3. 伍卢韦喇品复注
1第三品 优楼频螺品
3. Uruvelavaggo
2第一 优楼频螺经的注释
1. Paṭhamauruvelasuttavaṇṇanā
21第三经的第一段中,“犹如大岸”(mahāvelā)的“大岸”,意思是由于广大沙堆而成为大岸,如同大岸的岸边。因此他说“意思是广大的沙堆”。uru(优楼)、maru(摩楼)、sikatā(细沙)、vālukā(沙)、vaṇṇu(沙粒)、vālikā(沙砾)这些词都是同义词,只是音节不同。因此他说“uru(优楼)”是指沙。
21. Tatiyassa paṭhame mahāvelā viya mahāvelā, vipulavālikapuñjatāya mahanto velātaṭo viyāti attho. Tenāha ‘‘mahāvālikarāsīti attho’’ti. Uru, maru, sikatā, vālukā, vaṇṇu, vālikāti ime saddā samānatthā, byañjanameva nānaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘urūti vālikā vuccatī’’ti.
2称为“河”(nadī),是因为它发声(nadati)、发出声音(saddāyatī)。此处是指那条河,也就是流水的河。“尼连禅河”(Nerañjarāyā),本应说成“无泥水”(Nelañjalāyā),但把 la 变为 ra 后说成了“尼连禅河”(Nerañjarāyā),意思是没有泥、水藻、水绵等过失的河水。有人说:“本应说‘青水’(nīlaṃ-jalāyā),而说成了‘尼连禅河’。”或者应该知道这只是那条河的名称。为了指出世尊居住在其岸边的那棵榕树,说“在阿迦巴喇尼拘律树”。为什么这棵榕树名为“阿迦巴喇”呢?说“在那里……广说”。另有人说:“在那里,不能背诵吠陀的长老婆罗门建造了有围墙的住所而居住,因此这棵榕树名为阿迦巴喇(ajapāla)。”在此处词义解释为:不诵读者称为“阿迦巴”(ajapā),意思是咒语的非教师(anajjhāyaka)。他们在此处居住(ādiyanti nivāsaṃ ettha),所以叫“阿迦巴喇”(ajapāla),也就是阿迦巴们的住所。还有人说:“因为正午时分进入的羊在树荫下得到保护,所以这棵树惯用名为阿迦巴喇。”无论哪种情况,这都是这棵树的名称。
Najjāti nadati saddāyatīti nadī, tassā najjā, nadiyā ninnagāyāti attho. Nerañjarāyāti ‘‘nelañjalāyā’’ti vattabbe la-kārassa ra-kāraṃ katvā ‘‘nerañjarāyā’’ti vuttaṃ, kaddamasevālapaṇakādidosarahitasalilāyāti attho. Keci ‘‘nīlaṃ-jalāyāti vattabbe nerañjarāyā’’ti vadanti. Nāmameva vā etaṃ tassā nadiyāti veditabbaṃ. Tassā nadiyā tīre yattha bhagavā vihāsi, taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘ajapālanigrodhe’’ti vuttaṃ. Kasmā panāyaṃ ajapālanigrodho nāma jātoti āha ‘‘tassā’’tiādi. Keci pana ‘‘yasmā tattha vede sajjhāyituṃ asamatthā mahallakabrāhmaṇā pākāraparikkhepayuttāni nivesanāni katvā sabbe vasiṃsu, tasmāssa ajapālanigrodhoti nāmaṃ jāta’’nti vadanti . Tatrāyaṃ vacanattho – na japantīti ajapā, mantānaṃ anajjhāyakāti attho. Ajapālanti ādiyanti nivāsaṃ etthāti ajapāloti. Apare pana vadanti ‘‘yasmā majjhanhikasamaye antopaviṭṭhe aje attano chāyāya pāleti rakkhati, tasmā ‘ajapālo’tissa nāmaṃ ruḷha’’nti. Sabbatthāpi nāmametaṃ tassa rukkhassa.
3“初成正觉”(Paṭhamābhisambuddho)意思是初次成正觉(paṭhamaṃ abhisambuddho),这是省略了鼻音的说法。因此他说“成为正觉后,最初(就住在阿迦巴喇尼拘律树处)”。“初”(Paṭhamaṃ)也用以表示中性词,所以在这里应了知关联为:“成为正觉后,我最初住在阿迦巴喇尼拘律树处。”“这个寻思”(Ayaṃ vitakko)指“我是否要依止……而住”这样生起的寻思。象、猴子和鹧鸪,就是象猴鹧鸪。
Paṭhamābhisambuddhoti paṭhamaṃ abhisambuddho, anunāsikalopenāyaṃ niddeso. Tenevāha ‘‘sambuddho hutvā paṭhamamevā’’ti. Paṭhamanti ca bhāvanapuṃsakaniddeso, tasmā abhisambuddho hutvā paṭhamaṃ ajapālanigrodhe viharāmīti evamettha sambandho veditabbo. Ayaṃ vitakkoti ayaṃ ‘‘kinnu khvāhaṃ…pe… vihareyya’’nti evaṃ pavattavitakko. Hatthī ca vānaro ca tittiro ca hatthivānaratittirā.
4“那些尊敬长者的人”:有三种长者:生贵长者、年长长者、德长长者。其中,出身高贵者名为生贵长者,年高者名为年长长者,具德者名为德长长者。在此处,具德且年高者被指称为长者。“尊敬”:以敬老之行而恭敬。“通达法”:通达敬老之法的善巧者。“于现法中”:就在此生命存在中。“应被称赞”:值得称赞。“于来世得善趣”:在应去往、离开此世界后应去往的他世中,他们也有善趣。此处总括义为:无论刹帝利、婆罗门、吠舍、首陀罗,在家或出家者,乃至畜生道,任何有情若以敬老之行对具足戒等功德、年长的诸德修敬,他们在此生命存在中因是敬老者而获得称赞、称扬、称颂,且于身坏命终后生于天界。
Ye vuddhamapacāyantīti jātivuddho, vayovuddho, guṇavuddhoti tayo vuddhā. Tesu jātisampanno jātivuddho nāma, vaye ṭhito vayovuddho nāma, guṇasampanno guṇavuddho nāma. Tesu guṇasampanno vayovuddho imasmiṃ ṭhāne vuddhoti adhippeto. Apacāyantīti jeṭṭhāpacāyikākammena pūjenti. Dhammassa kovidāti jeṭṭhāpacāyanadhammassa kovidā kusalā. Diṭṭheva dhammeti imasmiṃyeva attabhāve. Pāsaṃsāti pasaṃsārahā. Samparāye ca suggatīti samparetabbe imaṃ lokaṃ hitvā gantabbe paralokepi tesaṃ sugatiyeva. Ayaṃ panettha piṇḍattho – khattiyā vā hontu brāhmaṇā vā vessā vā suddā vā gahaṭṭhā vā pabbajitā vā tiracchānagatā vā, ye keci sattā jeṭṭhāpacitikammena sīlādiguṇasampannānaṃ vayovuddhānaṃ apacitiṃ karonti, te imasmiñca attabhāve jeṭṭhāpacitikārakāti pasaṃsaṃ vaṇṇanaṃ thomanaṃ labhanti, kāyassa ca bhedā sagge nibbattantīti.
5“在其他处”(aññasmiṃ):指异处(parasmiṃ)。“自己不存在”:指他者、其他。但此处不是指任何他者,而是指应恭敬处。因此他说“未被安放于任何应恭敬处”。“顺从者”(patissati):指接受师长命令者。所以“不恭敬者”(appatisso)就是非顺从者,无恭敬者,无师长恭敬者,是这个意思。
Aññasminti parasmiṃ. Attā na hotīti añño, paro. So panettha na yo koci adhippeto, atha kho garuṭṭhāniyo. Tenāha ‘‘kañci garuṭṭhāne aṭṭhapetvā’’ti. Patissati garuno āṇaṃ sampaṭicchatīti patisso, na patisso appatisso, patissayarahito, garupassayarahitoti attho.
6“含天神的”(sadevaka)这个词由部分(有天神的这一部分)来分解,集合而成复合词的意义。以“含天神的”来抓取五欲界天,因为其余内容已被其他词包含,依剩余法而知。以“含魔的”抓取第六欲界天,依近取法。因为魔在那里出生并居住。以“梵天的”(sabrahmaka)一词抓取梵身天等梵天,也是依近取法。“含沙门婆罗门之人众”:抓取教法的敌人沙门婆罗门。这仅是举例,因为非敌人的、已息灭已除遣诸恶的沙门婆罗门也以此语而被抓取。虽然通过“含天神的”等定语可了知“世界”一词指有情世间,因为它们同属之故;但在“带毛的”(salomaka)、“带翼的”(sapakkhaka)等中,此复合词可得,如显示例外般,以“人众”一词来抓取有情世间(也就是说人众这个词抓取的是有情世间)。
Sadevaketi avayavena viggaho samudāyo samāsattho. Sadevakaggahaṇena pañcakāmāvacaradevaggahaṇaṃ pārisesañāyena itaresaṃ padantarehi saṅgahitattā. Samārakaggahaṇena chaṭṭhakāmāvacaradevaggahaṇaṃ paccāsattiñāyena. Tattha hi māro jāto tannivāsī ca hoti. Sabrahmakavacanena brahmakāyikādibrahmaggahaṇaṃ paccāsattiñāyeneva. Sassamaṇabrāhmaṇiyā pajāyāti sāsanassa paccatthikasamaṇabrāhmaṇaggahaṇaṃ. Nidassanamattañcetaṃ apaccatthikānaṃ asamitābāhitapāpānañca samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ teneva vacanena gahitattā. Kāmaṃ ‘‘sadevake’’tiādivisesanānaṃ vasena sattavisayo lokasaddoti viññāyati tulyayogavisayattā tesaṃ, ‘‘salomako sapakkhako’’tiādīsu pana atulyayoge ayaṃ samāso labbhatīti byabhicāradassanato pajāgahaṇanti pajāvacanena sattalokaggahaṇaṃ.
7虽然魔和梵天也可以按“天神”这个共通的名称被包括在内,但为了显示它们与其他天神所获得的特殊之处,所以才特别把它们单独提出来说明。基于这个用意,他说“魔”等等。魔有力量让梵天等也变得盲目,所以说“一切(众生)”。“上方”指上方的区域。“梵天”指一万世界的大梵天。同样地,他说“以十指”等。就像这里有《长部》等经的部类一样,外道中也有他们的经集可得,所以说“按一部(类)等”。“宅地明等”:句中的“等”字把各种明处都包摄在内。“众生(pajā)”:依各自的业与烦恼而被出生、被产生,所以称为“众生”,也就是有情群体。“包含天和人的(sadevamanussāyā)”:从这句话中,要知道它包含了世俗所认为的天,以及除此之外的人界。
Devabhāvasāmaññena mārabrahmesu gahitesupi itarehi tesaṃ labbhamānavisesadassanatthaṃ visuṃ gahaṇanti dassento ‘‘māro nāmā’’tiādimāha. Māro brahmānampi vicakkhukammāya pahotīti āha ‘‘sabbesa’’nti. Uparīti uparibhāge. Brahmāti dasasahassibrahmānaṃ sandhāyāha. Tathā cāha ‘‘dasahi aṅgulīhī’’tiādi. Idha dīghanikāyādayo viya bāhirakānampi ganthanikāyo labbhatīti āha ‘‘ekanikāyādivasenā’’ti. Vatthuvijjādīti ādi-saddena vijjāṭṭhānāni saṅgayhanti. Yathāsakaṃ kammakilesehi pajātattā nibbattattā pajā, sattanikāyo, tassā pajāya. Sadevamanussāyāti vā iminā sammutidevaggahaṇaṃ tadavasiṭṭhamanussalokaggahaṇañca daṭṭhabbaṃ.
8如此以部分的方式把握世间、显示了关联之后,现在为了以非部分的方式把握世间来显示关联,而说“又在此处”等。“世间”是依“业与业果在此处被了知”而说的。“众生”是依“由因缘所生”而说的。“戒行更圆满具足者”:这里意指完全圆满的具足,如同“具足的稻田”等中的用法。因此他说“意思是更殊胜”。因为圆满就可以说是更殊胜。“因”指理则。“义”指不颠倒的意义。“增长”指极度增长之相。
Evaṃ bhāgaso lokaṃ gahetvā yojanaṃ dassetvā idāni abhāgaso lokaṃ gahetvā yojanaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘apicetthā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Lokavasena vuttāni ‘‘lokīyanti ettha kammaṃ kammaphalānī’’ti katvā. Pajāvasena ‘‘hetupaccayehi pajātā’’ti katvā. Sīlasampannataranti ettha paripuṇṇasampannatā adhippetā ‘‘sampannaṃ sālikedāra’’ntiādīsu (jā. 1.14.1) viya. Tenāha ‘‘adhikataranti attho’’ti. Paripuṇṇañhi adhikataranti vattuṃ arahati. Kāraṇanti yuttiṃ. Atthanti aviparītatthaṃ. Vaḍḍhinti ativaḍḍhinimittaṃ.
9“以此言”:指在这部经中紧接着所说的那句话。为了显示并非仅仅以此言,也要引来经中其他经文加以反驳,于是说了“我无有导师”等。其中,“我无有导师”:在出世间法上,我并没有名为老师的人。虽然在世间法上,世间怙主的证得是那样的,但其他人经由他人教导所得的证得却并非那样;然而在出世间法上,他却是连丝毫都没有的。“我无有对等之人”:没有一个能在戒等功德上作为我替身的人。因为“saranti”是具格,是表示行为主体的词,所以说“以忆念者”,或者“saranti”意为“以忆念为因”。
Imināvacanenāti imasmiṃ sutte anantaraṃ vuttavacanena. Na kevalaṃ imināva, suttantarampi ānetvā paṭibāhitabboti dassento ‘‘na me ācariyo atthī’’tiādimāha. Tattha na me ācariyo atthīti lokuttaradhamme mayhaṃ ācariyo nāma natthi. Kiñcāpi lokiyadhammānampi yādiso lokanāthassa adhigamo, na tādiso adhigamo parūpadeso atthi. Lokuttaradhamme panassa lesopi natthi. Natthi me paṭipuggaloti mayhaṃ sīlādīhi guṇehi paṭinidhibhūto puggalo nāma natthi. Saranti karaṇe etaṃ paccattavacananti āha ‘‘sarantenā’’ti, saranti vā saraṇahetu cāti attho.
10“yato”是处格中的“to”字,所以说“在那个时候”。“知夜者”:从自己出家之日起,知道许多夜晚,意思是久出家者。久出家者的伟大状态称为“久出家者之大”。此表述以状态为主。也有读作“久出家者之伟大性”的。同样的方法也适用于其余各项。依长老、中座、新参而有的广大状态,称为“众大”。涵盖三学的教法梵行,以禅那、神通等方式而有的广大状态,称为“梵行大”。殊胜利得之广大状态,称为“利得极大”。“以四种大”:即以四种伟大状态。说到“在摩诃波阇波提供养衣布之时”,这只是显示世尊对僧团恭敬变得显著的那个时间点。并非世尊在此之前就以无恭敬于僧团而住。
Yatoti bhummatthe tosaddoti āha ‘‘yasmiṃ kāle’’ti. Rattiyo jānantīti rattaññū, attano pabbajitadivasato paṭṭhāya bahū rattiyo jānanti, cirapabbajitāti vuttaṃ hoti. Rattaññūnaṃ mahantabhāvo rattaññumahantaṃ. Bhāvappadhāno esa niddeso. ‘‘Rattaññumahatta’’nti vā pāṭho. Esa nayo sesesupi. Theranavamajjhimānaṃ vasena vipulabhāvo vepullamahantaṃ. Sikkhattayasaṅgahitassa sāsanabrahmacariyassa jhānābhiññādivasena vipulabhāvo brahmacariyamahantaṃ. Visiṭṭhassa paccayalābhassa vipulabhāvo lābhaggamahantaṃ. Catubbidhena mahantenāti catubbidhena mahantabhāvena. Mahāpajāpatiyā dussayugadānakāleti bhagavato saṅghe gāravassa pākaṭakāladassanamattaṃ. Na hi bhagavā tato pubbe saṅghe gāravarahito vihāsi.
13第一优楼频螺经的注释完毕。
Paṭhamauruvelasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
14第二优楼频螺经的注释。
2.Dutiyauruvelasuttavaṇṇanā
22在第二经中,“有哼声习性者”:据说他是一个见祥瑞的人,出于骄慢与恼怒,一边走一边发出“哼哼”的声音,所以被称为有哼声习性者。也有读作“huhukkajātiko”的,意思是和他一同来的。“因老而衰朽”:指由于年老,变得牙齿残缺、头发灰白等。“年高”:指身体各部分生长达到了极限。“生得长老”:由出生而具有长老的状态。“长老”是“执取大”,即由于出生(而非财富等)而称为长老,所以说“生得长老”。“达至暮年”:指到达了最后的年龄,最后的年龄即百岁的最后三分之一。或者说,“衰朽”指古老,意思是经历漫长岁月的家族传承。“年高”指具备戒行等功德之增长。“长老”指拥有财富之大。“有大财”指具有丰厚的财物。“踏上旅途”:正走在路上,且在不逾越婆罗门净修等规矩的情况下而行。“达至暮年”:达到了生年增长的最后年龄。“他们未闻”:这里拆解为“sutaṃ no etanti”,其中“no”是具格的属格用法,因此解释为“我们所听闻的”。
22. Dutiye huhuṅkajātikenāti so kira diṭṭhamaṅgaliko mānavasena kodhavasena ca ‘‘huhu’’nti karonto vicarati, tasmā huhuṅkajātikoti vuccati. ‘‘Huhukkajātiko’’tipi paṭhanti, tena saddhiṃ āgatāti attho. Jarājiṇṇāti jarāya khaṇḍadantapalitakesādibhāvaṃ āpāditā. Vayovuddhāti aṅgapaccaṅgānaṃ vuddhimariyādappattā. Jātimahallakāti upapattiyā mahallakabhāvena samannāgatā. Mahattaṃ lanti gaṇhantīti mahallakā, jātiyā mahallakā, na vibhavādināti jātimahallakā. Vayoanuppattāti pacchimavayaṃ sampattā, pacchimavayo nāma vassasatassa pacchimo tatiyo bhāgo. Jiṇṇāti vā porāṇā, cirakālappavattakulanvayāti vuttaṃ hoti. Vuddhāti sīlācārādiguṇavuddhiyuttā. Mahallakāti vibhavamahantatāya samannāgatā. Mahaddhanāti mahābhogā. Addhagatāti maggappaṭipannā brāhmaṇānaṃ vatacariyādimariyādaṃ avītikkamma caramānā. Vayoanuppattāti jātivuddhabhāvaṃ antimavayaṃ anuppattā. Sutaṃ netanti ettha sutaṃ no etanti padacchedo. Noti ca karaṇatthe sāmivacanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘amhehi suta’’nti.
12“非时”:指不合宜的时间。“说不真实”:指宣说那不存在的事。“说无义利”:指说些没有原因依托的话。“没有原因依托”意思就是没有果实。因为果实是依托原因的。而“没有原因依托”由于它与原因不可分离,也就是依托于非原因,即没有果实、是虚诳之谈。“说非律”:指所说的不与防护律相关,也就是说,对自己和听者都不带来防护律的利益。“不应存放于心”:因为它与不利相关联,所以不应当把它放进心里存放。“讲说不合时机”:是指说法时,某个义理本应在某个特定时间才宣说,如果提前或者推后,对它来说就是非时,而他在这样不合宜的时间去宣说。“没有譬喻”:指没有经教譬喻。不将其作为有譬喻、有理由的话来讲,也就是不说“世尊在某经中这样说”,不作这种有譬喻、有理由的讲说。
Akāleti ayuttakāle. Asabhāvaṃ vadatīti yaṃ natthi, taṃ vadati. Anatthaṃ vadatīti akāraṇanissitaṃ vadati. Akāraṇanissitanti ca nipphalanti attho. Phalañhi kāraṇanissitaṃ. Akāraṇanissitatā ca tadavinābhāvato akāraṇe nissitaṃ, nipphalaṃ samphanti vuttaṃ hoti. Avinayaṃ vadatīti na saṃvaravinayappaṭisaṃyuttaṃ vadati, attano suṇantassa ca na saṃvaravinayāvahaṃ vadatīti vuttaṃ hoti. Na hadaye nidhetabbayuttakanti ahitasaṃhitattā cittaṃ anuppavesetvā nidhetuṃ ayuttaṃ. Kathetuṃ ayuttakālenāti dhammaṃ kathentena yo attho yasmiṃ kāle vattabbo, tato pubbe pacchā ca tassa akālo, tasmiṃ ayuttakāle vattā. Apadesarahitanti suttāpadesarahitaṃ. Sāpadesaṃ sakāraṇaṃ katvā na kathetīti ‘‘bhagavatā asuke sutte evaṃ vutta’’nti evaṃ sāpadesaṃ kāraṇasahitaṃ katvā na katheti.
13「无边际(pariyantarahitaṃ)」:指没有界限。如果放下一部经或一个本生故事,然后引用它的修习方法、譬喻或事例,却不触及那部经或本生故事的核心内容,而只是宣讲外在的话题,那么被放下的经籍仅仅是被放在那里而已,就会落到被人这样说的地步:“他到底是在讲经,还是在讲本生?我们看不到它的边际或尽头。”就像孟加拉榕树的枝条伸到哪里,气根就垂到哪里,在每一个垂下的地方生长后,又继续生长,这样蔓延到半由旬、一由旬。但在不断蔓延的过程中,原来的树根会朽坏,只有新生的气根留下。同样,这个人就成了所谓的“孟加拉榕说法的说法者”,只是把经籍丢在一边,绕着弯走。然而,如果有人虽然讲了很多,但能说“正是为了说明这个义理而讲的”,并能从放置的经文里再引出其他相关的修习方法、譬喻、事例,一次次地引出来让人明白,那么这样的说法者即使多讲也是合适的。「不依世间与出世间义(na lokiyalokuttaraatthanissitaṃ)」:指对于自己和他人,都不会带来任何世间或出世间的利益。
Pariyantarahitanti paricchedarahitaṃ, suttaṃ vā jātakaṃ vā nikkhipitvā tassa anuyogaṃ upamaṃ vā vatthuṃ vā āharitvā yaṃ suttaṃ jātakaṃ vā nikkhipitaṃ, tassa sarīrabhūtaṃ kathaṃ anāmasitvā bāhirakathaṃyeva katheti, nikkhittaṃ nikkhittamattameva hoti, ‘‘suttaṃ nu kho katheti jātakaṃ nu kho, nāssa antaṃ vā koṭiṃ vā passāmā’’ti vattabbataṃ āpajjati. Yathā vaṭarukkhasākhānaṃ gatagataṭṭhāne pārohā otaranti, otiṇṇo-tiṇṇaṭṭhāne viruḷhiṃ āpajjitvā puna vaḍḍhantiyeva, evaṃ aḍḍhayojanampi yojanampi gacchatiyeva. Gacchante gacchante pana mūlarukkho vinassati, anujātapārohamūlāniyeva tiṭṭhanti, evaṃ ayampi nigrodhadhammakathiko nāma hoti. Nikkhittaṃ nikkhittameva katvā passeneva pariharanto gacchati. Yo pana bahumpi bhaṇanto ‘‘etadatthamidaṃ vutta’’nti nikkhittasuttato aññampi anuyogūpamāvatthuvasena tadupayogīnaṃ āharitvā āharitvā jānāpetuṃ sakkoti, tathārūpassa dhammakathikassa bahumpi kathetuṃ vaṭṭati. Na lokiyalokuttaraatthanissitanti attano paresañca na lokiyalokuttarahitāvahaṃ.
