MN 47 · 审察者经
487如是我闻：有一次，世尊住在舍卫城的祇树给孤独园。在那里，世尊对各位比丘说：“比丘们。”那些比丘回应：“尊师。”世尊这样说：“比丘们，一个审察者比丘，还不能洞悉他人的心念，应该这样来审察如来，以确知‘他是正自觉者，或者不是’。” “尊师，法是以世尊为根本的，以世尊为指导的，以世尊为皈依的。善哉，尊师，请世尊为我们开显这说法的义理。比丘们听闻世尊的教导后，将会牢记于心。” “那么，比丘们，你们要仔细听，好好用心思惟，我这就说法。” “是的，尊师。”那些比丘回应世尊。世尊这样说：
Evaṃ me sutaṃ – ekaṃ samayaṃ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṃ viharati jetavane anāthapiṇḍikassa ārāme. Tatra kho bhagavā bhikkhū āmantesi – ‘‘bhikkhavo’’ti. ‘‘Bhadante’’ti te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca – ‘‘vīmaṃsakena, bhikkhave, bhikkhunā parassa cetopariyāyaṃ ajānantena tathāgate samannesanā kātabbā ‘sammāsambuddho vā no vā’ iti viññāṇāyā’’ti. ‘‘Bhagavaṃmūlakā no, bhante, dhammā, bhagavaṃnettikā bhagavaṃpaṭisaraṇā; sādhu vata, bhante, bhagavantaṃyeva paṭibhātu etassa bhāsitassa attho; bhagavato sutvā bhikkhū dhāressantī’’ti. ‘‘Tena hi, bhikkhave, suṇātha, sādhukaṃ manasi karotha, bhāsissāmī’’ti . ‘‘Evaṃ, bhante’’ti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ. Bhagavā etadavoca –
488“比丘们，一个审察者比丘，还不能洞悉他人的心念，应该从两类与眼、耳所识知的法上来审察如来：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的杂染的法，在如来那里存在还是不存在？’当他这样审察时，他便清楚地知道：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的杂染的法，在如来那里是不存在的。’
‘‘Vīmaṃsakena, bhikkhave, bhikkhunā parassa cetopariyāyaṃ ajānantena dvīsu dhammesu tathāgato samannesitabbo cakkhusotaviññeyyesu dhammesu – ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.
3“当他通过审察，清楚知道‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的杂染的法，在如来那里是不存在的’之后，他会进一步审察：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的混杂的法，在如来那里存在还是不存在？’当他这样审察时，他便清楚地知道：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的混杂的法，在如来那里也是不存在的。’
‘‘Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati – ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.
4“当他通过审察，清楚知道‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的混杂的法，在如来那里是不存在的’之后，他会进一步审察：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的清净的法，在如来那里存在还是不存在？’当他这样审察时，他便清楚地知道：‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的清净的法，在如来那里是存在的。’
‘‘Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati – ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassā’ti.
5“当他通过审察，清楚知道‘那些属于眼、耳所识知的清净的法，在如来那里是存在的’之后，他会进一步审察：‘这位尊者是长久以来就获得这善法，还是暂时获得的呢？’当他这样审察时，他便清楚地知道：‘这位尊者是长久以来就获得这善法的，他不是暂时获得的。’
‘‘Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassā’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati – ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, udāhu ittarasamāpanno’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, nāyamāyasmā ittarasamāpanno’ti.
6“当他通过审察，清楚知道‘这位尊者是长久以来就获得这善法的，他不是暂时获得的’之后，他会进一步审察：‘这位已经获得名声、得到声誉的尊者比丘，在他身上会不会存在某种过患呢？’比丘们，在一位比丘还未获得名声、还未得到声誉之前，有些过患是不会显现的。但是，比丘们，当一位比丘已经获得名声、得到声誉之后，有些过患就可能显现。当他这样审察时，他便清楚地知道：‘这位尊者比丘虽然已经获得名声、得到声誉，但在他身上并不存在那些过患。’”
‘‘Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘dīgharattaṃ samāpanno ayamāyasmā imaṃ kusalaṃ dhammaṃ, nāyamāyasmā ittarasamāpanno’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati – ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, saṃvijjantassa idhekacce ādīnavā’ti? Na tāva, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjanti yāva na ñattajjhāpanno hoti yasappatto. Yato ca kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ñattajjhāpanno hoti yasappatto , athassa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjanti. Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, nāssa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjantī’ti.
