好无损、稳稳挺立的大树,有人刻意去把它弄伤,掀起树皮(challi)、碎片(sakalikā)或薄片(papaṭikā);对于完好无损、屹立着的教法,也是有人只凭字面音节(byañjana),就把它弄成像是被包含在教法里的样子,就像那树皮一样,把前后矛盾等缺陷掀起来并加以暴露(paridīpetvā)。而这类东西,一定就是那些包含在隐秘的《韦桑答拉》等中的内容,因此说:「隐秘的《韦桑答拉》……等被了知,这就是含义(guḷhavessantara…pe… paññāyantīti attho)」。在「调伏贪等(rāgādivinayeti)」这句中,凡是以调伏贪等为目的,却不以那种正确形相呈现的,都应被丢弃(chaḍḍetabbāni)、被抛弃(cajitabbāni),而不应该接受它们。「在一切处(sabbatthāti)」:在所有的文句中。
Catusaccatthasūcanaṃ suttanti āha ‘‘sutteti tepiṭake buddhavacane’’ti. Tepiṭakañhi buddhavacanaṃ saccavinimuttaṃ natthi. Rāgādivinayakāraṇaṃ yathā tena suttapadena pakāsitanti āha ‘‘vinayeti etasmiṃ rāgādivinayakāraṇe’’ti. Sutte otaraṇañcettha tepiṭakabuddhavacanapariyāpannatāvaseneva veditabbaṃ, na aññathāti āha ‘‘suttappaṭipāṭiyā katthaci anāgantvā’’ti. Challiṃ uṭṭhapetvāti arogassa mahato rukkhassa tiṭṭhato upakkamena challikāya sakalikāya papaṭikāya vā uṭṭhāpanaṃ viya arogassa sāsanadhammassa tiṭṭhato byañjanamattena tappariyāpannaṃ viya hutvā challisadisaṃ pubbāparaviruddhatādidosaṃ uṭṭhapetvā paridīpetvā. Tādisāni pana ekaṃsato guḷhavessantarādipariyāpannāni hontīti āha ‘‘guḷhavessantara…pe… paññāyantīti attho’’ti. Rāgādivinayeti rāgādivinayanatthena atadākāratāya apaññāyamānāni chaḍḍetabbāni cajitabbāni na gahetabbāni. Sabbatthāti sabbavāresu.
47《四大教法经》的注释结束。
Mahāpadesasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
48《思愿品》的注释结束。
Sañcetaniyavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.