14「线(pāḷi)」:指各种明显殊胜的义理,比如戒等,由于被觉悟,而以真实词语宣说,又由佛陀等讲说出来,所以这些明显殊胜的语句体系就称为“线”,也就是教法。前一个意义被后一个意义连接起来,就是「连结(anusandhi)」。并且,以义理的开端来说,经文各个段落也有连结。这种连结可分为四种:请问连结、意乐连结、如理连结等。对于每一种开示,都应该按照前后文句、也就是前后的连结来逐一结合理解。「所领纳(uggahitaṃ)」:即通过音节和义理,一次次地向上掌握,意思是通过学习和遍问而用心记取。渴望出离轮回之苦的人应当听闻,所以称为「闻(sutaṃ)」,也就是教法。能持守这种闻的人,就是「持闻者(sutadharo)」。因为对于持闻者来说,闻才能安立、善巧安立、健康无病,所以说他是“闻的承载者”。因此而有“如果有人……”等等的说明。“一字一句、或者一个字都不错失地积聚起来”就是“积聚”,而闻的积聚就在这里,所以称为「闻积聚(sutasannicayo)」。「沉入(ajjhosāyā)」:即进入之后安住。「住立(tiṭṭhatī)」:即不忘失。
Pakaṭṭhānaṃ ukkaṭṭhānaṃ sīlādiatthānaṃ bodhanato sabhāvaniruttivasena ca buddhādīhi bhāsitattā pakaṭṭhānaṃ vacanappabandhānaṃ āḷīti pāḷi, pariyattidhammo. Purimassa atthassa pacchimena atthena anusandhānaṃ anusandhi, atthamukhena pana pāḷippadesānampi anusandhi hotiyeva. Svāyaṃ anusandhi pucchānusandhiajjhāsayānusandhiyathānusandhiādivasena catubbidho, taṃtaṃdesanānaṃ pana pubbāparapāḷivasena anusandhivasena pubbāparavasenāti paccekaṃ yojetabbaṃ. Uggahitanti byañjanaso atthaso ca uddhaṃ uddhaṃ gahitaṃ, pariyāpuṇanavasena ceva paripucchāvasena ca hadayena gahitanti attho. Vaṭṭadukkhanissaraṇatthikehi sotabbato sutaṃ, pariyattidhammo. Taṃ dhāretīti sutadharo. Yo hi sutadharo, sutaṃ tasmiṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ hoti suppatiṭṭhitaṃ arogikaṃ, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘sutassa ādhārabhūto’’ti. Tenāha ‘‘yassa hī’’tiādi. Ekaṃ padaṃ ekakkharampi avinaṭṭhaṃ hutvā sannicīyatīti sannicayo, sutaṃ sannicayo etasminti sutasannicayo. Ajjhosāyāti anuppavisitvā. Tiṭṭhatīti na sammussati.
15「熟练(paguṇā)」:即能通顺地讽诵。「不动摇(niccalikaṃ)」:即不会颠倒变易。与其他传诵者对照(saṃsanditvā),并通过遍问而深入义理(samanuggāhitvā)。由于相续不断绝,就像恒河的流水一样。或者异读作“如有分流”,意思是不造作的安乐持续。这里所指的,并不是仅仅凭话语对一小部分经文或者片言只语达成熟悉,而是依品等来熟练,所以说“经十……乃至……讽诵(suttadasaka…pe… sajjhāyitā)”,即通过忆持“已诵十经,已诵十品”等而在口中讽诵。逐一用心审查、分部分地审察、思维,称为「意善观察(manasānupekkhitā)」。「如呈现在眼前般显现(rūpagataṃ viya paññāyatī)」:就像成为眼前的事物一样,清楚地显现在智眼之前。「善通达(suppaṭividdhā)」:即除去错乱和过失,如实地妥善通达。
Paguṇāti vācuggatā. Niccalikanti aviparivattaṃ. Saṃsanditvāti aññehi saṃsanditvā. Samanuggāhitvāti paripucchāvasena atthaṃ ogāhitvā. Pabandhassa vicchedābhāvato gaṅgāsotasadisaṃ. ‘‘Bhavaṅgasotasadisa’’nti vā pāṭho, akittimaṃ sukhappavattīti attho. Suttekadesassa suttamattassa ca vacasā paricayo idha nādhippeto, vaggādivasena pana adhippetoti āha ‘‘suttadasaka…pe… sajjhāyitā’’ti, ‘‘dasasuttāni gatāni, dasavaggāni gatānī’’tiādinā sallakkhetvā vācāya sajjhāyitāti attho. Manasā anu anu pekkhitā bhāgaso nijjhāyitā cintitā manasānupekkhitā. Rūpagataṃ viya paññāyatīti rūpagataṃ viya cakkhussa vibhūtaṃ hutvā paññāyati. Suppaṭividdhāti nijjaṭaṃ niggumbaṃ katvā suṭṭhu yāthāvato paṭividdhā.
16「有其上乘心(adhikaṃ ceto)」:指增上心(abhiceto),也就是近行定的心。说它“上乘”,是因为比起平常的欲界心,它更为美妙清净,并且是通过对治而获得的清净,因此说“极清净的心”。这里所说的「增上心(adhicittaṃ)」正是指定(samādhi)。此处的定,也应理解为近行定。由远离所生的喜乐、由定所生的喜乐、无喜而生的身乐,以及由舍念清净所生的舍乐——这四种禅那的快乐,由于都是从对立面出离,所以被称为出离乐(nekkhammasukha),因此说“感受出离乐”。由于说“在每个想要的刹那都能自在进入”,这是指对于这些禅那,拥有入定的自在。而根据「易得者(nikāmalābhī)」这个词,也应当理解为转向自在、住定自在和观察自在都已经说到了。说“以安乐镇伏敌对法”,这是在显示那些禅那的乐行道和快速获得神通。
Adhikaṃ cetoti abhiceto, upacārajjhānacittaṃ. Tassa pana adhikatā pākatikakāmāvacaracittehi sundaratāya, sā paṭipakkhato suddhiyāti āha ‘‘abhikkantaṃ visuddhaṃ citta’’nti. Adhicittanti samādhimāha. Sopi upacārasamādhi daṭṭhabbo. Vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ, samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ, apītijaṃ kāyasukhaṃ, satipārisuddhijaṃ ñāṇasukhanti catubbidhampi jhānasukhaṃ paṭipakkhato nikkhantataṃ upādāya nekkhammasukhanti vuccatīti āha ‘‘nekkhammasukhaṃ vindatī’’ti. Icchiticchitakkhaṇe samāpajjituṃ samatthoti iminā tesu jhānesu samāpajjanavasībhāvamāha. Nikāmalābhīti pana vacanato āvajjanādhiṭṭhānapaccavekkhaṇavasiyopi vuttā evāti veditabbā. Sukheneva paccanīkadhamme vikkhambhetvāti etena tesaṃ jhānānaṃ sukhappaṭipadataṃ khippābhiññatañca dasseti.
17所说的「广大的」是指那些被带到广大状态的禅那。所谓广大状态,是指由于善修习而能更长久地持续运转,而且这种广大状态只应依照分际合理求取,因此在说了“广大的”之后,又说“这意味着:有能力依照分际出定”。确实,如果还没达到分际就出定,就不能成为自在得者,因为无法随心所欲地让禅那持续。现在,为了从反面说明前面讲到的等至自在,才说“有一种人……”等等。其中,“只是获得者”是就仅仅获得禅那而言。“如是”是指在每一个想要的刹那。「障碍的」是指那些与自在状态相对立的法。实际上,证得禅那时,那些敌对法早已被镇伏,否则不可能证得禅那。“艰难地镇伏”指的是艰难地净化。应知这里所说的镇伏和净化,是指通过观察欲乐的过患等,如同对待欲贪一样,对其他妨害定的障碍法予以远离和驱除。「水钟」是指用来计时的水钟。
Vipulānanti vepullaṃ pāpitānaṃ jhānānaṃ. Vipulatā nāma subhāvitabhāvena ciratarappavattiyā, sā ca paricchedānurūpāva icchitabbāti ‘‘vipulāna’’nti vatvā ‘‘yathāparicchedena vuṭṭhātuṃ samatthoti vuttaṃ hotī’’ti āha. Paricchedakālañhi appatvāva vuṭṭhahanto akasiralābhī na hoti yāvadicchitaṃ pavattetuṃ asamatthattā. Idāni yathāvutte samāpajjanādivasībhāve byatirekavasena vibhāvetuṃ ‘‘ekacco hī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha lābhīyeva hotīti idaṃ paṭiladdhamattassa jhānassa vasena vuttaṃ. Tathāti icchiticchitakkhaṇe. Pāripanthiketi vasībhāvassa paccanīkadhamme. Jhānādhigamassa pana paccanīkadhammā pageva vikkhambhitā, aññathā jhānādhigamo eva na siyā. Kicchena vikkhambhetīti kicchena visodheti. Kāmādīnavapaccavekkhaṇādīhi kāmacchandādīnaṃ viya aññesampi samādhipāripanthikānaṃ dūrasamussāraṇaṃ idha vikkhambhanaṃ visodhanañcāti veditabbaṃ. Nāḷikayantanti kālamānanāḷikayantamāha.
18「住立了思惟」:指没有正确引导的思惟。「已到证智彼岸者」:是指对于一切世间与出世间的法,以证智到达彼岸,也就是用殊胜的最上道智了知一切法之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「已到遍知彼岸者」:是指对于五蕴,以遍知到达彼岸,即遍知五蕴之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「已到修习彼岸者」:是指对于四道,以修习到达彼岸,即修习四道之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「已到断除彼岸者」:是指对于一切烦恼,以断除到达彼岸,即断除一切烦恼之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「已到体证彼岸者」:是指对于灭,以体证到达彼岸,即体证灭之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「已到等至彼岸者」:是指对于一切等至,以等至到达彼岸,即等至一切等至之后而住立,这就是它的意思。「梵行完全者」:是指成就了梵行的完全,具足整个四道梵行,这就是它的意思。因此说“完全的梵行者”,意思就是圆满的道的梵行。其余部分很容易理解。
Aṭṭhapitasaṅkappoti na sammāpaṇihitasaṅkappo. Abhiññāpāragūti sabbesaṃ lokiyalokuttaradhammānaṃ abhiññāya pāraṃ gato, sabbadhamme abhivisiṭṭhāya aggamaggapaññāya jānitvā ṭhitoti attho. Pariññāpāragūti pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ pariññāya pāraṃ gato, pañcakkhandhe parijānitvā ṭhitoti attho. Bhāvanāpāragūti catunnaṃ maggānaṃ bhāvanāya pāraṃ gato, cattāro magge bhāvetvā ṭhitoti attho. Pahānapāragūti sabbakilesānaṃ pahānena pāraṃ gato, sabbakilese pajahitvā ṭhitoti attho . Sacchikiriyāpāragūti nirodhasacchikiriyāya pāraṃ gato, nirodhaṃ sacchikatvā ṭhitoti attho. Samāpattipāragūti sabbasamāpattīnaṃ samāpajjanena pāraṃ gato, sabbā samāpattiyo samāpajjitvā ṭhitoti attho. Brahmacariyassa kevalīti yaṃ brahmacariyassa kevalaṃ sakalabhāvo, tena samannāgato, sakalacatumaggabrahmacariyavāsoti attho. Tenāha ‘‘sakalabrahmacariyo’’ti, paripuṇṇamaggabrahmacariyoti attho. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva.
23《第二乌汝韦喇经》的注疏结束。
Dutiyauruvelasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
243. 《世间经》注疏
3. Lokasuttavaṇṇanā
23在第三经中,「世间」:以破坏、崩解之义为世间。从义理上来说,前文说的是两种圣谛,而这里应当理解为苦圣谛。所以他说“世间即苦谛”。「离系」:就是已脱离、不再系缚的意思。因为一切结都已被彻底断除,从而从那些结中完全解脱,这就是它的含义。「世间之集」:依经教的方法,指的是渴爱;依阿毗达摩的方法,则连同诸行在内,共有一千五百种烦恼。「世间之灭」:指的是涅槃。「已体证」:就是自己亲自现证。「趣向世间灭之道」:就是包含戒、定、慧三蕴的圣八支道。因为这个道能够趣向、证得世间之灭的涅槃,为了那个目的而被圣者们所践行,所以称为趣向世间灭之道。
23. Tatiye lokoti lujjanapalujjanaṭṭhena loko. Atthato purimasmiṃ ariyasaccadvayaṃ, idha pana dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ veditabbaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘lokoti dukkhasacca’’nti. Visaṃyuttoti visaṃsaṭṭho na paṭibaddho, sabbesaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ sammadeva samucchinnattā tato vippamuttoti attho. Lokasamudayoti suttantanayena taṇhā, abhidhammanayena pana abhisaṅkhārehi saddhiṃ diyaḍḍhakilesasahassaṃ. Lokanirodhoti nibbānaṃ. Sacchikatoti attapaccakkho kato. Lokanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti sīlādikkhandhattayasaṅgaho ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo. So hi lokanirodhaṃ nibbānaṃ gacchati adhigacchati, tadatthaṃ ariyehi paṭipajjīyati cāti lokanirodhagāminī paṭipadāti vuccati.
20到此为止,已经显示了“因为如实觉悟了那些真实的[谛],并且以如其真实的方式而行,所以称为如来”这一含义。因为四圣谛就是所谓的“真实”。正如经文所说:
Ettāvatā tathāni abhisambuddho yāthāvato gatoti tathāgatoti ayamattho dassito hoti. Cattāri hi ariyasaccāni tathāni nāma. Yathāha –
21“诸比丘,有这四种真实、不虚妄、不变异的东西。哪四种?‘这是苦’,诸比丘,这是真实的、不虚妄的、不变异的……”(《相应部》等,有广说)
‘‘Cattārimāni, bhikkhave, tathāni avitathāni anaññathāni. Katamāni cattāri? Idaṃ dukkhanti, bhikkhave, tathametaṃ avitathametaṃ anaññathameta’’nti (saṃ. ni. 5.1090; paṭi. ma. 2.8) vitthāro.
22再者,因为以“真实”的方式“去”了,所以称为如来,这里的“去”,就是指“已解悟”、“已过去”、“已到达”、“已行道”的意思。这就是说:因为世尊以审察遍知,对全世间以真实的、不颠倒的方式去解悟了,所以“世尊对于世间已经正觉”,因此称为如来;以断除遍知,真实地超越了世间之集,因此称为如来;以作证遍知,真实地到达了世间之灭,因此称为如来;对于世间灭之道,以真实的、不颠倒的方式去行、去行道了,因此称为如来。应该这样来理解这句话所显示的如来身份的意义。
Apica tathāya gatoti tathāgato, gatoti ca avagato atīto patto paṭipannoti attho. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yasmā bhagavā sakalalokaṃ tīraṇapariññāya tathāya aviparītāya gato avagato, tasmā loko tathāgatena abhisambuddhoti tathāgato. Lokasamudayaṃ pahānapariññāya tathāya gato atītoti tathāgato. Lokanirodhaṃ sacchikiriyāya tathāya gato pattoti tathāgato. Lokanirodhagāminiṃ paṭipadaṃ tathaṃ aviparītaṃ gato paṭipannoti tathāgatoti. Evaṃ imissā pāḷiyā tathāgatabhāvadīpanavasena attho veditabbo.
23世尊这样以四圣谛的现证宣示了自己的如来身份之后,现在为了显示也依于“所见”等的现证来说明,于是开示了“诸比丘,凡是所见……”等语。不过,注释书中说“以四谛宣说了自己的佛陀状态”,这是为了显示“如来”和“佛陀”这两个词在义理上并没有差别。经文也确实是这样流传下来的。「所见」:指色处,因为是可被看到的对象。由此,凡是被看见过的、正在被看的、将要被看的,或者在集会中可能看到的,这一切都统称为“所见”,因为这里不执取具体的时间差别,就像“已被挤的”一词能涵盖一切时间一样。这是他的说明。对于「所闻」等词,也是同样的方法。「所闻」:指声处,因为是可被听闻的对象。「所觉」:指在有依处的根上,脱离所依而达到并执取的对象。因此他说:“是以到达的方式而被执取的”。「所知」:就是应被识别认知的东西。它又区别于所见等,是“唯凭意识认知的”,所以说“是以乐、苦等为所缘的法”。「获得」:通过某种方式达到并成为手中之物,也就是已经证得的意思。因此他说:“或者是寻求之后得到的,或者是没有寻求就得到的”。「所共得」:为了获得而寻求,这就是它的意思。不过,它可能是已获得的,也可能是未获得的,但无论哪种情况都是“所共得的”,所以说“或已获得,或未获得”。这显示了:这两种已获得以及两种所共得,都是以各种方式被如来所正觉的。「以心随行」:这又是指,不排除任何情况,纯粹是心在一直追随着运行,也就是生起了颠倒的思量。
Iti bhagavā catusaccābhisambodhavasena attano tathāgatabhāvaṃ pakāsetvā idāni tattha diṭṭhādiabhisambodhavasenapi taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘yaṃ, bhikkhave’’tiādimāha. Aṭṭhakathāyaṃ pana ‘‘catūhi saccehi attano buddhabhāvaṃ kathetvā’’ti vuttaṃ, taṃ tathāgatasaddabuddhasaddānaṃ atthato ninnānākaraṇataṃ dassetuṃ vuttaṃ. Tathā ceva hi pāḷi pavattāti. Diṭṭhanti rūpāyatanaṃ daṭṭhabbato. Tena yaṃ diṭṭhaṃ yaṃ dissati, yaṃ dakkhati, yaṃ samavāye passeyya, taṃ sabbaṃ diṭṭhanteva gahitaṃ kālavisesassa anāmaṭṭhabhāvato yathā ‘‘duddha’’nti dasseti. Sutantiādīsupi eseva nayo. Sutanti saddāyatanaṃ sotabbato. Mutanti sanissaye indriye nissayaṃ muñcitvā pāpuṇitvā gahetabbaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘patvā gahetabbato’’ti. Viññātanti vijānitabbaṃ. Taṃ pana diṭṭhādivinimuttaṃ viññeyyanti āha ‘‘sukhadukkhādi dhammārammaṇa’’nti. Pattanti yathā tathā patvā hatthagataṃ, adhigatanti attho. Tenāha ‘‘pariyesitvā vā apariyesitvā vā’’ti. Pariyesitanti pattiyā atthaṃ pariyiṭṭhaṃ. Taṃ pana pattaṃ vā siyā appattaṃ vā, ubhayathāpi pariyesitamevāti āha ‘‘pattaṃ vā appattaṃ vā’’ti. Dvayenapi dvippakārampi pattaṃ dvippakārampi pariyesitaṃ tena tena pakārena tathāgatena abhisambuddhanti dasseti. Cittena anusañcaritanti te pana apāpetvā citteneva anu anu sañcaritaṃ, viparitakkitanti attho.
24「黄色等」:这里的“等”字包含了红色、白色等一切属于色所缘的部分。「善心」:可能由于贪或者信等而生起的善意乐心。「恶心」:可能由于嗔恚寻思或者害寻思而生起的恶意乐心。「中舍心」:可能由于无智或者有智而生起的平等心。这一方法适用于一切处。在这里,“等”字还应该理解为包含了螺贝声、鼓声;叶香、花香;花味、果味;执受的、非执受的;中舍受、善业、不善业等等。「未得」:指尚未被智慧所达到,也就是还不了解的意思。因此他说:“即未被智慧亲证的”。「世间已去」:就是被世间所了知的意思。「因为如实去了」:意思是因为如实地了知了、证悟了,这里的“去”字和“觉”字是同义的,这也就是它的意思。因为文法学家们说,诸词根中的“去”义确实能成就“觉”义。
Pītakantiādīti ādisaddena lohitaodātādisabbaṃ rūpārammaṇabhāgaṃ saṅgaṇhāti. Sumanoti rāgavasena lobhavasena saddhādivasena vā sumano. Dummanoti byāpādavitakkavasena vā vihiṃsāvitakkavasena vā dummano. Majjhattoti aññāṇavasena, ñāṇavasena vā majjhatto. Esa nayo sabbattha. Tattha ādisaddena saṅkhasaddo, paṇavasaddo, pattagandho, pupphagandho, puppharaso, phalaraso, upādinnaṃ, anupādinnaṃ, majjhattavedanā kusalakammaṃ akusalakammanti evamādīnaṃ saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Appattanti ñāṇena asampattaṃ, aviditanti attho. Tenāha ‘‘ñāṇena asacchikata’’nti. Lokena gatanti lokena ñātaṃ. Tatheva gatattāti tatheva ñātattā abhisambuddhattā , gatasaddena ekattaṃ buddhiatthanti attho. Gatiattho hi dhātavo buddhiatthā bhavantīti akkharacintakā.
25再者,诸比丘,关于如来证悟无上正等正觉的那个夜晚:由于具足如去等含义而被称为如来的世尊,在毘舍佉月圆之夜,坐在菩提座上的“未伏”金刚跏趺座上,摧破三种魔罗的顶,因为再也没有比这更殊胜的法了,所以证得了与漏尽智一同生起的一切知智,即无上正等正觉。关于如来在无余涅槃界般涅槃的那个夜晚:同样是在毘舍佉月圆之夜,在拘尸那罗的末罗族附近的优婆伐檀那娑罗树林中,于双娑罗树之间,入于无余涅槃界而般涅槃。关于在这两者之间:也就是说,在有馀依涅槃界与无余涅槃界这两种涅槃界的中间,在四十五年的时间里,无论是初证菩提、中证菩提还是后证菩提,以开示、宣说、详尽解说的方式,所演说的那些分为修多罗、祇夜等类别的法。所有这一切都是如此:在这期间所开示的一切,也就是由修多罗等九分教组成的佛语,在义理和音节上都无缺无余、圆满一切相,能摧破贪的骄慢、嗔的骄慢、痴的骄慢,其中没有一丁点儿像毫毛尖那么微细的错谬。就像用同一印章加盖,用同一量器称量,用同一杆秤权衡过一样,它确实就是这样。就为其所宣说的目的而言,它必然成就,绝不会变成其他样子,因此,它是真实的、不虚妄的、不变异的。这说明了由于是“实语者”而被称为如来。这里的“gata”(已去)一词,把“da”音变成“ta”音,就有了“gada”(说)的含义;因此,“如实而说的人”就是如来的意思。或者,“āgadana”(来言)就是“āgado”,意思是“言语”。由此,因为他拥有不颠倒的言语,所以把“da”音转为“ta”音,就成为“tathāgato”(如来)。应该这样了解此处的词源成就。
Yañca, bhikkhave, ratiṃ tathāgato anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambujjhatīti yassañca visākhapuṇṇamāya rattiyaṃ tathāāgatattādiatthena tathāgato bhagavā bodhimaṇḍe aparājitapallaṅke nisinno tiṇṇaṃ mārānaṃ matthakaṃ madditvā uttaritarābhāvato anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ āsavakkhayañāṇena saddhiṃ sabbaññutaññāṇaṃ adhigacchati. Yañca rattiṃ anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā parinibbāyatīti yassañca visākhapuṇṇamāya rattiyaṃyeva kusinārāyaṃ upavattane mallānaṃ sālavane yamakasālānamantare anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā parinibbāyati. Yaṃ etasmiṃ antareti imāsaṃ dvinnaṃ saupādisesaanupādisesanibbānadhātūnaṃ majjhe pañcacattālīsavassaparimāṇakāle paṭhamabodhiyampi majjhimabodhiyampi pacchimabodhiyampi yaṃ suttageyyādippabhedaṃ dhammaṃ bhāsati nidassanavasena, lapati uddisanavasena, niddisati pariniddisanavasena. Sabbaṃ taṃ tatheva hotīti taṃ etthantare desitaṃ sabbaṃ suttageyyādinavaṅgaṃ buddhavacanaṃ atthato byañjanato ca anūnaṃ anadhikaṃ sabbākāraparipuṇṇaṃ rāgamadanimmadanaṃ dosamadanimmadanaṃ mohamadanimmadanaṃ, natthi tattha vālaggamattampi avakkhalitaṃ, ekamuddikāya lañchitaṃ viya ekāya nāḷiyā mitaṃ viya ekatulāya tulitaṃ viya ca taṃ tatheva hoti yassatthāya bhāsitaṃ, ekanteneva tassa sādhanato, no aññathā, tasmā tathaṃ avitathaṃ anaññathaṃ. Etena tathāvāditāya tathāgatoti dasseti. Gadaattho ayaṃ gatasaddo da-kārassa ta-kāraṃ katvā, tasmā tathaṃ gadatīti tathāgatoti attho. Atha vā āgadanaṃ āgado, vacananti attho. Tato aviparīto āgado assāti da-kārassa ta-kāraṃ katvā tathāgatoti evamettha padasiddhi veditabbā.