7“当他这样审察时，就知道：‘这位年高德劭的尊者比丘已获得名声，但在这种名声中，某些过患并不现在他身上。’ 在这之后，他进一步审察他：‘这位尊者是因为无畏而舍离的，他不是因为畏惧而舍离的；他是因为离了贪、贪已灭尽，所以不亲近诸欲的。’ 当他这样审察时，就知道：‘这位尊者是因为无畏而舍离的，他不是因为畏惧而舍离的；他是因为离了贪、贪已灭尽，所以不亲近诸欲的。’ 比丘们，如果其他人问这位比丘：‘尊者基于哪些行相、哪些随行，才这样说——这位尊者是因为无畏而舍离的，不是因畏惧而舍离的；是因为离了贪、贪已灭尽，所以不亲近诸欲的？’ 比丘们，在正确解说时，比丘应该这样回答：‘因为这位尊者不论在僧团中相处，还是独自居住，对于那些路走得好的人和路走得不好的人，对于那些指导众人的导师，对于有些明显贪著财利的人，以及那些不被财利染污的人，他都不因这些缘故而轻视任何人。并且，我曾经在世尊面前亲耳听闻、亲口领受：我是因无畏而舍离的，我不是因畏惧而舍离的；我是因离了贪、贪已灭尽，所以不亲近诸欲的。’”
‘‘Yato naṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘ñattajjhāpanno ayamāyasmā bhikkhu yasappatto, nāssa idhekacce ādīnavā saṃvijjantī’ti, tato naṃ uttariṃ samannesati – ‘abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti? Tamenaṃ samannesamāno evaṃ jānāti – ‘abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti. Tañce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ pare evaṃ puccheyyuṃ – ‘ke panāyasmato ākārā, ke anvayā, yenāyasmā evaṃ vadesi – abhayūparato ayamāyasmā, nāyamāyasmā bhayūparato; vītarāgattā kāme na sevati khayā rāgassā’ti. Sammā byākaramāno, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ byākareyya – ‘tathā hi pana ayamāyasmā saṅghe vā viharanto eko vā viharanto, ye ca tattha sugatā ye ca tattha duggatā, ye ca tattha gaṇamanusāsanti, ye ca idhekacce āmisesu saṃdissanti, ye ca idhekacce āmisena anupalittā, nāyamāyasmā taṃ tena avajānāti . Sammukhā kho pana metaṃ bhagavato sutaṃ sammukhā paṭiggahitaṃ – abhayūparatohamasmi, nāhamasmi bhayūparato, vītarāgattā kāme na sevāmi khayā rāgassā’ti.
489“比丘们，在那种情况下，应该进一步向如来反问：‘那些杂染的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里是存在，还是不存在？’ 比丘们，如来在解说时，应该这样解说：‘那些杂染的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里并不存在。’”
‘‘Tatra , bhikkhave, tathāgatova uttariṃ paṭipucchitabbo – ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vā’ti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya – ‘ye saṃkiliṭṭhā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’’’ti.
9“‘那些混杂的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里是存在，还是不存在？’ 比丘们，如来在解说时，应该这样解说：‘那些混杂的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里并不存在。’”
‘‘Ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vāti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya – ‘ye vītimissā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, na te tathāgatassa saṃvijjantī’ti.
10“‘那些清净的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里是存在，还是不存在？’ 比丘们，如来在解说时，应该这样解说：‘那些清净的、眼耳所能识知的法，在如来那里是存在的。这是我的道路，这是我的行境，但我却不以此为究竟。’”
‘‘Ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti vā te tathāgatassa no vāti? Byākaramāno, bhikkhave, tathāgato evaṃ byākareyya – ‘ye vodātā cakkhusotaviññeyyā dhammā, saṃvijjanti te tathāgatassa; etaṃpathohamasmi, etaṃgocaro , no ca tena tammayo’ti.
