MN 141 · 谛分别经
371如是我闻：一时，世尊住在波罗奈仙人堕处的鹿野苑。那时，世尊对诸比丘说：“诸比丘！”“尊者！”诸比丘回答。世尊这样说道：
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā bārāṇasiyaṃ viharati isipatane migadāye. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca –
2“诸比丘，如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者曾在波罗奈的仙人堕处鹿野苑，转起无上法轮。此法轮，于世间中，任何沙门、婆罗门、天人、魔罗、梵天，乃至其他一切人，皆无法逆转。这即是：对四圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明。是哪四种呢？即是对苦圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明；对苦集圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明；对苦灭圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明；对导向苦灭的修习道圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明。诸比丘，如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者曾在波罗奈的仙人堕处鹿野苑，转起无上法轮。此法轮，于世间中，任何沙门、婆罗门、天人、魔罗、梵天，乃至其他一切人，皆无法逆转。这即是：对这四圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分析、阐明。”
‘‘Tathāgatena, bhikkhave, arahatā sammāsambuddhena bārāṇasiyaṃ isipatane migadāye anuttaraṃ dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ appaṭivattiyaṃ samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ, yadidaṃ – catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ. Katamesaṃ catunnaṃ? Dukkhassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhasamudayassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhanirodhassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ. Tathāgatena, bhikkhave, arahatā sammāsambuddhena bārāṇasiyaṃ isipatane migadāye anuttaraṃ dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ appaṭivattiyaṃ samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ , yadidaṃ – imesaṃ catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ.
3诸比丘，你们应当亲近舍利弗与目犍连，应当依止舍利弗与目犍连。他们是贤智的比丘，是梵行者的助益者。诸比丘，舍利弗犹如生母，目犍连犹如已生者的养育者。诸比丘，舍利弗引导证入流果，目犍连引导至最上义。舍利弗能够详细地教导、宣说、施设、建立、开显、分别、阐明四圣谛。
世尊如是说已。善逝说此语后，从座起身，进入精舍。
‘‘Sevatha, bhikkhave, sāriputtamoggallāne; bhajatha, bhikkhave, sāriputtamoggallāne. Paṇḍitā bhikkhū anuggāhakā sabrahmacārīnaṃ. Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, janetā , evaṃ sāriputto; seyyathāpi jātassa āpādetā, evaṃ moggallāno. Sāriputto, bhikkhave, sotāpattiphale vineti, moggallāno uttamatthe. Sāriputto, bhikkhave, pahoti cattāri ariyasaccāni vitthārena ācikkhituṃ desetuṃ paññāpetuṃ paṭṭhapetuṃ vivarituṃ vibhajituṃ uttānīkātu’’nti. Idamavoca bhagavā. Idaṃ vatvāna sugato uṭṭhāyāsanā vihāraṃ pāvisi.
372世尊离去后不久，具寿舍利弗便对诸比丘说：“贤友们，诸比丘。”
“贤友。”那些比丘应答具寿舍利弗。
具寿舍利弗这样说：
Tatra kho āyasmā sāriputto acirapakkantassa bhagavato bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘āvuso, bhikkhave’’ti. ‘‘Āvuso’’ti kho te bhikkhū āyasmato sāriputtassa paccassosuṃ. Āyasmā sāriputto etadavoca –
5贤友们，如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者在波罗奈仙人堕处的鹿野苑，转起了无上的法轮。此法轮，无论世间中任何沙门、婆罗门、天、魔罗、梵天，乃至其他一切众生，都不能使之倒转。那便是对四圣谛的详尽开示、教导、宣说、安立、揭示、解析、显明。哪四者？即：对苦圣谛的详尽开示、教导、宣说、安立、揭示、解析、显明；对苦集圣谛的详尽开示、教导、宣说、安立、揭示、解析、显明；对苦灭圣谛的详尽开示、教导、宣说、安立、揭示、解析、显明；对趣向苦灭之道圣谛的详尽开示、教导、宣说、安立、揭示、解析、显明。
‘‘Tathāgatena, āvuso, arahatā sammāsambuddhena bārāṇasiyaṃ isipatane migadāye anuttaraṃ dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ appaṭivattiyaṃ samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ, yadidaṃ – catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ. Katamesaṃ catunnaṃ? Dukkhassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhasamudayassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhanirodhassa ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ, dukkhanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ariyasaccassa ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkammaṃ.