26「如是说者」:世尊在为他人说法时,对那些他说为“这些法是不善的、有罪的、被智者呵责的,如果完全接受并奉行,会带来不利与痛苦”的法,他自己必定已经完全断除了。另一方面,对那些世尊说为“这些法是善的、无过失的、被智者称赞的,如果完全接受并奉行,会带来利益与安乐”的法,他自己必定已经完全成就并安住其中。因此,应该知道世尊是如其所说、如是而行的人。同样地,世尊通过圆满成就戒等,在正行道上正是如是而行的人;通过说法令他人安立在这条道上,他正是如是而说的人。因为世尊的语言随顺于身体,身体也随顺于语言,所以他既是如是说者、如是行者,也是如是行者、如是说者。对于成了这样的人,其含义是:如同他的言语那样,他的行为也如此去行、如此表现;如同他的身体那样,他的言语也如此去说、如此表现。
Yathāvādīti ye dhamme bhagavā ‘‘ime dhammā akusalā sāvajjā viññugarahitā samattā samādinnā ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattantī’’ti paresaṃ dhammaṃ desento vadati, te dhamme ekanteneva sayaṃ pahāsi. Ye pana dhamme bhagavā – ‘‘ime dhammā kusalā anavajjā viññuppasatthā samattā samādinnā hitāya sukhāya saṃvattantī’’ti vadati, te dhamme ekanteneva sayaṃ upasampajja viharati, tasmā yathāvādī bhagavā tathākārīti veditabbo. Tathā sammadeva sīlādiparipūraṇavasena sammāpaṭipadāyaṃ yathākārī bhagavā, tatheva dhammadesanāya paresaṃ tattha patiṭṭhāpanavasena tathāvādī. Bhagavato hi vācāya kāyo anulometi, kāyassapi vācā, tasmā yathāvādī tathākārī, yathākārī tathāvādī ca hoti. Evaṃbhūtassa ca yathā vācā, kāyopi tathā gato pavatto. Yathā ca kāyo, vācāpi tathā gatā pavattāti attho.
27「征服者、不被征服者」:世尊以向上直到有顶天、向下直到无间地狱作为边界,在横向无量的世界之中,以戒、以定、以慧、以解脱,征服一切众生。对于他,没有可以衡量或与之相比的标准。他是无等者、无同等者、无可比拟者、无比者、无敌者、不可称量者、无量者、无上者、法王、天中之天、诸释迦中最尊贵的释迦、诸梵天中最殊胜的梵天。正是因为如此,他不被任何事物所征服。「他看见」:他遍见一切。由于不存在‘某些特定领域看不见’这样的分别心,所以这里用了表示毫无遗漏、范围无余的‘十’这个词。这是在表明:凡是有所应该了知的东西,他都看得清清楚楚,就像看手掌心里的庵摩罗果一样。他以对众生心性倾向等的无颠倒觉知,以及善于施设利益等方便,能调御众生;以善巧引导令众生了解状态、差别及作用的方式,能调御诸行;以在一切方面都善巧纯熟、自在掌控的功夫,能调御种种等至;也能让心自如运转,所以称为「自在者」。应该这样来理解此处经文的意思。
Abhibhū anabhibhūtoti upari bhavaggaṃ, heṭṭhā avīcinirayaṃ pariyantaṃ katvā tiriyaṃ aparimāṇāsu lokadhātūsu bhagavā sabbasatte abhibhavati sīlenapi samādhināpi paññāyapi vimuttiyāpi, na tassa tulā vā pamāṇaṃ vā atthi. Asamo asamasamo appaṭimo appaṭibhāgo appaṭipuggalo atulo appameyyo anuttaro dhammarājā devadevo sakkānaṃ atisakko brahmānaṃ atibrahmā, tato eva ayaṃ na kenaci abhibhūto. Dakkhatīti sabbaṃ passati. Visesavacanicchāyapi abhāvato anavasesavisayo dasasaddo. Tena yaṃ kiñci neyyaṃ nāma, sabbaṃ taṃ hatthatale āmalakaṃ viya passatīti dīpeti. Aviparītaṃ āsayādiavabodhena hitūpasaṃhārādinā ca satte, bhāvaññatthattūpanayavasena saṅkhāre, sabbākārena suciṇṇavasitāya samāpattiyo, cittañca vase vattetīti vasavattīti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.
28「离系」:指已经脱离了四种轭。因此注疏中说:‘因为断除了四种轭,所以称为离系。’他远离了爱欲与邪见的执着:也就是在一切世间当中,远离了那些被称为爱欲和邪见的执着。
Visaṃyuttoti catūhi yogehi visaṃyutto. Tenāha ‘‘catunnaṃ yogānaṃ pahānena visaṃyutto’’ti. Taṇhādiṭṭhiupayehi virahitoti sabbasmimpi loke taṇhādiṭṭhisaṅkhātehi upayehi virahito.
29「征服后安住」:通过断除属于那种境域的烦恼,征服、超越它们之后安住下来。「也从四种束缚中解脱后安住」:从自己的心相续中,把一切诸如贪欲身系等束缚全部都解开之后安住下来。或者,他通过自己说法教化的善巧方便,为那些可被教化的众生的心相续解开那些束缚,因此称为「解开一切束缚者」。关于「已体证最上寂静者」:应该这样理解这里的关系——他,也就是这位诸漏尽者、佛陀,以智慧触证的方式,真实地体证到了最上的寂静。因此经中说‘对于已体证者’等等。关于‘在涅槃中,没有任何地方来的恐惧’:在涅槃当中,因为没有任何恐惧的起因来自某处,由于它是无为之法,所以是究竟安稳的。因此世尊说:‘诸比丘,我将为你们宣说安稳之法,以及通往安稳的道路’等等。或者,也可以这样理解此处含义:对于已经证得涅槃的人,再也没有任何地方来的恐惧,因此涅槃被称为「无所恐惧之处」。还应该这样理解这个词的词源:在其中、于此处所证悟的境界中,没有任何地方来的恐惧,所以叫‘无所恐惧处’,也就是涅槃。
Abhibhavitvā ṭhitoti tabbisayakilesappahānena abhibhuyya atikkamitvā ṭhito. Cattāropi ganthe mocetvā ṭhitoti sabbe abhijjhākāyaganthādike sakasantānato mocetvā ṭhito. Veneyyasantāne vā attano desanāvilāsena tesaṃ pamocanoti sabbaganthappamocano. Phuṭṭhassa paramā santīti assa anena khīṇāsavena buddhena paramā santi ñāṇaphusanena phuṭṭhāti evamettha sambandho veditabbo. Tenāha ‘‘phuṭṭhassā’’tiādi. Nibbāne kutoci bhayaṃ natthīti kutoci bhayakāraṇato nibbāne bhayaṃ natthi asaṅkhatabhāvena sabbaso khemattā. Tenāha bhagavā – ‘‘khemañca vo, bhikkhave, dhammaṃ desessāmi khemagāminiñca paṭipada’’ntiādi (saṃ. ni. 4.379-408). Nibbānappattassa vā kutoci bhayaṃ natthīti nibbānaṃ akutobhayanti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo, na kutoci bhayaṃ ettha etasmiṃ adhigateti akutobhayaṃ, nibbānanti evamettha nibbacanañca daṭṭhabbaṃ.
30「无恼苦」:即没有痛苦。「已达一切业之灭尽」:达到了一切业行的灭尽、终结、彻底止息的状态。‘生命存在的依著’在此处彻底灭尽,所以称为‘依著的彻底灭尽’,也就是指涅槃。因此注疏中说:‘在称为依著灭尽的涅槃中’。「轮」:指法轮。「令转动」:他让具有三转、十二行相的法轮转动了起来。因为具足广大的戒等功德,所以称为「伟大的」。因为具足四种无所畏惧的自信,所以称为「得无畏者」。其余的内容都是直白易懂的。
Anīgho niddukkho. Sabbakammakkhayaṃ pattoti sabbesaṃ kammānaṃ khayaṃ pariyosānaṃ accantabhāvaṃ patto. Upadhī sammadeva khīyanti etthāti upadhisaṅkhayo, nibbānanti āha ‘‘upadhisaṅkhayasaṅkhāte nibbāne’’ti. Cakkanti dhammacakkaṃ. Pavattayīti teparivaṭṭaṃ dvādasākāraṃ pavattesi . Mahantehi sīlādiguṇehi samannāgatattā mahantaṃ. Vītasāradanti catuvesārajjayogena vītasāradaṃ. Sesaṃ uttānameva.
37《世间经》注释结束。
Lokasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
384. 黑园经注释
4. Kāḷakārāmasuttavaṇṇanā
24第24经。在第四经中,「你极力称赞他们」:你极力地称赞、褒扬那些沙门。「他们的戒行是怎样的」:意思是这些沙门具备什么样的戒?「他们的行为是怎样的」:意思是这些沙门的行为方式是怎样的?「住于功德之最高点」:即住于功德的顶端。这里的‘ma’音是为了连接词句而加入的,要表达的意思是:已经立足在最高的功德上。「诸根寂静、心意寂静者」,也有经典版本读作‘他们的寂静状态已经达到并稳固安住’。「独自地」:就是独处、独一的意思,指的是他们在行住坐卧四种威仪中都是独自一人安住。因此注疏说:「没有同伴」。「这样的沙门是我的……」:这里的‘iti’一词是表示开头等意思的虚词。因此说——
24. Catutthe bāḷhaṃ kho ne pasaṃsasīti ne samaṇe bāḷhaṃ katvā pasaṃsasi vaṇṇayasi. Kīdisaṃ sīlaṃ etesanti kiṃsīlā. Ko samācāro etesanti kiṃsamācārā. Guṇamaggasaṇṭhitāti guṇaggasaṇṭhitā. Ma-kāro padasandhikaro, aggaguṇe patiṭṭhitāti vuttaṃ hoti. Santindriyā santamānasā, ‘‘santaṃ tesaṃ gataṃ ṭhita’’ntipi paṭhanti. Ekakiyāti ekakā, catūsu iriyāpathesu ekakā hutvā viharantīti adhippāyo. Tenevāha ‘‘adutiyā’’ti. Tādisā samaṇā mamātīti ettha iti-saddo ādiattho. Tena –
32「他们的身业清净,语业无混浊;」
‘‘Kāyakammaṃ suci nesaṃ, vācākammaṃ anāvilaṃ;
33意业极其清净,这样的沙门,才是我所认可的。
Manokammaṃ suvisuddhaṃ, tādisā samaṇā mama.
34无垢、具有螺贝与珍珠般的光明,内外都清净;
‘‘Vimalā saṅkhamuttābhā, suddhā antarabāhirā;
35以清净的「法」完全具足,这样的沙门,才是我所认可的。
Puṇṇā suddhehi dhammehi, tādisā samaṇā mama.
36世间人因为「得」(有所获得)而高傲,因为「不得」而低落;
‘‘Lābhena unnato loko, alābhena ca onato;
37对于「得」与「不得」都能平等对待,这样的沙门,才是我所认可的。
Lābhālābhena ekaṭṭhā, tādisā samaṇā mama.
38世间人因为有名声而高傲,因为没有名声而低落;
‘‘Yasena unnato loko, ayasena ca onato;
39对于名声与无名声都能平等看待,这样的沙门,才是我所认可的。
Yasāyasena ekaṭṭhā, tādisā samaṇā mama.
40世间人因为受到称赞而高傲,因为遭到讥毁而低落;
‘‘Pasaṃsāyunnato loko, nindāyapi ca onato;
41面对称赞和讥毁都能保持平等,这样的沙门才是我的。
Samā nindāpasaṃsāsu, tādisā samaṇā mama.
42世间因快乐而高傲,因痛苦而低落;
‘‘Sukhena unnato loko, dukkhenapi ca onato;
43于苦乐中不动摇,这样的沙门才属于我。
Akampā sukhadukkhesu, tādisā samaṇā mamā’’ti. (dha. pa. aṭṭha. 2.303 cūḷasubhaddāvatthu) –
44像上面这样的偈颂就被收录进来。
Evamādiṃ saṅgaṇhāti.
45“远处寂静者”等偈颂的义理是这样的:所谓“寂静者”,因为贪欲等烦恼已经平息,所以佛陀等圣者被称为寂静者。而在这里,指的是那些在过去佛那里已种下净业、善根深厚、已修习过修行的众生,他们被称为寂静者。所谓“显现”,是指即使处在远方,只要他们进入诸佛的智慧领域,就会变得清晰可见,就像雪山一样。雪山方圆三千由旬、高五百由旬,有八万四千座山峰作为庄严,即使是站得很远的人,也感觉雪山仿佛就在对面一样清晰地显现。同样地,这里是说这样显现出来。“此处不寂静者不现”,是指那些看重利养、轻视他世、只具备肉眼、为了生计而出家、愚痴的人,他们被称为不寂静者。这些人即使就坐在诸佛的右膝附近,也不会显现,不会被了知。“如夜掷之箭”——就像在黑夜里,在具足四种成分的黑暗中所投掷出去的箭一样,由于没有那种能作为亲依止缘的先前因缘,所以不会被了知,这就是这句话的意思。
‘‘Dūre santo’’tiādigāthāya ayamattho. Santoti rāgādīnaṃ santatāya buddhādayo santo nāma, idha pana pubbabuddhesu katādhikārā ussannakusalamūlā bhāvitabhāvanā sattā santoti adhippetā. Pakāsantīti dūre ṭhitāpi buddhānaṃ ñāṇapathaṃ āgacchantā pākaṭā honti. Himavantovāti yathā tiyojanasahassavitthato pañcayojanasatubbedho caturāsītiyā kūṭasahassehi paṭimaṇḍito himavantapabbato dūre ṭhitānampi abhimukhe ṭhito viya pakāsati, evaṃ pakāsantīti attho. Asantettha na dissantīti lābhagarukā, vitthiṇṇaparalokā, āmisacakkhukā, jīvikatthāya pabbajitā, bālapuggalā asanto nāma. Te ettha buddhānaṃ dakkhiṇassa jāṇumaṇḍalassa santike nisinnāpi na dissanti na paññāyanti. Rattiṃ khittā yathā sarāti rattiṃ caturaṅgasamannāgate andhakāre khittā sarā viya tathārūpassa upanissayabhūtassa pubbahetuno abhāvena na paññāyantīti attho.
46「梵施」是指最殊胜的布施。如同布施出去之后,就不再拿回来,是已经放手、完全舍弃了的布施,这就是这里所说的布施的意思。
Brahmadeyyanti seṭṭhadeyyaṃ, yathā dinnaṃ na puna gahetabbaṃ hoti nissaṭṭhaṃ pariccattaṃ, evaṃ dinnanti attho.
47“于所见不认为”:在这里,“所见”指的是用肉眼看到的,以及用天眼看到的,这都是“色处”的别名。凡是由这两种眼完成看的作用而达到的,不论这两种眼正在看、已看过、将看,或在合适的条件下能看,这一切由于没有时间差别上的言说决断,所以一概都称为“所见”,就像“所见”这个词的用法一样。因此说“所见即是色处”。就像这样的表达方式,还有“应被看的、应被听的”等等。
Diṭṭhaṃ na maññatīti ettha diṭṭhanti maṃsacakkhunāpi diṭṭhaṃ, dibbacakkhunāpi diṭṭhaṃ, rūpāyatanassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Yañhi cakkhudvayena katadassanakiriyāsamāpanaṃ, yaṃ cakkhudvayaṃ passati apassi passissati, samavāye passeyya, taṃ sabbaṃ kālavisesavacanicchāya abhāvato ‘‘diṭṭha’’nteva vuttaṃ yathā ‘‘duddha’’nti. Tenevāha ‘‘diṭṭhaṃ rūpāyatana’’nti. Evarūpāni hi vacanānīti ‘‘daṭṭhabbaṃ sotabba’’ntiādīni.
48“于得也如此,于失也如此”:意思是,在未得之时与已得之时,都保持同样的状态,所以称为如此者。“于誉也如此”:即是在有声誉、有很多随从的时候,也还是那样。这里剩下的内容意义浅显明白。
Lābhepi tādī, alābhepi tādīti yathā alābhakāle lābhassa laddhakālepi tathevāti tādiso. Yasepīti yase satipi mahāparivārakālepi. Sesamettha uttānameva.
57《黑园经》的注释完毕。
Kāḷakārāmasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
58第五、《梵行经》注释
5. Brahmacariyasuttavaṇṇanā
25在“nayidaṃ”这个词中,“na”是一个表示否定的虚词,它与“vussati”连起来,意思就是“na vussati”;这里的“ya”是个连接词。“idaṃ”这个词,在“比丘们,曾经一时,我住在郁伽城奢巴迦林沙喇王树下”之类的句子里,只是作为一个虚词使用;而在“比丘们,这仅仅是微小的、微不足道的戒”之类的句子里,它指的就是像这样已经提及的、在眼前、当下呈现的事物。
25. Pañcame nayidanti ettha na-iti paṭisedhe nipāto, tassa ‘‘vussatī’’ti iminā sambandho ‘‘na vussatī’’ti, ya-kāro padasandhikaro. Idaṃ-saddo ‘‘ekamidāhaṃ, bhikkhave, samayaṃ ukkaṭṭhāyaṃ viharāmi subhagavane sālarājamūle’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.91; ma. ni. 1.501) nipātamattaṃ, ‘‘idaṃ kho taṃ, bhikkhave, appamattakaṃ sīlamattaka’’ntiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.27) yathāvutte āsannapaccakkhe āgato.
50“这祇园确实就是那个,为圣者僧伽所依止,
‘‘Idañhi taṃ jetavanaṃ, isisaṅghanisevitaṃ;
51由法王所居住,令我生起喜悦。”(中部3.387-388;相应部1.48,101)——
Āvutthaṃ dhammarājena, pītisañjananaṃ mamā’’ti. (ma. ni. 3.387-388; saṃ. ni. 1.48, 101) –
52在诸如上述开头等地方,当提到‘将要被述说的内容’时,‘idaṃ’指的是在眼前、当下呈现的事物。在此处,也应将‘将要被述说的内容’理解为在眼前、当下呈现的事物。
Ādīsu vakkhamāne āsannapaccakkhe. Idhāpi vakkhamāneyeva āsannapaccakkhe daṭṭhabbo.
53「梵行」这个词——
Brahmacariya-saddo –
54“什么是你的誓愿?什么又是你的梵行?”
‘‘Kiṃ te vataṃ kiṃ pana brahmacariyaṃ,
55这善行所得的果报是什么呢?
Kissa suciṇṇassa ayaṃ vipāko;
56神通、光辉、力与精进的生起。
Iddhī jutī balavīriyūpapatti,
57以及这座属于你的大龙宫。
Idañca te nāga mahāvimānaṃ.
58我和妻子在人界时,
‘‘Ahañca bhariyā ca manussaloke,
59我们俩都具备信,并且都是施主。
Saddhā ubho dānapatī ahumhā;
60我的家那时成了布施处,
Opānabhūtaṃ me gharaṃ tadāsi,
61让沙门婆罗门得到饱足。
Santappitā samaṇabrāhmaṇā ca.
62那是我的誓愿,也是梵行。
‘‘Taṃ me vataṃ taṃ pana brahmacariyaṃ,
63这就是他善行的果报。
Tassa suciṇṇassa ayaṃ vipāko;
64神通、光辉、力量与精进的再生,
Iddhī jutī balavīriyūpapatti,
65而且这是我这英雄的大天宫。
Idañca me vīra mahāvimāna’’nti. –
66此出自《富那迦本生》(Jā. 2.22.1595)关于布施的部分。
Imasmiṃ puṇṇakajātake (jā. 2.22.1595) dāne āgato.
67为何手能满愿?为何手能流蜜?
‘‘Kena pāṇi kāmadado, kena pāṇi madhussavo;
68因为你的什么梵行,使得手中的福成就?
Kena te brahmacariyena, puññaṃ pāṇimhi ijjhatī’’ti. –
69此出自《嫩芽饿鬼事》(Pe. Va. 275, 277)关于服务的部分。
Imasmiṃ aṅkurapetavatthusmiṃ (pe. va. 275, 277) veyyāvacce.
70“诸比丘,正是如此,那名为帝帝利亚的梵行曾存在。”此出自《帝帝利亚本生》(《小部》311)关于五学处的部分。
‘‘Evaṃ kho taṃ, bhikkhave, tittiriyaṃ nāma brahmacariyaṃ ahosī’’ti imasmiṃ tittirajātake (cūḷava. 311) pañcasikkhāpadasīle.
71“五髻,我的这个梵行,不是为了厌离,不是为了离贪……乃至仅仅为了投生梵天界。”——这是在《摩诃高毗昙经》中,就“梵住”而言。
‘‘Taṃ kho pana me, pañcasikha, brahmacariyaṃ neva nibbidāya na virāgāya…pe… yāvadeva brahmalokūpapattiyā’’ti imasmiṃ mahāgovindasutte (dī. ni. 2.329) brahmavihāre.
72“他人将成为非梵行者,我们于此将成为梵行者。”——这是在《减损经》中,就“戒绝淫欲”而言。
‘‘Pare abrahmacārī bhavissanti, mayamettha brahmacārī bhavissāmā’’ti imasmiṃ sallekhasutte (ma. ni. 1.83) methunaviratiyaṃ.
73我们也不逾越妻子,
‘‘Mayañca bhariyā nātikkamāma,
74妻子们也不逾越我们;
Amhe ca bhariyā nātikkamanti;
75除了与妻子们之外,我们修梵行,
Aññatra tāhi brahmacariyaṃ carāma,
76因此,我们的年轻人不会死亡。’——
Tasmā hi amhaṃ daharā na mīyare’’ti. –
77这段话出自《大护法本生经》,是就“满足己妻”而言。
Imasmiṃ mahādhammapālajātake (jā. 1.10.97) sadārasantose.