11“比丘们，一位声闻弟子，有资格亲近这样解说的导师来听闻法。导师会为他次第开示愈来愈高、愈来愈妙的法，揭示善恶及其种种对应。比丘们，导师无论以何种方式次第开示愈来愈高、愈来愈妙的法，揭示善恶及其种种对应，那位比丘也都会以证智了知那法，并在众多法中，于某些法上达到究竟。他对导师生起净信：‘世尊是等正觉者，法是由世尊善说的，僧团是善行道的。’ 比丘们，如果其他人问这位比丘：‘尊者基于哪些行相、哪些随行，才这样说——世尊是等正觉者，法是由世尊善说的，僧团是善行道的？’ 比丘们，在正确解说时，比丘应该这样回答：‘贤友，我为了听闻法，去到世尊那里。世尊为我次第开示愈来愈高、愈来愈妙的法，揭示善恶及其种种对应。贤友，世尊无论以何种方式次第开示愈来愈高、愈来愈妙的法，揭示善恶及其种种对应，我也都会以证智了知那法，并在众多法中，于某些法上达到究竟。于是我对导师生起了净信：世尊是等正觉者，法是由世尊善说的，僧团是善行道的。’”
‘‘Evaṃvādiṃ kho, bhikkhave, satthāraṃ arahati sāvako upasaṅkamituṃ dhammassavanāya. Tassa satthā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ. Yathā yathā kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno satthā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ tathā tathā so tasmiṃ dhamme abhiññāya idhekaccaṃ dhammaṃ dhammesu niṭṭhaṃ gacchati, satthari pasīdati – ‘sammāsambuddho bhagavā, svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti. Tañce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ pare evaṃ puccheyyuṃ – ‘ke panāyasmato ākārā, ke anvayā, yenāyasmā evaṃ vadesi – sammāsambuddho bhagavā , svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti? Sammā byākaramāno, bhikkhave, bhikkhu evaṃ byākareyya – ‘idhāhaṃ, āvuso, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṃ dhammassavanāya. Tassa me bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ. Yathā yathā me, āvuso , bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti uttaruttariṃ paṇītapaṇītaṃ kaṇhasukkasappaṭibhāgaṃ tathā tathāhaṃ tasmiṃ dhamme abhiññāya idhekaccaṃ dhammaṃ dhammesu niṭṭhamagamaṃ, satthari pasīdiṃ – sammāsambuddho bhagavā, svākkhāto bhagavatā, dhammo, suppaṭipanno saṅgho’ti.
490“比丘们，对于任何人，凡是通过这些行相、这些语句、这些文辞，对于如来确立起信，那信是生了根的，是稳固安立的。比丘们，这就叫做有行相的信、以见为根的信、坚固的信；是任何沙门、婆罗门、天神、魔罗、梵天，乃至世间中任何人都不能动摇的。比丘们，这就是对于如来进行法之审察的正确方式。而这也正是如来通过法性而达至究竟审察的状态。”
‘‘Yassa kassaci, bhikkhave, imehi ākārehi imehi padehi imehi byañjanehi tathāgate saddhā niviṭṭhā hoti mūlajātā patiṭṭhitā, ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ākāravatī saddhā dassanamūlikā, daḷhā; asaṃhāriyā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṃ. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, tathāgate dhammasamannesanā hoti. Evañca pana tathāgato dhammatāsusamanniṭṭho hotī’’ti.
13世尊这么说完。那些比丘对世尊的教导心满意足，欢喜信受。
Idamavoca bhagavā. Attamanā te bhikkhū bhagavato bhāsitaṃ abhinandunti.
14审察者经完 第七
Vīmaṃsakasuttaṃ niṭṭhitaṃ sattamaṃ.