373贤友们，什么是苦圣谛？生是苦，老是苦，死是苦；愁、悲、苦、忧、恼是苦；求不得也是苦；略言之，五取蕴是苦。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Jātipi dukkhā, jarāpi dukkhā, maraṇampi dukkhaṃ, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsāpi dukkhā, yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ; saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā.
7贤友们，什么是生？诸众生在种种众生类中的投生、入胎、降生、再生，五蕴的显现，六处的获得。贤友们，这便叫作‘生’。
‘‘Katamā cāvuso, jāti? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jāti sañjāti okkanti abhinibbatti khandhānaṃ pātubhāvo āyatanānaṃ paṭilābho, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘jāti’’’.
8贤友们，什么是老？各类众生在各自的生类中，年迈、衰老、齿落、发白、皮皱、寿命衰减、诸根退化——贤友们，这就称为‘老’。
‘‘Katamā cāvuso, jarā? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhi tamhi sattanikāye jarā jīraṇatā khaṇḍiccaṃ pāliccaṃ valittacatā āyuno saṃhāni indriyānaṃ paripāko, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘jarā’’’.
9贤友们，什么是死？各类众生从各自的生类中逝去、灭去、离散、消亡、死亡、命终、寿尽、诸蕴破裂、身体弃置、命根断绝——贤友们，这就称为‘死’。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, maraṇaṃ? Yā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ tamhā tamhā sattanikāyā cuti cavanatā bhedo antaradhānaṃ maccu maraṇaṃ kālaṃkiriyā khandhānaṃ bhedo kaḷevarassa nikkhepo jīvitindriyassupacchedo, idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘maraṇaṃ’’’.
10贤友们，什么是愁？当一个人遭遇某种不幸，为某件苦事所触，他所生起的忧愁、悲伤、愁苦、内心的忧伤、深切的悲痛——贤友们，这就称为‘愁’。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, soko? Yo kho, āvuso, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa soko socanā socitattaṃ antosoko antoparisoko, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘soko’’’.
11贤友们，什么是悲？贤友们，当一个人遭遇某种不幸、被某种苦法所触时，便会有哀叹、悲泣、哀号、悲叹，以及哀叹的状态、悲泣的状态——贤友们，这就称为‘悲’。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, paridevo? Yo kho, āvuso, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa ādevo paridevo ādevanā paridevanā ādevitattaṃ paridevitattaṃ, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘paridevo’’’.
12贤友们，什么是苦？贤友们，身体上的苦、身体上的不适，由身触所生的苦与不适的感受——贤友们，这就称为‘苦’。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, dukkhaṃ? Yaṃ kho, āvuso, kāyikaṃ dukkhaṃ kāyikaṃ asātaṃ kāyasamphassajaṃ dukkhaṃ asātaṃ vedayitaṃ, idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘dukkhaṃ’’’.
13贤友们，什么是忧？贤友们，内心之苦、内心之不适，由意触所生的苦与不适的感受——贤友们，这就称为‘忧’。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, domanassaṃ? Yaṃ kho, āvuso, cetasikaṃ dukkhaṃ cetasikaṃ asātaṃ manosamphassajaṃ dukkhaṃ asātaṃ vedayitaṃ, idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘domanassaṃ’’’.
14贤友们，什么是恼？若有人遭遇某种不幸，为某种苦法所触，心中生起的愁、恼、愁性、恼性——贤友们，这就称为‘恼’。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, upāyāso? Yo kho, āvuso, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannāgatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhassa āyāso upāyāso āyāsitattaṃ upāyāsitattaṃ, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘upāyāso’’’.
15「贤友们，什么是‘所求不得也是苦’？贤友们，那些具生法的众生，生起这样的欲求：‘啊，愿我等不具生法，愿生不降临我等！’但此事不能以欲求成就。这即是‘所求不得也是苦’。贤友们，那些具老法的众生……具病法的众生……具死法的众生……具愁、悲、苦、忧、恼法的众生，生起这样的欲求：‘啊，愿我等不具愁、悲、苦、忧、恼法，愿愁、悲、苦、忧、恼不降临我等！’但此事不能以欲求成就。这即是‘所求不得也是苦’。」
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ? Jātidhammānaṃ, āvuso, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata, mayaṃ na jātidhammā assāma; na ca, vata, no jāti āgaccheyyā’ti. Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ. Idampi – ‘yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ’. Jarādhammānaṃ, āvuso, sattānaṃ…pe… byādhidhammānaṃ, āvuso, sattānaṃ… maraṇadhammānaṃ, āvuso, sattānaṃ… sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammānaṃ, āvuso, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjati – ‘aho vata, mayaṃ na sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsadhammā assāma ; na ca, vata, no sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā āgaccheyyu’nti . Na kho panetaṃ icchāya pattabbaṃ. Idampi – ‘yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi dukkhaṃ’’’.
16贤友们，什么是‘略说五取蕴是苦’？即：色取蕴、受取蕴、想取蕴、行取蕴、识取蕴。贤友们，这些便称为‘略说五取蕴是苦’。贤友们，这便称为‘苦圣谛’。
‘‘Katame cāvuso, saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā? Seyyathidaṃ – rūpupādānakkhandho, vedanupādānakkhandho, saññupādānakkhandho, saṅkhārupādānakkhandho, viññāṇupādānakkhandho. Ime vuccantāvuso – ‘saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā’. Idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ’’’.
374贤友们，什么是苦集圣谛？正是这导致再有的渴爱，与喜贪俱行，处处耽著，也就是：欲爱、有爱、无有爱。贤友们，这便称为‘苦集圣谛’。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, dukkhasamudayaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Yāyaṃ taṇhā ponobbhavikā nandīrāgasahagatā tatratatrābhinandinī, seyyathidaṃ – kāmataṇhā bhavataṇhā vibhavataṇhā , idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘dukkhasamudayaṃ ariyasaccaṃ’’’.
18贤友们，什么是苦灭圣谛？正是那渴爱的彻底无余的离贪、灭尽、舍断、遣除、解脱、不执著。贤友们，这便称为‘苦灭圣谛’。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, dukkhanirodhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ? Yo tassāyeva taṇhāya asesavirāganirodho cāgo paṭinissaggo mutti anālayo, idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘dukkhanirodhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ’’’.
375贤友们，什么是导向苦灭的道圣谛？就是这八支圣道，即：正见、正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定。
‘‘Katamañcāvuso, dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasaccaṃ? Ayameva ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, seyyathidaṃ – sammādiṭṭhi, sammāsaṅkappo, sammāvācā, sammākammanto, sammāājīvo, sammāvāyāmo, sammāsati, sammāsamādhi.
20贤友们，什么是正见？对苦的智、对苦集起的智、对苦灭尽的智、对导向苦灭尽之道的智——贤友们，这便称为正见。
‘‘Katamācāvuso, sammādiṭṭhi? Yaṃ kho, āvuso, dukkhe ñāṇaṃ, dukkhasamudaye ñāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhe ñāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya ñāṇaṃ, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammādiṭṭhi’’’.
21贤友们，什么是正思惟？出离思惟、无瞋恚思惟、无害思惟，贤友们，这便称为正思惟。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammāsaṅkappo? Nekkhammasaṅkappo, abyāpādasaṅkappo , avihiṃsāsaṅkappo, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāsaṅkappo’’’.
22贤友们，什么是正语？远离妄语、远离离间语、远离粗恶语、远离杂秽语——贤友们，这便称为正语。
‘‘Katamā cāvuso, sammāvācā? Musāvādā veramaṇī, pisuṇāya vācāya veramaṇī, pharusāya vācāya veramaṇī, samphappalāpā veramaṇī, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāvācā’’’.