78“舍利弗,我确实记得,我曾修习具足四支的梵行,我确实是苦行僧。”——这是在《毛发竖立经》中,就“精进”而言。
‘‘Abhijānāmi kho panāhaṃ, sāriputta, caturaṅgasamannāgataṃ brahmacariyaṃ caritā, tapassī sudaṃ homī’’ti lomahaṃsasutte (ma. ni. 1.155) vīriye.
79以低劣的梵行,会投生到刹帝利族;
‘‘Hīnena brahmacariyena, khattiye upapajjati;
80以中等的梵行可达天界,以最上的梵行能得清净。
Majjhimena ca devattaṃ, uttamena visujjhatī’’ti. –
81在《尼弥本生经》(jā. 2.22.429)中,它是指为了调伏自己而受持的、具足八支的布萨。
Nimijātake (jā. 2.22.429) attadamanavasena kate aṭṭhaṅgike uposathe.
82“五髻!这梵行正是为了彻底的厌离、离贪……乃至……这就是圣八支道”——这是在《摩诃高毗昙经》(dī. ni. 2.329)中,直接就圣道而说的。
‘‘Idaṃ kho pana me, pañcasikha, brahmacariyaṃ ekantanibbidāya virāgāya…pe… ayameva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo’’ti mahāgovindasutteyeva (dī. ni. 2.329) ariyamagge.
83“此梵行成就、丰富、广泛流传、众人皆知、遍于各方,乃至被天与人所称扬”——这是在《清净经》(dī. ni. 3.174)中,指包含三学的整个教法。在这里,它也通于圣道与教法。
‘‘Tayidaṃ brahmacariyaṃ iddhañceva phītañca vitthārikaṃ bāhujaññaṃ puthubhūtaṃ yāva devamanussehi suppakāsita’’nti pāsādikasutte (dī. ni. 3.174) sikkhattayasaṅgahite sakalasmiṃ sāsane. Idhāpi ariyamagge sāsane ca vattati.
84「vussatī」的意思是“被修习”、“被奉行”。「为了欺骗大众」(janakuhanattha)是指,用“啊,这位尊者是具戒、持行圆满、少欲知足、有大神通、有大威力”等语,为了使世间有情众生惊讶。有些人则这样说:“所谓‘为了行骗’,是指那恶欲、败坏欲求者,依止于旁语谈说、依止威仪、受用资具这三种行骗事,以骗子的状态,为了使大众惊讶。”这里也显示了同样的意思。因此说:“以三种行骗事,为了欺骗大众”,意思就是为了使大众惊讶。「为了引取大众言语」(janalāpanattha)是指,为了让生起净信的人们说出“供养这样的尊者会有大果”,进而促使他们说出“你需要什么?拿什么来?”等话。也有的读作“janalapanattha”(为了奉承大众),意思为:那恶欲者,为了资具,以旁说宣明等方式,用攀谈、迎合的状态来奉承大众。因此他说:“并非为了引取大众言语,即不是为了迎合大众”。
Vussatīti vusīyati, carīyatīti attho. Janakuhanatthanti ‘‘aho ayyo sīlavā vattasampanno appiccho santuṭṭho mahiddhiko mahānubhāvo’’tiādinā janassa sattalokassa vimhāpanatthaṃ. Keci pana ‘‘kuhanatthanti pāpicchassa icchāpakatassa sato sāmantajappanairiyāpathanissitapaccayapaṭisevanasaṅkhātena tividhena kuhanavatthunā kuhakabhāvena janassa vimhāpanattha’’nti vadanti. Idhāpi ayamevattho dassito. Tenevāha ‘‘tīhi kuhanavatthūhi janassa kuhanatthāyā’’ti, janassa vimhāpanatthāyāti attho. Janalāpanatthanti ‘‘evarūpassa nāma ayyassa dinnaṃ mahapphalaṃ bhavissatī’’ti pasannacittehi ‘‘kenattho, kiṃ āharīyatū’’ti vadāpanatthaṃ. ‘‘Janalapanattha’’ntipi paṭhanti, tassa pāpicchassa sato paccayatthaṃ parikathobhāsādivasena lapanabhāvena upalāpakabhāvena janassa lapanatthanti attho. Tenevāha ‘‘na janalapanatthanti na janassa upalāpanattha’’nti.
85「不为宣说等利益」(na itivādappamokkhānisaṃsattha)这一句中,也有读作“不为利养、恭敬、名声的利益”。其中,所谓“诸比丘,若有比丘希望‘使我获得袈裟、团食、坐卧具、病缘药等资具’,就当于戒完全圆满”(ma. ni. 1.65),这是以戒的功德所说的四资具的获得。而四资具的恭敬施与,称为恭敬;以及由“具戒、多闻、持法者、勤精进”等语所生起的赞誉之声,称为名声;这是梵行住者的现法利益,“为此”就是这个意思。然而也有人说:“‘为利养、恭敬、名声的利益’,是指那恶欲者,由于重视利养等,为了成就利养、恭敬、名声等利益、增长。”他们对意义作了这样的解释。
Na itivādappamokkhānisaṃsatthanti ettha ‘‘na lābhasakkārasilokānisaṃsattha’’ntipi paṭhanti. Tattha yvāyaṃ ‘‘ākaṅkheyya ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘lābhī assaṃ cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānapaccayabhesajjaparikkhārāna’nti, sīlesvevassa paripūrakārī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.65) sīlānisaṃsabhāvena vutto catupaccayalābho ca. Catunnaṃ paccayānaṃ sakkaccadānasaṅkhāto ādarabahumānagarukaraṇasaṅkhāto ca sakkāro, yo ca ‘‘sīlasampanno bahussuto sutadharo āraddhavīriyo’’tiādinā nayena uggacchanakathutighosasaṅkhāto siloko brahmacariyaṃ vasantānaṃ diṭṭhadhammiko ānisaṃso, tadatthanti attho. Keci pana ‘‘lābhasakkārasilokānisaṃsatthanti pāpicchasseva sato lābhādigarutāya lābhasakkārasilokasaṅkhātassa ānisaṃsassa udayassa nipphādanattha’’nti evamatthaṃ vadanti.
86「并非为了让世间人这样知道我」(na iti maṃ jano jānātu),此句的连接意义是:住于梵行时,并不是为了凭借自己拥有的功德,希望人们知晓、尊敬我,说“他是具戒、有善法者”等,而修习此梵行。有些人则这样解释意义:“那恶欲者,以没有的功德而期求尊崇,存心‘愿世人这样知道我是具此功德者’,并不是为此而修习此梵行。”但是,在所有解释中,前面第一种意义的安立是更加善妙的。
Naiti maṃ jano jānātūti evaṃ brahmacariyavāse sati ‘‘sīlavā kalyāṇadhammo’’tiādinā maṃ loko jānātu sambhāvetūti attano santaguṇavasena sambhāvanatthampi na idaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vussatīti sambandho. Keci pana ‘‘pāpicchassa sato asantaguṇasambhāvanādhippāyena ‘iti evaṃguṇoti maṃ loko jānātū’ti na idaṃ brahmacariyaṃ vussatī’’ti evamettha atthaṃ vadanti. Sabbatthāpi panettha purimo purimoyeva atthavikappo sundarataro.
87「然而」(atha kho)这个词里,「atha」是一个表示“其他”意思的不变词,「kho」是表示“确定”的词。由此说明:比丘们,修习此梵行是为了行骗等之外的其他目的。现在为了说明其目的,所以说“为了防护,为了断除”。这里,防护有五种:巴帝摩卡律仪防护、念防护、智防护、忍防护、精进防护。“他这样具足、圆满具足巴帝摩卡律仪”(参见《分别论》511)等经文所说的,就是巴帝摩卡律仪防护,也叫做戒防护。“他守护眼根,在眼根上成就防护”(中部1.295;相应部4.239;增支部3.16)等经文所说的,就是念防护。
Atha khoti ettha athāti aññatthe nipāto, khoti avadhāraṇe. Tena kuhanādito aññadatthaṃyeva idaṃ, bhikkhave, brahmacariyaṃ vussatīti dasseti. Idāni taṃ payojanaṃ dassento ‘‘saṃvaratthaṃ pahānattha’’nti āha. Tattha pañcavidho saṃvaro – pātimokkhasaṃvaro, satisaṃvaro, ñāṇasaṃvaro, khantisaṃvaro, vīriyasaṃvaroti. ‘‘Iti iminā pātimokkhasaṃvarena upeto hoti samupeto’’tiādinā (vibha. 511) nayena āgato ayaṃ pātimokkhasaṃvaro, sīlasaṃvarotipi vuccati. ‘‘Rakkhati cakkhundriyaṃ, cakkhundriye saṃvaraṃ āpajjatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.295; saṃ. ni. 4.239; a. ni. 3.16) āgato ayaṃ satisaṃvaro.
88“世间种种流,念为防护彼;
‘‘Yāni sotāni lokasmiṃ, sati tesaṃ nivāraṇaṃ;
89我说诸流的防护,由慧而遮蔽它们。”(《经集》1041;《小义释·阿耆多学童问》4;《指导论》4.11,45)——
Sotānaṃ saṃvaraṃ brūmi, paññāyete pidhīyare’’ti. (su. ni. 1041; cūḷani. ajitamāṇavapucchāniddeso 4; netti. 4.11, 45) –
90这就是智防护。“他能忍耐冷、热”(中部1.24;增支部4.114;6.58)等经文所说的,就是忍防护。
Āgato ayaṃ ñāṇasaṃvaro. ‘‘Khamo hoti sītassa uṇhassā’’tiādinā (ma. ni. 1.24; a. ni. 4.114; 6.58) nayena āgato ayaṃ khantisaṃvaro.
91“他不容忍生起的欲寻思”(中部1.26;增支部4.114;6.58)等经文所说的,就是精进防护。
‘‘Uppannaṃ kāmavitakkaṃ nādhivāsetī’’tiādinā (ma. ni. 1.26; a. ni. 4.114; 6.58) nayena āgato ayaṃ vīriyasaṃvaro.
92再从义理上分析:所谓防护,就是基于断除杀生等,在违犯与不违犯的转起中,由圆满而生起的思与离。概括地说,所有身语的约束就是戒防护;具体地说,不违犯七种罪聚就是戒防护。念本身即是念防护,或者以念为主导的诸善蕴。智本身即是智防护。以安忍为无嗔,或者以无嗔为主导而生起的那类善蕴,就是忍防护;有些人认为这也是慧。以克服欲寻思等为因而生起的精进本身,就是精进防护。应知这五种防护里:第一种,针对身恶行等中破戒者的防护;第二种,针对失念者的防护;第三种,针对无智者的防护;第四种,针对不忍者的防护;第五种,针对懈怠者的防护,因为是遮蔽、关闭,所以称为“防护”。这样,所谓“为了防护”,意思就是为了成就此防护。
Atthato pana pāṇātipātādīnaṃ pajahanavasena vattappaṭivattānaṃ pūraṇavasena ca pavattā cetanā ceva virati ca. Saṅkhepato sabbo kāyavacīsaṃyamo, vitthārato sattannaṃ āpattikkhandhānaṃ avītikkamo sīlasaṃvaro. Sati eva satisaṃvaro, satippadhānā vā kusalā khandhā. Ñāṇameva ñāṇasaṃvaro. Adhivāsanavasena adoso, adosappadhānā vā tathāpavattā kusalā khandhā khantisaṃvaro, paññāti eke. Kāmavitakkādīnaṃ abhibhavanavasena pavattaṃ vīriyameva vīriyasaṃvaro. Tesu paṭhamo kāyaduccaritādīsu dussīlassa saṃvaraṇato saṃvaro, dutiyo muṭṭhassaccassa , tatiyo aññāṇassa, catuttho akkhantiyā, pañcamo kosajjassa saṃvaraṇato pidahanato saṃvaroti veditabbo. Evametassa saṃvarassa atthāya saṃvaratthaṃ saṃvaranipphādanatthanti attho.
93「以三种断」:即以此分断、镇伏断、正断这三种断。这里也可以说五种断。因为五种断即此分断、镇伏断、正断、止息断和出离断。其中,如同以灯光破除黑暗那样,由于是敌对性的缘故,以无贪等断除贪等;以名色分别等观智断除种种无利益之事,即:以布施断除贪等垢秽,以戒断除杀生等恶戒,以信等断除无信等,以名色确定断除身见,以把握缘断除无因见与非等因见,在其后阶段以度疑断除疑惑状态,以聚思惟断除「我」、「我所」的执取,以道非道智见断除于非道生起的道想,以见生断除断见,以见灭断除常见,以见怖畏断除于有怖畏处生起的无怖畏想,以见过患断除乐味想,以厌离随观断除喜乐想,以欲解脱智断除不欲解脱的状态,以舍智断除不舍的状态,以随顺智断除对于法住与涅槃的违逆状态,以种姓智断除对行相(有为相)的执取。这叫作「此分断」。
Tīhi pahānehīti tadaṅgavikkhambhanasamucchedasaṅkhātehi tīhi pahānehi. Pañcavidhappahānampi idha vattuṃ vaṭṭatiyeva. Pañcavidhañhi pahānaṃ tadaṅgavikkhambhanasamucchedappaṭippassaddhinissaraṇavasena. Tattha yaṃ dīpālokeneva tamassa paṭipakkhabhāvato alobhādīhi lobhādikassa nāmarūpaparicchedādivipassanāñāṇehi tassa tassa anatthassa pahānaṃ, seyyathidaṃ – pariccāgena lobhādimalassa, sīlena pāṇātipātādidussīlyassa, saddhādīhi assaddhiyādikassa, nāmarūpavavatthānena sakkāyadiṭṭhiyā, paccayapariggahena ahetuvisamahetudiṭṭhīnaṃ, tasseva aparabhāgena kaṅkhāvitaraṇena kathaṃkathībhāvassa, kalāpasammasanena ahaṃmamāti gāhassa, maggāmaggavavatthānena amagge maggasaññāya, udayadassanena ucchedadiṭṭhiyā, vayadassanena sassatadiṭṭhiyā, bhayadassanena sabhaye abhayasaññāya, ādīnavadassanena assādasaññāya, nibbidānupassanena abhiratisaññāya, muccitukamyatāñāṇena amuccitukamyatāya, upekkhāñāṇena anupekkhāya, anulomena dhammaṭṭhitiyaṃ nibbāne ca paṭilomabhāvassa, gotrabhunā saṅkhāranimittaggāhassa pahānaṃ, etaṃ tadaṅgappahānaṃ nāma.
94而通过近行定与安止定的不同,以修习定来遮止现行,就像用棒子一击就除去水面上的苔草那样,断除那些盖等诸法,这叫作「镇伏断」。由于修习四圣道,在各自道者的相续中,依据「为了断除各种恶见」等(《法集论》277;《分别论》628)所说的方式,对属于集谛的烦恼聚进行彻底的根绝,使它们不再生起,这叫作「正断」。而在证果的那一刹那,烦恼已止息,这叫作「止息断」。涅槃已出离一切有为法,舍弃了一切有为法,这叫作「出离断」。这五种断,都是依据其如理舍弃贪等烦恼的意义,或者超越烦恼的意义,为了断除的目的,为了成就断除——这里的含义应当这样理解。
Yaṃ pana upacārappanābhedena samādhinā pavattibhāvanivāraṇato ghaṭappahāreneva udakapiṭṭhe sevālassa, tesaṃ tesaṃ nīvaraṇādidhammānaṃ pahānaṃ, etaṃ vikkhambhanappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ catunnaṃ ariyamaggānaṃ bhāvitattā taṃtaṃmaggavato attano santāne ‘‘diṭṭhigatānaṃ pahānāyā’’tiādinā (dha. sa. 277; vibha. 628) nayena vuttassa samudayapakkhiyassa kilesagahaṇassa accantaṃ appavattibhāvena samucchindanaṃ, etaṃ samucchedappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ pana phalakkhaṇe paṭippassaddhatthaṃ kilesānaṃ, etaṃ paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ sabbasaṅkhatanissaṭattā pahīnasabbasaṅkhataṃ nibbānaṃ, etaṃ nissaraṇappahānaṃ nāma . Tassa pañcavidhassapi tathā tathā rāgādikilesānaṃ paṭinissajjanaṭṭhena samatikkamanaṭṭhena vā pahānassa atthāya, pahānasādhanatthanti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.
95对此,有些人解释说:通过「防护」来阻挡烦恼进入心相续,而通过「断除」则不仅是阻挡进入,更是彻底根除。不过应当知道,依据具体情况,这两者都可以各自成就。事实上,所谓戒等法,由于能起防护作用,所以称为「防护」;由于能断除,所以称为「断」。
Tattha saṃvarena kilesānaṃ cittasantāne pavesanivāraṇaṃ pahānena ca pavesanivāraṇameva samugghāto cāti vadanti. Ubhayenapi pana yathārahaṃ ubhayaṃ sampajjatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Sīlādidhammā eva hi saṃvaraṇato saṃvaraṃ, pajahanato pahānanti.
96「无灾祸」(anītihaṃ):灾祸(ītiyo)是指现法和后世的厄难。这些灾祸会毁害人,所以称为「有灾祸」(ītihaṃ);「无灾祸」就是没有这些灾祸,它既指教说的梵行,也指圣道的梵行。另一种解释是:和那些灾祸、无利益的事一起毁行、行进、生起,所以称为「灾祸者」(ītihā),即贪等随烦恼;这里没有这些,所以叫「无灾祸」(anītihaṃ)。或者,根据刚才所说的道理,外道的教义称为「有灾祸」,「无灾祸」是它的对立面。也有人读作「anitihaṃ」,它的意思是:在法上因为抱着不确定的执取,所以疑(vicikicchā)称为「有疑」(itihaṃ);由于这法门是正自觉者(sammāsambuddha)所宣说,依教奉行的人会生起无疑的状态,所以这里没有疑,就是「无灾祸」(anitihaṃ),也有不依赖他人的含义。正如经中所说:「智者各自证知」,「不是思惟所能到达的」(长部2.67;中部1.281;2.337;相应部1.172;大品7-8)。不过,为了偈颂读起来方便,才读成长音的「anītiha」。在这里,最后一种义理的分别则说成「离疑」(itihaparivajjita)等。
Anītihanti ītiyo vuccanti upaddavā diṭṭhadhammikā samparāyikā ca. Ītiyo hantīti ītihaṃ, anu ītihanti anītihaṃ, sāsanabrahmacariyaṃ maggabrahmacariyañca. Atha vā ītīhi anatthehi saddhiṃ hananti gacchanti pavattantīti ītihā, taṇhādiupakkilesā. Natthi ettha ītihāti anītihaṃ. Ītihā vā yathāvuttenatthena titthiyasamayā, tappaṭipakkhato idaṃ anītihaṃ. ‘‘Anitiha’’ntipi pāṭho. Tassattho – ‘‘itihāya’’nti dhammesu anekaṃsaggāhabhāvato vicikicchā itihaṃ nāma, sammāsambuddhappaveditattā yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjantānaṃ nikkaṅkhabhāvasādhanato ca natthi ettha itihanti anitihaṃ, aparapattiyanti attho. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhī’’ti, ‘‘atakkāvacaro’’ti (dī. ni. 2.67; ma. ni. 1.281; 2.337; saṃ. ni. 1.172; mahāva. 7-8) ca. Gāthābandhasukhatthaṃ pana ‘‘anītiha’’nti dīghaṃ katvā paṭhanti. Pacchimaṃ panettha atthavikappaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘itihaparivajjita’’ntiādi vuttaṃ.
97「导向深入涅槃」(nibbānogadhagāmī):指前往那个称为涅槃的依止处、彼岸,所以称为「导向深入涅槃」,意思是它唯一以解脱味为本质,必定到达涅槃,这梵行能导向深入涅槃。或者,圣道就叫做「深入涅槃」(nibbānogadho),因为没有它就不可能沉入涅槃,而圣道若不取涅槃为所缘就不会转起;这圣道以专一成就的方式前进,所以叫「导向深入涅槃」。又或者说,「导向深入涅槃」是「进入涅槃内部」的意思,因为道梵行以涅槃为所缘,只在它内部转起。为了显示这个义理分别,所以说「行入涅槃内部」(nibbānassa antogāmina)等。那位世尊——圆满了三十波罗蜜、摧破了一切烦恼、现证了无上正自觉(anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ)——这样教导、宣说。那些由大士、怀着崇高志向的人所追寻——他们追寻大涅槃,或者追寻大圣戒蕴等,所以称为「求大者」(mahesino),也就是佛陀等圣者。这梵行是一切求大者所追随、所实践的。
Nibbānasaṅkhātaṃ ogadhaṃ patiṭṭhaṃ pāraṃ gacchatīti nibbānogadhagāmī, vimuttirasattā ekanteneva nibbānasampāpakoti attho, taṃ nibbānogadhagāminaṃ brahmacariyaṃ. Nibbānogadhoti vā ariyamaggo vuccati tena vinā nibbānāvagāhaṇassa asambhavato tassa ca nibbānaṃ anālambitvā appavattanato, tañcetaṃ ekantasampādanena gacchatīti nibbānogadhagāmī. Atha vā nibbānogadhagāminanti nibbānassa antogāminaṃ. Maggabrahmacariyañhi nibbānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ karitvā tassa anto eva pavattatīti. Imameva ca atthavikappaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘nibbānassa antogāmina’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Soti yo so samatiṃsa pāramiyo pūretvā sabbakilese bhañjitvā anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhiṃ abhisambuddho, so bhagavā adesayi desesi . Mahantehīti mahāātumehi uḷārajjhāsayehi. Mahantaṃ nibbānaṃ, mahante vā sīlakkhandhādike esanti gavesantīti mahesino, buddhādayo ariyā. Tehi anuyāto paṭipanno.
98「如佛陀所教导的」(yathā buddhena desitaṃ):正如我——正自觉者——以应遍知等方式所教导的,那些为了此义而行道梵行与教说梵行的人,对于那位随宜教导现法利益、后世利益与究竟义的导师——也就是我——能依教奉行、领受教诫者,他们将作整个轮回之苦的终结、边际、不再生起,或者说将亲自体证苦的边际——涅槃。
Yathā buddhena desitanti yathā abhiññeyyādibhāvena sammāsambuddhena mayā desitaṃ, evaṃ ye etaṃ maggabrahmacariyaṃ tadatthaṃ sāsanabrahmacariyañca paṭipajjanti. Te diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaparamatthehi yathārahaṃ anusāsantassa satthu mayhaṃ sāsanakārino ovādappaṭikarā sakalassa vaṭṭadukkhassa antaṃ pariyantaṃ appavattiṃ karissanti, dukkhassa vā antaṃ nibbānaṃ sacchikarissantīti.
109梵行经注释结束。
Brahmacariyasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
1106. 诡诈经注释
6. Kuhasuttavaṇṇanā
26在第二十六事中,「欺诳者」:指以花言巧语等欺诳事而欺诳的人,即为了希望彰显不真实的功德而行欺诳、毁害他人,这是它的意思。「顽固者」:由于像经中说的那种“是愤怒者、多恼害,稍稍被说就生气、恼怒、嗔害、固执”的嗔恚,以及经中说的那种“是恶口者,具有让人难以说话的特质,不能忍辱、不肯接纳善言、不可教诲”的恶言,还有像经中所说“出身骄慢、族姓骄慢、利养骄慢、健康骄慢、年轻骄慢、生命骄慢”那样出身骄慢等种种慢——对于应当尊重的人,也不肯恭敬,如同吞下铁刺僵直地站着一样,不肯弯腰而行。因此说“以嗔等”。
26. Chaṭṭhe kuhakāti sāmantajappanādinā kuhanavatthunā kuhakā, asantaguṇasambhāvanicchāya kohaññaṃ katvā paresaṃ viddhaṃsakāti attho. Thaddhāti ‘‘kodhano hoti upāyāsabahulo, appampi vutto samāno abhisajjati kuppati byāpajjati patitthīyatī’’ti (a. ni. 3.25, 27) evaṃ vuttena kodhena ca, ‘‘dubbaco hoti dovacassakaraṇehi dhammehi samannāgato akkhamo appadakkhiṇaggāhī anusāsani’’nti (ma. ni. 1.181; pārā. 426). Evaṃ vuttena dovacassena ca, ‘‘jātimado, gottamado, lābhamado, ārogyamado, yobbanamado, jīvitamado’’ti (vibha. 832) evaṃ vuttajātimadādibhedena mānena ca garukātabbesu garūsupi nipaccakāraṃ akatvā ayosalākaṃ gilitvā ṭhitā viya anonatā hutvā vicaraṇakā. Tenāha ‘‘kodhena cā’’tiādi.
100「谄媚者」:指以邪命的方式去拉拢俗家的人。「饶舌者」:为了获得利养而用言语逼迫、盘剥,成为榨取者,这是它的意思。「角」:指装饰。这种装饰因为会刺穿善法,而且由于被一再反复修习而变得坚固,就像戴在头上、长得很好的角一样,所以叫「角」,这是称作“城市心态”的烦恼角的名称。装饰性,就是装饰的状态,或者做出装饰的姿态。狡猾性,就是狡猾的状态,同样也叫「狡猾」。雕刻性,就是雕刻的状态,如同经过雕刻而安立的坚固装饰角的名称,另一个词是它的同义词。就这样,在所有的论述当中,说的都是烦恼之角。
Upalāpakāti micchājīvavasena kulasaṅgaṇhakā. Lapāti paccayatthaṃ payuttavācāvasena nippesikatāvasena lapakāti attho. Siṅganti siṅgāraṃ. Tañhi kusalassa vijjhanato suṭṭhu āsevitatāya sīse parikkhittaṃ sunibbattaṃ visāṇaṃ viya thirattā ca siṅgaṃ viyāti siṅgaṃ, nāgarikabhāvasaṅkhātassa kilesasiṅgassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Siṅgārabhāvo siṅgāratā, siṅgārakaraṇakaākāro vā. Cāturabhāvo cāturatā. Tathā cāturiyaṃ. Parikkhatabhāvo parikkhatatā, parikhaṇitvā ṭhapitasseva daḷhasiṅgārassetaṃ nāmaṃ. Itaraṃ tasseva vevacanaṃ. Evaṃ sabbehi vārehi kilesasiṅgāratāva kathitā.
101「高举空苇者」:指像芦苇一样,把空虚的慢心高高扬起、四处游走的人。因此说“高举空虚的慢心而安住”。因为他们从事欺诳等行为,没有正确地修行,所以说“他们不属于我所有”。「已远离者」:虽然他们是在我的教法中出家,但由于没有按照教导去修行,实际上已经从这法和律中远离了,这表明他们处在极为遥远的地方。正如所说:
Uggatanaḷāti naḷasadisaṃ tucchamānaṃ ukkhipitvā vicaraṇakā. Tenāha ‘‘tucchamānaṃ ukkhipitvā ṭhitā’’ti. Yasmā te kuhanādiyogato na sammāpaṭipannā, tasmā ‘‘mama santakā na hontī’’ti vuttaṃ. Apagatāti yadipi te mama sāsane pabbajitā, yathānusiṭṭhaṃ pana appaṭipajjanato apagatā eva imasmā dhammavinayā, ito te suvidūre ṭhitāti dasseti. Vuttañhetaṃ –
102“天空与大地相距遥远,
‘‘Nabhañca dūre pathavī ca dūre,
103大海的彼岸也被说成遥远;
Pāraṃ samuddassa tadāhu dūre;
104而比这更遥远的,人们说,
Tato have dūrataraṃ vadanti,
105是善人的法与不善人的王。”
Satañca dhammo asatañca rājā’’ti. (jā. 2.21.414);
106「由于遍及一切处而达到广大」:这是说,以遍及一切处的方式,通过圆满戒律等诸法蕴,从而达到了广大。
Sabbatthapatthaṭatāya vepullaṃ pāpuṇantīti sabbattha patthaṭabhāvena sīlādidhammakkhandhapāripūriyā vepullaṃ pāpuṇanti.
119《欺诳经》注释结束。
Kuhasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
120第七《知足经》的注释。
7. Santuṭṭhisuttavaṇṇanā
27「无过失的」(niddosānī):指没有过失(avajjarahitāni),这既是因为它们依传承而得清净(āgamanasuddhi),也是因为它们不以身体装饰等作为烦恼事(kilesavatthu)。其中,「容易获得」(sulabhatā)显示了不会因寻求而产生苦(pariyesanadukkha);「微少」(appatā)显示了也不会因守护而产生苦(pariharaṇadukkha);「无过失」(anavajjatā)、无可指责(agarahitabbatā)显示了这是比丘所适宜的状态(bhikkhusāruppabhāvo)。或者,以「微少」显示没有怖畏(parittāsa)的根据(avatthutā);以「容易获得」显示没有贪著(gedha)等的根据;以「无过失」显示具有见过患的智慧与出离的智慧(ādīnavadassananissaraṇapaññānaṃ atthitā)。或者,以「微少」,他们不因得到而生喜悦(somanassaṃ),不因得不到而生忧(domanassaṃ);以「无过失」,由于不是追悔(vippaṭisāra)的所依(vatthu),他们不生起以追悔为相(vippaṭisāranimitta)的无知舍(aññāṇupekkhaṃ)。
27. Sattame niddosānīti avajjarahitāni āgamanasuddhito kāyamaṇḍanādikilesavatthubhāvābhāvato ca. Tattha sulabhatāya pariyesanadukkhassa abhāvo dassito, appatāya pariharaṇadukkhassapi abhāvo dassito, anavajjatāya agarahitabbatāya bhikkhusāruppabhāvo dassito hoti. Appatāya vā parittāsassa avatthutā, sulabhatāya gedhādīnaṃ avatthutā, anavajjatāya ādīnavadassananissaraṇapaññānaṃ atthitā dassitā hoti. Appatāya vā lābhena na somanassaṃ janayanti, alābhena na domanassaṃ janayanti, anavajjatāya vippaṭisāranimittaṃ aññāṇupekkhaṃ na janayanti avippaṭisāravatthubhāvato.
108「粪扫衣」(paṃsukūla):在垃圾堆等各处,由于在尘土之上,有从尘土中耸起的意味,所以如同‘粪扫’(paṃsukūla)一样而称为粪扫衣;或者,如同尘土般去往低贱的状态,因此得名‘粪扫衣’——也就是从道路等地捡取丢弃的破布而做成的衣服。「树下」(rukkhamūla):指与远离(viveka)相应的任何树下之处。「任何牛尿」(yaṃ kiñci mutta):指任何牛尿(gomutta)。不过,这里有一些人说:‘用牛尿浸泡的诃子块(gomuttaparibhāvitaharītakakhaṇḍa)就是腐尿药(pūtimutta)。’另一些人说:‘因为腐败而从市场等处被丢弃、抛弃、未持(apariggahita)的任何药物,才是腐尿药所指的。’
Paṃsukūlanti saṅkārakūṭādīsu yattha katthaci paṃsūnaṃ upari ṭhitattā abbhuggataṭṭhena paṃsukūlaṃ viyāti paṃsukūlaṃ, paṃsu viya kucchitabhāvaṃ ulati gacchatīti paṃsukūlanti evaṃ laddhanāmaṃ rathikādīsu patitanantakāni uccinitvā katacīvaraṃ. Rukkhamūlanti vivekānurūpaṃ yaṃ kiñci rukkhasamīpaṃ. Yaṃ kiñci muttanti yaṃ kiñci gomuttaṃ. Keci panettha ‘‘gomuttaparibhāvitaharītakakhaṇḍaṃ pūtimutta’’nti vadanti. ‘‘Pūtibhāvena āpaṇādito vissaṭṭhaṃ chaḍḍitaṃ apariggahitaṃ yaṃ kiñci bhesajjaṃ pūtimuttanti adhippeta’’nti apare.
109“Yato kho”:这是表示分离的从格,意思是“从……起”。它指代“yaṃ kho”所说的内容。“因此而知足”(tena tuṭṭho hoti):指通过上述方式而生起知足这一行为。“知足”(tuṭṭho):即知足。“这是他的……”(idamassāhaṃ):指由前面所说的四种资具——既微少又容易获得——而生起的这种知足。我称它为这位比丘在戒律仪(sīlasaṃvara)等当中的一种沙门支,也就是成就沙门性的原因。因为对于知足者,四种遍净戒(catupārisuddhisīla)能够圆满,止(samatha)与观(vipassanā)的修习也能达到圆满。或者,所谓沙门性就是指圣道(ariyamagga),它简要地分为两支:外支与内支(bāhiraṃ ajjhattikaṃ)。其中,外支是亲近善士(sappurisūpanissaya)和听闻正法(saddhammassavana);内支则是如理作意(yonisomanasikāra)与法随法行(dhammānudhammappaṭipatti)。在这些法之中,由于这些法——即少欲(appicchatā)、知足(santuṭṭhitā)、远离(pavivittatā)、不混杂(asaṃsaṭṭhatā)和已发起的精进(āraddhavīriyatā)等——随宜地成为法随法行,并且是它的根本,因此说:‘我称这是他的沙门支之一。’”
Yato khoti paccatte nissakkavacanaṃ, yaṃ khoti vuttaṃ hoti. Tena tuṭṭho hotīti vuttakiriyaṃ parāmasati. Tuṭṭhoti santuṭṭho. Idamassāhanti yvāyaṃ catubbidhena yathāvuttena paccayena appena sulabhena santoso, idaṃ imassa bhikkhuno sīlasaṃvarādīsu aññataraṃ ekaṃ sāmaññaṅgaṃ samaṇabhāvakāraṇanti ahaṃ vadāmi. Santuṭṭhassa hi catupārisuddhisīlaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ hoti, samathavipassanā ca bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gacchanti. Atha vā sāmaññaṃ nāma ariyamaggo, tassa saṅkhepato dve aṅgā bāhiraṃ ajjhattikanti. Tattha bāhiraṃ sappurisūpanissayo saddhammassavanañca. Ajjhattikaṃ pana yonisomanasikāro dhammānudhammappaṭipatti ca. Tesu yasmā yathārahaṃ dhammānudhammappaṭipattibhūtā tassa mūlabhūtā cete dhammā, yadidaṃ appicchatā santuṭṭhitā pavivittatā asaṃsaṭṭhatā āraddhavīriyatāti evamādayo, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘idamassāhaṃ aññataraṃ sāmaññaṅganti vadāmī’’ti.
110“关于坐卧具”(senāsanamārabbha):指依止于精舍等,以及床、椅之类的坐卧具。“关于衣、饮食物”(cīvaraṃ pānabhojanaṃ):指关于下衣等衣物,芒果汁等饮料,嚼食、啖食等可食用的东西——这两句应当这样连接起来理解。“困扰”(vighāto):指困扰的状态,在句子里应配合‘心不产生痛苦’来解释。这当中的简要意思是:那些不知足的比丘们,为了‘某寺的资具容易得到’而前往可以得到的地方,或者因‘我得而你得不到’而争执,或者从事修建等工作来追求坐卧具等,由于所求不得等原因,内心会产生困扰;而知足者则不会有这种困扰。“方向不被阻碍”(disā nappaṭihaññatī):由于知足而具备四方无碍的特质(cātuddisabhāva),方向不会受到障碍。正如经中所说:‘他成为四方无碍者,随所得而满足。’(《经集》42)
Senāsanamārabbhāti vihārādiṃ mañcapīṭhādiñca senāsanaṃ nissāya. Cīvaraṃ pānabhojananti nivāsanādicīvaraṃ ambapānakādipānaṃ khādanīyabhojanīyādibhuñjitabbavatthuñca ārabbhāti sambandho. Vighātoti vighātabhāvo, cittassa dukkhaṃ na hotīti yojanā. Ayañhettha saṅkhepattho – ‘‘amukasmiṃ nāma āvāse paccayā sulabhā’’ti labhitabbaṭṭhānagamanena vā ‘‘mayhaṃ pāpuṇāti, na tuyha’’nti vivādāpajjanena vā navakammakaraṇādivasena vā senāsanādīni pariyesantānaṃ asantuṭṭhānaṃ icchitālābhādinā yo vighāto cittassa hoti, so tattha santuṭṭhassa na hoti. Disā nappaṭihaññatīti santuṭṭhiyā cātuddisabhāvena disā na paṭihanati. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘cātuddiso appaṭigho ca hoti, santussamāno itarītarenā’’ti (su. ni. 42).
111“随顺沙门法”(samaṇadhammassaanulomā):指适合于沙门法的止观修习(samathavipassanābhāvanā),或者直接指适合于圣道(ariyamagga)本身的少欲(appicchatā)等品质。“心知足的比丘”(tuṭṭhacittassa bhikkhuno):即具有知足心的比丘。“已掌握”(adhiggahitā hontī):即征服了对立法(paṭipakkhadhamme)而把持住了。“内在”(antogatā):即进入内部。“非外在”(na paribāhirā):即不被排除在外。
Samaṇadhammassaanulomāti samaṇadhammassa samathavipassanābhāvanāya, ariyamaggasseva vā anucchavikā appicchatādayo. Tuṭṭhacittassa bhikkhunoti tuṭṭhacittena bhikkhunā. Adhiggahitā hontīti paṭipakkhadhamme abhibhavitvā gahitā honti. Antogatāti abbhantaragatā. Na paribāhirāti na bāhirā katā.
126《知足经》(Santuṭṭhisutta)的注释结束。
Santuṭṭhisuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
127第八《圣种经》(Ariyavaṃsasutta)注释
8. Ariyavaṃsasuttavaṇṇanā
28在第八篇中,「种」(vaṃsa)这个词,在‘越过后柱而坐’(piṭṭhivaṃsaṃ atikkamitvā nisīdati)等语句中,是指应当放在两根椽子(gopānasī)连接处的那根杆子。
28. Aṭṭhame vaṃsa-saddo ‘‘piṭṭhivaṃsaṃ atikkamitvā nisīdatī’’tiādīsu dvinnaṃ gopānasīnaṃ sandhānaṭṭhāne ṭhapetabbadaṇḍake āgato.
113“正如竹丛繁茂而缠绕,对子女和妻子的爱著也是如此;”
‘‘Vaṃso visālo ca yathā visatto,
114“对子女和妻子的爱著”(Puttesu dāresu ca yā apekkhā):指对儿子和妻子的执著、牵挂不放。
Puttesu dāresu ca yā apekkhā;
115就像不黏着的竹笋一样,
Vaṃsakkaḷīrova asajjamāno,
116应当如犀牛角般独自游行。”
Eko care khaggavisāṇakappo’’ti. –
117在这些经句等语境中,「vaṃsa」指竹子的部分(kaṭṭhake)。在“大鼓声(bherisaddo)、腰鼓声(mudiṅgasaddo)、竹板声(vaṃsatālasaddo)”等语境中,它指特定的乐器,也称作竹管(veṇu)。在“因脊骨(piṭṭhivaṃsena)折断而死的象”等句中,指象等动物背部正中的部位。在“我将延续家族血统(kulavaṃsaṃ)”等句中,指家族传承(kulanvaye)。在“守护传承(vaṃsānurakkhako)、维护传统(paveṇīpālako)”等句中,指功德次第传承的连续不断与流转(guṇānupubbiyaṃ guṇānaṃ pabandhappavattiyaṃ)。然而在此处,应理解为以四资具知足的修习之乐为本质的诸功德之连续。为了用譬喻来显示那传承中的家族血统和功德延续这两种意义,所以说了“正如……”(yathā hi)等。其中,刹帝利传承(khattiyavaṃso)就是指刹帝利家族血统。对其余词句也应这样理解。而沙门传承(samaṇavaṃso)就是沙门法脉(samaṇatanti)、沙门传统(samaṇapaveṇī)。“根本香(mūlagandha)等”——以“等”(ādi)字,如同包含了心材香(sāragandha)等,同样地,此处也应理解包含了上等味(gorasa)等;而以第二个“等”字,则包含了迦尸布(kāsikavattha)、精炼酥油(sappimaṇḍa)等。
Ādīsu kaṭṭhake. ‘‘Bherisaddo mudiṅgasaddo vaṃsatālasaddo’’tiādīsu tūriyavisese, veṇūtipi vuccati . ‘‘Bhinnena piṭṭhivaṃsena mato hatthī’’tiādīsu hatthiādīnaṃ piṭṭhivemajjhe padese. ‘‘Kulavaṃsaṃ ṭhapessāmī’’tiādīsu kulanvaye. ‘‘Vaṃsānurakkhako paveṇīpālako’’tiādīsu guṇānupubbiyaṃ guṇānaṃ pabandhappavattiyaṃ. Idha pana catupaccayasantosabhāvanārāmatāsaṅkhātaguṇānaṃ pabandhe daṭṭhabbo. Tassa pana vaṃsassa kulanvayaṃ guṇanvayañca nidassanavasena dassetuṃ ‘‘yathā hī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha khattiyavaṃsoti khattiyakulavaṃso. Esa nayo sesapadesupi. Samaṇavaṃso pana samaṇatanti samaṇapaveṇī. Mūlagandhādīnanti ādi-saddena yathā sāragandhādīnaṃ saṅgaho, evamettha gorasādīnampi saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo, dutiyena pana ādi-sadena kāsikavatthasappimaṇḍādīnaṃ.
118“圣者”一词也用在非蛮族人身上,他们的居住地被称为“圣处”。如所说:“阿难,凡有圣处……”(长部.2.152;优陀那.76)。在世俗善人中也使用,如“凡是你们的圣者、身行清净的人,我是其中之一”等(中部.1.35)。但是在这里,为了指明所意指的正是那些由“远离烦恼”等词源而得名、已通达圣谛的人,所以提出“那么,哪些是那些圣者?”之问后,说了“被称为圣者”等。其中,从大誓愿之劫开始,直到此劫之间所出现的正自觉者,先就其自身特征加以说明,然后为了将其他正自觉者、辟支佛及佛弟子也包含在内,毫无遗漏地显示圣者,所以说了“而且”等。其中,“只要教法还存在,导师就以此名住世”,这是指这位世尊本身。而“那些现今的”则是意指现在的佛弟子,作现在的表述。如果(认为)只是指“在各个时期,那各个是现在的”,那么就不应作过去与未来的表述了。
Ariya-saddo amilakkhesupi manussesu pavattati, yesaṃ nivasanaṭṭhānaṃ ariyaṃ āyatananti vuccati. Yathāha ‘‘yāvatā, ānanda, ariyaṃ āyatana’’nti (dī. ni. 2.152; udā. 76). Lokiyasādhujanesupi ‘‘ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhakāyasamācārā, tesaṃ ahaṃ aññataro’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.35). Idha pana ye ‘‘ārakā kilesehī’’tiādinā laddhanibbacanā paṭividdhaariyasaccā, te eva adhippetāti dassetuṃ ‘‘ke pana te ariyā’’ti pucchaṃ katvā ‘‘ariyā vuccantī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha ye mahāpaṇidhānakappato paṭṭhāya yāvāyaṃ kappo, etthantare uppannā sammāsambuddhā. Te tāva sarūpato dassetvā tadaññepi sammāsambuddhe paccekabuddhe buddhasāvake ca saṅgahetvā anavasesato ariye dassetuṃ ‘‘apicā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha yāva sāsanaṃ antaradhāyati, tāva satthā dharati eva nāmāti imameva bhagavantaṃ. Ye cetarahi buddhasāvakā, te ca sandhāya paccuppannaggahaṇaṃ. Tasmiṃ tasmiṃ kāle te te paccuppannāti ce, atītānāgataggahaṇaṃ na kattabbaṃ siyā.
119现在,正如世尊在六六法开示(中部.3.420)中,以八个词赞叹法说:“诸比丘,我将为你们开示初善、中善、后善,有义、有文,完全圆满清净的梵行,即六组六法”。同样地,在大圣种开示中,他以哪九个词赞叹圣者的传承呢?即:“诸比丘,有这四种圣种,是最高的、久存的、传承的、古老的,未曾混杂、过去未曾混杂、现在不被混杂、未来将不被混杂,不被沙门、婆罗门及有智者所呵斥”。为了先引出这些词,纯粹以称赞的方式赞叹,他接着说了“然而那些”等。“最高的”应理解为:因为在一切传承中最为殊胜,以及能成就最殊胜之位的缘故。
Idāni yathā bhagavā ‘‘dhammaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmi ādikalyāṇaṃ majjhekalyāṇaṃ pariyosānakalyāṇaṃ sātthaṃ sabyañjanaṃ kevalaparipuṇṇaṃ parisuddhaṃ brahmacariyaṃ pakāsessāmi, yadidaṃ cha chakkānī’’ti chachakkadesanāya (ma. ni. 3.420) aṭṭhahi padehi vaṇṇaṃ abhāsi. Evaṃ mahāariyavaṃsadesanāya ariyānaṃ vaṃsaṃ ‘‘cattārome, bhikkhave, ariyavaṃsā aggaññā rattaññā vaṃsaññā porāṇā, asaṃkiṇṇā asaṃkiṇṇapubbā na saṃkīyanti na saṃkīyissanti, appaṭikuṭṭhā samaṇehi brāhmaṇehi viññūhī’’ti yehi navahi padehi vaṇṇaṃ abhāsi, tāni tāva ānetvā thomanāvaseneva vaṇṇento ‘‘te kho panete’’tiādimāha. Aggāti jānitabbā sabbavaṃsehi seṭṭhabhāvato seṭṭhabhāvasādhanato ca.
120“久存的”应理解为长久以来的,因为久存的佛陀等圣者及他们如此实践的缘故。“传承的”应理解为:就是佛等圣者的传承,应这样知晓。“古老的”即旧的,不是新近产生的。“未曾混杂的”即未被抛弃的、未被舍弃的。因此说“未被移除”。“过去未曾被移除”即过去未曾被舍弃,因为是圆满三种修学的方法,所以过去从未被舍弃。由此,现在也未被移除,未来也将绝不被移除。“有智者”是通过了知法的自性而了知的人。“沙门”是已平息恶法者,“婆罗门”是已消除恶法者。被他们“不呵斥”就是不被拒绝。因为不应被反驳的人,就是不应被指责的人。由于不应被排斥,所以成为不应被拒绝的人。
Rattaññā cirarattāti jānitabbā rattaññūhi buddhādīhi tehi ca tathā anuṭṭhitattā. Vaṃsāti jānitabbāti buddhādīnaṃ ariyānaṃ vaṃsāti jānitabbā. Porāṇāti purātanā. Na adhunappattikāti na adhunātanā. Avikiṇṇāti na khittā na chaḍḍitā. Tenāha ‘‘anapanītā’’ti. Na apanītapubbāti na chaḍḍitapubbā, tissannampi sikkhānaṃ paripūraṇūpāyabhāvato na pariccattapubbā. Tato eva idānipi na apanīyanti, anāgatepi na apanīyissantiyeva. Dhammasabhāvassa vijānanena viññū. Samitapāpā samaṇā ceva bāhitapāpā brāhmaṇā ca. Tehi appaṭikuṭṭhā appaṭikkhittā. Ye hi na paṭikkositabbā, te aninditabbā. Agarahitabbā apariccajitabbatāya appaṭikkhipitabbā hontīti.