23贤友们，什么是正业？远离杀生，远离不与取，远离欲邪行——贤友们，这便称为正业。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammākammantī? Pāṇātipātā veramaṇī, adinnādānā veramaṇī, kāmesumicchācārā veramaṇī, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammākammanto’’’.
24贤友们，什么是正命？贤友们，在此，圣弟子舍离邪命，以正命为活命。贤友们，这便称为正命。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammāājīvo? Idhāvuso, ariyasāvako micchāājīvaṃ pahāya sammāājīvena jīvikaṃ kappeti, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāājīvo’’’.
25诸贤友，什么是正精进？诸贤友，在此，比丘为了令未生起的恶不善法不生起，生起意欲、努力、激发精进、策励心、精勤；为了令已生起的恶不善法断除，生起意欲、努力、激发精进、策励心、精勤；为了令未生起的善法生起，生起意欲、努力、激发精进、策励心、精勤；为了令已生起的善法住立、不散失、增长、广大、修习圆满，生起意欲、努力、激发精进、策励心、精勤。诸贤友，这便称为正精进。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammāvāyāmo? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu anuppannānaṃ pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ anuppādāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati, uppannānaṃ pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati, anuppannānaṃ kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ uppādāya chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati, uppannānaṃ kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ ṭhitiyā asammosāya bhiyyobhāvāya vepullāya bhāvanāya pāripūriyā chandaṃ janeti vāyamati vīriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti padahati, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāvāyāmo’’’.
26诸贤友，什么是正念？诸贤友，于此，有比丘于身观身而住，精勤、正知、具念，调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼。于受观受而住……于心观心而住……于法观法而住，精勤、正知、具念，调伏世间的贪欲与忧恼。诸贤友，这便称为正念。
‘‘Katamā cāvuso, sammāsati? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ. Vedanāsu vedanānupassī viharati…pe… citte cittānupassī viharati… dhammesu dhammānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā vineyya loke abhijjhādomanassaṃ, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāsati’’’.
27诸贤友，什么是正定？诸贤友，于此，有比丘离诸欲、离不善法，有寻有伺，由远离而生喜乐，具足安住于初禅那。由寻伺止息，内净，心一境性，无寻无伺，由定而生喜乐，具足安住于第二禅那。离喜故，住于舍……（中略）……具足安住于第三禅那……诸贤友，这便称为正定。
‘‘Katamo cāvuso, sammāsamādhi? Idhāvuso, bhikkhu vivicceva kāmehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkaṃ savicāraṃ vivekajaṃ pītisukhaṃ paṭhamaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati, vitakkavicārānaṃ vūpasamā ajjhattaṃ sampasādanaṃ cetaso ekodibhāvaṃ avitakkaṃ avicāraṃ samādhijaṃ pītisukhaṃ dutiyaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati, pītiyā ca virāgā upekkhako ca viharati…pe… tatiyaṃ jhānaṃ… viharati, ayaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘sammāsamādhi’. Idaṃ vuccatāvuso – ‘dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasaccaṃ’’’.
28「贤友，如来、阿拉汉、正自觉者在波罗奈仙人堕处鹿野苑转起无上法轮。此法轮不能被任何沙门、婆罗门、天人、魔、梵天，或世间任何众生所转回。那就是：对此四圣谛的宣说、教导、施设、建立、开显、分别、阐明。」
‘‘Tathāgatenāvuso, arahatā sammāsambuddhena bārāṇasiyaṃ isipatane migadāye anuttaraṃ dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ appaṭivattiyaṃ samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ, yadidaṃ – imesaṃ catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ācikkhanā desanā paññāpanā paṭṭhapanā vivaraṇā vibhajanā uttānīkamma’’nti.
29此是具寿舍利弗所说。比丘们听了，心满意足，随喜赞叹。
Idamavoca āyasmā sāriputto. Attamanā te bhikkhū āyasmato sāriputtassa bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
30《谛分别经》第十一部 终
Saccavibhaṅgasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ ekādasamaṃ.