121所谓“知足的”:此处为了显明所意指的知足,依资具知足而说为“知足的”,在此,比丘也因禅那与观等而具有知足。“依此等彼等”意思是依此一种、依彼一种。“itara”这个词是不定指词,当重复说时,就与“任何”这类词同义,因此解释为“以任一种”。正因它是不定指词,既可指“粗等之中的任一种”,也可指“随所得等之中的任一种”。在这里,为了显明此处的意趣是后者,故说了“那么”等。或许有人问:随所得等难道不就是粗等吗?确实如此,但二者仍有差别。因为对于随所得的粗等的知足,仅仅是“随所得的知足”,而非其他的(粗等知足)。因为那种知足并不是只依于资具量而期望,而是也依于与自身身体力量相称的状态而期望。应知,粗等三种可在衣中获得;中等者是四资具共通的;而最后胜等者,则可在衣与卧坐具中获得。所谓“这三种知足”是以总括的方式说的。因为,那些将所得的病缘药归入团食后,在衣方面说得二十种、在团食方面说十五种、在卧坐具方面说十五种,如是总称为五十种知足,所有这些随其所应,都含摄、归结于这三种知足之中。
Santuṭṭhoti ettha yathādhippetasantosameva dassentena paccayasantosavasena santuṭṭhoti vuttaṃ, jhānavipassanādivasenapi idha bhikkhuno santuṭṭhatā hotīti. Itarītarenāti itarena itarena. Itarasaddo aniyamavacano dvikkhattuṃ vuccamāno yaṃ-kiñcisaddehi samānattho hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘yena kenacī’’ti. Svāyaṃ aniyamavācitāya eva yathā thūlādīnaṃ aññataravacano, evaṃ yathāladdhādīnampi aññataravacanoti. Tattha dutiyapakkhasseva idha icchitabhāvaṃ dassento ‘‘atha kho’’tiādimāha. Nanu ca yathāladdhādayopi thūlādayo eva? Saccametaṃ, tathāpi atthi viseso. Yo hi yathāladdhesu thūlādīsu santoso, so yathālābhasantosova, na itaro. Na hi so paccayamattasannissayo icchito, atha kho attano kāyabalasāruppabhāvasannissayopi. Thūladukādayo tayopi cīvare labbhanti, majjhimo catupaccayasādhāraṇo, pacchimo pana cīvare senāsane ca labbhatīti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Ime tayo santoseti idaṃ sabbasaṅgāhikanayena vuttaṃ. Ye hi parato gilānapaccayaṃ piṇḍapāte eva pakkhipitvā cīvare vīsati, piṇḍapāte pannarasa, senāsane pannarasāti samapaññāsa santosā vuccanti, te sabbepi yathārahaṃ imesu eva tīsu santosesu saṅgahaṃ samosaraṇaṃ gacchantīti.
122「应知衣」:是指应从种类上知道「这种衣是如法的」。所谓「衣田」,就是衣的生起之处。「粪扫衣」:即粪扫衣,指已达到粪扫衣特征的衣,应知此义。「衣知足」:指在衣方面所能获得的一切知足,应当这样理解。应知与衣相关的头陀支,因为守护这些头陀支,就能以衣知足而真正地知足。「亚麻、棉、丝、毛、麻、杂」这些是亚麻等。其中,称为「亚麻」的,是用亚麻线织成的亚麻布衣。其余类推。称为「麻」的,是用麻纤维线制成的衣。而称为「杂」的,是将亚麻线等全部或部分混纺制成的衣。有人说「杂也都是树皮纤维所制」。「六」是数量的区别。如果这样,世上就没有其他布的种类了吗?并非没有。但为了显示那些布是这些布的随顺种类,所以说了「如细麻等」。用「等」字摄取了绢布、苏摩罗布、支那布、神通生布、天授布这些归类。其中,「细麻」是麻的随顺种,因为是由树皮纤维所制。生在绢布地的布称为「绢布」。因为辞典说:「这是丝的胜妙种类」。生在苏摩罗地和支那地的布,就是苏摩罗布和支那布。绢布等这三种是丝的随顺种,因为它们是用虫所出的丝线所制。「神通生布」是善来比丘们依福德神通所生的衣,这衣是亚麻等中的任一种,故是它们的随顺种。由天神所授予的衣是「天授布」,那是在如意树上所生的,类似天女迦利尼授予阿那律长老的布,此布也是亚麻等的随顺种,因为它是亚麻等之中的任一种。
Cīvaraṃ jānitabbanti ‘‘idaṃ nāma cīvaraṃ kappiya’’nti jātito cīvaraṃ jānitabbaṃ. Cīvarakhettanti cīvarassa uppattikkhettaṃ. Paṃsukūlanti paṃsukūlacīvaraṃ, paṃsukūlalakkhaṇappattaṃ cīvaraṃ jānitabbanti attho. Cīvarasantosoti cīvare labbhamāno sabbo santoso jānitabbo. Cīvarappaṭisaṃyuttāni dhutaṅgāni jānitabbāni, yāni gopento cīvarasantosena sammadeva santuṭṭho hotīti. Khomakappāsikakoseyyakambalasāṇabhaṅgāni khomādīni. Tattha khomaṃ nāma khomasuttehi vāyitaṃ khomapaṭṭacīvaraṃ. Tathā sesānipi. Sāṇanti sāṇavākasuttehi katacīvaraṃ. Bhaṅganti pana khomasuttādīni sabbāni, ekaccāni vā missetvā katacīvaraṃ. Bhaṅgampi vākamayamevāti keci. Chāti gaṇanaparicchedo. Yadi evaṃ ito aññā vatthajāti natthīti? No natthi. Sā pana etesaṃ anulomāti dassetuṃ ‘‘dukūlādīnī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Ādi-saddena pattuṇṇaṃ, somārapaṭṭaṃ, cīnapaṭṭaṃ, iddhijaṃ, devadinnanti tesaṃ saṅgaho. Tattha dukūlaṃ sāṇassa anulomaṃ vākamayattā. Pattuṇṇadese sañjātavatthaṃ pattuṇṇaṃ. ‘‘Koseyyaviseso’’ti hi abhidhānakose vuttaṃ. Somāradese cīnadese ca jātavatthāni somāracīnapaṭṭāni. Pattuṇṇādīni tīṇi koseyyassa anulomāni pāṇakehi katasuttamayattā. Iddhijaṃ ehibhikkhūnaṃ puññiddhiyā nibbattacīvaraṃ, taṃ khomādīnaṃ aññataraṃ hotīti tesaṃ eva anulomaṃ. Devatāhi dinnacīvaraṃ devadinnaṃ, taṃ kapparukkhe nibbattaṃ jāliniyā devakaññāya anuruddhattherassa dinnavatthasadisaṃ, tampi khomādīnaṃyeva anulomaṃ hoti tesu aññatarabhāvato.
123「这些」是内含决定之词,意思是「就是这些」。因它们适合诸佛等所受用,故称为「如法衣」。现在,为了以个别举例的方式显示已被决定词所遮除的部分,说了「如吉祥草衣」等。此中,用吉祥草或其他类似草制作成的衣,是「吉祥草衣」。用阿克树皮等纤维制成的衣,是「树皮衣」。用四角或三角的板片连缀成的衣,是「板衣」。用人发编织成的毯,是「人发毯」。用拂尘毛、马尾毛等制成的,是「兽毛毯」。用玛卡其纤维织成的布,是「粗麻布」。所谓「皮革」,就是鹿皮等任何皮革类。用猫头鹰的羽毛缝缀而成的衣,是「枭羽衣」。由树皮、叶、内皮等制成的树布,称为「树皮布衣」。用极为纤细的藤蔓或藤皮编织而成的,是「藤布衣」。用埃拉卡树皮制成的,是「埃拉卡布衣」。同理,「香蕉布衣」。用细竹篾制成的「竹布衣」。用「等」字摄取了树皮衣等的归类。这些都是不如法衣,因为是外道的旗帜的缘故。
Imānīti antogadhāvadhāraṇavacanaṃ, imāni evāti attho. Buddhādīnaṃ paribhogayoggatāya kappiyacīvarāni. Idāni avadhāraṇena nivattitāni ekadesena dassetuṃ ‘‘kusacīra’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha kusatiṇehi aññehi vā tādisehi tiṇehi katacīvaraṃ kusacīraṃ. Akkavākādīhi vākehi katacīvaraṃ vākacīraṃ. Catukkoṇehi tikoṇehi vā phalakehi katacīvaraṃ phalakacīraṃ. Manussānaṃ kesehi katakambalaṃ kesakambalaṃ. Cāmarivālaassavālādīhi kataṃ vālakambalaṃ. Makacitantūhi vāyito potthako. Cammanti migacammādi yaṃ kiñci cammaṃ. Ulūkapakkhehi ganthitvā katacīvaraṃ ulūkapakkhaṃ. Bhujapattatacādimayaṃ rukkhadussaṃ. Tirīṭakanti attho. Sukhumatarāhi latāhi latāvākehi vā vāyitaṃ latādussaṃ. Erakavākehi kataṃ erakadussaṃ. Tathā kadalidussaṃ. Sukhumehi veḷuvilīvehi kataṃ veḷudussaṃ. Ādi-saddena vakkalādīnaṃ saṅgaho. Akappiyacīvarāni titthiyaddhajabhāvato.
124「依八种纲要」:即依照「依界而施,依规约而施」等(《大品》379)所说的八种衣生起的纲要。因为世尊为了显明获得衣的范围,才建立了「诸比丘,有此八种纲要」等纲要。所谓「纲要」,即是「母」,是能产生衣的来源的意思。
Aṭṭhannaṃ mātikānaṃ vasenāti ‘‘sīmāya deti, katikāya detī’’tiādinā (mahāva. 379) āgatānaṃ aṭṭhannaṃ cīvaruppattimātikānaṃ vasena. Cīvarānaṃ paṭilābhakkhettadassanatthañhi bhagavatā ‘‘aṭṭhimā, bhikkhave, mātikā’’tiādinā mātikā ṭhapitā. Mātikāti hi mātaro cīvaruppattijanikāti.
125「在墓地」:指被扔弃在墓地的。「在店门口」:指被扔弃在店门口的。「在街上」:指希求福报的人从窗户扔到街上的破布。「在垃圾堆」:指被扔弃在垃圾场的破布。「沐浴布」:指沐浴时用的布,也就是那些被驱鬼师们连头沐浴后,当作「不祥之布」而丢弃的布。「渡口布」:指渡口处的布,即在沐浴的渡口处被丢弃的碎布。「被火烧的」:指被火烧过的部分,因为人们会把这样的布丢弃。「被牛咬过的等」:这些都是显而易见的,人们也会丢弃这些。「竖起旗帜后」:意指登上船只或进入战阵的人竖立起旗杆,那捆绑在旗杆上的布被风吹来,便被他们丢弃了。这是此处的意趣。
Sosānikanti susāne patitaṃ. Pāpaṇikanti āpaṇadvāre patitaṃ. Rathiyanti puññatthikehi vātapānantarena rathikāya chaḍḍitacoḷakaṃ. Saṅkārakūṭakanti saṅkāraṭṭhāne chaḍḍitacoḷakaṃ. Sinānanti nahānacoḷakaṃ, yaṃ bhūtavejjehi sasīsaṃ nahāyitvā kālakaṇṇicoḷanti chaḍḍetvā gacchanti. Titthanti titthacoḷaṃ, sinānatitthe chaḍḍitapilotikā. Aggidaḍḍhanti agginā daḍḍhappadesaṃ. Tañhi manussā chaḍḍenti. Gokhāyitādīni pākaṭāneva. Tānipi hi manussā chaḍḍenti. Dhajaṃ ussāpetvāti nāvaṃ ārohantehi vā yuddhaṃ pavisantehi vā dhajayaṭṭhiṃ ussāpetvā, tattha baddhaṃ vātena ānītaṃ tehi chaḍḍitanti adhippāyo.
126「接受衣的比丘」:指接受居士衣的比丘。「仅一个月」:可以思惟被称作「衣月」的那整一个月的时间,不可超过,这是其含义。因为在教法中的一切修行,都是为了制伏贪爱。行粪扫衣者只思惟半个月,因为他对所获之物没有系缚;而另一种人因有所系缚,所以开许他思惟到一个月。这就是「关于半月、一月之量……思惟知足」,对于思惟者而言,其时间是有限量的。大长老想带着那位比丘作伴,因此怀着敬意说:「尊者,我要去村门口了。」那位长老了知他的心意后,也说:「贤友,我也去。」为了不让这位比丘的思惟念头有生起的机会,他一边提问一边走进了村子。「被大便所逼迫」:即被便意所压迫。那时,由于忆念世尊过去的苦行,于如来生起的强烈喜悦与悦意之力,镇伏了烦恼,就在那里……他证得了三果。
Sādakabhikkhunāti gahapaticīvarassa sādiyanabhikkhunā. Ekamāsamattanti cīvaramāsasaññitaṃ ekamāsamattaṃ vitakketuṃ vaṭṭati, na tato paranti adhippāyo. Sabbassapi hi taṇhāniggahatthā sāsane paṭipattīti. Paṃsukūliko addhamāseneva karoti aparappaṭibaddhattā paṭilābhassa, itarassa pana parappaṭibaddhattā māsamattaṃ anuññātaṃ. Idaṃ māsaḍḍhamāsamattaṃ…pe… vitakkasantoso vitakkentassa parimitakālikattā. Mahātheraṃ tattha attano sahāyaṃ icchantopi garugāravena ‘‘gāmadvāraṃ, bhante, gamissāmi’’iccevāha. Theropi tassa ajjhāsayaṃ ñatvā ‘‘ahampāvuso, gamissāmī’’ti āha. ‘‘Imassa bhikkhuno vitakkassa avasaro mā hotū’’ti pañhaṃ pucchamāno gāmaṃ pāvisi. Uccārapalibuddhoti uccārena pīḷito. Tadā bhagavato dukkarakiriyānussaraṇamukhena tathāgate uppannassa pītisomanassavegassa balavabhāvena kilesānaṃ vikkhambhitattā tasmiṃyeva…pe… tīṇi phalāni patto.
127“在哪里会得到呢”这样的思惟也是以利欲为先的,因此说“不思惟”。像“我将得到好的、我将得到可意的”这类思惟更不必说,那么应如何前往呢?答:“唯以业处为前导而前往。”以此显示,为了衣的缘故,任何事都不应思惟。说“带着如法的比丘”,是因为不如法者即使作不如法的寻求,也可能成为获得资具的助缘。“正被拿来之物”:指有人知道“这些比丘正在寻找粪扫衣”,而从墓地等处把那些布拿来。“即使是接受这样得到之物的人”:指不破坏所得知足而接受这样得到之物的人。“仅以自身足够的量”:即对于所得的粪扫衣,为了制作单层或双层等衣,只取用自身足够的量。用限定词“仅”来遮止后来更上等的期望。在村中为了团食而游走时,像次第乞食者一样挨家挨户按次第地行走,这叫做“杜绝贪求”,因为贪求已被远远地驱除。
Kattha labhissāmīti cintanāpi lābhāsāpubbikāti tathā ‘‘acintetvā’’ti vuttaṃ. ‘‘Sundaraṃ labhissāmi, manāpaṃ labhissāmī’’tievamādicintanāya kā nāma kathā, kathaṃ pana gantabbanti āha ‘‘kammaṭṭhānasīseneva gamana’’nti. Tena cīvaraṃ paṭicca kiñcipi na cintetabbamevāti dasseti. Apesalo appatirūpāyapi pariyesanāya paccayo bhaveyyāti ‘‘pesalaṃ bhikkhuṃ gahetvā’’ti vuttaṃ. Āhariyamānanti susānādīsu patitaṃ vatthaṃ ‘‘ime bhikkhū paṃsukūlapariyesanaṃ carantī’’ti ñatvā kenaci purisena tato ānīyamānaṃ. Evaṃ laddhaṃ gaṇhantassapīti evaṃ paṭilābhasantosaṃ akopetvā laddhaṃ gaṇhantassapi. Attanopahonakamattenevāti yathāladdhānaṃ paṃsukūlānaṃ ekapaṭṭadupaṭṭānaṃ atthāya attano pahonakappamāṇeneva. Avadhāraṇena upari paccāsaṃ nivatteti. Gāme bhikkhāya āhiṇḍantena sapadānacārinā viya dvārappaṭipāṭiyā caraṇaṃ loluppavivajjanaṃ nāma loluppassa dūrasamussāritattā.
128“以维持”:指维持有身。“适合洗涤的”:即适合用来洗涤的。“树叶”:指芒果叶、阎浮叶等。“不破坏”:不破坏知足。“仅以足够的方式来取用”:即对于安陀会等,想要做什么,就以足够的方式,从所得的粗细等布料中取用来制作。“仅遮覆三节”:如果穿下衣,则遮覆脐节与膝节;如果穿上衣,则遮覆喉节与膝节;只作这三节的遮覆。事实上,这也就是三衣中所述的最低限量。“不分别”:即不加计较分别。
Yāpetunti attabhāvaṃ pavattetuṃ. Dhovanupagenāti dhovanayoggena. Paṇṇānīti ambajambādipaṇṇāni. Akopetvāti santosaṃ akopetvā. Pahonakanīhārenevāti antaravāsakādīsu yaṃ kātukāmo, tassa pahonakaniyāmeneva yathāladdhaṃ thūlasukhumādiṃ gahetvā karaṇaṃ. Timaṇḍalappaṭicchādanamattassevāti nivāsanaṃ ce nābhimaṇḍalaṃ, jāṇumaṇḍalaṃ, itarañce galavāṭamaṇḍalaṃ , jāṇumaṇḍalanti timaṇḍalappaṭicchādanamattasseva karaṇaṃ. Taṃ pana atthato tiṇṇaṃ cīvarānaṃ heṭṭhimantena vuttaparimāṇaṃyeva hoti. Avicāretvā na vicāretvā.
129“在缝制时”:指连接各圈而缝制的时候。“七次”:指七次缝制来回。以“点净”为借口,不为任何人作改变,这叫做“所作满足”。
Kusibandhanakāleti maṇḍalāni yojetvā sibbanakāle. Satta vāreti satta sibbanavāre. Kappabinduapadesena kassaci vikārassa akaraṇaṃ kappasantoso.
130防寒等功用从道理上自然成立,但为了显示衣受用的主要目的,所以才说“仅以遮覆羞耻和膝为限”。因此世尊说:“仅为了遮覆羞耻和膝”(《中部》1.23;《增支部》6.58;《大品》206)。这样做是可行的,但知足并不会因此被破坏,因为资具并没有从应供者那里获得。立于六和敬法,也就是与持戒比丘们共同受用。这样,指出了这第一种圣种、粪扫衣支、三衣支等,这些法互相作为生起因、互相支持。这个道理也适用于后面的情况。
Sītappaṭighātanādi atthāpattito sijjhatīti mukhyameva cīvaraparibhoge payojanaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘hirikopīnappaṭicchādanamattavasenā’’ti vuttaṃ. Tenāha bhagavā ‘‘yāvadeva hirikopīnappaṭicchādanattha’’nti (ma. ni. 1.23; a. ni. 6.58; mahāni. 206). Vaṭṭati, na tāvatā santoso kuppati sambhārānaṃ dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ alābhato. Sāraṇīyadhamme ṭhatvāti sīlavantehi bhikkhūhi sādhāraṇabhogibhāve ṭhatvā. Itītiādinā paṭhamasseva ariyavaṃsassa paṃsukūlikaṅgatecīvarikaṅgānaṃ tesañcassa paccayataṃ dassento ‘‘iti ime dhammā aññamaññassa samuṭṭhāpakā upatthambhakā cā’’ti dīpeti. Esa nayo ito paresu.
131“知足且赞叹知足”:这里有四种情况。其中只有第四种是值得称赞、值得赞美的,所以佛陀做了这样的开示。第一种人自己知足,但不赞叹知足,比如那罗迦长老。第二种人自己不知足,却赞叹知足,比如优波难陀释迦子。第三种人自己既不知足,也不赞叹知足,比如拉鲁达伊长老。第四种人自己既知足,又赞叹知足,比如大迦叶长老。
Santuṭṭho hoti vaṇṇavādīti ettha catukkoṭikaṃ sambhavati. Tattha catutthoyeva pakkho vaṇṇitathomitoti tathā desanā katā. Eko santuṭṭho hoti, santosassa vaṇṇaṃ na katheti seyyathāpi thero nāḷako. Eko na santuṭṭho hoti, santosassa vaṇṇaṃ katheti seyyathāpi upanando sakyaputto. Eko neva santuṭṭho hoti, na santosassa vaṇṇaṃ katheti seyyathāpi thero lāḷudāyi . Eko santuṭṭho ceva hoti, santosassa ca vaṇṇaṃ katheti seyyathāpi thero mahākassapo.
132“不正当的寻求”:指不如法的寻求,因此说它是“不如法的”,对于安住在教法中的人来说,是不合适、不恰当的。“作伪诈”:为了衣而作伪诈,去迷惑他人。“畏惧”:因为贪爱而生起的畏惧,一而再地畏惧。“辗转畏惧”:在一切处辗转畏惧,正如所有身语业都是为了这个目的而生起一样,以一切方面在畏惧。“贪求”:被称为贪求,这里指贪欲的特征。没有这个就叫作“无贪求”,因此说“离贪的贪婪”。“迷惑”:指因贪爱而迷惑。“证得”:未证得、未进入的状态。“未覆盖”:未被(贪爱)覆盖。“未遍满”:未被遍满。“未被遮蔽”:未被贪爱的覆盖所遮蔽。“见过患”:看见现法和后世的过患。由这种见患而能够出离贪求的受用,所以这是“出离”,这是“意图”。了知这一点的人,称为“出离智者”。因此说“仅……而了知”。
Anesananti ayuttaṃ esanaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘appatirūpa’’nti, sāsane ṭhitānaṃ appatirūpaṃ ayoggaṃ. Kohaññaṃ karontoti cīvaruppādananimittaṃ paresaṃ kuhanaṃ vimhāpanaṃ karonto. Uttasatīti taṇhāsantāsena uparūpari tasati. Paritassatīti parito tassati. Yathā sabbe kāyavacippayogā tadatthā eva jāyanti, evaṃ sabbabhāgehi tasati. Gadhitaṃ vuccati giddho, so cettha abhijjhālakkhaṇo adhippeto. Gadhitaṃ etassa natthīti agadhitoti āha ‘‘vigatalobhagiddho’’ti. Mucchanti taṇhāvasena muyhanaṃ. Tassa samussayassa adhigataṃ anāpanno anupagato. Anotthato anajjhotthato. Apariyonaddhoti taṇhacchadanena acchādito. Ādīnavaṃ passamānoti diṭṭhadhammikaṃ samparāyikañca dosaṃ passanto. Gadhitaparibhogato nissarati etenāti nissaraṇaṃ , idamaṭṭhikatā. Taṃ pajānātīti nissaraṇapañño. Tenāha ‘‘yāvadeva…pe… jānanto’’ti.
133“不自赞”:不抬高自己,不吹嘘自己,不把自己看作高人一等。“我(最胜)”之类的话,就是自赞的表现。“不毁他”:不轻视他人,不贬低他人,不把他人看作低人一等。对于这种衣的满足:就是对所说的二十种衣的满足。其实,只要把握了所说的这种满足,为了衣而不正当寻求等也就被包括在内了,因为有这种满足时,不正当寻求就有,没有时就没有。而赞叹、自赞、毁他等内容则未被包括,所以才有“于赞叹等中”这样的简别说法。在这里,“能干”等词语是显示那些法——依于这些法,上述的满足等得以成就。其中,“能干”显示发起这些法的智慧,“不懈怠”显示策励精进,“正知”显示护持的智慧,“具念”显示对此不忘失的状态。
Nevattānukkaṃsetīti attānaṃ neva ukkaṃseti na ukkhipati na ukkaṭṭhato dahati. Ahantiādi ukkaṃsanākāradassanaṃ. Na vambheti na hīḷeti na nihīnato dahati. Tasmiṃ cīvarasantoseti tasmiṃ yathāvutte vīsatividhe cīvarasantose. Kāmañcettha vuttappakārasantosaggahaṇeneva cīvarahetu anesanāpajjanādipi gahitameva tasmiṃ sati tassa bhāvato, asati ca abhāvato. Vaṇṇavāditāattukkaṃsanaparavambhanāni pana gahitāni na hontīti ‘‘vaṇṇavādādīsu vā’’ti vikappo vutto. Ettha ca dakkhotiādi yesaṃ dhammānaṃ vasenassa yathāvuttasantosādī ijjhanti, taṃdassanaṃ. Tattha dakkhoti iminā tesaṃ samuṭṭhāpanapaññaṃ dasseti. Analasoti iminā paggaṇhanavīriyaṃ, sampajānoti iminā pārihāriyapaññaṃ, paṭissatoti iminā tattha asammosavuttiṃ dasseti.
134「团食应知」:应从分类上来了知团食。「团食田」:团食的生起之处。「团食知足应知」:应了知团食知足的分类。在此,药物也归入团食一类。因为酥油等也是应被取用的。
Piṇḍapāto jānitabboti pabhedato piṇḍapāto jānitabbo. Piṇḍapātakkhettanti piṇḍapātassa uppattiṭṭhānaṃ. Piṇḍapātasantoso jānitabboti piṇḍapātasantosappabhedo jānitabbo. Idha bhesajjampi piṇḍapātagatikameva. Āharitabbato hi sappiādīnampi gahaṇaṃ kataṃ.
135团食田是团食的生起之处,如同田地是庄稼的田一样。所谓“生起之处”,是指团食从此处生起,或依此而生起。实际上,比丘的团食是从僧团而生,或者通过指定而生的。其中,应施予全体僧团的食物称为“僧团食”。指定若干比丘后,按指定应施的食物称为“指定食”。邀请后应施的食物称为“邀请食”。以筹签应施的食物称为“筹食”。在半个月中的某一天应施的食物称为“半月食”。每逢布萨日应施的食物称为“布萨食”。在初一应施的食物称为“初日食”。应施予客比丘的食物称为“客食”。应施予常住职事者的食物称为“常住食”。指定某间小屋后应施的食物称为“小屋食”。由村居者等按轮流次第应施的食物称为“轮流食”。指定某个寺院后应施的食物称为“寺院食”。其余各种食物都是显而易知的。
Piṇḍapātakkhettaṃ piṇḍapātassa uppattiṭṭhānaṃ khettaṃ viya khettaṃ. Uppajjati ettha, etenāti ca uppattiṭṭhānaṃ. Saṅghato vā hi bhikkhuno piṇḍapāto uppajjati uddissavasena vā. Tattha sakalassa saṅghassa dātabbabhattaṃ saṅghabhattaṃ. Katipaye bhikkhū uddisitvā uddesena dātabbabhattaṃ uddesabhattaṃ. Nimantetvā dātabbabhattaṃ nimantanaṃ. Salākāya dātabbabhattaṃ salākabhattaṃ. Ekasmiṃ pakkhe ekadivasaṃ dātabbabhattaṃ pakkhikaṃ. Uposathe uposathe dātabbabhattaṃ uposathikaṃ. Pāṭipadadivase dātabbabhattaṃ pāṭipadikaṃ. Āgantukānaṃ dātabbabhattaṃ āgantukabhattaṃ. Dhuragehe eva ṭhapetvā dātabbabhattaṃ dhurabhattaṃ. Kuṭiṃ uddissa dātabbabhattaṃ kuṭibhattaṃ. Gāmavāsiādīhi vārena dātabbabhattaṃ vārabhattaṃ. Vihāraṃ uddissa dātabbabhattaṃ vihārabhattaṃ. Sesāni pākaṭāneva.
136「寻」:心想“我今天该去哪里乞食呢?”如果长老问:“明天去哪里乞食?”回答:“在某村,尊者。”这仅仅是回答。但是,这种回答是心里先寻思了之后才说的,所以(经中)说「这样寻思以后」。从这个时候开始,也就是从站在寻思的层面进行寻思的时刻开始。如果在这之后又去寻思,那就成了从圣种堕落的人。这应该依据三种圣种者来理解,而不仅仅是针对一位次第乞食者。因为一切圣种者都只允许寻思一次,不能超过。所谓「局外人」,就是处在圣种状态之外的人。而这种寻的知足,以业处作意就不会被动摇,而且能变得清净。下文各处也是同样的道理。因此说「应该以业处为首而行」。「应取」,这里只是加了「唯」字(强调仅仅如此),应当理解为:仅应取用维生的那份量。
Vitakketi ‘‘kattha nu kho ahaṃ ajja piṇḍāya carissāmī’’ti. ‘‘Sve kattha piṇḍāya carissāmā’’ti therena vutte ‘‘asukagāme, bhante’’ti kāmametaṃ paṭivacanadānaṃ, yena pana cittena cintetvā taṃ vuttaṃ, taṃ sandhāyāha ‘‘ettakaṃ cintetvā’’ti. Tato paṭṭhāyāti vitakkamāḷake ṭhatvā vitakkitakālato paṭṭhāya. Tato paraṃ vitakkento ariyavaṃsā cuto hotīti idaṃ tiṇṇampi ariyavaṃsikānaṃ vasena gahetabbaṃ, na ekacārikasseva. Sabbopi hi ariyavaṃsiko ekavārameva vitakketuṃ labhati, na tato paraṃ. Paribāhiroti ariyavaṃsikabhāvato bahibhūto. Svāyaṃ vitakkasantoso kammaṭṭhānamanasikārena na kuppati visujjhati ca. Ito paresupi eseva nayo. Tenevāha ‘‘kammaṭṭhānasīsena gantabba’’nti. Gahetabbamevāti aṭṭhānappayutto eva-saddo. Yāpanamattameva gahetabbanti yojetabbaṃ.
137「此处」指在这团食的领受之时。「少」即比维持自身所需的量更少地领受,为了取悦施主的心。「以量」就是按照自己的量少量领取。在“以量领受”这句话中,为了显示理由,便说“因为在领受器中……”等等。「污染」指破坏、排除。「堕落」是以不合宜的方式毁坏,使之无用。「教法」指不遵行导师的教诫,不照着做。逐户次第乞食者按门的次序行走,是为了舍弃贪欲及知足,所以说“应按照门的次第而行”。
Etthāti etasmiṃ piṇḍapātappaṭiggahaṇe. Appanti attano yāpanappamāṇatopi appaṃ gahetabbaṃ dāyakassa cittārādhanatthaṃ. Pamāṇenevāti attano pamāṇeneva appaṃ gahetabbaṃ. Pamāṇena gahetabbanti ettha kāraṇaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘paṭiggahaṇasmiñhī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Makkhetīti viddhaṃseti apaneti. Vinipāteti vināseti aṭṭhānaviniyogena. Sāsananti satthusāsanaṃ anusiṭṭhiṃ na karoti na paṭipajjati. Sapadānacārinā viya dvārapaṭipāṭiyā caraṇaṃ loluppavivajjanasantosoti āha ‘‘dvārapaṭipāṭiyā gantabba’’nti.
138「除去」指除掉多余的。由此而脱离对食物的贪求,因此称为「出离」。所作仅是为了消除饥渴,但支撑身体等利益实际上是附带得到的,所以说“为消除饥渴……称为知足”。不应该储存起来,应当天食用,这才是意图。其余方面已经由学处遮止了。「立于应忆念法」指处于持戒比丘们共享受用的状态。
Harāpetvāti adhikaṃ apanetvā. Āhāragedhato nissarati etenāti nissaraṇaṃ. Jighacchāya paṭivinodanatthaṃ katā, kāyassa ṭhitiādipayojanaṃ pana atthāpattito āgatamevāti āha ‘‘jighacchāya…pe… santoso nāmā’’ti. Nidahitvā na paribhuñjitabbaṃ tadahupīti adhippāyo. Itarattha pana sikkhāpadeneva vāritaṃ. Sāraṇīyadhamme ṭhitenāti sīlavantehi bhikkhūhi sādhāraṇabhogibhāve ṭhitena.
139「坐卧具」是由卧具和坐具组合而成的。至于什么是卧处:无论床、精舍等,躺在那里就是卧处;什么是坐处:无论凳子、座位等,坐在那里就是坐处。把这两者合起来就叫「坐卧具」。因此接着说“床”等等。其中,床指马萨罗迦等;座也是这样。床垫和座垫是两种垫。精舍指用围墙划定的整个住处,有人称为“长面殿”。半覆堂就是长殿,有人称为“一面有顶盖的坐卧具”。殿堂指四边形的殿堂,有人称为“纵长四边形殿堂”。别筑指平顶殿堂。窟指天然的山洞。洞是有门的那种。高楼是厚墙壁的房屋,它的屋顶不用桁条,而用砖块来盖;也有人说“是按照高楼样式建造的”。围殿是聚合在单一尖顶下、有多个角状的特别遮蔽处,有人称为“圆形的坐卧具”。
Senāsanenāti sayanena āsanena ca. Yattha yattha hi mañcādike vihārādike ca seti, taṃ senaṃ. Yattha yattha pīṭhādike āsati, taṃ āsanaṃ. Tadubhayaṃ ekato katvā ‘‘senāsana’’nti vuttaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘mañco’’tiādi. Tattha mañco masārakādi. Tathā pīṭhaṃ. Mañcabhisi, pīṭhabhisīti duvidho bhisi. Vihāro pākāraparicchinno sakalo āvāso, ‘‘dīghamukhapāsādo’’ti keci. Aḍḍhayogo dīghapāsādo, ‘‘ekapassacchādanakasenāsana’’nti keci. Pāsādoti caturassapāsādo, ‘‘āyatacaturassapāsādo’’ti keci. Hammiyanti muṇḍacchadanapāsādo. Guhāti kevalā pabbataguhā. Leṇaṃ dvārabandhaṃ. Aṭṭo bahalabhittikagehaṃ, yassa gopānasiyo aggahetvā iṭṭhakāhi eva chadanaṃ hoti, ‘‘aṭṭalākārena karīyatī’’tipi vadanti. Māḷo ekakūṭasaṅgahito anekakoṇo paṭissayaviseso, ‘‘vaṭṭākārena katasenāsana’’nti keci.
140依照团食部分所说的方式,也就是“有欲求的比丘会想:‘我该住在哪里?’等等”,应这样随宜理解。而“在那之后如果再那样寻思,便会从圣种堕落,成为局外人;不去想‘哪里能得到坐卧具’,只应以业处为首要而行”等等,这一切都依照前面所说的方式。
Piṇḍapātevuttanayenevāti ‘‘sādako bhikkhu ‘ahaṃ kattha vasissāmī’ti vitakketī’’tiādinā yathārahaṃ piṇḍapāte vuttanayeneva veditabbā. ‘‘Tato paraṃ vitakkento ariyavaṃsā cuto hoti paribāhiro, senāsanaṃ kuhiṃ labhissāmīti acintetvā kammaṭṭhānasīseneva gantabba’’nti ca evamādi sabbaṃ purimanayeneva.
141那么,为何世尊在显示对资具的知足时,没有取用“病缘药知足”呢?为了表明不应这样看待,所以说“然而病缘已包含在团食中”,其意旨是:它们在“应受取性”上是相同的。如果这样,那么在那里(病缘药)也应像团食那样,期望有寻等十五种知足吗?为了说明并非如此,所以说“但在那里……”等等。这里不是只有十二头陀支得到分别解说,而常坐不卧支没有在任何地方被分别解说吗?因此说“常坐不卧支依止乐修习圣种”。为了显示这层含义也是注释所依循的,所以说“而且这也已说”等等。
Kasmā panettha paccayasantosaṃ dassentena bhagavatā gilānapaccayasantoso na gahitoti? Na kho panetaṃ evaṃ daṭṭhabbanti dassento ‘‘gilānapaccayo pana piṇḍapāte eva paviṭṭho’’ti āha, āharitabbatāsāmaññenāti adhippāyo. Yadi evaṃ tatthāpi piṇḍapāte viya vitakkasantosādayopi pannarasa santosā icchitabbāti? Noti dassento āha ‘‘tatthā’’tiādi. Nanu cettha dvādaseva dhutaṅgāni viniyogaṃ gatāni, ekaṃ pana nesajjikaṅgaṃ na katthaci viniyuttanti āha ‘‘nesajjikaṅgaṃ bhāvanārāmaariyavaṃsaṃ bhajatī’’ti. Ayañca attho aṭṭhakathāruḷho evāti dassento ‘‘vuttampi ceta’’ntiādimāha.
142“如铺展大地”等,是为了显示圣种教说的极难实行,因为该教说的范畴非常广大。因为这部教说被千种理路所庄严,当为了证得圣道而详细展开时,在“心生起品”中,这“乐修习圣种”的论述,也正是为了证得圣道而详细展开的,因此说“为千种理路所庄严……乃至……开示教说”。
Pathaviṃ pattharamāno viyātiādi ariyavaṃsadesanāya sudukkarabhāvadassanaṃ mahāvisayattā tassā desanāya. Yasmā nayasahassapaṭimaṇḍitaṃ hoti, ariyamaggādhigamāya vitthārato pavattiyamānā desanā cittuppādakaṇḍe ayañca bhāvanārāmaariyavaṃsakathā ariyamaggādhigamāya vitthārato pavattiyamānā eva hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘sahassanayapaṭimaṇḍitaṃ…pe… desanaṃ ārabhī’’ti.
143以破除对立面而朝向(所缘)为ramati(喜悦),因此说“即欣喜之义”。即使对于不同格位的词,也可以依其词形构成表外在意义的复合词,如“胸毛黑颈”,因此说“修习之乐即是ārāmo,故为bhāvanārāma(修习乐)”。或者,以应欣喜之义为ārāmo,修习为ārāmo者,即bhāvanārāmo(修习乐者),在此复合词的结成也应这样理解。“修习而喜悦”,以此显示了“修习乐”一词具有主词释(依主释)以及持业释复合词的性质。由于说了“断而喜悦”,在“断乐”中也是同样的道理。
Paṭipakkhavidhamanato abhimukhabhāvena ramaṇaṃ āramaṇaṃ ārāmoti āha ‘‘abhiratīti attho’’ti. Byadhikaraṇānampi padānaṃ vasena bhavati bāhiratthasamāso yathā ‘‘urasilomo kaṇṭhekāḷo’’ti āha ‘‘bhāvanāya ārāmo assāti bhāvanārāmo’’ti. Abhiramitabbaṭṭhena vā ārāmo, bhāvanā ārāmo assāti bhāvanārāmoti evampettha samāsayojanā veditabbā. Bhāvento ramatīti etena bhāvanārāmasaddānaṃ kattusādhanataṃ kammadhārayasamāsatañca dasseti. ‘‘Pajahanto ramatī’’ti vuttattā pahānārāmoti etthāpi eseva nayo.
144虽然说“常坐不卧支依止乐修习圣种”是由于精勤修习与之相应,但为了也涵盖依常坐不卧支的比丘对某些罪是非犯的情况,所以摄受它而说“十三头陀支”,并在到达律后,为了应安立于重处,即不弃舍少欲的行道名为“唯安立于律中”,因此说“十三……乃至……已被说”。虽然经藏与阿毗达摩藏中各处也已引述了戒论,但当讲说使戒清净的功德时,就如戒论繁多是在律藏中被说一样,修习论繁多是在经藏与阿毗达摩藏中被说,而以第四圣种被讲说,即已被讲说,因此说“以乐修习者,其余二藏已被说”。“他修习出离而喜悦”,以“出离”一词为首,由于教说在那里展开,一切止观道法各自从对立面出离而被称为出离,由于它们都归于该处,所以该文句被称为“出离品”,因此说“应以出离品来说”。因此此注释中说:“一切善法,皆被称为出离。”以十上经的教示方式,即依十上经的法门,或依十上经中所说的方式。其余两个词也是同样的道理。
Kāmaṃ ‘‘nesajjikaṅgaṃ bhāvanārāmaariyavaṃsaṃ bhajatī’’ti vuttaṃ bhāvanānuyogassa anucchavikattā, nesajjikaṅgavasena pana nesajjikassa bhikkhuno ekaccāhi āpattīhi anāpattibhāvoti tampi saṅgaṇhanto ‘‘terasannaṃ dhutaṅgāna’’nti vatvā vinayaṃ patvā garuke ṭhātabbanti icchitattā sallekhassa apariccajanavasena paṭipatti nāma vinaye ṭhitassevāti āha ‘‘terasannaṃ…pe… kathitaṃ hotī’’ti. Kāmaṃ suttābhidhammapiṭakesupi tattha tattha sīlakathā āhaṭāyeva, yehi pana guṇehi sīlassa vodānaṃ hoti, tesu kathitesu yathā sīlakathābāhullaṃ vinayapiṭakaṃ kathitaṃ hoti, evaṃ bhāvanākathābāhullaṃ suttapiṭakaṃ abhidhammapiṭakañca catutthena ariyavaṃsena kathitena kathitameva hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘bhāvanārāmena avasesaṃ piṭakadvayaṃ kathita’’nti. ‘‘So nekkhammaṃ bhāvento ramatī’’ti nekkhammapadaṃ ādiṃ katvā tattha desanāya pavattattā sabbesampi vā samathavipassanāmaggadhammānaṃ yathāsakaṃ paṭipakkhato nikkhamanena nekkhammasaññitānaṃ tattha āgatattā so pāṭho nekkhammapāḷīti vuccatīti āha ‘‘nekkhamapāḷiyā kathetabbo’’ti. Tenāha aṭṭhakathāyaṃ ‘‘sabbepi kusalā dhamā, nekkhammanti pavuccare’’ti. Dasuttarasuttantapariyāyenāti dasuttarasuttantadhammena (dī. ni. 3.350 ādayo) dasuttarasuttante āgatanayenāti vā attho. Sesapadadvayepi eseva nayo.
145所谓“流”,即致力于警寤的比丘。“出离”:由于是从诸欲出离的状态而被称为出离,即初禅近行定,也就是以“断除世间的贪欲”等(参见《分别论》508)所来的。因为这里意指初禅的前分修习,因此对于“无嗔”等也应这样理解其含义。因为这里的教说是依带方便的八等至、十八大观与四圣道而展开的。其中,“无嗔”即慈;“光明想”即通过作意显明而生起的光明认知;“无散乱”即定;“法决定”即对善等诸法的如实决断,也有人说是“连同缘与名的决定”。这样,通过断除欲贪等诸盖,显示了以“断除世间的贪欲”等所说的初禅前分行道中的乐修习与乐断除之后,现在为了连同方便一起显示八等至与十八大观,所以说“智”等。因为,通过远离成为名色执取与疑之系缚的痴,安住于知遍知者,能成就无常想等。同样地,在禅那等至中,由不喜乐之相生起喜悦,消除了对它们的不喜,从而证得禅那等,所以等至与观正是消除不喜、破除无明的方便。而逆序的解说,应当看作是为了显示作为盖自性的无明被含摄在下分诸盖中。虽然在初禅近行定才断除苦,在第四禅近行定才断除乐,但意指殊胜的断除,所以说“第四禅断除乐与苦”。
Soti jāgariyaṃ anuyutto bhikkhu. Nekkhammanti kāmehi nikkhantabhāvato nekkhammasaññitaṃ paṭhamajjhānūpacāraṃ, so ‘‘abhijjhaṃ loke pahāyā’’tiādinā (vibha. 508) āgato. Paṭhamajjhānassa pubbabhāgabhāvanā hi idhādhippetā, tasmā ‘‘abyāpāda’’ntiādīsupi evameva attho veditabbo. Saupāyānañhi aṭṭhannaṃ samāpattīnaṃ aṭṭhārasannaṃ mahāvipassanānaṃ catunnaṃ ariyamaggānañca vasenettha desanā pavattāti. Tattha abyāpādanti mettā. Ālokasaññanti vibhūtaṃ katvā manasikaraṇena upaṭṭhitaālokasañjānanaṃ. Avikkhepanti samādhiṃ. Dhammavavatthānanti kusalādidhammānaṃ yāthāvanicchayaṃ, ‘‘sapaccayanāmavavatthāna’’ntipi vadanti. Evaṃ kāmacchandādinīvaraṇappahānena ‘‘abhijjhaṃ loke pahāyā’’tiādinā vuttassa paṭhamajjhānassa pubbabhāgapaṭipadāya bhāvanārāmataṃ pahānārāmatañca dassetvā idāni saha upāyena aṭṭhasamāpattīhi aṭṭhārasahi ca mahāvipassanāhi taṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘ñāṇa’’ntiādimāha. Nāmarūpapariggahaṇakaṅkhāvitaraṇānañhi vibandhabhūtassa mohassa dūrīkaraṇena ñātapariññāya ṭhitassa aniccasaññādayo sijjhanti. Tathā jhānasamāpattīsu anabhiratinimittena pāmojjena tattha anabhiratiyā vinoditāya jhānādīnaṃ samadhigamoti samāpattivipassanaṃ arativinodanaavijjāpadālanaupāyo. Uppaṭipāṭiniddeso pana nīvaraṇasabhāvāya avijjāya heṭṭhānīvaraṇesu saṅgahadassanatthanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Kiñcāpi paṭhamajjhānūpacāreyeva dukkhaṃ, catutthajjhānūpacāreyeva sukhaṃ pahīyati, atisayappahānaṃ pana sandhāyāha ‘‘catutthajjhānaṃ sukhadukkhe’’ti.
146「无常随观」:即对于无常者,以“无常”的方式随观;这是把握了三界诸法的无常性而生起的随观的名称。「常想」:即于有为法中生起“是常、是永恒”的邪想。应知此处以想为代表,也包含了邪见与心。此理亦适用于此后诸项。「厌离随观」:即以于诸行厌离的方式而生起的随观。「喜贪」:即伴有喜悦的渴爱。「离欲随观」:即以离染的方式而生起的随观。「灭尽随观」:即对诸行灭尽的随观。或者,如此随观:“那些诸行确实灭尽,未来不会以集起的方式再生起”,这也称为灭尽随观。因此说“以灭尽随观而灭尽,而非集起”。因为这是已得力量的欲解脱。「弃舍随观」:即以弃舍的方式而生起的随观。因为这是通过思择而安住。「执取」:即依常等角度而执取。「密集想」:即依相续、聚集、作用与所缘而执取为单一整体。「积聚」:即造作。「变异」:即发生状态上的差异。「恒常想」:即执取坚固性。
Aniccassa , aniccanti ca anupassanā aniccānupassanā, tebhūmakadhammānaṃ aniccataṃ gahetvā pavattāya anupassanāyetaṃ nāmaṃ. Niccasaññanti saṅkhatadhammesu niccā sassatāti pavattaṃ micchāsaññaṃ. Saññāsīsena diṭṭhicittānampi gahaṇaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ. Esa nayo ito paresupi. Nibbidānupassananti saṅkhāresu nibbindanākārena pavattaṃ anupassanaṃ. Nandinti sappītikataṇhaṃ. Virāgānupassananti virajjanākārena pavattaṃ anupassanaṃ. Nirodhānupassananti saṅkhārānaṃ nirodhassa anupassanaṃ. ‘‘Te saṅkhārā nirujjhantiyeva, āyatiṃ samudayavasena na uppajjantī’’ti evaṃ vā anupassanā nirodhānupassanā. Tenevāha ‘‘nirodhānupassanāya nirodheti no samudetī’’ti. Muccitukāmatā hi ayaṃ balappattāti. Paṭinissajjanākārena pavattā anupassanā paṭinissaggānupassanā. Paṭisaṅkhā santiṭṭhanā hi ayaṃ. Ādānanti niccādivasena gahaṇaṃ. Santatisamūhakiccārammaṇānaṃ vasena ekattaggahaṇaṃ ghanasaññā. Āyūhanaṃ abhisaṅkharaṇaṃ. Avatthāvisesāpatti vipariṇāmo. Dhuvasaññanti thirabhāvaggahaṇaṃ.
147「相」:即由于密集聚合,以及依各自作用的限定,诸行呈现为有形体。「倾向」:即贪等倾向。其本质是通过渴爱而于诸行中倾向。「执著」:即我见。「增上慧法观」:即以无常、苦等角度审察一切法。「执取坚实」:即于非坚实中执为坚实,这是一种颠倒执取。“认为‘世界由自在天等所造’”的执著,是「痴执著」。但也有些人说:“‘我于过去世是否存在呢?’等(《中部》1.18;《相应部》2.20)所生起的疑惑,就是痴执著。”于诸行中执取为庇护所、避难所,这是「阿赖耶执著」。由于经中说“乐于阿赖耶,欢悦于阿赖耶”(《长部》2.64, 67;《中部》1.281;2.337;《相应部》1.172;《大品》7,8),可知阿赖耶就是渴爱,而有些人认为:正是这个渴爱,于眼等处与色等处,以执著的方式活动,所以称为阿赖耶执著。对于如此安住的诸行,生起“它们应被弃舍”的智,就是「思择随观」。由于远离了轮转,涅槃即是离转,以彼为所缘的随观而生起,故称为「离转随观」,即种姓智。「结缚执著」:即以结缚的方式于诸行中安住。「邪见一类」:即与邪见俱生的同分及应断的同分。「粗」:是相对于上道所断的烦恼而说的;否则,即使是见所断的烦恼,相对于第二道所断的烦恼来说也是粗的。「细」:即微细。这是相对于下道所断的而说的。「一切烦恼」:即残余的一切烦恼。因为已被初道等所断的烦恼,不会再次被断除。
Nimittanti samūhaghanavasena, sakiccaparicchedatāya ca saṅkhārānaṃ saviggahataṃ. Paṇidhinti rāgādipaṇidhiṃ. Sā panatthato taṇhāvasena saṅkhāresu ninnatā. Abhinivesanti attānudiṭṭhi. Aniccadukkhādivasena sabbadhammatīraṇaṃ adhipaññādhammavipassanā. Sārādānābhinivesanti asāre sāranti gahaṇavipallāsaṃ. ‘‘Issarakuttādivasena loko samuppanno’’ti abhiniveso sammohābhiniveso. Keci pana ‘‘ahosiṃ nu kho ahamatītamaddhānantiādinā (ma. ni. 1.18; saṃ. ni. 2.20) pavattasaṃsayāpatti sammohābhiniveso’’ti vadanti. Saṅkhāresu tāṇaleṇabhāvaggahaṇaṃ ālayābhiniveso. ‘‘Ālayaratā ālayasammuditā’’ti (dī. ni. 2.64, 67; ma. ni. 1.281; 2.337; saṃ. ni. 1.172; mahāva. 7, 8) ca vacanato ālayo taṇhā, sāyeva cakkhādīsu rūpādīsu ca abhinivesavasena pavattiyā ālayābhinivesoti keci. Evaṃ ṭhitā te saṅkhārā paṭinissajjīyantīti pavattaṃ ñāṇaṃ paṭisaṅkhānupassanā. Vaṭṭato vigatattā vivaṭṭaṃ nibbānaṃ, tattha ārammaṇasaṅkhātena anupassanena pavattiyā vivaṭṭānupassanā gotrabhu. Saṃyogābhinivesanti saṃyujjanavasena saṅkhāresu nivesanaṃ. Diṭṭhekaṭṭheti diṭṭhiyā sahajātekaṭṭhe pahānekaṭṭhe ca. Oḷāriketi uparimaggavajjhe kilese apekkhitvā vuttaṃ, aññathā dassanappahātabbāpi dutiyamaggavajjhehipi oḷārikāti. Aṇusahagateti aṇubhūte. Idaṃ heṭṭhimamaggavajjhe apekkhitvā vuttaṃ. Sabbakileseti avasiṭṭhasabbakilese. Na hi paṭhamādimaggehipi pahīnā kilesā puna pahīyantīti.
148如此,在《无碍解道》(《无碍解道》1.41, 95)出离品中总结关联之后,又以《长部》等十上经的方式(《长部》3.350等)显示关联。所谓“修习一法而喜乐,断除一法而喜乐”,这并非按照《十上经》(《长部》3.350等)中所说的方式而说,因为那里开示的是“有一法应当修习,有一法应当断除”。尽管如此,由于在义理上并无差别,所以在《无碍解道》出离品中,就依那里所出现的方式而说为“修习一法而喜乐,断除一法而喜乐”。此理亦适用于其余诸品。
Evanti paṭisambhidāmagge (paṭi. ma. 1.41, 95) nekkhammapāḷiyā yojanaṃ nigametvā dīghanikāyetiādinā dasuttarapariyāyena (dī. ni. 3.350 ādayo) yojanaṃ dasseti . Ekaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvento ramati, ekaṃ dhammaṃ pajahanto ramatīti ca nayidaṃ dasuttarasutte (dī. ni. 3.350 ādayo) āgataniyāmena vuttaṃ, tattha pana ‘‘eko dhammo bhāvetabbo, eko dhammo pahātabbo’’ti desanā āgatā. Evaṃ santepi yasmā atthato bhedo natthi, tasmā paṭisambhidāmagge (paṭi. ma. 1.41, 95) nekkhammapāḷiyaṃ āgatanīhāreneva ‘‘ekaṃ dhammaṃ bhāvento ramati, ekaṃ dhammaṃ pajahanto ramatī’’ti vuttaṃ. Esa nayo sesavāresupi.
149如此,在以十上经的方式(《长部》3.350等)总结关联之后,现在为了以《念处经》的方式(《中部》1.105等)显示关联,于是开始说“《中部》”等。虽然此处仅依身随观简略地作了关联,但也应依二十一种行相来作关联。现在,为了以阿毗达摩论释的方式显示,于是开始“阿毗达摩论释的方式”等文。关于“无常”等各词应解释的内容,应依《清净道论注释》(《清净道论》2.698;《清净道论大疏》2.698)中所说的方法来了知。
Evantiādinā dasuttarapariyāyena (dī. ni. 3.350 ādayo) yojanaṃ nigametvā idāni satipaṭṭhānasuttantapariyāyena (ma. ni. 1.105 ādayo) yojanaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘majjhimanikāye’’tiādi āraddhaṃ. Kāmañcettha kāyānupassanāvaseneva saṃkhipitvā yojanā katā, ekavīsatiyā pana ṭhānānaṃ vasenapi yojanā kātabbā. Idāni abhidhammaniddesapariyāyena dassetuṃ ‘‘abhidhamme niddesapariyāyenā’’tiādi āraddhaṃ. Aniccatotiādīsu yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ visuddhimaggasaṃvaṇṇanāsu (visuddhi. 2.698; visuddhi. mahāṭī. 2.698) vuttanayena veditabbaṃ.
150「厌倦」:即对增上善法与僻静坐卧处生起厌烦等,意思是不精勤修习。圆满圣种的智者、具戒比丘,不愿破坏圣种的圆满,且是得定者与观行者,通过击破缘,而成为能克服不乐与乐者,故说“诸比丘,智者能胜任不乐与乐”。其余的含义很容易理解。
Ukkaṇṭhitanti adhikusalesu dhammesu pantasenāsanesu ca ukkaṇṭhādiñca, ananuyogoti attho. Ariyavaṃsapūrako dhīro sīlavā bhikkhu ariyavaṃsaparipūraṇassa bhedaṃ anicchanto samāhito vipassako ca paccayaghātena aratiyā ratiyā ca sahitā abhibhavitā hotīti vuttaṃ ‘‘aratiratisaho, bhikkhave, dhīro’’ti. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva.
167《圣种经》注释结束。
Ariyavaṃsasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
1689. 《法句经》注释
9. Dhammapadasuttavaṇṇanā
29第九品中,「法句(dhammapada)」:因为通过它而了知禅那等分类的法,所以称为法句。「无贪法句(anabhijjhādhammapadaṃ)」即指无贪,或以无贪为首而证得的禅那、观、道、果、涅槃。「无嗔法句(abyāpādo dhammapadaṃ)」即指慈,或以慈为首而证得的禅那等。「正念法句(sammāsatidhammapadaṃ)」即指善安立的念,或以念为首而证得的禅那等。「正定法句(sammāsamādhidhammapadaṃ)」即指八等至,或以八等至为首而证得的禅那、观、道、果、涅槃。另外,依十不净证得的禅那等也是无贪法句;依四梵住证得的是无嗔法句;依十随念及食厌逆想证得的是正念法句;依十遍及入出息证得的是正定法句。「无贪者(anabhijjhālū)」:指无贪求的习性。前缀“abhi”加“jhā”字有贪求之义,因此说“成为无渴爱”。「不捨离本性(pakatibhāvaṃ avijahantena)」:指不捨离清净的本性,也就是自性、无过失的本性。因为当有罪法生起时,心的无罪性就被捨离了。
29. Navame jhānādibhedo dhammo pajjati etenāti dhammapadaṃ, anabhijjhāva dhammapadaṃ anabhijjhādhammapadaṃ, anabhijjhāpadhāno vā dhammakoṭṭhāso anabhijjhādhammapadaṃ. Evaṃ sesesupi. Atthato pana anabhijjhādhammapadaṃ nāma alobho vā alobhasīsena adhigatajjhānavipassanāmaggaphalanibbānāni vā. Abyāpādo dhammapadaṃ nāma mettā vā mettāsīsena adhigatajjhānādīni vā. Sammāsatidhammapadaṃ nāma sūpaṭṭhitassati vā satisīsena adhigatajjhānādīni vā. Sammāsamādhidhammapadaṃ nāma aṭṭhasamāpatti vā aṭṭhasamāpattisīsena adhigatajjhānavipassanāmaggaphalanibbānāni vā. Dasaasubhavasena vā adhigatajjhānādīni anabhijjā dhammapadaṃ. Catubrahmavihāravasena adhigatāni abyāpādo dhammapadaṃ. Dasānussati āhārepaṭikūlasaññāvasena adhigatāni sammāsatidhammapadaṃ. Dasakasiṇaānāpānavasena adhigatāni sammāsamādhidhammapadaṃ. Anabhijjhālūti anabhijjhāyanasīlo. Abhipubbo jhesaddo abhijjhāyanaṭṭho. Tenevāha ‘‘nittaṇho hutvā’’ti. Pakatibhāvaṃ avijahantenāti parisuddhabhāvaṃ sabhāvasaṅkhātaanavajjasaṅkhātaṃ pakatibhāvaṃ avijahantena. Sāvajjadhammasamuppattiyā hi cittassa anavajjabhāvo jahito hotīti.
170法句经注释结束。
Dhammapadasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
171第十 游方者经注
10. Paribbājakasuttavaṇṇanā
30第三十经中,「知名(abhiññātā)」:指依据特征被识别为如此这般的人,所以说“已被了知,已显著”。“从隐居出起”中,「隐居(paṭisallāna)」是指从同住比丘、学童、优婆塞等有情,以及色所缘等诸行中退避、独处隐藏,成为独一、远离。凡是从那种状态出起来的人,就叫做从隐居出起。但是世尊是从最上的果等至出起的,所以经文说“从隐居出起者”指“从果等至出起者”。“于事物欲”是指在色等作为烦恼欲所依的欲中。“浓厚贪染”是指以牢固、难拔的执着而成为厚重的烦恼欲。“具理由”是指以那些能指出他人论说过失的理由而成为有理由的。如果没有相状相应的因,是无法指出他论过失的。
30. Dasame abhiññātāti ediso ca ediso cāti abhilakkhaṇavasena ñātā. Tenāha ‘‘ñātā pākaṭā’’ti. Paṭisallānā vuṭṭhitoti ettha paṭisallānanti tehi tehi saddhivihārikaantevāsikaupāsakādisattehi ceva rūpārammaṇādisaṅkhārehi ca paṭinivattitvā apasakkitvā sallīnaṃ nilīyanaṃ, ekībhāvo pavivekoti vuttaṃ hoti. Yo tato vuṭṭhito, so paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito nāma hoti. Bhagavā pana yasmā paṭisallānā uttamato phalasamāpattito vuṭṭhāsi, tasmā vuttaṃ ‘‘paṭisallānā vuṭṭhitoti phalasamāpattito vuṭṭhito’’ti. Vatthukāmesūti rūpādīsu kilesakāmassa vatthubhūtesu kāmesu. Bahalarāganti thiramūladummocanīyatāhi ajjhosānena bahalabhūtaṃ kilesakāmaṃ . Sakāraṇāti yehi kāraṇehi paresaṃ vāde dosaṃ dassenti, tehi kāraṇehi sakāraṇā. Na hi lakkhaṇayuttena hetunā vinā paravādesu dosaṃ dassetuṃ sakkā.
153「如是等」一词,其中的“等”字包含了“有情杂染无因无缘”(《长部》1.168)等说法,因此“如是等论者”的意思就是如此否定因的人。其中,无有见否定果报,无业论否定业,无因见否定两者。当否定业时,果报也被否定;否定果报时,业也被否定。如此,所有这些在意义上都否定了两者,他们既是无因论者,也是无业论者,也是无有论者。
Evamādīti ettha ādisaddena ‘‘natthi hetu natthi paccayo sattānaṃ saṃkilesāyā’’ti (dī. ni. 1.168) evamādiṃ saṅgaṇhāti, tasmā evamādivādino evaṃ hetuppaṭikkhepavādinoti attho. Ettha ca natthikadiṭṭhi vipākaṃ paṭibāhati, akiriyadiṭṭhi kammaṃ paṭibāhati, ahetukadiṭṭhi ubhayaṃ paṭibāhati. Tattha kammaṃ paṭibāhantena vipāko paṭibāhito hoti, vipākaṃ paṭibāhantenapi kammaṃ paṭibāhitaṃ. Iti sabbepete atthato ubhayapaṭibāhakā ahetuvādā ceva akiriyavādā ca natthikavādā ca honti.
154「入决定者(okkantaniyamā)」:指已经堕入决定的邪性者。「诵习(sajjhāyati)」:指取了开示该邪见的典籍之后读诵。「审察(vīmaṃsati)」:指推度它的含义。“其”等是显示审察的方式。在那种所缘中,也就是在如所妄计的无因、无缘等“无因”之类的见行所依的所缘上,邪念安住。因为通过“无因”之类的传闻而获得的意义,以那种行相的遍寻思惟,就像有身相一样依自相清楚地现起于心,由于长时间熟习而这样认定,经过审察忍可之后这样执取,然后一次又一次地那样修习、多做,就被邪思惟所牵引,得到邪精进的资助,把不是那种自性的执为那种自性,这就称为邪念;与这种见相应的爱便安住下来。「心成专一」:是指由于得到了上述寻等条件,心在所缘上安住不动,舍弃了散乱,似乎以邪定而达到专一、安止。就像射箭等一样,以殊胜的条件所获得的修习力,有时候也确实能产生近似安止的作用,应该这样来看待。
Okkantaniyamāti ogāḷhamicchattaniyamā. Sajjhāyatīti taṃ diṭṭhidīpakaṃ ganthaṃ uggahetvā paṭhati. Vīmaṃsatīti tassa atthaṃ vicāreti. Tassātiādi vīmaṃsanākāradassanaṃ. Tasmiṃārammaṇeti yathāparikappitahetupaccayābhāvādike natthi hetūtiādinayappavattāya laddhiyā ārammaṇe. Micchāsati santiṭṭhatīti ‘‘natthi hetū’’tiādivasena anussavūpaladdhe atthe tadākāraparivitakkanehi saviggahe viya sarūpato cittassa paccupaṭṭhite cirakālaparicayena evametanti nijjhānakkhamabhāvūpagamanena nijjhānakkhantiyā tathāgahite punappunaṃ tatheva āsevantassa bahulīkarontassa micchāvitakkena samānīyamānā micchāvāyāmopatthambhitā ataṃsabhāvaṃ taṃsabhāvanti gaṇhantī micchāsatīti laddhanāmā taṃladdhisahagatā taṇhā santiṭṭhati. Cittaṃ ekaggaṃ hotīti yathāvuttavitakkādipaccayalābhena tasmiṃ ārammaṇe avaṭṭhitatāya anekaggataṃ pahāya cittaṃ ekaggaṃ appitaṃ viya hoti micchāsamādhinā. Sopi hi paccayavisesena laddhabhāvanābalo kadāci samādhānapaṭirūpakiccakaro hotiyeva paharaṇavijjhanādīsu viyāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.
155「速行转起」:是指在多次以那种行相的前分速行转起之后,在最后一个速行轮中,七个速行转起。在第一速行时还有可能挽救,在第二等也是如此,这是就法的自性而言的,并不是说在那个刹那有谁能够使它们变成可挽救的状态。“于彼(三邪见)中”:是指在这三种邪见中。「有人入于一种见」:是指如果只对其中一种见有倾向并持续修习,他就只入这一种见。如果对两种或三种都有倾向并持续修习,他就入两种或三种。这一点表示:前面从否定两者(即否定因与果)的角度所成立的“一切见”之义,属于前行分;而到了入邪决定时,依照各自因缘所生的见,就像所缘各不相同那样,不能合在一起获得特定的证得,因此是混杂的。虽然入一种、两种或三种,都成为决定邪见者,这表明三种见的果报相同、力量也相同。所以,三种思在一个人生起时,会互相资助。
Javanāni javantīti anekakkhattuṃ tenākārena pubbabhāgiyesu javanavāresu pavattesu sabbapacchime javanavāre satta javanāni javanti. Paṭhamajavane satekiccho hoti, tathā dutiyādīsūti dhammasabhāvadassanametaṃ, na pana tasmiṃ khaṇe tesaṃ satekicchabhāvāpādanaṃ kenaci sakkā kātuṃ. Tatthāti tesu tīsu micchādassanesu. Koci ekaṃ dassanaṃ okkamatīti yassa ekasmiṃyeva abhiniveso āsevanā pavattā, so ekaṃyeva dassanaṃ okkamati. Yassa dvīsu tīsupi vā abhiniveso āsevanā pavattā, so dve tīṇi okkamati. Etena yā pubbe ubhayapaṭibāhikatāmukhena pavattā atthasiddhā sabbadiṭṭhikā, sā pubbabhāgiyā, micchāniyāmokkantiyā pana yathāsakaṃ paccayasamudāgamadiṭṭhito bhinnārammaṇānaṃ viya visesādhigamānaṃ ekajjhaṃ anuppattiyā abhikiṇṇā evāti dasseti. Ekasmiṃ okkantepi dvīsu tīsu okkantesupi niyatamicchādiṭṭhikova hotīti iminā tissannampi diṭṭhīnaṃ samānaphalataṃ samānabalañca dasseti. Tasmā tissopi cetanā ekassa uppannā aññamaññaṃ anubalappadāyikā honti.
156又问:“此人只是在这个自体存在中才决定吗,还是在其他自体存在中也决定呢?”答:只在这个自体存在中决定。因为不善法名为羸弱,不像善法那样有大力量。否则,它就会像正性决定一样成为究竟的。但是,由于串习的力量,在他生中他还是会喜好那些邪见。因此说:“这个有情叫做轮回桩。”所以,就像说“愚人一旦沉没,就永远沉没”一样,这是显示轮回桩的性质。然而,他由于什么条件而入于那种见,又在什么时候,邪决定由于否定它的条件而能够从中出头,对此不应该说是不可能的。因此经文说“大多如此”。而“如是等”是指像“诸佛也不能救”等所说的类似情形。
Kiṃ panesa etasmiññeva attabhāve niyato, udāhu aññasmimpīti? Etasmiññeva niyato. Akusalañhi nāmetaṃ abalaṃ, na kusalaṃ viya mahābalaṃ. Aññathā sammattaniyāmo viya accantiko siyā, āsevanavasena pana bhavantarepi taṃ taṃ diṭṭhiṃ rocetiyeva. Tenevāha ‘‘vaṭṭakhāṇuko nāmesa satto’’ti. Tasmā ‘‘sakiṃ nimuggo nimuggo eva bālo’’ti viya vaṭṭakhāṇujotanā, yādisehi pana paccayehi ayaṃ taṃ dassanaṃ okkanto puna kadāci micchattaniyāmo tappaṭikkhepapaccaye paṭicca tato sīsukkhepanamassa na hotīti na vattabbaṃ. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘yebhuyyenā’’ti. Edisāti ‘‘buddhānampi atekicchā’’tiādinā vuttasadisā.
157“因畏自谤”:指因为害怕自己被人指责,比如别人会说“你们连正见都指责”之类的话,因而产生这种畏惧。“因畏触恼”:指因为害怕使别人不高兴。“因畏呵责”:指别人以正当理由对自己进行惩处与呵责,由此而生的害怕,就是对呵责的恐惧。这在本质上就是对指责的畏惧,因此称为“因畏呵责”。“调伏贪欲”:通过止息的方式,贪欲被调伏,所以称为“调伏贪欲”,也就是阿拉汉果。因此说:“调伏贪欲,就是指阿拉汉果”。
Attanonindābhayenāti ‘‘sammā diṭṭhiñca nāma te garahantī’’tiādinā attano upari parehi vattabbanindābhayena. Ghaṭṭanabhayenāti tathā paresaṃ apasādanabhayena. Sahadhammena parena attano upari kātabbaniggaho upārambho, tato parittāso upārambhabhayaṃ. Taṃ pana atthato upavādabhayaṃ hotīti āha ‘‘upavādabhayenā’’ti. Paṭippassaddhivasena abhijjhā vinayati etenāti abhijjhāvinayo, arahattaphalaṃ. Tenāha ‘‘abhijjhāvinayo vuccati arahatta’’nti.
178《游方者经》的注释结束。
Paribbājakasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.
179《乌汝韦喇品》的注释结束。
Uruvelavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.